Historioeil Revievr

The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI COVER DESCRIPTION: The 1855 Harris Home at 4000 Baltimore Avenue, in Old Westport (now Kansas City) was recently acquired by the West- port Historical Society. The house will be restored and preserved for the Society's museum, library and archives. A fund-raising drive for that purpose is now in progress. Colonel John Harris built the stately two-story residence of brick burned of Westport clay and woodwork hewn from walnut trees in the area. Colonel Harris became known for the Harris House Hotel, headquarters for travelers on the Sante Fe and Oregon trails. William Rock- hill Nelson, founder of the Kansas City Star, was one of the home's later owners. One of two pre- Civil War residences in Westport, the home was placed on the National Register of Historic Places, October 18, 1972. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR MARY K. DAINS ASSOCIATE EDITOR

JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 201 South Eighth Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to the State Historical Society of Missouri, Corner of Hitt and Lowry Streets, Columbia, MO. 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. VOLUME LXXI The REVIEW is sent free to all members of The State Historical Society of NUMBER 1 Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $2.00 a year or $40 for an individual life membership. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by con­ tributors to the magazine. OCTOBER 1976 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R. S. of Mo., 1969, Chapter 183, as revised 1973.

OFFICERS 1974-1977 ELMER ELLIS, Columbia, President *L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Second Vice President JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry, Third Vice President MRS. AVIS TUCKER, Warrensburg, Fourth Vice President REV. JOHN F. BANNON, S.J., St. Louis, Fifth Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville *T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield

Term Expires At Annual Meeting, 1976 JAMES W. BROWN, Harrisonville ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis RICHARD J. CHAMiER,Moberly JAMES OLSON, Kansas City WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton ARVARH STRICKLAND, Columbia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia *T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield

Term Expires At Annual Meeting, 1977 LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia R. I. COLBORN, Paris ROBERT A. BOWLING, Montgomery City W. W. DALTON, St. Louis FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon RICHARD B. FOWLER, Kansas City HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana

Term Expires At Annual Meeting, 1978 GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis RONALD L. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe °L. E. MEADOR, Springfield JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-seven Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, President of the University of Mis­ souri and Chancellor of the University of Missouri-Columbia constitute the Execu­ tive Committee.

FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President, who by virtue of his office constitutes the sixth member, compose the Finance Committee. WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, Chairman LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville

Deceased HSig|[§l^

fflrfmtmas (Btfts

The giving of gift memberships in the State Historical Society, which in­ cludes a subscription to the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, has come to be an established part of Christmas with many members of the Society. The Society invites you to give this distinguished Christmas gift.

The gift membership serves a multiple purpose. It extends interest in Mis­ souri's proud history, adds members to the Society, expands the influence of the REVIEW, and provides the recipient with an esteemed magazine rich in facts about Missouri and Missourians, which conveys pleasure throughout the entire year.

With each membership which you designate as a Christmas gift, the So­ ciety will send a card to the recipient. The card will give your name as the donor of the Christmas gift membership. Please send names and addresses for member­ ship to: THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI, HITT AND LOWRY STREETS, COLUMBIA, MISSOURI 65201, on or before December 15, with enclosed check. Annual membership dues are $2.00.

J[§[MM§MM§[§[MSffi 1

AN IMPORTANT MESSAGE 1 I The editorial staff of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL I

REVIEW asks that members of the State Historical So­

ciety of Missouri, who are moving or have moved to a

new location, please inform the Society of changes of

address, as soon as possible.

g To remail a returned issue of the REVIEW under

new postal rates is very expensive. In addition to elim­

inating this costly procedure, the immediate notifica­

tion of a change of address will enable the member to m

receive the REVIEW at an earlier date.

Changes of address should be sent to:

State Historical Society of Missouri

Corner of Hitt and Lowry Streets

Columbia, Missouri 65201

sisisramtiistarasiSKsra CONTENTS

POPULATION ORIGINS IN RURAL MISSOURI. By Russel L. Gerlach 1

SLAVERY IN CALLAWAY COUNTY, MISSOURI: 1845-1855. By Philip V. Scarpino 22

GENERAL M. JEFF THOMPSON. SOLDIER-RHETORICIAN. By Donal J. Stanton, Goodwin F. Berquist, Jr., and Paul C. Bowers 44

BACKGROUND TO APOSTASY: JAMES MILTON TURNER AND THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. By Gary R. Kremer 59

HENRY LEE OF VIRGINIA. By Sandra Wallace 76

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Views from the Past: M issouri Landmarks 80

A Message from the Director 82

News in Brief 83

Local Historical Societies 86

Gifts 104

Missouri History in Newspapers 112

Missouri History in Magazines 118

I n Memoriam 125

Editorial Policy 128

BOOK REVIEW 129

BOOK NOTES 130

WALDENSIAN UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH Inside Back Cover

Population Origins in Bural Missouri

BY RUSSEL L. GERLACH0

Sometime during the sixteenth century the first white man en­ tered the territory we now know as Missouri. In the years since that first Frenchman, or possibly Spaniard, touched the west bank of the Mississippi, hundreds of thousands of men and women of every imaginable background have come to Missouri. They have come, it seems, from everywhere: the Midwest, the Appalachians, Europe, and Africa, plus smaller numbers from other places. These immi­ grants irreversibly transformed Missouri, just as each immigrant was changed by the experience of adjusting to life in a new and often strange environment. Just who were these immigrants whose role in forging the character of present day Missouri has been so profound?

"Russel L. Gerlach, an associate professor of Geography at Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, is a Fulbright exchange teacher at Repton School, Derby­ shire, England, during 1976-1977. Gerlach received his Ph.D. degree in Geography from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, and is the author of a new book, Immi­ grants in the Ozarks: A Study in Ethnic Geography. 2 Missouri Historical Review

The origins of Missouri's rural population are as complex as those of the country as a whole. The story begins with the French and has yet to end. As successive groups entered and settled, the strands of many and varied cultures were woven into the fabric of rural Mis­ souri. Even today, new strands are being added. From the midwest come the Amish and Mennonites; from the cities come young people in search of a better life through a return to nature; and from all over the United States come thousands of retired citizens every year. The map presented here summarizes in geographic form nearly

POPULATION ORIGINS IN RURAL MISSOURI

KY-TN (HM-IL)

KY-TN . TN M G l(IN-IL) M ~ (IN-IL-OH) B TN | Springfield $.0 s • . G F 1 P G TN TN

• GERMAN SETTLED AREAS Amlsh ft Mennonites G Smoller German Settlements Rural Black Settlements OTHER GROUPS A Austrian F French P Polish Ba Balkan Gr Greek R Russian Be Belgian H Hungarian S Swiss Bo Bohemian lr Irish Sw Swedish Oa Danish | Italian W Welsh 0 Dutch M Moravian Y Yugoslavian

OLD STOCK AMERICAN POPULATION

STATE OF BIRTH IN I860 SIGNIFICANT CHANGES AFTER I860 IL Illinois OH Ohio (IL) Illinois IN Indiana TN Tennessee (IN) Indiana KY Kentucky VA Virginia (IA) Iowa NC North Carolina (OH) Ohio Population Origins in Rural Missouri 3

300 years of settlement in rural Missouri.1 Whether rural Missouri became a mosaic bearing the marks of the various groups depicted on the map, or whether the individuality of the groups was erased through the process of assimilation would require further study. Other writers have dealf with the question piecemeal.2 The settlement of Missouri begins with the French. Although the French had passed by Missouri on numerous occasions during the 17th century, they did not begin exploitation and settlement of Mis­ souri until the decade leading into the 18th century. Probing south from their lower St. Lawrence settlements in Canada, the French ex­ tended their search for wealth to the middle Mississippi Valley. Even prior to 1700, loosely knit bands of French explorers, hunters and fur traders operated on both sides of the Mississippi from St. Louis to the Gulf. By 1720 the French had acquired a substantial body of favor­ able information concerning the potential wealth of the middle Missis­ sippi Valley. The French established the earliest permanent settlements along the Mississippi in the Illinois country. Among these early settlements were Cahokia (1699), Kaskaskia (1700), Fort Chartres (1720), St. Phil­ lip (1723), and Prairie du Rocher (1733). With few exceptions the ear­ liest permanent settlers in Missouri came from these Canadian- French settlements. Not until the 1760s did French settlers begin entering by way of the Lower Mississippi, via New Orleans.3

1 The primary sources of information for the map were the United States Census, Manuscript Schedules of Population for 1860, 1870, and 1880. Later censuses, and par­ ticularly, those for 1910 and 1930, were consulted for foreign born population. Informa­ tion on ethnic populations was compiled from old and new church records and direc­ tories, especially those for the Lutheran Church—all synods, the Catholic Church, the United Church of Christ, and the Amish and Mennonites. Secondary sources of infor­ mation included numerous local, county and state histories, as well as U.S. Department of Agriculture County Soil Surveys and other government publications. An especially helpful source was Henry J. Burt, "The Population of Missouri: A General Survey of Its Sources, Changes, and Present Composition," University of Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin No. 188 (Columbia, 1933). Informal interviews with members of ethnic groups were conducted throughout the state between 1970 and 1975, and more than 400 letters were sent to knowledgeable persons throughout the state to obtain information on population origins. 2 See, for example, Joseph R. Castelli, "Grape Growers in Central Missouri," Rocky Mountain Social Science Journal, I (April, 1964), 113-118; Arthur B. Cozzens, "Conservation in German Settlements in the Missouri Ozarks," The Geographical Re­ view, XXXI (April, 1943), 286-298; Russel L. Gerlach, "Rural Religious and Ethnic Groups as Cultural Islands in the Ozarks of Missouri: Their Emergence and Persist­ ence' (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 1974); and Hildegard Binder Johnson, "The Location of German Immigrants in the Middle West," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, XLI (March, 1951), 1-41. 3 John R. Henderson, "The Cultural Landscape of French Settlements in the American Bottom" (unpublished master's thesis, Illinois State University, Normal, 1966), 24-33; and Hermann R. Friis, A Series of Population Maps of the Colonies and the United States (New York, 1968), plate following p. 16. 4 Missouri Historical Review

Despite the absence of permanent settlements on the Missouri side of the river, the French actively worked in the area. By 1720, Pierre Renault, with a large contingent of Frenchmen and slaves, be­ gan extracting the lead deposits along the Meramec River. In the years that followed, mine operations developed throughout the east­ ern Ozarks. Finally, the French established a permanent settlement in 1735, four miles south of the present site of Ste. Genevieve. Soon transferred to the present location of Ste. Genevieve, this settlement remained the only permanent Missouri community for the next three decades. Apparently Ste. Genevieve adequately served the needs of the French population on the Missouri side, which by 1745 totalled only an estimated 300.4 In late 1762 France ceded its Louisiana Territory west of the Mis­ sissippi River to Spain. Three months later, in 1763, France lost Can­ ada and all of the area to the east of the Mississippi. The French in the valley immediately became aware of the British cession, but for several years remained unaware of Spanish possession. Many French­ men soon left the territories that had been ceded to Protestant Eng­ land in favor of areas still thought to be under French Catholic con­ trol. Although some went down river to New Orleans, many crossed the river into Missouri, still believed to be under French control.5 Although Missouri remained under Spanish control for four dec­ ades, very few Spaniards came to the territory. Those who did arrive primarily were administrators, not permanent settlers. In popu­ lation and character Missouri remained French, and the French con­ tinued to immigrate. The bottom lands within a few miles of the Mississippi River and the lead mining districts witnessed the greatest increase in French population. In addition to increasing the popula­ tion at Ste. Genevieve, Frenchmen established several new settle­ ments including St. Louis (1764), Portage des Sioux (1770), L'Ainae a la Graise (1783), Florissant (1786), New Bourbon (1793) and Cape Gi­ rardeau (1793). New lead mining operations began at Mine a Breton (Potosi) and Mine a Gerbore (Flat River). The majority of the 2,000 inhabitants in Missouri in 1786 were descended from French stock.6 Despite a ban imposed by the Spanish Crown on settlement in Louisiana by Americans, a few came during the early years of Spanish

4 Jonas Viles, "Population and Extent of Settlement in Missouri Before 1804," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, V (July, 1911), 203. 5 Carl O. Sauer, "Geography of the Ozark Highland of Missouri," The Geographic Society of Chicago Bulletin No. 7 (Chicago, 1920), 79. 6 Lucien Carr, Missouri: A Bone of Contention (New York, 1888), 56-57. Population Origins in Rural Missouri 5

control. After 1795, when the Spanish lifted the ban, the number of Americans entering Missouri increased. Initially, Americans ap­ peared reluctant to enter a territory under a foreign flag, however, distance proved the overriding factor which had kept Americans east of the river. Not until the eve of the American Revolution did immi­ grants cross the Alleghenies for purposes of settlement. Between the Alleghenies and the Mississippi lay a vast stretch of unsettled land. The settlement frontier slowly moved toward Missouri as it followed the valley of the Ohio. By 1790, advance settlement approached the Mississippi Valley, and reached it by 1800. The initial American immigration into Missouri came via the Ohio Valley, with most settlers claiming Kentucky and Tennessee, in that order, as their former homes.7 Soon other states easily connected to the Ohio system were represented, such as New York, Pennsyl­ vania, Maryland, Virginia and the Carolinas. In 1788 Colonel George Morgan's colony from Kentucky located near New Madrid, was probably the first distinctly American settlement in Spanish territory. The majority of Americans, entering Missouri under the Spanish, came as individuals or in small groups, and represented the advance settlement of the westward moving settlement frontier. Initially, Americans settled in southeastern Missouri in those areas adjacent to the mouth of the Ohio River. However, by 1800, American settlements dotted the Mississippi River from New Madrid to north of St. Louis, with substantial penetrations inland at several places. Many of the American immigrants received grants of free

7 E. M. Violette, "Early Settlements in Missouri," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, I (October, 1906), 45.

An Early View of Potosi 6 Missouri Historical Review

land from the Spanish. In 1798, Moses Austin received a square league of land at Mine a Breton, and a sizable American settlement developed there in subsequent years. Generally, the Spanish made early grants in the mining districts to both Frenchmen and Ameri­ cans. Americans received most of the later grants predominantly for agriculture. These grants covered virtually all of the chert-free lime­ stone basins in the eastern Ozarks. Later the United States agreed to honor most of these grants which were irregular in position and shape. Consequently they are still detectable in the field, but even more so on maps.8 The Americans showed a preference from the beginning for upland areas, in contrast to the French who seemed to prefer riparian locations. Although the French founded the town of Cape Girardeau, by 1803, the district overwhelmingly was American. The Americans quickly moved back from the river and settled on the upland soils in the eastern Whitewater drainage basin where some of the most fertile soils in the entire eastern Ozarks occur. Farther north in present-day Perry County, a group of Kentuckians located at the "barrens," an almost treeless tract similar to those found in Kentucky. A few miles to the east, in the creek bottoms adjacent to the Mississippi, the popu­ lation was almost exclusively French.9 In the north, the French remained supreme in the vicinity of St. Louis, while Americans dominated the outposts. The Kentuckians had moved well up the Missouri River by 1803. Americans also had established settlements southwest of St. Louis in the Meramec River Valley. In addition to those who came for purposes of mining, a number established agricultural settlements in the mining country during this period. The most important areas were the Bellevue and Caledonia valleys and near present-day Farmington. Other than the French, the only ethnic settlements during this period were in the Whitewater Creek bottoms of Cape Girardeau and Bollinger counties. A group of German-Swiss from North Carolina had settled there in 1798. Several small groups, apparently Germans from the Whitewater settlements, continued west and by 1800 had lo­ cated in several small settlements in present-day Wayne County.10 In 1802 Spain returned control of Louisiana to France, and al­ most immediately the United States began negotiations to secure

8 Ada Paris Klein, "Ownership of Land Under France, Spain, and the United States," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XLIV (April, 1950), 282. 9 Louis Houck, A History of Missouri (Chicago, 1908), I, 381-387. 10 Cardinal L. Goodwin, "Early Exploration and Settlement of Missouri and Arkan­ sas," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XIV (April-July, 1914), 394. Population Origins in Rural Missouri 7 title to this vast territory. On April 30, 1803, the United States agreed to pay France some fifteen million dollars for the 828,000 square miles of Louisiana. On March 9, 1804, Captain Amos Stoddard of the United States Army arrived in St. Louis to take possession of the en­ tire territory in the name of the United States. The immediate effect of the Louisiana Purchase on Missouri was a rapid increase in immigration from the east bank of the Mississippi. Between 1804 and 1810, the population of Missouri almost doubled.11 By 1820, the population of Missouri had grown to 65,580;12 more than three times the figure for 1810. Included in this number were many veterans of the War of 1812 who had been granted land west of the Mississippi as bounty for their wartime service to the United States. Immigration continued unchecked for the next decade, and by 1830, Missouri, then a state, had a population of 140,455.13 The overwhelm­ ing majority of settlers migrating to Missouri from 1804 to 1830 were Americans from areas to the east. American settlers at first located within the limits of the original areas of settlement, either in those settlements already established, or in the unoccupied territory within the frontier lines. Within a decade of the Louisiana Purchase, a noticeable change took place in both the extent and the character of settlement in Missouri. Historians estimat­ ed that four-fifths of the people then in Missouri were Americans.14

11 Fifteenth Census of the United States: Population (Washington, D.C., 1932), 1,11. 12 Ibid. 13 Ibid. 14 Violette, "Early Settlements in Missouri," 48. 8 Missouri Historical Review

By the close of the first decade of American control, settlers began moving away from the rivers, some going as far as 200 miles from the settled areas. The first movement of significance into the interior was via the Missouri River. The Missouri represented by far the greatest natural route leading west. The rough and hilly mining areas to the south proved ill suited for agricultural purposes. Farther south, the swampy regions of Bollinger and Stoddard counties presented significant ob­ stacles to movement and settlement for years to come. Thus, the area just west of the original strip of settlements was difficult to travel and ill adapted for farming. At the same time, settlers moved north from St. Louis and established settlements along the Mississippi. Few natural obstacles hampered inland settlement, but settlement re­ mained near the rivers. The early immigrants viewed with skepticism the natural prairie of northern Missouri. As a result of this deflection, Americans populated the central interior of the state before the sec­ ond tier of counties west of the Mississippi. Prior to the migration of Americans up the Missouri River, a movement which started in earnest in 1810, only a few settlements ex­ isted west of St. Charles. At one of the few settlements, Cote San Dessein near the mouth of the Osage River, some Frenchmen had es­ tablished a hunting village in 1807,15 after Louisiana passed to American control. Reportedly, French also settled directly across the river near the present location of Bonnots Mill.16 For all practical purposes, the entire Missouri Valley west of St. Charles remained unsettled at this time. Among the first Americans to ascend the Missouri were the Boones, who passed beyond the French and traveled to present-day Howard County. The Boones were attracted to that area because of the presence of salt licks. Even­ tually known as Boones Lick, this land soon achieved the reputation in the eastern and northern states as the most desirable land in Mis­ souri. By 1820, settlers, largely from Kentucky, came in large numbers. Within a decade, settlements dotted the Missouri between St. Louis and Boone's Lick, and by 1830, settlement had reached the western boundary of Missouri. By this time flank movements had begun on either side of the river. While frontiersmen built homes along the Missouri, others moved up the major tributaries of that stream and occupied both val­ leys and uplands. Settlers had moved south and established them-

15 Houck, History of Missouri, III, 159. 16 Sauer, "Ozark Highland," 90-91. Population Origins in Rural Missouri

selves along the Gasconade River by the time Stephen Long made his expedition in 1819.17 Farther south and west, immigrants occupied the area included within the boundaries of present-day Maries County. The movement of settlers to the north of the Missouri met a corresponding movement west from the Mississippi. Gradually a ve­ neer of settlement spread over the whole northern part of the state. By 1820, some settlement occurred in southwestern Missouri. Prior to 1819 a settlement had been occupied at the present site of For­ syth in the White River Hills.18 The date, 1830, is given for the found­ ing of Springfield. To the east, settlements sprang up along the Current River in present-day Carter County by the early 1820s.19 The most apparent change in the population of Missouri from 1803 to 1830 was the Americanization of the state. By 1830, Ameri­ cans made up more than 90 percent of Missouri's population, and vir­ tually the entire frontier. Although most Americans moving west from the eastern seaboard were still stopping to the east of Missouri, descendants of those who had gone west from the Atlantic at an earlier date accounted for most of Missouri's immigrants. The main artery along which population was funneled to Missouri was the Ohio River and its tributaries, the Cumberland and Tennessee; thus immi­ grants to Missouri were moving pretty much along parallels of lati­ tude. This accounted for the large Kentucky immigration to Missouri

17 Houck, History of Missouri, III, 154. 18 Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, Schoolcraft in the Ozarks, Reprint of Journal of a tour into the interior of Missouri and Arkansas in 1818 and 1819, ed. Hugh Park (Van Buren, Arkansas, 1955), 112. 19 Goodwin, "Early Exploration and Settlement of Missouri and Arkansas," 402. 10 Missouri Historical Review

during this period, and a corresponding movement of Tennesseans to Arkansas. Although the growth of Missouri's population from 1803 to 1830 appeared overwhelmingly American, foreign immigrants from Cen­ tral Europe began arriving in small numbers. In 1818, in anticipation of the large number of foreign immigrants expected, an Immigrant Aid Society was organized in St. Louis, especially for the Germans and Irish.20 In 1820 Missouri already numbered Welsh, Scotch, Irish and Germans among her settlers. In addition to the Germans in southeastern Missouri, a few had passed beyond St. Louis and ascended the Missot ri River. Most not­ able was Gottfried Duden, an educated Rhinelander who immigrated to Missouri in 1824 and took a farm near the present location of Dut- zow in Warren County. Duden published a report in 1829 entitled Reise nach dem Westlichen Staaten.21 In his report Duden described the lands along the Missouri River as geographically similar to south­ ern Germany, but without the social drawbacks—a region where one could practice hillside horticulture, and yet be free of the convention ridden society of nineteenth-century Germany. Duden's report was widely read in Germany. In subsequent years thousands of his countrymen emigrated directly to Missouri as a result of this glowing and somewhat exaggerated description of the state. In addition to

20 Hattie M. Anderson, "Missouri 1804-1828: Peopling a Frontier State," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXI (January, 1937), 167. 21 Duden's report has been translated to English by William G. Bek, and published in the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, October, 1917-April, 1919. Another series of articles by Bek entitled, "The Followers of Duden," appeared in the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, October, 1919 and Januarv, 1925. Population Origins in Rural Missouri 11 the writings of Duden, at least a dozen other travel books in the German language dealing with Missouri were in circulation by 1830.22 During the period from 1830 to 1860 the frontier of settlement passed through Missouri, and had reached the plains of Kansas by the close of this period. According to census figures for 1860, every county in Missouri had surpassed a population density of two per square mile.23 Although Americans made up the majority of Mis­ souri's population growth during this period, large numbers of for­ eign settlers, primarily Germans, entered the state. The settlement frontier did not proceed through Missouri on a north-south axis. Instead, it followed a more circuitous route. As the Missouri Valley rapidly filled with newcomers, settlement proceeded south along the western border of the Ozarks toward the Springfield Plain, thus avoiding the rugged Ozark interior. A correspond­ ing movement west from the Mississippi into the Ozarks lagged for several decades. Frontiersmen settled the White River Hills at about the same time as the Springfield Plain. They migrated from the South as well as from the East and bypassed the Ozark interior in favor of the more preferred hunting grounds of southwestern Missouri.24 Grad­ ually settlement spread inward toward the Ozark center from the

22 Carl E. Schneider, The German Church on the American Frontier (St. Louis, 1939), 14. 23 Eighth Census of the United States: Preliminary Report (Washington, D.C., 1862), 268-271. 24 Houck, History of Missouri, III, 159; Sauer, "Ozark Highland," 149-150; and E. Joan Wilson Miller, "The Ozark Culture Region as Exemplified by Traditional Mate­ rials," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, LVIII (March, 1968), 55. 12 Missouri Historical Review northern, eastern and western borders. This appeared to be more of an "unobtrusive infiltration"25 than the passing of the frontier. In northern Missouri, settlement continued along the Missouri River as it turned north past St. Joseph. From the Mississippi River, settlers moved westward and eventually joined those moving north from the Missouri. By 1850, all of the northern half of the state had reached a population density of two per square mile.26 Three states dominated as source areas for Missouri's Old Stock American population during this period—Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia, in that order.27 Many of the Kentuckians and Virginians, as well as some Tennesseans, were wealthy slave owners. They brought to Missouri a culture very Southern in character. Generally these transplanted Southerners selected the better lands where slaves could be used and commercial crops could be grown. Initially the Missouri Valley's Boone's Lick country attracted this group. Others moved west following the Missouri all the way to Kansas City, or north to­ ward St. Joseph. Thousands of Missouri's Old Stock settled north of the river in Central Missouri and occupied a nine county area, includ­ ing Audrain and Monroe counties. These settlers appeared very simi­ lar in background to those who settled closer to the Missouri, although their use of slaves was not as pronounced. The Mississippi Valley also attracted many settlers from the Up­ per South and the slave economy they brought with them. Their plan­ tation style of agriculture centered around commercial crops that included cotton, tobacco and hemp. Carl Sauer commented on these early Missouri settlers with Southern culture and attitudes. He noted that "Some of the Mississippi and Missouri River portions of the state of Missouri still retain in large part dominant southern traits, and are referred to occasionally by their political antagonists as Bourbon dis­ tricts."28 Several of the counties along and north of the Missouri are included in the region referred to as "Little Dixie," an area where political and cultural ties have been with the South since the early days of settlement.29 Kentuckians, presumably again of Upper South origin, spread over the remainder of the northern half of the state in a thin veneer.

25 Sauer, "Ozark Highland," 148. 26 Seventh Census of the United States: 1850 (Washington, DC, 1853), 654-655. 27 Manuscript census returns for Missouri, 1860. 28 Sauer, "Ozark Highland," 102. 29 Robert M. Crisler, "Missouri's 'Little Dixie," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XLII (January, 1948), 131. Population Origins in Rural Missouri 13

For the most part, they intermixed with settlers coming down to Missouri from the prairie states of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. To some extent, Kentuckians, as well as settlers from the prairie states, moved south of the Missouri along the western Ozark boundary and occu­ pied the Osage Plain and the Springfield Plain.

Settlers from Tennessee dominated the Ozark Highland minus the northern and eastern borders. Historian Floyd C. Shoemaker stat­ ed that: . . . during the early decades of the nineteenth century the Tennessee settlers spread themselves all over the state of Missouri but later made their homes mainly in our Ozark highlands. Here they occupied almost solidly an area of 31,000 square miles ... and they still hold it.30 Sauer added, "it is no rare thing to find some remote valley in the Ozark Center in which every inhabitant is descended from Tennessee stock."31 Harbert L. Clendenen found that a distinctive aspect of the Tennessee migration to the Ozarks was the tendency of whole settle­ ments to be kin-based. He added, ". . . the persistence of kin-based settlements in many an Ozarks Valley today is suggestive of the former importance of this migration pattern."32 The majority of Tennesseans, as well as many Kentuckians who settled in the Ozarks, were of Scotch-Irish descent.33 The presence of Quakers in several Ozark locations supports the theory that many East Tennesseans and Kentuckians were of northern origin who had moved down the great Valley and through the Cumberland Gap.34 In addition, Pennsylvania^ by birth were well represented among the Tennesseans and Kentuckians in the central and western Ozarks.35 Most were yeoman farmers drawn from the poorest classes. They held few slaves partly because the Ozarks would not support a slave econ­ omy, but also because slavery was not a part of their cultural baggage. The settlement of Missouri continued and even intensified fol­ lowing the Civil War. Settlers from the Upper South traveled to Mis-

30 Floyd C. Shoemaker, "Missouri's Tennessee Heritage," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XLIX (January, 1955), 130. 31 Sauer, "Ozark Highland," 159. 32 Harbert L. Clendenen, "Settlement Morphology of the Southern Courtois Hills, Missouri, 1820-1860" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 1973), 25-27. 33 Carl O. Sauer, "Geography and the Gerrymander," The American Political Science Review, XII (August, 1918), 410; and Curtis F. Marbut, "Soils of the Ozark Re­ gion," University of Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin No. 3 (Columbia, 1910), 253. 34 R.A. Campbell, Campbells New Atlas of Missouri (St. Louis, 1875), 34. 35 Manuscript census returns for Missouri, 1860. 14 Missouri Historical Review souri, primarily locating in the southeastern corner of the state. There land suitable for cotton production had been opened through artifi­ cial drainage schemes. Blacks also moved into the region following the Civil War to work in the cotton fields. The remainder of the state continued to attract settlers from the old source areas—a form of chain migration. The predominance of the prairie states in the period following the Civil War provided the major change in source areas. By 1890 settlers from the prairie states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Iowa outnumbered those coming from the Upper South and Southern Appalachians by a ratio of two to one.36 Although the settlers from the prairie states spread over the entire state, they appeared most numerous in northern Missouri, the Missis­ sippi River Valley including the Ozark border and the Bootheel, the Osage Plain, and the Springfield Plain. Thus, most avoided the rugged Ozark interior which continued to function to some extent as an arrested frontier. In addition to American settlers, several hundred thousand Euro­ peans settled in Missouri during the nineteenth century. During the years following the publication of Duden's report in 1829, large numbers of Germans emigrated from Europe with Missouri as their destination. The very early German settlements in Missouri were spotty and composed mostly of Germans from states to the east.37 Later German immigration to Missouri proved highly organized with many settlers coming directly from Germany by way of New Orleans. From the beginning St. Louis served as the distribution center for

36 Eleventh Census of the United States: Population (Washington, D.C., 1895), Pt. 1, 560-563. 37 Theodore Huebener, The Germans in America (Philadelphia, 1962), 88-89. Population Origins in Rural Missouri 15 those immigrants coming up the Mississippi. As a result the city exert­ ed a significant influence on the location of German communities in the middle Mississippi Valley.38 Duden's location in Warren (then Montgomery) County attract­ ed large numbers of farmers and laborers from Hannover and West­ phalia. Then followed many people of higher social classes, including counts, barons, scholars, preachers, gentlemen-farmers, officers, mer­ chants and students. All of them possessed some means but little in­ clination to work. The educated German settlers were known as "Latin Farmers" because they had attended the German gymnasia and received thorough instructions in Latin and Greek. They came to Missouri to enjoy the Utopian life based on the exaggerated descrip­ tion of Duden. Many failed to find this Utopia. Some returned to Ger­ many, others went to St. Louis and a few committed suicide. The peasant farmers, who accompanied the scholarly Germans, prospered in most cases.39 Many thousands of Germans came to Missouri in the mid- nineteenth century to establish a "Germania in America." One of the first two groups to arrive, the Giezener Gesellschaft, promoted large-scale immigration from Germany to the Mississippi Valley. Five hundred members of this group arrived in 1834 and located near Duden's farm.40 During the next several years other organized Ger­ man groups settled in the same general area, including the Berlin So­ ciety, which founded the town of Washington in Franklin County,41 and the Solingen Society, which established a Franklin County settle­ ment on Tavern Creek.42 Three years after the arrival of the Gieszen Society, a larger ef­ fort to create a German state in Missouri occurred. In Philadelphia, the cradle of German colonization in America, the German Settle­ ment Society of Philadelphia was established in the 1820s. It pur­ posed to establish a German colony somewhere in the "Far West." The society selected a site in northern Gasconade County, and 12,000 acres of land were purchased in its behalf in 1838.43 Gradually the

38 Johnson, "The Location of German Immigrants in the Middle West," 12. 39 Richard O'Conner, The German-Americans: An Informal History (Boston, 1968), 82. 40 Lewis W. Spitz, "The Germans in Missouri: A Preliminary Study" (unpublished Master's thesis, Washington University, St. Louis, 1930), 47. 41 Melvin B. Roblee, ed., Historical Review of Franklin County (Union, Mo., 1968), 52. 42 Schneider, The German Church on the American Frontier, 19. 43 William G. Bek, The German Settlement Society of Philadelphia and its Colony, Hermann, Missouri (Philadelphia, 1907), 1-2. 16 Missouri Historical Review settlement, which included the town of Hermann, expanded, and by the Civil War, Germans owned most of the land in ,the northern one- half of Gasconade County.44 German settlers continued coming up the Missouri River, estab­ lishing large German majorities in the river counties for 100 miles west of St. Louis. Germans continued to follow the river west estab­ lishing large settlements in Saline, Pettis, Benton, Lafayette and John­ son counties. Eventually, German settlements reached Kansas City and on north to the St. Joseph area. Some Germans coming to St. Louis chose to go north and settle along the Mississippi. Many remained near St. Louis, but some ven­ tured farther north. In 1843 a steamer stopped at St. Louis with 250 German passengers from Pittsburgh—forerunners of a company of 3,000 who settled the following years in the vicinity of Hannibal.45 However, the "New Germany" plan failed. Apparently, those who were most enthusiastic about the idea failed as pioneers; those who simply wanted a good life and cared little about preserving German culture went to work and prospered. While settlers attempted to establish a Germania in the northern half of the state, other Germans settled along the Mississippi, south of St. Louis. The majority of Germans entering this part of the state after 1830 were Catholic, with many coming in colonies. In Ste. Genevieve County, German Catholics established colonies at Zell, New Offenburg, Weingarten and Coffman in the 1840s.46 Many moved into the formerly French settlements, including the town of Ste. Genevieve, and eventually the county possessed a German speak­ ing majority. The in-movement of German Catholics continued south into Perry, Cape Girardeau and Scott counties.

Although the German Catholics in southeastern Missouri came for economic reasons, many Germans emigrated from Germany for re­ ligious freedom. Osage County attracted several thousand German Catholics. At their first settlement, Westphalia, their spiritual leader Father Helias established a parish in 1834.47 In the years that fol­ lowed, German Catholics established seventeen additional communi-

44 Land Register for 1867, Gasconade County, Assessor's Office, Gasconade County Courthouse, Hermann, Missouri 45 Spitz, "The Germans in Missouri: A Preliminary Study," 77. 46 Sauer, "Ozark Highland," 167. 47 Emmet H. Rotham, The German Catholic Immigrant in the United States (1830- 1860) (Washington, D.C., 1946), 50. Population Origins in Rural Missouri 17

Father Ferdinand Helias, S.J.

ties in the area, including a German-Belgian colony at Taos near Jefferson City.48 In 1839, a group of "Old Lutherans" from Saxony established several settlements in eastern Perry County. Desiring to establish a semi-autonomous theocratic community,49 the Saxon settlements grew from the original three hamlets of Altenburg, Frohna and Wit- tenburg to include much of Perry and northern Cape Girardeau coun­ ties. These settlements represented the beginnings of the Missouri Synod of the Lutheran Church. A somewhat peculiar German settlement in Missouri was the communistic society that located at Bethel, Shelby County, in 1844. Under the leadership of its founder, Dr. William Keil, the colony pros­ pered and established new settlements at Elim, Hebron and Mamri in Shelby County and Nineveh in Adair County. After the death of Dr. Keil in 1877, the colony dissolved, but the Germans remained in the area.50

48 Joseph H. Schmidt, "Recollections of the First Catholic Missouri Work in Cen­ tral Missouri," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, V (January, 1911), 84; W.A. Willi- brand, "A Forgotten Pioneer of Westphalia, Missouri," American German Review, IX (April, 1943), 7; and Gilbert J. Garraghan, S.J., "The Mission of Central Missouri," St. Louis Catholic Historical Review, XI (October, 1920), 178-179. 49 E.F. Stegen, "The Settlement of the Saxon Lutheran in Perry County, Mis­ souri" (unpublished Master's thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1933), 33. 50 Spitz, "The Germans in Missouri: A Preliminary Study," 51-53. 18 Missouri Historical Review

A filling-in process followed the initial phase of German settle­ ment. As word filtered back to Germany, more Germans came. Other Central Europeans settled among the Germans, and, although each ethnic settlement was unique, in most cases, they blended in rather easily. A group of approximately forty Irish families settled in the very rugged hill country of Shannon County in the late 1850s. They had left Ireland because of the potato famine and found work in the build­ ing of the railroads in the Midwest. Many found their way to St. Louis, nearly destitute, by the mid-1850s. A Catholic priest from St. Louis purchased land in their behalf in Shannon County and assisted them in establishing an agricultural settlement there. Their choice of land for an agricultural settlement proved most unfortunate, but was only one of the difficulties they faced in their new Ozark home. During the Civil War both the Union and Confederates sent recruiters into the area to conscript the settlers for military service. Those who remained during the war found themselves in the middle of vigilante actions which plagued parts of the interior eastern Ozarks. By the conclusion of the Civil War, this unnamed settlement had virtually ceased to exist. However, the area where the Irish settled in Shannon County is still commonly referred to as the "Irish Wilderness. "51

51 Ruth F. Van Doren, "Myth-History of the Irish Wilderness," Shannon County Historical Review, II (July, 1965), 6. Population Origins in Rural Missouri 19

Europeans continued to settle in Missouri in the years following the Civil War, but immigration appeared more sporadic than before. This period of ethnic settlement involved fewer numbers, but repre­ sented a much greater variety in terms of ethnic background. This phase of European settlement was closely associated with the con­ struction of railroads in Missouri in the years immediately preced­ ing and following the Civil War. To be sure, many Europeans, and particularly Germans, contin­ ued to locate in the older more established settlements, and the rail­ roads had little influence on their decision. Some expansion also occurred from the original German settlements in the latter decades of the nineteenth century, probably resulting from land shortages in the older settlements. Among the others, the railroads brought some in as colonies; land companies, specializing in European immigrants, assisted some in locating; and some were influenced in a less direct way through advertising by railroads and land companies.52 A number of groups first settled in other regions of the United States and when they found the location unsuitable, they moved on to Missouri. The railroad settlements, primarily in or near the Ozarks, appear as three clusters plus an occasional isolated colony. The first cluster ap­ peared along the main line of Frisco to the southwest of St. Louis; the second included the Springfield Plain and the southern portion of the Osage Plain; and the third consisted of a series of settlements along and southeast of the Ozark escarpment in southeastern Missouri.53 Railroad colonization was begun at the conclusion of the Civil War and reached its greatest intensity in the late 1870s and early 1880s. A few communities were located as late as the first decade of the twen­ tieth century. The colonies ranged in size from as few as ten families to as many as 150. Place names occasionally indicate the ethnic ori­ gins of the individual settlements, such as Rosati, Swedeborg, Freis- tatt, and Pulaskifield. One final ethnic group deserves mention. At the turn of the twen­ tieth century, the Catholic Church in St. Louis became quite con­ cerned about the large number of indigent German Catholics residing in the city. Since most had been farmers in the Old World, the church

52 A search through the archives of the St. Louis-San Francisco Railroad Company in St. Louis turned up no records dealing with the railroad's colonization activities. Apparently these records were destroyed when the offices of the Frisco were transferred from Springfield to St. Louis. 53 Gerlach, "Rural Religious and Ethnic Groups as Cultural Islands in the Ozarks of Missouri: Their Emergence and Persistence," 78-90. 20 Missouri Historical Review decided to establish an agricultural colony for them somewhere in Missouri. In 1905, the St. Louis Diocese purchased 14,000 acres of re­ cently drained land in southeastern Missouri. Approximately 100 Ger­ man families settled there. The community, named Glennonville after Cardinal Glennon who conceived the idea, proved quite success­ ful. In 1910 the Diocese established a daughter colony at Wilhelmina in Dunklin County.54 The extent of settlement by religious sects in Missouri during the nineteenth century is somewhat obscure. The 1850 census listed three Moravian congregations, one Mennonite congregation, and one under the heading of minor sect.55 The 1890 census listed 32 congrega­ tions of Dunkards, presumably German, and five congregations of Quakers, in addition to five Mennonite congregations and one of Amish.56 Of these early groups, the Dunkards and Quakers are gone, but the Amish and Mennonites remain. Approximately 35 individual Amish and Mennonite settlements are scattered across Missouri.57 Many were established in the nineteenth century, but over half have been in Missouri for less than a quarter century. A shortage of land in the Amish-Mennonite core areas of Ohio, Indiana, and Pennsylvania, is forcing these groups to move to new areas. Missouri is one of the states which has received a large influx of both Amish and Mennon­ ites in recent years. The preceding pages were intended to add some detail to the generalized map shown on page 2. The map should be viewed as illus­ trating the broader pattern of settlement in Missouri. Areas shown as settled by Tennesseans or Germans were not the exclusive domain of those groups. Instead those groups were the predominant settlers in the areas. The locations of the different groups are as precise as avail­ able information permits. Nevertheless, this does not mean the map is complete. The possibility exists that small ethnic settlements may have been overlooked. The geographic patterns of settlement outlined in the preceding pages no longer persist over much of the state. It is difficult, if not im­ possible, to distinguish the various groups from one another today. As

54 Sister Teresa, Mt. St. Joseph Ursuline Convent, The Eye, Arm, Spine of the Wilderness (Maple Mount, Ky., 1957), 1-5. 55 Seventh Census of the United Slates: 1850, 682-690. 56 Eleventh Census of the United States: Report on Statistics of Churches (Wash­ ington, D.C., 1894), 360-386. 57 There is no single and complete source for data on the number and location of all Amish and Mennonite settlements. The numbers and locations used here were ob­ tained from Levi Miller, ed., Mennonite Yearbook and Directory, LXVI (Scottdale, Pa., 1975), and from personal correspondence and field investigation. Population Origins in Rural Missouri 21 elsewhere in the United States, the processes of acculturation and as­ similation have produced a degree of cultural blending; and rural to urban and more recent urban to rural migrations have deleted from and added to the population of rural Missouri. Yet each group, from the earliest to the most recent, has made its unique contribution to the character of present-day rural Missouri.

Ella Ewing To Wed La Belle Star, February 14, 1902. If the following dispatch from Helena, Montana, is to be believed Missouri is about to lose her big girl. The dispatch reads as follows: A marriage between the largest man and woman in the United States, if not in the world, will take place at Helena or Butte within the next few weeks. The contracting parties are Miss Ella Ewing, of Missouri, 8 feet 1 inch in height, weighing something over 400 pounds, and Edward Beauper, "The Montana Cowboy," who tips the scales at 367 pounds and is 8 feet in height.

Foot Ball—From The East Window Columbia Missouri Herald, December 8, 1899. Football is fashionable. That is one secret of its success. People go to the games be­ cause the crowd goes and the average citizen would not miss being with the crowd for anything. There is an infection about the crowd which draws many. Hundreds of people who did not know a punt from a full tack [sic] sat two or three hours at Kansas City, shivering and shouting, and persuaded themselves they enjoyed it. They were in the fashion. College girls who would shrink with horror at going to a prize fight, smiled approval upon the half-naked champions of the gridiron. Grave and reverend citizens who would join a law and order league to prevent a boxing match in convention hall cheered until they were hoarse. Football is really not a spectators' game. The so-called fine points can not be seen understood or appreciated by the average assemblage. In the Kansas City crowd it was several minutes after either side had scored a success before the bulk of these adherents cheered. The reason was simply that the few who took in the whole show must have time to tell the others. There is more for the spectator in a boating contest or a baseball game or a sprinting match. In these there is something to be seen and easily understood and even chumps, such as usually spend their money and time in going to foot ball [sic] games, can tell who is ahead. But foot ball [sic] is fashionable and that covers a multitude of sins. It is just now a fad and must run its course. So with base ball [sic]. So with bicycling. The American people for a time go crazy over the fashionable sport and then settle down to a rational enjoyment of its good points. Slavery in Callaway County, Missouri: 1845-1855

BY PHILIP V. SCARPINO" Located in East Central Missouri, Callaway County is firmly anchored to a large bend in the Missouri River, its mid-nineteenth century commercial lifeline. The river also served as a thoroughfare, which channeled early settlers into the county, most of whom emi­ grated from the border South, primarily Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee.1 Returns from the 1850 Census indicate that approximate­ ly one-half of the county's family heads owned slaves. Much more significant, however, is the obvious contribution slave labor made to the county's economy and the almost total lack of recorded objections to slavery as an institution.

* Philip V. Scarpino received the M.A. degree from the University of Missouri- Columbia, and is currently a Ph.D. candidate in American History at UMC. A copy of his M.A. thesis is on file in the editorial office of the State Historical Society of Missouri. 1 U.S. Census, 7th Report, 1850, Population Schedule, "Callaway County, Mis­ souri." Based on a random sample of 179 slaveholders and 120 nonslaveholders, 43 per­ cent of the slaveholders migrated from Virginia and 39 percent from Kentucky. Non- slaveholders entered Callaway County from these states at the rate of 37 and 34 percent, respectively. No other state contributed more than 5 percent with one exception—13 percent of the nonslaveholders claimed to have emigrated from Tennessee. Slavery in Callaway County, Missouri 23

In the antebellum period, Callaway County was an area of relatively small single family land holdings; and correspondingly, slave forces were generally of modest size, averaging 4.8 slaves per master in 1850.2 Indeed, throughout the 1840s and 50s slavery in Callaway County was a healthy, viable and expanding institution. The majority of bondsmen labored as farmhands, but ample evidence exists that they were integrated into nearly every facet of the county's economy. Unlike the situation found in slave states farther to the south, Callaway's agriculture did not depend upon a single staple crop. Most farmers raised corn and hogs, as well as some combina­ tion of oats, wheat, flax or tobacco, along with a variety of other livestock. Thus, these slaves did not toil in the huge classically portrayed gangs but, as a rule, worked side by side with the owner and his sons. Data, however, taken from the 1850 Agricultural Census demon­ strates a correlation between the size of a slave force and the variety and amount of crops and livestock produced. Figures given in the 1850 and 1860 census indicate a trend towards the consolidation of slaves in the hands of fewer masters. Therefore, while by no means morally justifiable, slavery in Callaway County was productive and versatile and not restricted by a particular type of crop, task, or situ­ ation. In addition, white county residents possessed the amazing ability to synthesize and accept an ideology composed of contra­ dictory beliefs. As a result, they quite successfully and guiltlessly re­ conciled slavery with numerous ostensibly incompatible concepts.3 This complicated and fascinating Missouri phenomenon sorely lacks solid scholarship. Harrison Anthony Trexler's Slavery in Mis­ souri 1804-1865, published in 1914, remains the only major work on the subject. Obviously dated in interpretation, Trexler based his argu­ ments concerning the viability of slavery in Missouri around two primary suppositions. First, he postulated that an "Increase in popu­ lation means more intensive agriculture. Slave labor, being largely unintelligent and lacking initiative, is better suited to extensive farming." Second, "... the increase of the slave population of Mis­ souri was limited by the supply of new lands. ..." This relationship, he explained, was initially "noticed in the old Mississippi River set-

2 Ibid., Slave Schedule, "Callaway County, Missouri." 3 The author assumed that the editor of the weekly Fulton Telegraph would not publish, without editorial comment, an article on slavery or race-related questions that would be inflammatory to the majority of his patrons. Fulton was then and still is the county seat. It should also be noted that during the last week of April 1850, there was a change of editors. There was, however, no significant shift in editorial policy vis-a-vis slavery and community development. 24 Missouri Historical Review

Hemp Press from By-Gone Era

dements."4 The ideas raised by Trexler in these quotes present a convenient place to begin an analysis of slavery in Callaway County. Each point deserves examination. In the first case, Trexler's inference that blacks were somehow less intelligent than whites manifests a racist ideology.5 Such theories have since been adequately and con­ vincingly disproven by the weight of scholarly opinion. Slaves undoubtedly may have lacked initiative of the type de­ rived from owning their own land and being free to enjoy the full fruits of their labors. Nevertheless, when performing overwork, often under the most arduous of conditions, they frequently exhibited surprising amounts of initiative. For example, in several Missouri River counties hemp was grown and harvested almost exclusively by slave labor. The entire process epitomized monotonous back-breaking work. In the fall, hemp was cut with sickles and allowed to rot on the ground until midwinter. Field hands then broke the hemp by means of a heavy crusher and manually separated the fiber from the plant. Masters generally required their bondsmen to break one hundred pounds a day and threatened them with punishment if they failed to complete the assigned quota.6 Hence, a very basic impulse—avoid-

4 Harrison Anthony Trexler, Slavery in Missouri 1804-1865 (Baltimore, 1914), 11. 5 Ibid., 10, 11, 19, 21,28, 89,93. 6 Ibid., 24. Slavery in Callaway County, Missouri 25 ance of pain—prompted slaves to meet the basic requirement. As an added incentive, slaveowners habitually paid overwork at the rate of "one cent per pound for all broken in excess of that amount." This money, which belonged to the individual, represented one of the few ways a bondsman could supplement those things furnished by the master or that a slave father could assume the role as a true pro­ vider for his family. Trexler even admitted that: "Many slaves broke from a hundred and seventy-five to two hundred, some as many as three hundred pounds a day."7 When presented with reasonable in­ centives, slaves did not prove themselves wanting in ambition or motivation. Callaway County, it must be pointed out, could not be classified as a major hemp producing region. For example, in 1850, only two large growers' combined output (thirteen and thirty-four tons) eclipsed the harvest of other local men.8 Despite the absence of a dominant hemp culture, the principle of employing incentives still remains valid. Owners recognized that offering such inducements facilitated the problem of control and extracted additional labor more easily from their bondsmen. Slaves who chose to accept such offers could earn small sums of money or perhaps items of food and clothing above the basic level ordinarily provided by the master. As might be expected in an area dominated by family farms un­ fortunately there exists a dearth of written information on slave in­ centives, as well as most other subjects. Probate records, however, do provide many otherwise unobtainable insights into the lives of these early Missouri residents. When Isaac P. Howe died in De­ cember 1855, he was indebted to one of his slaves, and the admin­ istrator's record of payment provides proof that Howe utilized a form of the incentive system. April 1855 Isaac P Howe Dr To Slave Nelson Ballence on hogs 1 $ 30 cts Paid by S M Harrison Admr. This 22 May 18579

7 Ibid., 25. 8 U.S. Census, 7th Report, 1850, Products of Agriculture, "Callaway County, Missouri." 9 Isaac P. Howe, Estate Papers, Box 114, Bundle 11, in Callaway County Pro­ bate Court, Callaway County Courthouse, Fulton, Missouri. All probate records here­ after referred to are located in the Callaway County Probate Court. See also, Agnes Hord, Estate Papers, Box 120, Bundle 5. Agnes Hord's papers provide two examples of direct cash payments to slaves—one dollar to a woman named Dinah in 1856 and five dollars to a man named John in 1857. Due to the large number of spelling errors and gramatical irregularities, citations from probate records and the Fulton Telegraph will be presented as they were originally written, without the use of sic. 26 Missouri Historical Review

Sometime prior to the spring of 1855 Howe and his sixty-three-year- old slave'Nelson had entered into an agreement concerning these hogs. Nelson evidently was obligated to raise the animals which his owner then purchased upon maturity. In this manner, Howe employed an elderly slave, and Nelson acquired cash that was other­ wise unavailable. Also noteworthy was the fact that the debt to this slave was considered binding enough to be honored by the ad­ ministrator more than two years after it was contracted.

The majority of Callaway County farmers raised numerous dif­ ferent crops and livestock in a relatively small area, a practice that can be defined as a form of intensive agriculture. According to the 1850 census, 1,612 heads of family lived in Callaway County, a pre­ ponderance of which reported their occupation as farmer. A random sample of 179 slaveholders and 120 nonslaveholders, who were en­ gaged in meaningful agriculture, shows that the slaveholders, out­ stripped their fellow citizens in every major category (see figure 1). In the light of recent scholarship, the relatively small sweet potato crop proved a conspicuous exception to the generalization that slave­ holders dominated agricultural production. Because cultivation was so evenly dispersed, it seems unlikely that sweet potatoes were util­ ized primarily to supplement the diets of slaves.10 Considering the concentration of bondsmen (from 4.8 per master in 1850, to 5.3 in 1860) and rising slave prices, which would make it more difficult for new arrivals to break into the slaveholding class, little reason remains to expect that slaveowners failed to maintain their favorable posi­ tion.11

A perusal of Agricultural Census material included in the sample reveals that even among the county's biggest slaveholders there was a lack of specialization. From one individual to another, improved acreage, crops, and livestock increased or decreased in the same di-

10 Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, Time on the Cross: The Eco­ nomics of American Negro Slavery (Boston, 1974), I, 113. Fogel and Engerman argue that "... slaves consumed virtually nothing but sweet potatoes, although most of the potatoes consumed by free men were white. The significance ... is that sweet potatoes are a much better food. ..." Documentation for Callaway County is based on evidence contained in the random sample of 179 slaveholders and 120 nonslaveholders. The data set for the random sample consisting of 87 variables (in machine readable form) is in the possession ol the author. 11 Trexler, Slavery in Missouri, 37-43. Records of slave sales in the Callaway County probate records support Trexler vis-a-vis rising slave prices. See also note 2 and figure 5. Slavery in Callaway County, Missouri 27

FIGURE 1 A Random Sample Comparing 179 Slaveholders and 120 Nonslaveholders For the Year 185012

179 Average 120 Average Slave- Slave- Nonslave- Nonslave- Owners Owners Owners Owners Improved Acres 17,506 97.7 4,021 33.5 Unimproved Acres 42,799 239.1 9,692 80.7 Value Farm 307,993.00 1,720.63 60,123.00 501.02 Value Implements & Machinery 14,296.00 79.86 4,664.00 38.86 Horses 986 5.5 353 2.9 Asses & Mules 404 2.1 23 Milch Cows 839 4.6 299 2.4 Working Oxen 396 2.2 62 .5 Other Cattle 2,452 13.6 499 4.1 Sheep 4,809 26.8 1,558 12.9 Swine 6,431 35.9 2,259 18.8 Value Livestock 104,457.00 586.83 22,750.00 189.58 Bu. Wheat 11,307 62.8 2,369 19.7 Bu. Corn 149,560 835.5 44,730 372.7 Bu. Oats 34,589 193.2 8,390 69.9 Lbs. Tobacco 257,635 1,439.3 35,800 298.3 Lbs. Wool 9,969 55.6 2,885 24.0 Bu. Irish Potatoes 2,898 16.1 1,150 9.5 Bu. Sweet Potatoes 1,399 7.8 710 5.9 Value Orchard Products 3,002.00 16.77 605.00 5.04 Lbs. Butter 30,170 168.5 11,185 93.4 Tons Hay 1,070 5.9 174 1.4 Pounds Flax 5,815 32.4 1,710 14.2 Lbs. Maple Sugar 1,980 11.0 887 7.3 Lbs. Honey & Beeswax 977 5.4 320 2.6 Value Homemade Manufactures 7,363.00 41.13 2,708.00 22.56 Value Animals Slaughtered 13,437.00 75.48 3,946.00 32.88 Farmers' Age 46.5 39.7 Total slaves in the sample 1,046 Total slaves in the Couiit y 3,907 Total number of entries in the 1850 Agricultural Census 1,558

12 U.S. Census, 7th Report, 1850, Population Schedule, "Callaway County, Mo."; ibid., Slave Schedule, "Callaway County, Mo."; ibid.,Products of Agriculture, "Calla­ way County, Mo."; Elizabeth Prather Ellsberry, 1850 Federal Census for Callaway County, Missouri (Chillicothe, Mo., n.d.). For an explanation of how the random sam­ ple was selected and a more detailed analysis of the data summarized above, see appendix A, on file in the editorial office of the State Historical Society of Missouri. 28 Missouri Historical Review

rection.13 The most obvious difference, then, between slaveholders and nonslaveholders was their level of production, Indeed, within the limitations imposed by the data in the random sample, the follow­ ing generalization can be postulated: for most entries in the Agri­ cultural Census, the value which accounts for approximately 50 percent of the slaveowners also accounts for at least 80 percent of the nonslaveholders.14 For example, 49.7 percent of the slaveowners reported 75 or fewer improved acres while 93.3 percent of the non- slaveowners reported 70 or fewer. Thus, nonslaveowners, depending of course on family size and farm location, were inclined towards subsistence agriculture, while their slave-owning neighbors were more commercial in orientation. As previously discussed, most people who migrated to Callaway County before 1850 were of southern origin—the majority came from Virginia and Kentucky and to a lesser extent Tennessee, Mary-

13 This statement is supported by the results obtained from a matrix of Pearson Pro­ duct Moment Coefficients of Correlation (a statistical measure of the strength of associa­ tion) for the following variables: improved acres, unimproved acres, value of farm, value of implements and machinery, horses, milch cows, other cattle, sheep, swine, value livestock, wheat, Indian corn, oats, tobacco, wool, butter, hay, home manufac­ tures, and value animals slaughtered. Scattergrams (computer generated graphs which illustrate the strength of association between two variables) for improved acres with wheat, Indian corn, and oats indicate that the results are not distorted by outliers. To­ bacco, however, must be considered an exception to this generalization. 14 It also should be explained that 52.5 percent of the slaveholders possessed at least one male slave between the ages of 17 and 36.

Jacob Maddox, a native of Kentucky, migrated to Calla­ way County in 1830 and built this home near McCredie in 1850. ./. C. Caldwell Photo

*^«M.**a»' Slavery in Callaway County, Missouri 29 land, North Carolina and other southern states. These pioneers moved within familiar climatic zones because they could reasonably and with favorable prospects for success transplant much of their accustomed ethos. During the nineteenth century, Americans were participating in a general westward migration. Prior to the advent of the railroad, rivers provided the highways west for significant num­ bers of these erstwhile easterners; and, as illustrated in figure 2, the greatest increases in Callaway County's population, white, slave and free black, came during the late 1820s and 30s, long before rail­ roads reached the county. FIGURE 2 Population Patterns of Callaway County 1820-186015 Slave & Free Free Black As a Year White % Inc Slave % Inc Black Total % Inc % of White Pop 1860 12,895 30 4,523 16 31 17,449 26 35 1850 9,895 15 3,907 24 25 13,827 18 40 1840 8,601 83 3,142 116 22 11,765 91 37 1830 4,702 — 1,456 — 1 6,159 — 31 1820 Figures not given — — — — — Therefore, the county became settled early and rapidly for three primary reasons: accessibility, availability of transportation, and fertile soil. With the exception of the relatively narrow Mis­ souri flood plain, any affect of the river on soil fertility would have been negligible. In fact, evidence gathered from slave hiring con­ tracts demonstrates that some masters were unwilling to have their slaves worked in the river bottom. No doubt this reluctance may be attributed to a belief that the area was particularly unhealthy (see figure 3). All but the earliest arrivals, then, probably were most in­ fluenced by the first two considerations to settle in Callaway County. The editor of the Fulton Telegraph, extolling the county's virtues in 1848, boasted that "The soil of other counties may be capable of producing a more luxuriant growth of hemp, and some other articles; but our facilities for getting produce to market—for raising stock, our excellent grain lands & c, counter-ballance all the advantages which more distant counties may derive from their richer, alluvial soils."16 15 Fourth Census of the United States: 1820 (Washington, 1821); Fifth Census of the United States: 1830 (Washington, 1832), 150-151; Sixth Census of the United States: 1840 (Washington, 1841), 88-90; Seventh Census of the United States: 1850 (Washington, 1853), 654; Eighth Census of the United States, 1860: Population (Wash­ ington, 1864), 286. 16 Fulton Telegraph, November 17, 1848. 30 Missouri Historical Review

During the 1850s, the county's demographic composition began to change (see figure 2). For the first time in many years a greater percentage of whites lived in the county. The slaves and free blacks, however, continued to grow in absolute terms. These figures cannot be taken as an index to the economic success of slavery in general or slave agriculture in particular. Throughout the entire pre-Civil War period, the cost of Missouri slaves, as well as their hiring prices, continued to climb, which reflected a steadily increasing demand; at the same time the value and amount of most agricultural products continued to rise (see figure 4).17 This change in composition could account for the fact that subsistence-oriented nonslaveowners tended to occupy more distant or marginal land. Census data indicates that FIGURE 3 Hiring Contracts Which Demonstrate a Reluctance to Have Bondsmen Worked in the Missouri River Bottom18

$150—On or before the first day of January 1855 we or either of us promise to pay to Elizabeth Brooks adminis­ tratrix of the last will and testament of Thomas Brooks de­ ceased the sum of one hundred and fifty dollars for the hire of a negro man named John for the presant year and we do further more a gree and bind our selves to treat said slave with humanity not to work him out in bad weather pay his Doctor bill[s] taxes and loose the time he is sick and give him the fowling named Clothing to wit four shirts two pair of summer pants two pair janes pants janes vest one janes frock Coat three pair of yarn socks all the above named clothing to be made of new materials one good wool hat one blanket worth two Dollars two pair of linsey drawers keep him well shod and return him with good boots to the above named administratrix on the twenty fourth of De­ cember eighteen hundred and fifty four and not to work said slave out of the county of Callaway or in the river bottom and witness our hand and seal this The first day of January Eight teen hundred and fifty four [Signed] Wm. M. George A. George security [Unreadable] on or before the 25th day of Dec. next we or either of us promise to pay R M Craghead the sum of . . . [99.50]. . . for

17 Trexlei, Slavery in Missouri, 29. Records of slave hiring located in the Callaway County probate records agree with the conclusions reached by Trexler. See also note 11. 18 James M. Atkinson, Estate Papers, Box 68, Bundle 15; Alfred George, Estate Papers, Box 111, Bundle 8. Slavery in Callaway County, Missouri 31

value receeived it being for the hire of a Negro Boy Willis for the presant year we further bind ourselves not to work said Boy out of Callaway or in the Missouri Bottom to treat him humanely and pay his Taxes and Doctors Bills and keep him well clothed for the different seasons of the year and return him to R M Craghead at his presant resadence on the 25th of Dec next with a good suit of winter cloths a new pair of shoes cap or hat and a good warm blanket given under our hands this 1st day of Jany 1851. [Signed] James M Atkinson Thomas J Atkinson FIGURE 4 A Comparison of Total Agricultural Output For the Years 1850 and I86019 ) 1860 1850 % Inc % De Improved Acres 154,578 92,616 67 — Unimproved Acres 295,918 220,494 33 — Value Farms 4,818,339 1,575,450 206 — Value Implements & Machinery 170,814 79,844 114 — Horses 7,627 5,768 32 — Asses & Mules 2,721 2,183 25 — Milch Cows 6,460 4,884 32 — Working Oxen 2,231 1,750 27 — Other Cattle 14,095 13,092 8 — Sheep 27,728 27,963 — 1 Swine 41,559 33,018 26 — Value Livestock 1,306,752 560,979 133 — Bu. Wheat 60,692 50,178 21 — Bu. Corn 1,346,777 811,855 66 — Bu. Oats 130,480 184,418 — 29 Lbs. Tobacco 1,433,374 886,800 62 — Value Orchard Products 28,951 14,625 98 — Lbs. Wool 62,916 56,019 12 — Lbs. Butter 217,514 177,369 23 — Tons Hay 11,090 4,943 124 — Tons Hemp 35 45 — 22 Lbs. Flax 4,261 25,035 — 80 Value Homemade Manufactures 46,876 39,758 18 — Value Slaughtered Animals 192,832 71,152 171

19 Seventh Census, 1850, 675-676, 678-679, 681; Eighth Census of the United States, 1860: Agriculture (Washington, 1864), 88-91. Those few crops which declined in 1860 could rationally be explained by fluctuations in the market. There certainly ap­ pears to have been an increased emphasis on tobacco and corn. 32 Missouri Historical Review these individuals were generally younger than their counterparts and possessed considerably less improved acreage (figure 1). Pos­ sibly, they were more attracted to service occupations for which the enlarged population would generate an increased demand. Since nearly all Callaway County farmers engaged in intensive agriculture, the primary difference was the amount of production. Consequently, to suggest that the availability of fresh land limited slavery's expansion proves misleading; it circumscribed the rapid expansion of all agriculture. More logically, the general pattern of westward migration, and not the nature of forced labor, accounted for the rapid growth of slavery in Callaway County. Slave masters followed the rivers as did other migrants, but Callaway's combina­ tion of accessibility, available transportation, and fertile soil es­ pecially appealed to these more market-oriented farmers. Similarly, the decrease of slaves during the 1850s, when viewed as a percent­ age of the total population, does not mean that the practice was dying out or had become uneconomical. There were artificial barriers placed on black migration by statute, the nature of the system, and the laws of supply and demand. These restrictions would function as a limiting factor once slave population growth approached the saturation point. In 1850, ownership of the county's 3,907 slaves was limited to about 50 percent of the white families. Further analysis of this fact reveals that of these 808 owners, 489 possessed four or fewer slaves Slavery in Callaway County, Missouri 33 accounting for only 26 percent of the total; while 319 masters con­ trolled 74 percent of the slaves in groups of five to 58. Finally, among these 319 slaveholders were a mere 102 individuals with 10 or more bondsmen commanding 37 percent of the county's entire slave community.20 Therefore although blacks composed a sizable segment (40 percent) of the people in Callaway County, ownership was by no means evenly distributed throughout the white population. That this pattern continued throughout the 1850s may be ascertained from the following illustration. FIGURE 5 A Comparison of Slave Ownership Patternsi in Callaway Count 1850 1860 Total Number of Owners 808 855 Total Number of Slaves 3,907 4,523 Owning 3 or Fewer 424 417 Number of Slaves 737 729 Owning 4 or Fewer 489 483 Number of Slaves 997 993 Owning 5 But Less Than 10 217 227 Number of Slaves 1,450 1,497 Owning 10 or More 102 145 Number of Slaves 1,460 2,033

While all of the slaves by no means were engaged in agricul­ ture, the majority were at least owned by farmers.22 Those who were not exemplify the flexibility of the institution and the adaptability of the slaves. Cross-referencing the Slave Schedule and Agricultural Census of 1850 again points toward three primary conclusions. First, slaves raised a significant portion of Callaway County's produce. Second, a positive relationship existed between the number of working-age slaves and the level of farm production. Several factors appear to account for this situation: every adult bondsman increased a farm family's potential; communal arrangements among larger groups allowed for more effective utilization of all members; and black women, who as a rule were expected to labor in the fields, gave an added dimension to the work force. At the same time, other variables such as the owner's management skill, his farm location, and the condition of his slaves must be taken into consideration.

20 U.S. Census, 7th Report, 1850, Slave Schedule, "Callaway Countv, Mo." 21 Ibid.; 8th Census, 1860, Agriculture, 233. 22 U.S. Census, 7th Report, 1850, Population Schedule, "Callaway County, Mo.' ibid., Slave Schedule, "Callaway County, Mo." 34 Missouri Historical Review

In addition, by the very nature of their position, slaves gen­ erally proved more dependable than less tractable and scarce white laborers. There were of course exceptions, for example, slaves under adjudication in probate court, bondsmen held by widows, or units of particularly unproductive slaves composed of a few mature females and their numerous preadolescent offspring. Third, slaves performed a wide range of farm duties including planting, cultivating, and har­ vesting numerous crops, tending many types of animals, and em­ ploying an array of machinery. The county's slaves also milked cows, churned butter, grew fruit, slaughtered livestock, sheared sheep, and carried out a host of other agricultural tasks. Thus slaves, who according to Trexler were best suited for extensive farming, quite satisfactorily fulfilled the multi-faceted duties of general farm­ hands. The primary business of Callaway County (clearly dominated by the slaveholders) was farming, with the remainder of its economy being ancillary in nature. In fact, the economic well being of Calla­ way's merchants and manufacturers, all of whom directly or indirect­ ly derived their livelihood from the soil, depended heavily upon slave based agriculture. The system of exchange generally followed a set pattern. Agricultural products went from farmer to middleman, and anything, not sold locally, was shipped by river to St. Louis. In turn, merchants imported and sold merchandise purchased in St. Louis, as well as cities farther to the east. Farm produce was widely ac­ cepted by the county's business community in exchange for goods and services, although a few entrepreneurs preferred to deal strictly Slavery in Callaway County, Missouri 35 in cash.23 "I expect," declared Thomas L. Stephens, "to sell EN­ TIRELY FOR CASH, and the customer that has not got the little article need not ask for goods."24 Throughout the fall of 1848, Tucker, Harris & Co., a general merchandising establishment, repeatedly advertised in the Telegraph that they "WANTED—Feathers, flax & tow linen, and beeswax, for which Goods will be given. . . ,"25 The Telegraph that same fall in­ serted a reminder that subscribers who had promised to pay in corn- meal should remit.26 Letcher & Wilson "Fashionable Tailors" lo­ cated in Fulton stressed that "Particular attention" will be "paid to country cutting. All kinds of produce taken in exchange for work."27 In March 1851, another eager shopkeeper announced his grand opening. "New and Cheap Cash Store E. CLARK & CO ... All kinds of Produce taken in exchange for store Goods, and part money

23 Fulton Telegraph, September 29, 1848, April 6, May 11, June 22, July 6, 1849, July 19, 1850. 24 Fulton Telegraph, April 13, 1849; the Telegraph published St. Louis market re­ ports on a regular basis; see also ibid., September 1, 1848, as well as June 1, 1849, for R. A. Raphael's advertisement concerning his "New Cash Drug Store." Ibid., June 8, De­ cember 7, 1849, June 21, July 12, October 11, 1850, all contain ads which display a willingness to accept country produce in exchange for goods. Ibid., April 13, May 4, De­ cember 14, 1849, and March 15, 1850, provide examples of merchants "buying east." Documents located in the Callaway County probate records confirm the fact that many businesses were accepting a combination of goods and cash. Even those that did not, however, were still dependent upon the county's agricultural base. 25 Ibid., September 15, 1848. 26 Ibid., November 17, 1848. 27 Ibid., January 26, 1849.

Callaway County Courthouse, Fulton 36 Missouri Historical Review paid if required."28 Aside from those already mentioned, several dozen other businesses of every description vied for county patronage. As previously inferred there also existed a lively trade in home manufactures such as tow linen, flax linen, brown jeans, and socks as well as butter, dried fruit, bacon, and lard which were not tech­ nically in this category.29 Wool socks constituted a high percentage of the requests for home crafted goods, and one astute storekeeper coupled his published request with an admonishment, no doubt in­ spired by prior difficulties: "WANTED! 500 DOZ. Pairs long clean well knit Wool Socks, no other kind need be presented as I will not purchase SMALL DIRTY socks at any price. "30 Receipts located in the county's probate records confirm that residents often discharged portions of their indebtedness with country produce. In 1848, for example, Tucker, Harris & Co., credited Garrard Davis with $36.86 for 250 pounds of lard, one and one-half bushels of flaxseed, 324 pounds of flour and 517 pounds of bacon.31 Mer­ chants, however, were not the only professionals who received ag­ ricultural products in payment for services rendered. After carding wool and making a part for a wagon, Crump and Hays accepted cash along with 24 pounds of lard; and John Mclanahan, a Fulton cabinet maker, settled his account with the estate of Stephen Boulware in the following manner:32

FIGURE 6 A Bill from John Mclanahan to the Estate of Stephen Boulware Dated October 1856 2 sofas 48.00 1 set of spring seat chairs 31.00 Credit by cash 90.00 1 spring seat arm rocker 11.00 Corn 9.37 1 center table 33.00 Apples 6.40 Matting 2.50 105.77 125.50 105.77 19.73

28 Ibid., March 7, 1851. , 29 Ibid., December 1, 1848, August 24, November 9, 1849, March 15, May 16, No­ vember 1, December 20, 1850. 30 Ibid., May 24, 1850. 31 Garrard Davis, Estate Papers, Box 89, Bundle 9. 32 John Clark, Estate Papers, Box 85, Bundle 22; Stephen Boulware, Estate Papers, Box 67, Bundle 18. The wording of John Mclanahan's bill has not been quoted verbatim, but the prices are exact. Crump & Hays' Bill is dated 1854. Slavery in Callaway County, Missouri 37

Extrapolating from available documents and the general level of prosperity which seems to have characterized Callaway County's slave agriculture, it would appear that slave labor was efficient and that it could profitably be applied to the soil. In addition, material already presented demonstrates that the county possessed a thriving agriculturally dependent economy and that in 1850 slaveowners were responsible for a sizable proportion of farm production. Logic­ ally if the county rested on an agricultural foundation, which in turn relied on slaves for much of its strength, then slave labor, in large part, maintained the health of Callaway's economy. Moreover, little reason exists to believe that the picture appreciably changed between 1850 and 1860. Throughout the South, farmers, industrialists and merchants competed to hire surplus bondsmen and, as historian Robert S. Starobin cogently argued, found them, for varying reasons, quite equal to their needs.33 Trexler cited statistics showing that slave rents in Missouri climbed steadily throughout the pre-Civil War era and that at least in some cases such hires exceeded the wages paid to white farmhands. Although Trexler incongruously reasoned that hiring exposed one of slavery's fundamental weaknesses, his figures betray a growing demand.34 Rather than serving to attenuate the system, hiring insured the profitable employment of excess ag­ ricultural slaves, as well as those belonging to widows, minors, and orphans or under the jurisdiction of a probate court. There is also evidence that certain slaveholders hired bondsmen for varying lengths of time as a means of paying for particular services or of returning a neighbor's generosity.35 In any event, the practice further evinces the adaptability of slaves and flexibility of the institution. Records uncovered to date indicate that Callaway County was no exception to the general pattern described in the preceding para­ graph. Administrators (or executors), for example, hired some or all of the slaves in 65 percent of the cases involving the settlement of a

33 Robert S. Starobin, Industrial Slavery in the Old South (New York, 1970), 154-155, see also, 23; Kenneth M. Stampp, The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-bellum South (New York, 1956), 67-71; Fogel and Engerman, Time on the Cross, I, 55-57 34 Trexler, Slavery in Missouri, 29, 31-33. 35 Thomas H. Branham, Estate Papers, Box 73, Bundle 1. A receipt located in this file indicates that Branham hired one of his slaves to a physician for five days in March 1851, and that the rental fee was then credited to Branham's account; John S. Fergu­ son, Estate Papers, Box 102, Bundle 15. Between January and October 1849, Ferguson made $65.55 worth of purchases from a merchant named W. A. Bennet. Ferguson was given credit for part of a day's work by three of his slaves on September 13, 1849. 38 Missouri Historical Review

Slave women provided valuable domestic service.

slaveholder's estate.36 In addition, of the thirty hiring contracts lo­ cated in the probate files sixteen were incident to settlement of an estate; hence, it seems reasonable to conclude that such settlements constituted a major source of supply for the county's hiring market. The probate court most often ordered a deceased master's slaves hired for payment of debts or in order to provide an income for a widow and minor heirs. Occasionally, however, bondsmen were hired in compliance with a former slaveowner's will.37 On the other hand, the most frequently cited reasons for allowing slaves to remain with the widow were support of minor heirs (or less commonly of young blacks) and the care of standing crops.38 Individuals in charge of settling an estate usually hired the slaves placed under their control for at least one year and in many in­ stances several years in succession. Over the course of the settlement period, numerous slaves, especially those hired on the auction block, faced the prospect of being rented to several different people. When

36 After reviewing names listed under A-K in the permanent Index to Estates: De­ ceased 1821-1900, who died between 1845-1858, 116 were identified as slaveholders and 160 as nonslaveholders. In 75 of these 116 cases some or all of the slaves were hired, in 32 they were not, and in 9 it was impossible to determine. 37 Record of Wills, Volume D, 523, in Callaway County Probate Court; Record of Wills, Vol. E, 298, 245. 38 Probate Court Record, Volume E, 86, 329, 549, Callaway County Probate Court. This case continues to Probate Court Record, Vol. F, 80; Probate Court Record, Vol. D, 94; Robert Holt, Estate Papers, Box 111, Bundle 3. Slavery in Callaway County, Missouri 39

John Hill died in August 1848, the administrator immediately hired the estate's four slaves for the balance of the year and then for six ad­ ditional years, until he jsold them on January 1, 1855—during this period each served at least five temporary masters.39 In 61 percent of the cases when the probate court ordered a deceased master's slaves hired in conjunction with the settlement of an estate, one or more of the slaves could ultimately expect to be sold. Although 42 percent of the slaveholders left wills, a majority did little, if anything, to safe­ guard the future of their slaves.40 Of those bondsmen not sold, a sizable number could expect to be divided between the heirs and legal representatives of the deceased. The usual length of hire in Callaway County was one year, al­ though six of the thirty contracts previously mentioned specified shorter periods of time. Interested parties most often hired bondsmen in early January and returned them in late December, with the average contract running from January 1 to December 25. Most hire­ lings labored as farmhands, although there may have been a small

39 John Hill, Estate Papers, Box 116, Bundle 13. This case was chosen because docu­ mentation of the court's directives is especially good; see also, Walker Allen, Estate Papers, Box 73, Bundle 18. Allen's twenty-seven slaves were hired from September 28, 1853, to December 1856. Shortly thereafter they were divided among the heirs. 40 In 46 of the 75 cases when slaves were hired, one or more of them was ultimately sold. This is, as previously stated, based on the settlement of estates belonging to 116 slaveholders. Furthermore, of these 116 slaveholders, 49 left wills; by way of contrast, 140 out of 160 nonslaveholders died intestate.

Slave Auction 40 Missouri Historical Review market for domestic help. The sources examined confirm only one instance of a slave being hired for nonagricultural purposes. In this particular situation, Simon R. Davis hired a slave blacksmith whom he promised to work exclusively at that profession.41 Indications are that a majority of Callaway's slaves were hired no further from home than neighboring counties; some contracts stipulated that the slave in question was not to be removed from Callaway County.42 Masters usually required that hirers provide ade­ quate clothing, pay taxes and doctors' bills, and return the slave with certain specified garments or footware and a good blanket at the end of the year. In addition to these fairly universal provisions, some temporary masters also pledged themselves to treat the slave "with humanity," "not to work him out in bad weather," and to "loose all time lost" when the hireling was sick or otherwise unable to work.43 When mentioned, the usual rate of interest on a slave's rental price was 10 percent "from due till paid."44 That men in Calla­ way County would consent to these types of contract conditions cer­ tainly demonstrates a strong demand for this temporary form of slave labor. The Fulton Telegraph again provides valuable insights into the phenomenon of slave hiring as it existed in Callaway County. In March 1850, P. B. Reed informed readers that he would on March 22, 1850, "... at the late residence of John Willburn Deceased, sell to the highest bidder, the following valuable property . . . [numerous live­ stock, a wagon, and assorted machinery] I will at the same time . . . hire the slaves . . . consisting of 2 men, 2 boys and 2 women and their children, for the residue of the year 1850 . . . Persons who may hire slaves will also be required to execute bond. . . . "45 Three months later Reed inserted the following notice: "Negroes to Hire. I WILL offer to hire out publicly at Bloomfield in this county ... all the slaves belonging to the estate of John Ransome . . . till the first day of January next. Said slaves consist of men, women and children and are about 30 or 40 in number."46

41 Simon R. Davis, Estate Papers, Box 97, Bundle 7. 42 Charles T. Brooks, Estate Papers, Box 71, Bundle 23; Henry Cave, Estate Papers, Box 81, Bundle 2. 43 Alfred George, Estate Papers, Box 111, Bundle 8; Joseph Freeland, Estate Papers, Box 101? Bundle 13; Benj. H. Kirby, Estate Papers, Bex 131, Bundle 6. 44 Thomas Crowson, Estate Papers, Box 93, Bundle 17. In nine of the thirty con­ tracts the interest rate was 10 percent and in one it was 6 percent. 45 Fulton Telegraph, March 15, 1850. 46 Ibid., April 19, 1850. The fact that P. B. Reed often acted as public administrator for Callaway County would account for his inserting two such notices so close together. Slavery in Callaway County, Missouri 41

In the spring of 1849, Louis Robiou opened a commercial com­ plex on the Missouri River at the recently surveyed town of St. Aubert. Robiou's business acumen and enterprise immediately up­ graded the county's port facilities and established St. Aubert as the leading export center. Coincident to the launching of his new business venture and seeking to alleviate a labor shortage, Louis Robiou advertised "I WANT to hire a negro man for a month or two, or would take him the remainder of the year, and give a fair price."47 By December, however, his needs had evidently grown. "WE wish to hire an able bodied negro man for the ensuing year, to drive a dray and work about our ware-house. Also a steady house woman who is a good cook, washer, & c, without children. To such coming well recommended we will give a good hire and take good care of them,—or we would purchase such for cash."48 While some­ time later an individual wishing to remain anonymous, "WANTED TO HIRE—A negro girl from 14 to 16 years of age," owners to "Enquire at this office."49 In 1876 an erstwhile county resident, the Reverend John W. Robinson, wrote and posted to the Fulton Telegraph several fas­ cinating letters, in which he reminisced about his boyhood in Calla­ way County. The Robinson family migrated from Virginia to Mis-

47 Fulton Telegraph, April 13, 1849; see also ibid., January 19, 1849, and Glasgow Weekly Times, November 23, 1848. 48 Fulton Telegraph, December 28, 1849. 49/M.January 17, 1851. 42 Missouri Historical Review souri in 1832 when John Robinson was nine years old. He subsequently made his home in the county until 1847.50 Reverend Robinson penned numerous letters and one described the hiring of his father's slaves:

During the year [he began] most of the unmarried servants were hired out, the women at thirty to forty dollars, and the men at sixty to eighty dollars a year, the hirer to clothe and feed them and return them at the close of the year with good clothing and a blanket worth two dollars. Several of the men were hired to Samuel Massey, of the Massey iron works, on the Merimac in Crawford County. At the end of the first year one of the negroes returned home, but the others were continued for a number of years at the works, because of the remunerative prices paid for them, and the negroes themselves were pleased with their situations.51 Although it had been more than thirty years since these transactions had taken place, the article still offers several important insights. He described the general contract conditions, the place of hire, the length of stay, and the fact that the elder Robinson sent only un­ married slaves. Not only did entrepreneurs want to hire bondsmen, but, in this case at least, the slaves coveted such employment. Many of Callaway County's business people owned slaves52 and the evidence suggests that many of those slaves were used for non- agricultural purposes. Daniel Nolley, who operated a saddle shop, owned three adult bondsmen, one man and two women. According to the Agricultural Census, however, he raised no crops and, in fact, his only entry is for two milch cows valued at $20. Archillas Dawson, a blacksmith, also owned three adult slaves, two men and a woman. Dawson also reported nothing in the way of agricultural production. It seems that these slaves probably either assisted their masters or were hired out as a means of supplementing the family income.53 In another of his enlightening letters, the Reverend Robinson commented about the high quality handmade shoes that he wore as a youth. "The shoes lasted! The leather was good, for Mr. Jones tanned it, The thread was good for we raised the flax and mother spun

50 Ibid., March 31, May 5, 1876. 51 /kid., July 21, 1876. 52 U.S. Census, 7th Report, 1850, Population Schedule, "Callaway County, Mo."; ibid., Products of Agriculture, "Callaway County, Mo."; ibid., Slave Schedule, "Calla­ way County, Mo."; ibid., Products of Industry, "Callaway County, Mo." 53 Ibid., Slave Schedule, "Callaway County, Mo."; ibid., Products of Agriculture, "Callaway County, Mo."; ibid., Products of Industry, "Callaway County, Mo." Slavery in Callaway County, Missouri 43 the thread. The work was good for Uncle Claiborne, a negro man be­ longing to Mr. Dyer, of Fulton, or Mr. T. Sheppard, did it. . . ."54 Reverend Robinson gave no indication that this slave shoemaker was at all anomalous. Therefore, due to its dependence on agriculture and its reliance on bondsmen either hired or owned, business in Callaway County was doubly indebted to slave labor. Entrepreneurs utilized their slaves in furtherance of their actual business activities or in an adjunctive posi­ tion working on their personal farms. Numerous slaves probably served in a dual capacity and were shifted by their owners as needs arose. Whatever the individual cases may have been, business flourished in large measure due to the involuntary toil of Callaway's large slave community. These slaves successfully fulfilled numerous roles, many as general laborers but some in highly skilled positions. While it is true that most bondsmen served agricultural masters, it must be remembered that the financial backbone of the county's economy was farming. Nonrelated employment was proportionately small. By providing the muscle to hold that backbone erect, slaves were in effect responsible for much of the local prosperity.

54 Fulton Telegraph, July 28, 1876. Dyer was a Fulton businessman.

Beware of Killing a Cat Fulton Telegraph, February 17, 1882. It was evening. Three of them were killing a cat. One of them held a lantern, an­ other the cat, and the third jammed the pistol into the cat's ear, and fired, shooting the man in the hand who held the cat, and the one with the lantern was wounded in the arm. The cat left when it saw how matters stood, and that ill-feeling was being engendered.

He Just Helped Himself Jonesburg Journal, March 4, 1880. "I'd like you to help me a little," said a vagrant poking his head into a country store. "Why don't you help yourself?" asked the proprietor. "Thank you, I will," said the tramp, picking up a bottle of pickles and two loaves of bread, and then vanishing. General M. Jeff Thompson: Soldier-Rhetorician

BYDONALJ. STANTON, GOODWIN F. BERQUIST, JR., AND PAULC. BOWERS'

In the early days of the Civil War, control of the Mississippi Valley was given top priority by both North and South. Faced with severe material and manpower limitations Confederate leaders re­ lied heavily upon the success of guerrilla operations. In such opera­ tions M. Jeff Thompson proved to be a master, but his very success posed historical liabilities. Thompson's current obscurity is the product of several factors: his remoteness from the main theatre of

*Donal J. Stanton is associate professor of Speech at Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield. He has a Ph.D. in Communication from Ohio State University, Columbus. Goodwin F. Berquist, Jr., is professor of Communication at Ohio State University. He has a Ph.D. in Speech from Pennsylvania State University, University Park. Paul C. Bowers is assistant professor of History at Ohio State University and has a Ph.D. in American History from Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. This and the authors' April 1976 article, "Missouri's Forgotten General: M. Jeff Thomp­ son and the Civil War," are based in part upon their forthcoming edited version of "The Civil War Experiences of General M. Jeff Thompson." General M. Jeff Thompson: Soldier-Rhetorician 45 the war, his participation in small actions rather than pitched battles, minimal press attention to the war in the West, the limitations im­ posed by his state commission, his imprisonment during the crucial middle years of the war and his flamboyant rhetoric in behalf of a losing cause. Southern writers noted Thompson's leadership dis­ advantage early in the conflict. One correspondent observed:

The remoteness of the scene of action on which Gen. Thompson has been engaged since the commencement of the war, has prevented so full an account of his exploits being recorded in the newspapers as other leaders of his class, whose adventures have figured conspiciously in the letters of army correspondents .... When an authentic history of the Trans-Mississippi campaigns shall be written the readers . . . will be astonished at their magnitude, and the hardships and severe labors of the gallant men who have accomplished wonders with such insignificant means . . . .l

If success in accomplishing assigned tasks and the degree of dif­ ficulty of the tasks are employed as criteria for assessing ability, then, Jeff Thompson should rank high in the annals of the Confederate leadership. Early in the war, Thompson's deceptive raids and harassment of Union forces in the area south of St. Louis successfully took pressure off General Sterling Price by tying up a sizeable number of troops which could have reinforced the federal forces in Central and South­ west Missouri. Major John M. Schofield, an officer stationed at Union headquarters in St. Louis, wrote:

Jeff Thompson had already made a raid in Carlin's rear, destroyed the railroad bridge across the Big River, and in­ terfered seriously with the communications to St. Louis. In the nervous condition of the military as well as the public mind at that time, even St. Louis was regarded as in danger.2

Fearing that St. Louis might be threatened, General John C. Fremont refused to reinforce Union forces operating in other parts of the state. Edward A. Pollard assessed Thompson's role in the early part of the war as follows:

1 H.W.R. Jackson, Our Naval Victories and Exploits of Confederate War Steamers (Atlanta, Ga., 1863), 4-5, typed copy of section dealing with Thompson is in fol. 1, Meriwether Jeff Thompson Papers, State Historical Society of Missouri Manu­ scripts Collection, Columbia. 2 John M. Schofield, Forty-Six Years in the Army (New York, 1897), 51. 46 Missouri Historical Review

The capture of Lexington and the bold and brilliant move­ ments of the Missouri patriots in other parts of the State— among them the operations in Southeastern Missouri of the partisan Jeff. Thompson and his "Swamp Fox Brigade" —excited rage and alarm in the Washington administration. Gen. Fremont, who was severely censured for not having reinforced [Brig. Gen. James A.] Mulligan, hoped to recover his position by activity and success . . . .3 In addition to their decoy function, these raids also secured substantial supplies for the Confederates. Later in Louisiana, Thompson em­ ployed similar tactics to contain General Ben Butler's forces and gained some breathing room for the beleaguered Confederate forces there. Thompson's capture and imprisonment in 1863 and 1864 de­ prived him of an opportunity to demonstrate his leadership abilities during the most crucial period of the war. However, his success in accomplishing difficult tasks under the most difficult conditions, his boldness and courage and his ability to effectively employ prac­ tical persuasion have led to the conclusion that he is a leader deserv­ ing more study and attention than he has received. All of the events of Thompson's life and the many dimensions of his personality combine to form a picture of an individual that seems almost unreal; Bruce Catton, for example, described, Thomp­ son as "an energetic eccentric. "4 His relatively short life of fifty years contains within it all of the ingredients which comprise the romantic

3 Edward A. Pollard, The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the war of the Confederates (New York, 1866), 166. 4 Bruce Catton, The Coming Fury (New York, 1961), 383.

Union Battery on the Ohio Levee at Cairo General M. Jeff Thompson: Soldier-Rhetorician 47 view that many Amercians hold of the nineteenth-century folk hero. He was the product of a respected family who shared a common an­ cestor with George Washington and numbered eight or nine Revolu­ tionary War officers among its ranks. He left home at an early age to seek his fortune in the West. His personal and business accomplish­ ments in St. Joseph read almost like a chapter from a Horatio Alger novel. His success as an engineer and inventor demonstrate "typical" Yankee ingenuity. Though elected to office, he willingly sacrificed station and fortune for "abstract principles." The accounts of his mili­ tary exploits read more like fiction than fact. His activities after the war and early death contain elements of martyrdom in that they portray a conquered but proud man attempting to set a model for other Southern men by his restraint, conciliatory attitude and hard work. All of Thompson's activities appear colored and seasoned by his rhetorical skill. He proved successful in attracting attention for practical purposes in his own day, and the writings he left behind are as colorful and interesting as the man and the events they describe. As his daughter aptly commented: The notes he has left read like a romance. Had he filled out the details they would be a mine of information for writers of fiction.5 A writer for the St. Joseph Gazette wrote that "His life reads like that of a hero of exciting fiction," and Louise Hauck thought "A touch of the charm of the Lost Prince seems to have hung about this figure of the past . ..." An inscription beneath his portrait in the Robidoux Hotel in St. Joseph proclaims him "the most colorful Confederate commander in the West."6 Several writers have commented on Thompson's literary abilities. Basil Duke, a fellow prisoner at Fort Delaware, declared that Thomp­ son possessed: ... an amazing poetical genius. He wrote with surprising fluency, and his fairest compositions cost him neither trouble nor thought. Shut him up in a room with plenty of stationery, and in twenty-four hours, he would write himself up to the chin in verse. His muse was singularly prolific and

5 Marcie A. Bailey, "Foreword," 1, in "This is the Story of the Civil War Experi­ ences of Brig. Gen. M. Jeff Thompson written by Himself and edited by his youngest daughter, Marcie A. Bailey," Thompson Papers, State Historical Society of Missouri. 6 Unidentified St. Joseph newspaper clipping dated May 23, 1925; Louise Platte Hauck, "Gen. Jeff Thompson, The Swamp Fox," St. Joseph Gazette, April 13, 1919, both clippings in fol. 13, Thompson Papers, State Historical Society of Missouri. 48 Missouri Historical Review

her progeny various. He roamed recklessly through the realm of poesy. Every style seemed his—blank verse and rhyme, ode and epic, lyrical and tragical, satiric and elegiac, sacred and profane, sublime and ridiculous, he was equally good at all. His poetry might not perhaps have stood a very strict classification, but he produced a fair, marketable sample, which deserved (his friends thought) to be quoted at as liberal figures as some about which much more was said. General Thompson would doubtless have been more successful as a poet, if he had been a less honest and prac­ tical business man. He persisted in having some meaning in all that he wrote, and only a first class poet can afford to do that.7 Historian Louise Hauck's assessment is similar to Duke's: General Thompson possessed marked literary abilities and had he turned his attention to the pen rather than to sword would have undoubtedly added to the literature of his state.8 The adjective most frequently employed in describing Thomp­ son is "colorful." No doubt this stems from his military exploits and decriptions of them; however, his personal demeanor and ap­ pearance also contributed to the image. Evidently not a handsome man, Thompson was once awarded a jackknife after being selected the ugliest man at the Buchanan County fair. Nevertheless, Hauck reported "old timers" who had known him well recalled that he possessed a "peculiarly fascinating appearance."9 In 1863, a Southern reporter provided this description of Thompson: He is not very handsome, but then, his handsome deeds make amends for what he lacks in personal beauty. His address is easy and graceful, his manner genial and earnest, and his utterances as rapid as volleys of musketry, though clear and distinct.10 Walter B. Stevens reported that Thompson was, A tall, lanky, wiry man, at least six feet high . . . with long sharp face and a prominent nose, blue eyes, and a mane of yellow hair which he combed back behind his ears.

7 Basil W. Duke, A History of Morgan s Cavalry, C. F. Holland, ed. (Blooming- ton, Ind., 1960), 500; this work is an edited version of Duke's original manuscript pub­ lished in 1867. 8 St. Joseph Gazette, April 13, 1919. 9 M. Jeff Thompson, "Reminiscences of M. Jeff Thompson, 1826-1876," original handwritten manuscript in M. Jeff Thompson Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Vol. 3, p. 13 and St. Joseph Gazette, April 13, 1919. 10 Jackson, Naval Victories and Exploits, 2. General M. Jeff Thompson: Soldier-Rhetorician 49

View of St. Joseph from the Kansas Side Stevens goes on to note the color and unusualness of Thompson's military dress: His uniform was a white, soft hat with a feather, a short coat or jacket, short trousers and high boots. On all occasions the Swamp Fox wore a white handled bowie-knife stuck through his belt at the middle of his back.u Bruce Catton's characterization of Thompson is even more colorful: Thompson rode about his camps on a spotted stallion called Sardauapalus, attended by a huge Indian orderly named Ajax; he cruised the river periodically in a tugboat which he denominated his flagship, and wrote that the Confed­ erate authorities could crush the St. Louis Unionists with­ out trouble if they would just burn all the breweries and declare lager beer contraband of war; 'by this means the Dutch will all die in a week and the Yankees will then run from this State.'12 Some historians have portrayed Thompson as a brash, pompous egotist who found great pleasure in issuing manifestos, writing caustic letters of criticism and in reviewing and dressing down his troops. The Southern historian Clement Evans wrote: Gen. M. Jeff Thompson was a man of ability, but it was not strictly of a military order. He excelled in issuing proc­ lamations and manifestoes. Every document of that sort

11 Walter B. Stevens, Missouri the Center State, 1821-1915 (St. Louis, 1915), I, 340- 341. 12 Catton, The Coming Fury, 383. 50 Missouri Historical Review

issued by a Federal officer, from the Resident of the United States to the colonel of a home guard regiment, was sure to bring an answer in kind from him. When he could find no pretext for employment in that way, he reviewed his troops and haranged them. His efforts whether written or spoken, were characteristic of him—a combination of sense and bombast, of military shrewdness and personal buf- foonry. They attracted attention and sometimes accom­ plished a practical purpose, but gave his campaigns a de­ cided opera bouffe aspect.13 Assessments by Stevens and Mark M. Boatner are similar in most respects and Louise Hauck characterized Thompson's army as "Falstaffian."14 Such assessments are unjust in the sense that they totally ignore the motivation behind Thompson's actions. Thompson, never modest in assessing his attributes, certainly had confidence in his own abil­ ities, but such extreme examples of pomposity and vanity do not ac­ curately characterize his behavior, either before or after the war. Prior to the war, Thompson appears to have been one of the best liked and most popular men in Northwest Missouri. Thompson became a friend of Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) and the Missouri writer made him a prominent character in part of his quasi-historical satire, The Gilded Age. At one point Twain wrote, "you ought to know Jeff; he's one of the most enthusiastic engineers in this West­ ern country, and one of the best fellows that ever looked through the bottom of a glass . . . there was nothing that Jeff wouldn't do to ac-

13 Clement A. Evans, Confederate Military History (New York, 1962), IX, 67. 14 Stevens, Center State, I, 340; Mark M. Boatner, "M. Jeff Thompson," The Civil War Dictionary (New York, 1959), 837-838; and Louise Platte Hauck, "Jeff Thomp­ son's Farewell to His Army," Kansas City Star, July 11, 1920, clipping in fol. 13, Thompson Papers, State Historical Society of Missouri. General M. Jeff Thompson: Soldier-Rhetorician 51 commodate a friend . ..." In commenting on the early stages of a railroad survey Twain wrote that "Mr. Jeff Thompson was the most popular engineer who could be found for this work."15 Undoubtedly Thompson's political views and support of the South made enemies of some of his former friends in St. Joseph. However, his obituary notice in 1876 suggests the esteem in which he was held after the passions of war had subsided: We know of no announcement that will cause more uni­ versal regret than this, for Jeff Thompson was a favorite with all who knew him .... When the war broke out, Gen. Thompson warmly espoused the cause of the South, and showed his devotion to principle by throwing his life in the balance and proving the sincerity of his convictions by his acts ... as an evidence of his popularity we need only to mention the fact that a letter came yesterday, just about the hour of his death, soliciting him to make the opening address at the coming fair at Charleston.16 During the war years Thompson and his troops usually op­ erated at a disadvantage. Their enemy normally proved numerically superior, better supplied and better trained. To survive, let alone accomplish his purpose, Thompson had to use all the weapons and means at his disposal. His endless hard-hitting proclamations, mani­ festos and audacious letters served as important propaganda and morale building devices. Such rhetorical devices contributed to his military success as much as his bold hard-hitting raids. Thompson probably hoped that the publicity he attracted would help in bol­ stering morale and aid in troop recruitment and public support. He also utilized rhetoric in supplementing the credibility of his military designs. For example, Thompson skillfully employed deception in convincing General Butler that he had 10,000 troops in the New Orleans area. His ability to deploy and maneuver his forces, con­ tributed in part to his success in this venture. His effective use of rhetorical strategy also provided another important factor. Thompson added to General Butler's concern and confusion by issuing a bar­ rage of propaganda indicating that he was inciting mob action on the part of the citizens of New Orleans and was planning to attack the city with their support.17 When Union officials became so annoyed

15 Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner, The Gilded Age (New York, 1915), I, 158, 167. 16 Obituary of M. Jeff Thompson in the St. Joseph Gazette, September 6, 1876, clipping in fol. 13, Thompson Papers, State Historical Society of Missouri. 17 Westover, "War Experiences in 1861," 16, and Evans, Confederate Military His­ tory, IX, 67. 52 Missouri Historical Review with Thompson's actions that they threatened to execute all of his men they captured, he replied with a proclamation stating that any Yankee he caught would be "hanged, drawn and quartered!"18 Many of Thompson's men were captured but there is no record of summary executions on the part of Federal authorities. At many different times Thompson managed to take substantial pressure off other Confederate units by keeping an inordinately large number of Union troops watching his movements and checking the validity of his often exaggerated claims. In short, Thompson employed rhetorical as well as military tactics in attempting to accomplish his purpose. John G. Westover concluded:

Innumerable newspaper accounts show that the general military and civil population held Thompson to be a clever man, commanding a fast moving force, but his bragging and tall stories were often the meduim by which he ac­ complished his best results.19 Thompson remarked in his "Reminiscences," "I always had a prac­ tical object in view whenever I wrote." The statement that Thompson frequently "reviewed and ha- ranged" his troops also appears unfair when placed in perspective. Only during his last command in Arkansas in 1865 is there evidence of the general consistently directing derogatory remarks toward his men. The command to which Thompson directed his "farewell speech" functioned poorly, proved extremely difficult to discipline, suffered from poor morale and probably deserved his comments. Existing evidence suggests that Thompson was a strict disciplinarian but commanded the respect of most of the men who served under him. A New Orleans correspondent wrote in 1863 that "with the excep­ tion of General Price, there is, perhaps, no man around whom the Missourians would more enthusiastically rally than Jeff Thompson, if sent among them."20 Thompson received numerous letters of appreciation from his men, especially those imprisoned with him at Johnson's Island and Fort Delaware. At least two of the men wrote poems honoring him.21 The Confederate prisoners on Johnson's Island held Thompson in great esteem. During his stay there he devoted his time and atten-

18 Albert E. Castel, "The Guerrilla War, 1861-1865," Civil War Times Illustrated, Special Issue (October, 1974), 8. 19 Westover, "War Experiences in 1861," 22. 20 Jackson, Naval Victories and Exploits, 4-5. 21 The poems are in fol. 2 and 7, Thompson Papers, State Historical Society of Mis­ souri. General M. Jeff Thompson: Soldier-Rhetorician 53

Prisoners Receiving Rations tion to promoting their welfare. He compiled a complete roster of all the men there and in so doing enabled families to account for the fate or location of loved ones. For the 604 Confederate soldiers buried on the Island, Thompson carefully located, marked and plotted each grave. He also organized a Thespian Society, made improvements in the operation of the post office and scheduled regular exercise periods to keep the men in good physical condition.22 When Thomp­ son arrived there he found strict limits on the number and length of letters the prisoners could write and receive. He successfully negoti­ ated a "friendly bribe" with the head censor who allowed the men much greater mail liberty for a modest fee.23 Thompson undertook similar activities after his arrival at Fort Delaware and successfully persuaded the people of the area to con­ tribute food, clothing and blankets to the prison. Basil Duke paid the following tribute to his prison mate: General M. Jeff Thompson, of Missouri, was the only Confederate officer at that prison [Fort Delaware], before our party arrived, but many others from Camp Chase, came about the same time. General Thompson's military career, is well known to his countrymen, but only his prison com­ panions know how kind and manly he can be, under cir­ cumstances which severely try the temper. His unfailing

22 In addition to Thompson's account see "Echoes of Dim Past: General Jeff Thompson's Prison Becomes Property of United States," undated and unidentified newspaper clipping in fol. 13, Thompson Papers, State Historical Society of Missouri. 23 Henry Kyd Douglas, / Rode with Stonewall (New York, 1961), 254. 54 Missouri Historical Review

flow of spirits kept everyone else, in his vicinity, cheerful and his hopefulness was contagious.24 Thompson's papers and recorded comments clearly show him as a colorful outspoken man who left no room for doubt as to his feel­ ings and opinions toward his troops, military operations, politics and even his superior officers. His criticism of the leadership of the Western Department probably cost him a regular Confederate com­ mission. Thompson wrote numerous letters to newspapers, govern­ ment officials (on both sides) and others in positions of influence and authority expressing his views on a multiplicity of subjects. West- over, apparently the only historian to undertake a substantive study of Thompson thus far, wrote: I consider him one of the most colorful persons to trod across the Midwestern stage. His very success at attracting attention during his own day has probably prejudiced our generation against him.25 A strict disciplinarian Thompson demanded that those under him adhere to his own personal code of conduct. He would not tolerate dishonesty in any form. Late in the war when plundering had be­ come a way of life for many soldiers, Thompson bitterly denounced officers who permitted it and refused to allow his men to take anything not essential to the welfare of the army. After taking a town in a skirmish he made his troops stand in formation while only the of­ ficers selected necessary supplies. Thompson wrote that he spanked plunderers with his sabre and on one occasion shot a mule from under a robber. During the war he approved the execution of several soldiers convicted of serious offenses. While in prison and fearing that he might not survive the war, Thompson wrote a letter to his four year old daughter:

. . . that she might know . . . that though he has done many terrible things in the line of his duty, yet no blackened chimney standing amid the ruins of the homestead, no solitary grave by the roadside of the murdered citizen, no blood upon the threshold or hearthstone, mark his line of march. This will be a matter of pride to you some day, my dear child . . . .26

24 Duke, Morgan s Cavalry, 500. 25 John G. Westover to Donal J. Stanton, June 26, 1974, in collection of Donal J. Stanton. 26 M. Jeff Thompson, Fort Delaware, Delaware, to Martha Washington Thompson, St. Joseph, Missouri, February 22, 1864, original in fol. 14, Thompson Papers, State Historical Society of Missouri. General M. Jeff Thompson: Soldier-Rhetorician 55

Thompson proved sensitive to any comment which reflected on the honor of his family and friends. While a prisoner he read an article in the Chicago Journal which evidently contained remarks he felt were uncomplimentary to his wife. He immediately wrote a letter to the editor in which he labeled the charges slanderous and concluded: You will please let me know this correspondents name and address for in coming years . . . there will be many private accounts to settle with those who have been too officious and zealous, and I would be pleased to know this man, who is the very first to make me feel a private wrong of all the many thousands who have been my national enemies, that I may teach him better manners.27 In 1867, a writer for the Yazoo, Mississippi, Ranner wrote an article critical of some of the former leaders of the Confederacy. In a letter to the paper Thompson retorted: From the style in which you speak, I judge you to have been one of those miserable, dirty dogs, who published an eight- by-ten sheet during the war for no earthly purpose but to avoid conscription, and who, to cover up their own cow­ ardice, tried to, and in some instances did, break down some of the purest and noblest men in the Confederacy . . . .28 Thompson's utterances, both private and public, portray a man almost religiously committed to what he considered fair and honor­ able behavior. The Missouri historian Louise Hauck wrote that Thompson was, . . . brave to the point of recklessness, no mission was too desperate for him, and his commanders were not slow to recognize this fact .... Extracts from various journals of military authorities of that time testify to the fact that Thompson's discipline over his troops was remarkable and his brigade for its military strictness.29 Thompson appeared deeply devoted to his children even though the war necessitated his absence during much of their childhood. The thought that he might die in the war and his children would not remember him or understand his absence deeply troubled him. He

27 M. Jeff Thompson, Johnson's Island Prison, to Editor, Chicago Journal, October 10, 1863, copy in fol. 14, Thompson Papers, State Historical Society of Missouri. 28 M. Jeff Thompson, New York, New York, to Editor, The Banner, Yazoo, Missis­ sippi, July 15, 1867, typed copy in fol. 14, Thompson Papers, State Historical Society of Missouri. 29 St. Joseph Gazette, April 13, 1919. 56 Missouri Historical Review began the practice of writing his children on each birthday to profess his love and explain his actions. In 1861, shortly after having left his family, he wrote his daughter, Martha: You are just one year old this morning, and as I am not with you to help you, little sisters and brother and your dear mother to celebrate your birthday, I will write you a short letter so that . . . [it] can be put away for you until you are able to read yourself . . . [and] will know your father loved you very dearly, and thought of you while away from you. On his daughter's fourth birthday he wrote in part: I hope to live to bless you on many birthdays when peace shall be smiling on the land, and tell you of my adventures when you are old enough to understand and remember them, that you may tell them to your little boys ... and teach them to respect and love their grandfather .... I must forget my private troubles, to attend to the more serious affairs of my country, and when peace shall come, I will collect my little flock in some little home and try to make all happy again.31 After the war ended Thompson continued to exhibit the same compassion that had won the hearts of the men on Johnson's Island.

30 M. Jeff Thompson, Jefferson City, Missouri, to Martha Washington Thompson, St. Joseph, Missouri, February 22, 1861, original in fol. 14, Thompson Papers, State Historical Society of Missouri. 31 M. Jeff Thompson to Martha Washington Thompson, February 22, 1864, fol. 14, Thompson Papers, State Historical Society of Missouri.

A Fair by the Ladies Southern Benevolent Association General M. Jeff Thompson: Soldier-Rhetorician 57

He was involved in numerous activities to aid victims of the conflict. The war had wiped out his economic resources, but he threw the force of his reputation and fame behind the work of various relief organi­ zations. In 1866, the Ladies Southern Benevolent Association of St. Joseph staged a fair to raise funds for the southern war poor. Thomp­ son's sister, a member of the organization, asked him for a contribu­ tion. Thompson had no funds but showed his usual resourcefulness by writing an original poem for the occasion. He made many copies of the poem and sent them to his sister who collected a substantial amount of money by selling them. The poem, included below, re­ sulted in even more money being raised because of the emotional impact it evoked from its readers:

AN APPEAL FOR THE WIDOWS AND ORPHANS FROM THE CONFEDERATES IN HEAVEN.

From Potomac's bright blue waters, to the Grande's turbid flow. From Missouri's western prairies, to the Everglades so low, Our bones lie bleaching, far and near, on many a stricken field Where ere we stood to meet the foe, our own loved South to shield. For years we marched, for months we stood beneath the battle smoke, And hunger, cold, and sickness faint, would hearts less true have broke, But cheerfully we bore it all; and went down, one by one, Each hoping, as he gave his life, your freedom had been won. And now we stand, a glorious host, in our home above the clouds, And the ragged soldiers from the ditch have sunbeams for their shrouds; Rough, bearded men, and fair haired boys, are clothed alike in beauty, For all have died at honor's post; each one has done his duty. But Oh! how sad our souls still feel, as we look down from above, And see the famine dark and grim, assailing those we love; Our aged parents, sisters pure, and beloved wives and babes, Have no one left to work for them, since we filled soldiers graves. We know our country's trodden down; our banner's trailed and torn; We know our comrades did their best, and their noble hearts now mourn; But are there not some favored ones, who from out their bounteous store, Will think of us, in soldiers graves, and contribute to our poor? 58 Missouri Historical Review

We were not hireling soldiers, fighting for the pay! "Our Country" called us, "To the front!" and the call we did obey. But now there is no Country, to feed and clothe the heirs Of those who fell in your defense; so listen to our prayers— From Potomac's bright blue waters, to the Grande's turbid flow From Missouri's western prairies to the Everglades so low, There are Widows lone and Orphans, and Mothers poor and old, And we beseech your charity, to check their hunger, pains, and cold. New Orleans Dec. 1866 Written for the Ladies' Southern Benevolent Association by M. Jeff Thompson.32 A skilled soldier, businessman and engineer, M. Jeff Thompson also was a "wordsmith" who employed varied rhetorical skills to attain diverse goals. His ability to arouse interest, anger, fear and compassion in his listeners and readers accounts for much of his success both as a soldier and as a civilian with varied interests.

32 A typed copy of the poem and the story behind its writing are in fol. 9, Thomp­ son Papers, State Historical Society of Missouri.

New Missouri Law Hannibal Daily Clipper, October 31, 1874. "Under the new law of Missouri, no person will be allowed to vote in . . . [the] state after the year 1876, who cannot read. It is to be regretted that the law is not in force now. If it was, the democracy would get awfully left in the coming election. ..." Lincoln Univ., Jefferson City

Background to Apostasy: James Milton Turner and the Republican Party

BY GARY R. KREMER'

The period of Radical Reconstruction in Missouri, extending from the end of the Civil War until 1870, was a time when the Radical Republicans needed the black vote and made extensive efforts to curry it. The motives of the Republicans who aligned themselves with blacks were, by and large, utilitarian and short-sighted. Their support of black causes reflected more the precariousness of Missouri politics than a genuine manifestation of concern for black people.

*Gary Kremer is an instructor of History at Lincoln University, Jefferson City. He received the B.A. and M.A. degrees from Lincoln University and he currently is a doctoral candidate in American History at The American University, Washing­ ton, D.C. 60 Missouri Historical Review

Tragically, however, many blacks accepted the equal rights rhetoric at face value. Hence, they believed that a body of state officials who truly cared about them had finally risen to power. Consequently, when, by the late seventies, there ceased to be any organized Re­ publican concern for black Missourians, a profound disillusionment set in. Historians, both locally and nationally, have tended to ignore this matter of the black attitude toward the Radical Republicans during Reconstruction. They have, instead, concentrated on the mo­ tives and machinations of the Radicals themselves.1 As a result, little is known about the thoughts that filled the minds of black people during the hopeful years of Reconstruction. How did they view the Republican party? Did they really believe that the Republican party would facilitate their entrance into American society as full and participating citizens? The answers to these questions, insofar as answers can be given on the basis of one black Missourian's attitude, are quite clear. James Milton Turner placed complete and total faith in the Re­ publican party during the 1860s and 1870s. He was convinced that Republican party philosophy embodied principles upon which the future growth of the country should be based. The most important of those principles was, of course, the avowed belief in the equality of all men, regardless of color. Born a slave in St. Louis County in 1840, Turner gained his freedom at the age of three. He attended school in St. Louis and at Oberlin in Ohio. During the late fifties Turner worked for Madison Miller, a St. Louis railroad entrepreneur and brother-in-law of future Missouri governor, Thomas C. Fletcher. Turner served as Miller's body servant during the Civil War. Undoubtedly, the Miller-Fletcher family connection aided his rise to political prominence.2

1 The historiography of the Radical Republican-black alliance is extremely large. Richard Curry's "The Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861-1877: A Critical Overview of Recent Trends and Interpretations," Civil War History, XX (September, 1974), 215-238, offers a good summary of the kinds of questions historians have asked over the past decade. The standard work on Missouri during these years remains William E. Parrish, Missouri Under Radical Rule (Columbia, Mo., 1965). 2 There have been a number of useful articles on Turner. Two of the most helpful are Irving Dilliard, "James Milton Turner, a Little Known Benefactor of His People," Journal of Negro History, XIX (October, 1934), 372-411, and Lawrence O. Christensen, "J. Milton Turner: An Appraisal," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LXX (October, 1975), 1-19. Turner's connection with the Miller-Fletcher family is covered in William E. Parrish, A History of Missouri 1860-1875, Vol. Ill (Columbia, Mo., 1973), 149. Still another view of Turner is offered in Gary R. Kremer, "Black Thought in the Late Nineteenth Century: James Milton Turner and the Cherokee Freedmen," Journal of Negro History, forthcoming James Milton Turner and the Republican Party 61 I

Celebrating a Legislative Victory

During the Reconstruction years generally, blacks throughout the country tended to identify the Republican party as the party of liberation. In Turner's case, that general feeling that the Republican party offered the best vehicle for the advancement of the cause of black people seems to have been reinforced by his relations with Missouri Radicals on two issues: financial and political support for black education, and, support for the movement to extend the fran­ chise to Missouri blacks. Missouri's constitution of 1865, although ex­ tending other rights to blacks, excluded them from the suffrage, caus­ ing blacks and some Radicals (among them, the governor of Missouri, Thomas Fletcher) to begin organizing a protest. Governor Fletcher made several tours of the state during the summer and fall of 1865, endorsing the doctrines of "equal rights and reconciliation."3 Mean­ while, a black mass meeting was held in St. Louis and the Missouri Equal Rights League was formed. The group adopted resolutions that hailed "suffrage for the colored man as the key to full equality before the law." A state executive committee was then formed to launch a state-wide drive. Chosen secretary of the league, Turner that winter toured the state on behalf of equal rights for blacks. As a result of all this activity, the debate moved to the General Assembly, with Radicals leading the battle for constitutional amendments that would give blacks the franchise. More than a year passed, however, before the Radicals succeeded in pushing through both houses a proposed constitutional amendment that would allow black suffrage.

3 Parrish, Mo. Under Radical Rule, 133. 62 Missouri Historical Review

The issue was to be submitted to the voters of Missouri in 1868. Thus, Missouri blacks in general, and Turner in particular, in­ terpreted this Radical advocacy of black suffrage as a significant gesture of Republican support for black interests in Missouri.4 In addition to touring the state on behalf of black suffrage, Turner simultaneously lobbied among Missouri legislators in sup­ port of a bill to provide 10 percent of the income from the land grants for agricultural education provided by the federal government for the newly established Lincoln Institute.5 Though many Radicals endorsed this attempt, not enough of them supported the measure to ensure its passage by 1869. Hence, in January 1870, prominent black citizens from all over the state gathered in Jefferson City to push for legislative action. In addition to asking for some of the land-grant funds for Lincoln, they also wanted the institute de­ clared a state normal school. As a result of their labors a bill passed both houses in February 1870, that converted Lincoln into a school designated for the training of black public school teachers, with an annual five thousand dollar appropriation from the legislature.6 An active attempt followed on the part of Radicals to raise money for Lincoln Institute. On March 10, the Radicals, led by Governor Joseph W. McClurg, hosted a fund-raising meeting in the Hall of Representatives. Turner delivered the keynote address and, after he finished, Governor McClurg and Lieutenant Governor Edwin O. Stanard started the movement by contributing $100 each.7 Meanwhile the Radicals, already split on several issues, further divided on the question of equal representation for blacks in the state nominating convention to be held in August 1870. Turner used the Jefferson City convention of blacks in late January and early February to caution the Radicals against discriminating in their se­ lection of convention delegates. He warned that blacks would vote as a bloc for the Radical ticket only if they were given a fair share in its selection.8 The fight over reenfranchisement of former rebels, combined with a quarrel over black representation at the convention, resulted in a split within the Republican party in late autumn, 1870. That

4 Ibid., 133-138. 5 Ibid., 131; W. Sherman Savage, The History of Lincoln University (Jefferson City, Mo., 1939); 13-14. 6 Parrish, Mo. Under Radical Rule, 131-132. 7 Ibid.; St. Louis Missouri Democrat, March 14, 1870. 8 Parrish, Mo. Under Radical Rule, 289; St. Louis Missouri Democrat, January 24, 1870. James Milton Turner and the Republican Party 63 split, plus a continuing attempt by Democrats to win black voters over to their side, made black solidarity a crucial factor for the Rad­ icals. Turner interpreted Radical support of money for Lincoln Institute and enfranchisement of blacks as concrete evidence that the Radicals were ideologically committed to black equality. Con­ sequently he endorsed the Radical candidates and went on still another tour of the state, drumming up support for the Radical ticket. Despite his efforts, however, and despite overwhelming black support (all of which was attributed to Turner's efforts), and despite the fact that President Grant endorsed the Radical candidates, the split in the party was too much to overcome, and a coalition of dis­ sident Liberal Republicans and Democrats defeated the Radicals.9 The fierceness of the 1870 election in Missouri precluded any post-election rapproachment between Liberal Republicans and Stal­ wart Radicals. Hence, Stalwarts could count on no patronage posi­ tions from the Liberals. As a result, many of them began to look to the Grant administration as a source of federal appointments. One of those people who sought the special favor of the Grant adminis­ tration was, of course, Turner himself.10 Certainly, more that a little connivance was involved in the Radical support offered to Turner in his quest for office. Actually, Turner's effort to gain the ministership to Liberia preceded the 1870 split in the Missouri Republican party. He had first applied for the position sometime early in 1869. By that time his powers of persuasion among Missouri blacks must have seemed to make him a potent ally for the Republicans. In April and May of that year many of them began sending letters of recommendation to Secretary of State Hamilton Fish and to President Grant, endorsing Turner's at­ tempt to gain the position. The letters of recommendation attest to the value that the then-in-power Radicals placed on the black vote and their desire to reward someone whom they believed could deliver it. Appropriately enough, Charles D. Drake wrote the first of those letters. A St. Louis attorney elected to the United States Senate in 1867, Drake had been the principal architect of the Radical or "Drake" Constitution of 1865. Drake wrote to Secretary of State Hamilton Fish on April 16, 1869, endorsing Turner's candidacy for the ministerial position. He stressed that Turner's appointment "would give much satisfaction to the people of that State." On

9 Parrish, Mo. Under Radical Rule, 306-310. 10 Ibid., 313-314. 64 Missouri Historical Review

Missouri Governor Joseph W. McClurg

April 26, both Governor Joseph W. McClurg and State Treasurer William H. Dallmeyer forwarded similar letters to President Grant. Others endorsing Turner's attempt to gain the position were T. A. Parker, State Superintendent of Public Schools; Secretary of State Francis Rodman; former Governor Thomas G. Fletcher; Attorney General H. B. Johnson; and State Auditor Dan M. Draper (who in­ dicated that "not being personally acquainted with Mr. Turner I can only join in saying that his reputation in this state would justify the belief that his appointment would be very creditable and well de­ served "). Others endorsing Turner included Senator Carl Schurz and Congressmen J. T. Benjamin, J. F. Asper, S. A. Finkelburg, S. H. Boyd, D. P. Dyer, R. T. VanHorn, and S. S. Burdett, all of Missouri. Obviously, the party regulars had decided that endorsement of Turner would be a good political move. Ironically the letters that these men sent usually lacked their assessments of Turner's ability to perform the ministerial responsibilities. It would be impossible to state how many of Turner's proponents were in State Auditor Draper's position of "not being personally acquainted with Mr. Turner." They placed great emphasis on Turner's oratorical ability, on his "refinement and culture," his "good moral character" and his James Milton Turner and the Republican Party 65

"scholarly attainments" (Turner's means of livelihood at this time was a school teaching position in Boonville, Missouri).11 Unfortunately for Turner, however, Grant had already chosen Francis E. Dumas of Louisiana as minister to Liberia. He received an appointment on April 21, 1869. However, Dumas declined the position on May 5, and the office remained vacant for nearly a year, until James W. Mason of Arkansas was appointed on March 29, 1870.12 One can only speculate as to why Turner was not offered the position during this period. The only hint of an explanation comes in a letter from C. A. Newcombe to President Grant, dated January 28, 1871. Newcombe indicated that during the year after Turner's initial application, "it was not then known that Mr. Turner would accept the position if offered to him. . . ,"13 Possibly this meant that Turner had become so actively involved in Missouri politics during 1869-1870 that he temporarily and unofficially withdrew his applica­ tion. Similarly, he may have been optimistic about a Radical victory in the Missouri gubernatorial election of 1870, that might mean a position for him somewhere in Missouri government. At any rate, after the Radical defeat in the 1870 election Turner renewed his at­ tempt to gain the ministership. Apparently he sought more earnestly any federal appointment, which suggests he was convinced that the only vehicle for black upward mobility was the federal (and still Rad­ ical) government.14 Within days after the 1870 election, President Grant again re­ ceived pro-Turner letters. These were even more explicit in their statements about Turner's value to the party than the 1869 letters. Governor Joseph McClurg wrote the president on November 10, 1870, and emphasized that he was "most earnest in the request I now make." He wanted President Grant to consider, "the claim that J. Milton Turner, Esq. has upon the National Republican party as well as that of this State." McClurg emphasized that Turner could not

11 All of the letters mentioned in the preceding paragraph are located in "Ap­ plications and Recommendations for the Grant Administration," Record Group 59, Grant Administration, 1869-1877, National Archives, Washington, D.C. Hereafter referred to as "Applications and Recommendations for the Grant Administration." Professor William E. Parrish, in reading an early draft of this essay, made the follow­ ing observation about this list of Radicals who supported Turner. "This really does not leave any party leader of significance out," Professor Parrish wrote, "except Brown who had retired. Quite an accomplishment!" 12 James A. Padgett, "Ministers to Liberia and Their Diplomacy," Journal of Negro History, XXII (January, 1937), 57-59. 13 C. A. Newcombe to President Ulysses S. Grant, January 28, 1871, "Applica­ tions and Recommendations for the Grant Administration." 14 Ibid., also, see D. L. Jewett to J. M. Turner, December 25, 1870, "Applications and Recommendations for the Grant Administration." 66 Missouri Historical Review

Pres. U.S. Grant

expect anything from the party that had just come to power in Mis­ souri. He concluded, "Mr. Turner has rendered services not surpassed in importance and value by any man in the state." Two days later, E. S. Rowse, treasurer for the State Republican Central Committee, wrote a letter to Grant endorsing Turner's ap­ plication. Rowse asserted that Turner's "great eloquence and power of debate have rendered great aid to the National Republican cause in this state and his services should be recognized by all who have that cause at heart." Turner, Rowse reported, had devoted much of his time and money to the success of the party. He also expressed the hope that Turner's "claims upon the party [would] be recognized by the Administration." Rowse concluded, "no more efficient cam­ paigner has worked in our cause and though we have not been success­ ful our defeat has by no means been brought about for lack of earnest effort and one [of] the most efficient workers we had was Mr. Turner." On November 12, 1870, Isaac F. Shepards, State Republican Committee Chairman, voiced similar sentiments. He described Turner as "an earnest devotee to Republican principles. ..." Shep­ ards maintained that Turner "ably sustained the state ticket headed by Governor McClurg, and his influence among the colored people James Milton Turner and the Republican Party 67 has been very great, and I believe always exerted [sic] to lead them to vote in such direction as to sustain the National administration."15 In January 1871, Turner traveled to Washington to seek an audience with President Grant. He carried with him a letter of in­ troduction written by C. A. Newcombe, a party faithful and a personal friend of the president's. Newcombe pointed to the fact that Turner stood "... high in the esteem of the colored men of this State all of whom nearly to a man were faithful among the faithless." New­ combe then went on to express, in an extremely revealing statement, the hope that "if [Turner] can go to Liberia for two years he will gain a National reputation which will make him the universally trusted leader of the colored men in the Campaign of '72." "It is highly important," he continued, "that the colored men of the nation be held together as a unit and in no way can this be better done than by recognizing their claims in an Executive appointment such as Mr. Turner seeks. He can come back in '72 and take his place as the chosen leader of his race and whose [sic] claims to leadership will not be disputed."16 Party faithfuls, therefore, viewed Turner as an actual political force in Missouri who had the potential to exert that same positive force on the national level, if he gained exposure. With this type of support, Turner succeeded in his quest for the patronage position. In less than two months after his visit with Grant, he received of­ ficial notification of his nomination as Minister Resident and Consul General for the United States to the Republic of Liberia. On March 17, 1871, Turner wrote to Secretary of State Hamilton Fish, accepting "the exalted position thus tendered."17 Turner then waited for Senate confirmation and settled his own personal affairs. He em­ barked from New York to Liberia on May 25, 1871, and arrived at his post on July 7, 1871.18 For the next seven years he served in Liberia in what by any standard, proved an intriguing and remarkable career in the diplo-

15 J. W. McClurg to U. S. Grant, November 10, 1870; letter from E. S. Rowse, November 12, 1870; letter from Isaac M. Shepards, November 12, 1870, "Applica­ tions and Recommendations for the Grant Administration." 16 C. A. Newcombe to U. S. Grant, January 28, 1871, "Applications and Recom­ mendations for the Grant Administration." 17 Turner to Secretary of State Hamilton Fish, March 17, 1871, filed with "Des­ patches from United States Ministers to Liberia, 1863-1906,"Roll 2, Microcopy No. 170, Vol. 2, October 24, 1868-January 24, 1872, National Archives, Washington,' DC. Hereafter referred to as "Despatches from United States Ministers to Liberia." 18 Turner to Secretary of State Hamilton Fish, May 12, 1871, Dispatch No. 1, July 10, 1871, "Despatches from United States Ministers to Liberia," Vol. 2. 68 Missouri Historical Review matic corps. The sheer number and length of dispatches written by Turner during that period are striking in themselves. He wrote 306 dispatches, ar> average of nearly one a week, plus many informal pieces of correspondence to the State Department. It was not un­ common for his dispatches to reach thirty hand-written pages in length, and many of them were a good deal longer. Perhaps the most striking thing about all of Turner's extant correspondence during his time in Liberia was the profound sense of confidence it conveyed in America. He visualized America as the land of hope for the masses, black and white, and the desire to spread American institutions to Liberia pervades in his writings. Obviously, he identified the Republican party as the most efficient mechanism for achieving that equality for the masses. First of all, Turner adulated President Grant. He exploited every public speaking opportunity to praise the president who had given him his job. He apparently relished those occasions, writing at one time that "... there can be assigned to an American citizen no more pleasant duty than that of speaking of President Grant." He believed that one major goal motivated Grant as president, namely "the utilization of every national capacity to the advancement, prosperity, and amelioration of the great-American [sic] masses "19 Indeed, only one Republican, Charles Sumner, ranked ahead of Grant in Turner's estimation. When Sumner died in 1874 Turner wrote to H. Lynch, the secretary of an ad hoc committee formed to com­ memorate Sumner's passing. He praised Sumner as "America's most self-sacrificing humanitarian," and ". . . her most eminent statesman. ..." These phrases suggest that Turner identified Sum­ ner's attitude toward blacks as the standard by which all others should be judged.20 On other occasions, such as state dinners and Fourth of July cele­ brations, Turner availed himself of the opportunity to praise the American form of government. On one occasion, he wrote in a letter to the Administrative Officers of the Republic of Liberia, that the Fourth of July "is to an American under any circumstances a proper occasion for the renewal of pledges to Democratic Institutions of Government and human liberty throughout the world." He con-

19 Dispatch No. 106, January 1, 1874, Vol. 4; Dispatch No. 35, January 24, 1872, Vol. 2, both in "Despatches from United States Ministers to Liberia"; "Address of Hon. J. Milton Turner," The African Repository, 47 (October, 1871), 309-331. 20 Turner to H. Lynch, undated, filed with Dispatch No. 130, June 20, 1874, "Despatches from United States Ministers to Liberia," Vol. 4. James Milton Turner and the Republican Party 69 tinued to express the hope that the administrative officers of Liberia would succeed in their attempt to make "these same propitious In­ stitutions of Government" work in Liberia.21 This unbounded iaith in America's ability to provide for the masses manifested itself in an almost totally critical attitude toward everything African. Hence, Turner proved unable to identify him­ self with a "brotherhood of the oppressed" as, for example, the twentieth-century black activist W. E. B. DuBois would later do. Turner simply did not feel oppressed, nor did he believe blacks in America were oppressed. If they were, he maintained hope that the Republicans would soon bring them out of oppression. Con­ sequently, during these years, Turner would never have been able to sympathize with a sentiment later expressed by DuBois in his book The Dusk of Dawn. DuBois, writing that book in the 1930s, recorded his audience with the black president of the Republic of Liberia as the most significant event of his life. That event, he stated, trans­ cended his own personal experience and represented an epochal event: a union between blacks of America and Africa.22 Turner had

21 Dispatch No. 136, July 8, 1874, Vol. 4; Dispatch No. 82, September 4, 1873, Vol. 3; Dispatch No. 236, July 7, 1876, Vol. 6; Dispatch No. 170, June 20, 1875, Vol. 5; Dispatch No. 143, August 22, 1874, Vol. 4, all in "Despatches from United States Ministers to Liberia." 22 W. E. B. DuBois, Dusk of Dawn: An Essay Toward an Autobiography of a Race Concept (New York, 1940; reprinted, N.Y., 1968), 122. 70 Missouri Historical Review no desire for such a union. The African ways were barbarian to him, the ways of America offered the only real hope for mankind.

Turner's correspondence continually refers to the "savage" and "barbarian" aborigines of Africa. He believed that the mission of the Liberian government (whose officials were either American- born or the sons of American-born blacks) should be to establish, as closely as possible, a replica of the American way of life in Africa. Writing to the president of Liberia upon his arrival in 1871, he con­ gratulated the government for having "implanted on these shores the germ of a republic," which, he hoped, would "by means of the christian religion . . . debarbarize [sic] and befit for almost im­ mediate usefulness thousands of human beings whose intellects are today debased by the destructive potency of heathenish supersti­ tion."23 Some years later he expressed a similar sentiment to Edward S. Morris, a Philadelphia businessman who had established a business in Liberia. Turner's letter to Morris suggests the means necessary for "debarbarizing" Africans. He equated the establishment of a capi­ talistic work ethic with the "civilizing" of Africa. Morris had provided a machine which would increase the profitability of coffee as a cash crop. That machine, Turner suggested, would be helpful in teaching the African how to profitably utilize his labor, and go far toward "educating, elevating, and advancing him toward civilization. . . . "24

Turner never ceased to praise the virtues of manual labor and the soil. He actively endorsed the Liberian government's attempt to attract foreign capital so as to develop the nation's mineral re­ sources. That, he said, would direct "much of the labor of this coun­ try, now unemployed and aimless to . . . the soil—the only real source of commercial greatness."25 The impoverished condition of the masses, he said, was due to the African's unwillingness to expend the energy needed to reap the blessings of such a physically well-endowed land. The soil itself, was characterized by an "untiring willingness . . . to liberally remunerate the labor of the farmer." The only thing lacking was the desire on the part of Liberians to develop a work ethic. "There exists in Liberia," he wrote, "continued consumption

23 Turner to President of Liberia, July 10, 1871, enclosed with Dispatch No. 1, July 10, 1871, "Despatches from United States Ministers to Liberia," Vol. 2. 24 Turner to Edward S. Morris, Esq., May 19, 1874, enclosed with Dispatch No. 125, May 19, 1874, "Despatches from United States Ministers to Liberia," Vol. 4. 25 Turner to Fifth Auditor, U. S. Treasury Department, enclosed with Dispatch No. 105, December 31, 1873, "Despatches from United States Ministers to Liberia," Vol. 3. James Milton Turner and the Republican Party 71

without adequate production." Until that process was reversed, the country would never experience the blessings of civilization.26 One incident, in particular, during Turner's Liberian career, il­ lustrates his attitude towards both Africa and America, and in par­ ticular, his rigid opposition to movements to colonize American blacks in Liberia. In an approximately 3,700 word dispatch, segments of which were reprinted in American newspapers, Turner presented a clear and detailed explanation of why he opposed colonization. He made his position known because of his chagrin over the fact that thousands of American blacks were being duped into believing that Liberia offered a standard of living preferable to any available in America. Consequently, he wanted to stop them from "leaving homes and situations in life where they enjoy, at least, comparative com­ fort, and are able at the same time to supply an important demand for labor, only to experience disappointment in a foreign land. . . ."27 Turner acknowledged the fertility of the African soil, but emphasized the "primitive agricultural appliances" used for tilling it. Draft animals, such as horses, mules, and donkeys, he argued, could not withstand the climate. The "miasmatic influence" of the tempera­ ture, he wrote, "caused by the heavy rain alternating with hot sunshine, causes sickness during six months of the year, and, during

26 Dispatch No. 74, May 14, 1873, "Despatches from United States Ministers to Liberia," Vol. 3. 27 Dispatch No. 273, September 3, 1877, "Despatches from United States Min­ isters to Liberia," Vol. 6; Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States (Washington, 1877), 369-375; New York Times, July 22, August 5, 1878.

Seeking New Homes 72 Missouri Historical Review the remaining six months of the year the power of the sun is such that it is almost impossible for any one except a native to work. ..." Likewise, he said, the American emigrant had to compete with a native laborer for work. The native, not adversely affected by the climate, would work much cheaper than the American because of fewer needs.28 By 1877, Turner had concluded that the migration of large num­ bers of blacks from America to Africa was not justified by the argu­ ment that they were attempting to civilize the "savages." He finally had rejected the argument that the black American ". . . is better pre­ pared than other foreigners ... to carry civilization to this unfortunate people. ..." His rejection of this argument stemmed from his experi­ ence in Liberia. It taught him "that when the American negro is brought face to face in contact with this work, he is, for all prac­ tical purposes, as much a foreigner as any other people, and can only extend to the barbarous African the same philanthropic sym­ pathy." Hence, the money being spent on colonization schemes should be channelled into the building of manual labor schools. This would create a nucleus of skilled "aborigines" who would become, "the best vehicle for the propagation of civilization to the interior tribes of Africa." Still, the perceived barbarity of the Africans made Turner pessimistic about Liberia's ability to keep republican institu­ tions alive. He closed this long dispatch with the following precaution: "Whether Liberia succeeds or fails, she cannot be accepted as a fair test of the negro's capacity or incapacity for self-government." Obviously, Turner felt little attachment to his African "homeland."29 Turner's general dislike of Africa, his inability to adjust to its hardships and, his chronic bouts with "African fever," apparently prompted his decision to leave Liberia. On July 14, 1877, he wrote to President Rutherford B. Hayes requesting that he be recalled. The major reason he cited for his request was "the general baneful ef­ fect of this inhospitable climate . . . upon my physical organization." Suggesting an awareness of the 1877 Compromise, Turner expressed the hope that Hayes would be successful in the course he:

had adopted for the reconciliation of the unhappy dif­ ferences which have existed among my fellow citizens in the southern section of our country, to the end that, while unpleasant differences are reconciled, every class, how-

28 Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, December 3 1877, 371. 29 Ibid. James Milton Turner and the Republican Party 73

ever remote or humble, may enjoy the unmolested exer­ cise of constitutional guarantees. ... .30 Thus, Turner returned to the United States still hopeful that Americans and the Republicans would remain cognizant of their ob­ ligation to blacks and that the obligation would be fulfilled. He remained allied with the Republicans and applied for a position as customs officer in St. Louis shortly after his return. He withdrew his application for that position, however, possibly because he wanted to devote full-time to his pursuit of a Congressional seat and to canvass for the Republican party in the 1878 election.31 In early August 1878, he first attempted to gain the Republican nomination for a seat in Congress from a St. Louis district. On August 7, a group known as the Independent Republican Club placed his name before a black Republican meeting held in St. Louis. Turner's comments at the time offered the first suggestion that his confidence in Republicanism had started to wane. He acknowledged that the Republicans had strayed from their avowed concern for black people. The party, in his estimation, should be purged and returned to the racial philosophies espoused during Grant's administration. The present problems of the party, he remarked, resulted from a devious, corrupt group of persons within the party, he labeled as "the Post Office ring." He suggested the need for Republicans outside the ring to band together and return to the "Grant movement." He recounted a conversation he had with President Hayes a few days before. He had reminded the president that the black vote in Missouri had been faithful to Republican principles but had failed to receive the politi­ cal recognition handed out to other groups within the party. Federal appointments in St. Louis and Missouri, he emphasized, were made totally without regard to the status of the black vote. No black man in Missouri had ever been placed in a patronage-dispensing position. He continued, "while our men have stood always in the front of the battle, they have had to be content with the position of messenger at the post office or as boot-black to the Collector of Customs and to United States Marshals." Consequently, he saw his candidacy as a

30 Dispatch No. 266, July 14, 1877, "Despatches from United States Ministers to Liberia," Vol. 6. In 1877, Rutherford B. Hayes won the disputed presidential election over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden by promising, among other things, to remove the remaining federal troops from the South. Since federal soldiers offered the only pro­ tection available for black civil liberties, blacks saw this "Compromise" as a national repudiation by the Republican party of its alliance with Southern blacks. 31 "Applications and Recommendations for the Hayes Administration," Record Group 59, Hayes Administration, 1877-1881, National Archives, Washington, D.C. Turner withdrew his application for "Appraiser of Customs of St. Louis" on August 30, 1878. 74 Missouri Historical Review means of testing the Republican party's assertions of r, ncern about black people: "If the Republican Party is sincere then it won't reject a man simply because his skin is black." Turner continued, "if it is not sincere, then while we will not leave the Republican party, we will organize and show it that we are the balance of power." Still he refused to bolt the party, despite talk about the "apparent death of Republicanism in this country." His travels about the country had convinced him that "the Grant campaign is 'booming' in the hearts of all true Republicans." "Look forward," he told his audience, "to the Presidential candidate for 1880, and proclaim yourselves Grant men fearlessly, and then you will be on the side of those men who instinctively chose the right side in the time of danger."32 That complacency did not last through the decade of the eighties. For events of the late seventies and early eighties finally convinced Turner that the Republican party had become insincere. It rejected his 1878 candidacy he recalled "simply because his skin was black." In addition, Turner's return to the United States in 1878 made it possible for him to observe first-hand the growing tenuousness of life for blacks in the country, and especially in the South. His absence from the American political scene during the years of the seventies probably explains, in part, why he had not come to that conclusion earlier. Within a short time after his return Turner began to realize that Republican principles (as he defined them) were being vio-

32 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, August 8, 1878; Topeka [Kansas] Colored Citizen, September 27, 1878.

En Route for the West James Milton Turner and the Republican Party 75 lated. By July 1879, he presumably became convinced that Southern prejudice had hardened beyond repair and that the slave-code men­ tality would continue to live on in former slave states. Conse­ quently, he called for blacks to move out of the South and into the public lands of Oklahoma. Toward that end, he helped to establish the St. Louis-based "Freedmen's Oklahoma Association," of which he became president. The association promised 160 acres of land to each colonizing freedman.33 By the mid-1880s, Turner declared the end of his faith in Re­ publicanism and became a Democrat. A traumatic decision, he made it slowly and reluctantly. In addition to the Republican rejection of his candidacy for political office in 1878, Turner had been the victim of a violation of the 1875 Civil Rights Act when he attempted to secure a room at the Astor House in New York City. He had seen the Republi­ can party repudiate its alliance with Southern blacks in 1877. He saw the 1875 Civil Rights Act nullified by the Supreme Court in 1883. Fin­ ally, he saw what he considered to be gross violations of the 1866 Re­ construction Treaty being perpetrated against black freedmen by the Cherokee Nation. Turner concluded, all of those problems had re­ sulted from the federal government's and, by implication, the Re­ publican party's willingness to allow the former slave states to con­ tinue to subjugate the black man. The year 1883, in Turner's view, saw the Cherokee Nation, aided and abetted by the Republican party, engaged in a program of "debarring the black freedmen from their rights."34 After his faith in Republicanism and America had led him to believe that blacks were about-to-be assimilated Americans, Turner began to identify blacks as that group of Americans who had been unjustly deprived of their share of the American dream. As a result, he began to endorse self-help measures (including the offer of support to Independents and Democrats), not as gestures of obeis­ ance, but as assertions of protest against growing injustices. Hope had vanished. He had expected so much and received so little. In­ deed, it was this gap between his social expectations and the social reality that led him reluctantly down the path to disillusionment and apostasy.

33 Billy D. Higgins, "Negro Thought and the Exodus of 1879," Phylon, XXXII (Spring, 1971), 39-52; Glen Schwendeman, "St. Louis and the Exodusters of 1879," Journal of Negro History, XLVI (January, 1961), 27-42; Schwendeman, "Negro Exodus to Kansas: First Phase, March-July, 1879" (unpublished Master's thesis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, 1957), 72-76. 34 Turner to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, June 8, 1887, Letter No. 14942, Letters Received, Land Division, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Record Group 75, Na­ tional Archives. HENRY LEE OF VIRGINIA

BY SANDRA WALLACE*

Courtesy Independence Nat. Hist. Park, Diet, of Amer. Ports.

In our nation's bicentennial year, much attention is being focused on our Revolutionary War heroes. But often this attention is only on the better known figures. This paper deals with a figure from the Revolutionary War that, though not well known, played an impor­ tant part in our war for independence. His name was Henry Lee, better known as Light-Horse Harry. Henry Lee was born January twenty-first, 1756, on his father's Virginia plantation.1 His mother, Lucy Grymes, had been courted by George Washington. Though she had married Henry Lee Senior,

*The University of Missouri and State Historical Society's Friends of the Library recently sponsored the Friends' Bicentennial Essay Contest. Contestants from Mis­ souri senior and junior high schools were asked to submit essays concerning less well- known participants in the Revolutionary War. Sandra Wallace, of Columbia, was selected as the winner of the $100 first prize. Her essay on Henry (Light-Horse Harry) Lee is printed here by permission of the Friends. 1 Henry Lee, Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department (New York, 1869), 15. Henry Lee of Virginia 77 the Washingtons and Lees remained close friends.2 Henry Lee en­ joyed a normal and comfortable childhood. He was an accomplished horseman at the age of four.3 Henry Lee attended Princeton Univer­ sity at the age of fourteen. Dr. John Witherspoon, president of the university, had a great influence on Lee's philosophy. It became evi­ dent, through Dr. Witherspoon's influence, that Henry would become a part of the move for independence.4 Henry was a good student, showing a special interest in the study of the strategy and tactics of great generals, especially in the area of cavalry. At the age of nineteen, Henry Lee enlisted in the Continental Army as a captain of cavalry. He formed an outfit called "Lee's Legion," which consisted of three cavalry troops and three companies of infantry.5 During the war this legion performed constant and valiant service. Lee's daring earned him the name of "Light-Horse Harry."6 In April of 1777, Washington was engaged in "Spring Ma­ neuvers" and he badly needed cavalry. Henry Lee, twenty-one years old, impressed Washington with his soldierly qualities. Lee's soldierly qualities started a long friendship that was to last until Washington's death.7 Henry Lee soon became a continual annoyance to the British because of his numerous successful raids on British supply posts. The British resolved to dispose of Lee, resulting in the Battle of Spread Eagle Tavern. Though heavily outnumbered, Lee was able to defeat the British forces by cunning and bluff.8 Lee and his men were com­ mended for their actions, and Lee was promoted to major-comman­ dant. By November of 1779, Lee had been promoted to lieutenant- colonel.9 In the introduction to his father's memoirs, Robert E. Lee says that his father ". . . had so completely engaged the confidence of that great commander (Washington), that in an official letter . . . Wash­ ington instructed him (Lee) to mark his communications 'private,' so that they should not be examined by the officers of the general's family."10

2 Burton J. Hendrick, The Lees of Virginia (New York, 1935), 331-332. 3 Noel B. Gerson, Light-Horse Harry (Garden City, 1966), 4. 4 Ibid., 9. 5 Lee, Memoirs, 17. 6 Hendrick, Lees of Virginia, 337. 7 Mark Mayo Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution (New York, 1966), 608. 8 Lee, Memoirs, 16-17. 9 Boatner, Encyclopedia, 608. 10 Lee, Memoirs, 10. 78 Missouri Historical Review

This trust led to an important assignment. At the Battle of Paulus Hook, Lee and his men were able to take a British fort with only a few enemy casualties. Among Lee's troops there were two killed and three wounded.11 Lee's actions at Paulus Hook won him one of only eight medals voted by the Continental Congress during the war.12 At this time, there was a great need for good generals in the South. In a letter to Washington, Benjamin Rush said, "The Northern Army has shown us what Americans are capable of doing with a gen­ eral at their head. The spirit of the Southern Army is no way in­ ferior. ... A Gates, a Lee, or a Conway would . . . render them an irresistable body of men."13 Shortly after Rush wrote Washington, in January of 1781, Lee received orders to join forces with Nathanael Greene in the South. Lee's greatest success was in the South, where he showed his genius. General Nathanael Greene, in a letter to the Continental Con­ gress, said, "I am more indebted to this officer than to any other for the advantages gained over the enemy . . . . "14 Another quote, from a letter Greene wrote to Lee, indicates that the strategy used in the South was largely that of Lee. Greene wrote, "I have run every hazard to promote your plan of operation." The southern maneuvers were largely responsible for sending Cornwallis and the British army into Virginia and Yorktown where they were defeated.15 Though his actions in the southern campaigns were brilliant, Lee received no further acknowledgment, reward, or promotion from Congress. As a result of this slight, Lee left the army with an honorable discharge after the surrender of Cornwallis. Lee left the army in such a deep depression that his friends were alarmed.16 But Lee did not stay melancholy long. Shortly after leaving the army, Lee married his first wife, Mathilda, a rich heiress.17 Lee was now wealthy, married to a beautiful woman, and active in building a new nation. The Lees had four children, two of whom died.18 Lee entered politics at this time, as a Federalist and a strong supporter of Washington. Lee was a member of the Virginia delega-

11 Ibid., 23. 12 Boatner, Encyclopedia, 608. 13 Benjamin Rush, "On the Need for a General in the South," in Annals of America (Chicago, 1968), II, 494. 14 Hendrick, Lees of Virginia, 339-340. 15 Ibid., 340. 16/fcid.,343. 17 Boatner, Encyclopedia, 608. 18 Lee, Memoirs, 44. Henry Lee of Virginia 79 tion to Congress, where, as his son Robert E. Lee put it, "... he de­ voted himself to forwarding those measures that prepared the way for the adoption of the Constitution."19 Lee also served as governor of Virginia, a post he held for three years. In the summer of 1794, Lee was given command of 15,000 troops to stop the Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania, a task he accomplished without loss of life.20 The last part of Lee's life was quite tragic. His first wife died at age twenty-six. In 1793, Lee married Anne Hill Carter. Lee's son by her, Robert E. Lee, was destined to be a more famous general than his father. In 1808 Lee's fortunes were so low he served time in a debtor's prison.21 After an illness Lee went to the West Indies to con­ valesce. When Lee saw he was dying, he started home. He got as far as Cumberland Island, Georgia, where he died in 1818.22 Henry Lee was a man that the United States can be proud of. Lee not only fought for our independence, he also helped establish the foundation of democracy in our country. What Lee once said of his close friend, George Washington, could in many respects apply to Lee himself: "First in war, first in peace, first in the hearts of his fellow-citizens."23

19 Ibid., 42. 20 Ibid., 46. 21 Boatner, Encyclopedia, 608. 22 Ibid. 23 Lee, Memoirs, 51.

His Truly Name California Central Missouri Push, June 30, 1900. It has been settled by him himself that the Republican vice-presidential candi­ date's name should be pronounced as if spelled "Rosevelt." Some say it should be pro­ nounced as if spelled "mud," but he ought to know.

A Geography Lesson Jonesburg Journal, April 15, 1880. Missouri with 65,350 square miles of territory, has 114 counties, while New York with 46,000 square miles and a population three times as great, has only 55 counties. Pennsylvania, with 46,000 square miles and a population nearly three times as great as that of Missouri, has only 55 counties. VIEWS FROM THE PAST

Rrashear Coll., St. Hist. Soc. Mo.

One of Missouri's best-known authors, Mark Twain was born November 30, 1835, in the two-room cabin (above), near Florida, Missouri. The first home of Twain, or Samuel Langhorne Clemens, is today housed in the Mark Twain Birthplace Memorial Shrine (below), which also includes a museum and is surrounded by a 1,192-acre state park. The site is maintained by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Parks and Recreation. Just a few years after Twain's death, April 21, 1910, a memorial park as­ sociation purchased 100 acres of land where the famed Missourian lived. The state added another 1,092 acres and formed the first state park north of the Missouri River in 1924.

Hadley K. Irwin, Mo. St. Park System MISSOURI LANDMARKS

Massie—Mo. Res. Div.

When Twain was four years old, he moved with his family to Hannibal and lived there until 1853. His father built their home at 206 Hill Street, in 1844. Though Twain left Hannibal in 1853, he returned for occasional visits while pursuing the occupations of steamboat pilot, printer and writer. He is pictured above during a visit to Hannibal in 1902. Twain's most famous books, Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn were written from his childhood experiences in Hannibal. The Mark Twain Boyhood Home, a National Historic Landmark, and the adjoining museum (below) are owned by the city of Hannibal.

Walker—Mo. Res. Div. 82 Missouri Historical Review

A MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR

Dear Members: Without the private and state papers of Washing­ ton, Jefferson, Adams, and many others, we could not really understand the thoughts and motives of the men who forged our independence two hundred years ago. Fortunately, those unusual men recorded many of their impressions of the period in diaries, journals, and letters that have been preserved. Manuscript sources have played an important part in the understanding of our nation's heritage. Similarly, private papers, government documents, and other as­ sorted written records in the joint collection of the State Historical Society's Manuscripts and the University of Missouri's Western Historical Manuscript Collec­ tion have been instrumental in the reconstruction of Missouri's rich and colorful history. As director of this joint collection, may I urge the members of the State Historical Society to look for manuscripts to augment the over twelve million items now available in our library for scholars and interested citizens. These materials include the available state and personal papers of Missouri's governors, United States Senators and Representatives, and thousands of diaries, journals, scrapbooks, photograph albums, pictures and account books kept by the ordinary men and women of our state from the days of its first settlement to the present. These manuscript items need not be old. Letters concerning our recent wars and economic crises, as well as contemporary diaries and journals will provide the primary historical source materials for historians of the future. For several years our program for the acquisition of manuscripts has been curtailed because of a lack of storage space. Storage facilities have been acquired re­ cently, and we are now actively seeking manuscripts and manuscript collections. If you know of any items that should be added to our collection, please let the Society know about them. Richard S. Rrownlee, Director State Historical Society of Missouri and Univerity of Missouri Western Historical Manuscript Collection HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS NEWS IN BRIEF

Part of the extensive art collection of On April 10, Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, the State Historical Society of Missouri is director of the State Historical Society, on tour, to be viewed regionally in mid- addressed the Missouri Federation of America as well as in four European mu­ Women's Clubs Fifth District Conven­ seums. tion in Fayette. The convention was held The Society has loaned one of George in the Stedman Science Hall Auditorium Caleb Bingham's oils, "Watching the on the campus of Central Methodist Col­ Cargo," to the U.S. Information Agency lege. Dr. Brownlee's address was entitled for display, along with sixty other paint­ "Our Heritage." ings, in Bonn, Belgrade, Rome, and War­ saw. The last showing concludes Decem­ The State Historical Society's George ber 10. Caleb Bingham painting, Order No. 11, Thomas Hart Benton's 150 illustrations and the Civil War incident which it illus­ in sepia ink, pen and ink, watercolor and trates are the focus of a video cassette pro­ crayon illustrating Mark Twain's "The duced by the Extension Division, Univer­ Adventures of Tom Sawyer," "The Ad­ sity of Missouri-Columbia. Dr. Richard S. ventures of Huckleberry Finn," and Brownlee, director of the Society, dis­ "Life on the Mississippi," also are on cusses the political and military setting tour. for the painting. Other participants are The Benton art has been loaned to the Professor Osmund Overby, chairman of Mid-America Arts Alliance of Kansas the Department of Art History and City, and through next September will be Archaeology, University of Missouri- on display in St. Joseph (Albrecht Art Mu­ Columbia, and James Froese, a con­ seum, August 4-27), Ft. Leonard Wood temporary artist. (Skill Development Center, January 4- Another cassette entitled, "A Heritage 30, 1977), Springfield (Springfield Art Preserved," which features three major Museum, February 2-March 2, 1977), Missouri architectural monuments, also is Hutchinson, Kansas, Manhattan, Kansas, available. The monuments include Mis­ Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Fremont, Ne­ souri's first state capitol, Jefferson Land­ braska, Norfolk, Nebraska, Tulsa, Okla­ ing and the Wainwright Building. Resto­ homa, Omaha, Nebraska, Little Rock, Ar­ ration architects, Kenneth Coombs and kansas, and Logan, Kansas. W. Philip Cotton; Mary Patricia Holmes, The Alliance is supported by the Na­ Office of Historic Preservation; and tional Endowment for the Arts and the Professor Overby comment on the monu­ Missouri Arts Council in funding the ex­ ments. hibit of Benton's art. Each cassette program is 29 minutes The European tour was arranged by long and is moderated by Marian M. the Baltimore Museum of Art and will in­ Ohman, program coordinator-humani­ clude works of Bingham, John Singleton ties, University of Missouri-Columbia Ex­ Copley, Charles Willson Peale, Gilbert tension Division. The cassettes may be Stuart, Thomas Cole, William Sidney obtained by contacting Don Fry, man­ Mount, Winslow Homer, Thomas Ea- ager of the Instructional Materials Li­ kins, Albert Pinkham Ryder, Stuart brary, Academic Support Center, 505 Davis, Georgia O'Keeffe, Jacob Law­ Stewart Road, Columbia, MO 65201, or a rence, Jackson Pollock, Morris Louis, local University of Missouri Extension Mark Rothko and Andrew Wyeth. Center. 84 Missouri Historical Review

The Missouri Department of Conserva­ The tombstone of Thomas Jefferson tion's Liberty Tree program to honor was rededicated at ceremonies, April 14, 200-year-old trees in Missouri communi­ on Francis Quadrangle, University of ties as part of the bicentennial proved to Missouri-Columbia. The memorial had be a huge success. The Department been moved from its former location in awarded about 1,200 certificates and 225 the shadows by Jesse Hall to the east side plaques out of 1,800 applications. Each of the quadrangle near the Chancellor's tree submitted for Liberty Tree status Residence. The relocation and rededica- was inspected for species and age by a De­ tion was a major project of the University partment forester. The inspections Bicentennial Committee. Dr. Elmer El­ turned up nine new state champion trees, lis, president of the State Historical So­ a side benefit of the program. ciety and former president of the Univer­ sity, spoke at the ceremonies and called the marker "our most prized historical Dr. James W. Goodrich, assistant direc­ possession." In 1883, Congress replaced tor of the Society, addressed the Mid- this tombstone of Jefferson's design with Missouri Genealogical Society, on March a larger, more imposing stone and on July 3, in the Thomas Jefferson Library, Jeffer­ 4, 1883, six descendants of Jefferson pre­ son City. He spoke on "Genealogists and sented the marker to the University. Their Sources." On June 21, he spoke to the Columbia Optimist Club luncheon at the Heritage House. The topic of his Mrs. Avis Tucker, publisher of the address was the State Historical Society Warrensburg Star-Journal and fourth of Missouri. vice president of the State Historical So­ ciety of Missouri, received the Missouri Honor Award for Distinguished Service More than 130 preservationists, archi­ in Journalism at the 67th annual Journal­ tects and county government officials par­ ism Week banquet, April 23, at the Univ­ ticipated in the National Conference on ersity of Missouri-Columbia. Mrs. Tucker Historic Courthouses, March 31-April 2, is a past president of the Missouri Asso­ at Stouffer's Riverfront Inn, St. Louis. ciated Dailies and served as secretary of The conference, designed to advise the Missouri Press Association in 1974. A county officials and architects of methods 1937 graduate of the University of Mis­ and strategies for accommodating modern souri, she was the first woman president county functions in historic county of the University's board of curators. courthouses, was sponsored by the Midwestern Regional Office of the Na­ On April 25, in ceremonies at The tional Trust for Historic Preservation, the School of the Ozarks, Point Lookout, the National Clearinghouse for Criminal Jus­ Ozarks Hall of Fame inducted Dr. tice Planning and Architecture and the George Washington Carver, Ralph D. National Endowment for the Arts. A spe­ Foster and Dr. Robert McGowan Good. cially prepared book published by the The men were named for their outstand­ Trust's Preservation Press, A Courthouse ing work in and for the greater Ozarks Conservation Handbook, was distribut­ area. ed. Tom C. Clark, retired associate jus­ tice of the U.S. Supreme Court, present­ The French Heritage Committee of St. ed the keynote address. Participants also Louis Spirit of '76 sponsored Lafayette viewed the premier showing of photo­ Days, May 8-9, to commemorate the con­ graphs from "The County Courthouse in tribution of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States," a bicentennial proj­ the cause of American independence. ect of Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc. On May 8, His Excellency, Jacques Historical Notes and Comments 85

Kosciusko-Morizet, the French ambassa­ Missouri's official American Revolu­ dor to the United States, formally present­ tion Bicentennial project, the restoration ed to the city of St. Louis a statute of La­ of Jefferson Landing State Historic Site, fayette, in Lafayette Park. The statue, a Jefferson City, was dedicated during cere­ replica of a bust of Lafayette by Jean An- monies July 4. Governor Christopher S. toine Houdon, is a bicentennial gift of the Bond presented the dedication address. French government. Earlier in the day, James L. Wilson, director of the Missouri the ambassador received an honorary Department of Natural Resources, served Doctor of Humanities degree from Saint as master of ceremonies. Mrs. Carolyn Louis University. Other events of the Bond cut the ribbon to mark the opening celebration included the laying of a of the site. The landing area includes wreath on the statue of Pierre Laclede three historic buildings—the Lohman next to St. Louis City Hall, an exhibition Building, Jefferson Hotel, and Chris­ of 300 years of art treasures from the topher Maus House—which have been American Jesuit Archives at Saint Louis restored. Following the ceremonies, the University, a display of early French arti­ first-floor visitors center in the Lohman facts and mementos of Lafayette's visit in Building opened for tours. Visitors saw a 1825 at the Missouri Historical Society, a slide presentation on the history of state dinner honoring the ambassador and a government in Jefferson City and mu­ tour of historic French communities on seum exhibits illustrating the growth of both sides of the Mississippi River. the city from a small riverport town to the present-day center of governmental A rededication of the New Coldwater and political activity. Burying Grounds, a small black cemetery The Lohman Building is open for pub­ on Old Halls Ferry Road in Black Jack, lic visitation daily, from 8 A.M. to 5 P.M. was held on May 23. During the year, the Black Jack Bicentennial Committee, Boy Scouts of the area and seventh-grade stu­ The Winston Churchill Memorial and dents at St. Angela Merici School had Library, Westminster College, Fulton, an­ combined in a joint bicentennial project nounced that it recently opened the to restore the cemetery which was estab­ Harry Vaughan papers for scholarly use. lished in 1886. Harold J. Evangelista, The papers deal primarily with mayor of Black Jack, dedicated a new Vaughan's official and political role as ad­ sign for the cemetery. Cheryl Eisenhart visor and military aide to President Harry presented a history of the cemetery and S. Truman. Vaughan's official itineraries Bill Flescher gave a bicentennial tribute of various presidential trips also are avail­ during the ceremony. able for use.

Are You Feeling Well? Jefferson City Daily State Journal, September 18, 1878. If you have a black and yellow rainbow over your eye, if your hand trembles, your lips quiver, your tongue is parched, you see things double, if the past, present and eternity seem all bent up in a space the size of a ham sandwich—young man, that, sir, that is a dead sure sign of the approach of the yellow (Fill out that space to suit yourself.) 86 Missouri Historical Review

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

Adair County Historical Society The museum is open to the public from The Society held its March 4 meeting 1-4 P.M., Wednesday through Sunday. in the Community Room of the First Na­ A member of the Society and a member tional Bank, Kirksville. Dr. William E. of the local Retired Senior Volunteer Pro­ Parrish, professor of American History at gram are in charge of the museum. Westminster College, Fulton, and chair­ man of the Missouri American Revolu­ Atchison County Historical Society tion Bicentennial Commission, spoke on Some 50 persons attended the Feb­ the "Goals and Projects of a County His­ ruary 27 meeting at the Rock Port Chris­ torical Society." He congratulated the tian Church. The speaker, Dr. Wilmer group on its decision to reorganize the So­ Payne, of the Social Science Department, ciety, which had been dormant for some Tarkio College, talked about microfilm­ 30 years. He also gave helpful sugges­ ing facilities. Members discussed bicen­ tions on ways the group might proceed. tennial projects. On June 6, the Society sponsored a The Society held its June 20 meeting in tour of historic places on the Collett farm the new community hall in Watson. The west of Kirksville, site of the county's first program included discussion about the settlement. Approximately 80 members lost town of Sonora, migrations of settlers and guests traveled by auto caravan to into the area from Virginia and Tennes­ the area known as "The Cabins," where see via the Missouri River and the camp Mr. and Mrs. Gordon Collett, present sites of the Lewis and Clark expedition. owners, acted as guides. They explained Society projects include the restoration the historical significance of the different of an 1899 country school that has been places and told legends and stories con­ moved to near the Mule Barn on the cam­ nected with the various sites. Included in pus of Tarkio College, development of a the tour was the site of Fort Clark, three microfilm library and cataloging of more houses and a spring house which were than 25 cemeteries in the county. built in the period 1830-1860, the Collett Audrain County Fistorical Society Cemetery and some Indian mounds. Early this year the Society erected on The Society is to be congratulated for the lawn at the Historical Society Mu­ publication of the new quarterly, Adair seum, the bell from the old county court­ Historian. house. The bell stands on a concrete base Officers of the Society are Sam A. with an engraved plaque. When the 1868- Burk, president; Charles J. Elam, vice 1869 courthouse was razed in 1949, Roy president; Elizabeth Laughlin, secretary; Creasey and the late L. M. White saved and Pete Nicoletti, treasurer. the bell and had it preserved for the his­ Andrew County Historical Society torical museum. The Society reports that its head­ On July 4, the Society participated in quarters are now housed in the new Clas- special ceremonies sponsored by the Mex­ bey Community Center in Duncan Park, ico Bicentennial Commission. The com­ Savannah. The Society has a museum mission dedicated a Bicentennial Monu­ with showcases, shadow-boxes and peg- ment at the site of the old cemetery on board panels, a "Genealogical Corner," North Western Avenue in Mexico. A gift shop and workroom. Open house scroll telling the history of the Society, festivities for the museum were held June postcard views of the Ross House and a 13. From that date until the end of the brochure on the Historical Museum and month 358 visitors signed the register. American Saddle Horse Museum, along Historical Notes and Comments 87 with other memorabilia, were interred in Columbia Weavers Guild, gave an illus­ a time capsule in the monument. trated talk on 19th-century Missouri The Society sponsored a bus trip, Au­ weavers, at the May 6 meeting in the gust 3, for members and guests interested Flaming Pit, Columbia. Mrs. Overby in attending the St. Louis Municipal showed slides of different patterns and Opera. They saw Yul Brynner in The techniques, and exhibited large swatches King and I. of hand-woven coverlet patterns. The So­ According to curator Gene Gallagher, ciety's scrap books, kept by Mrs. Mary 140 copies of the newly reprinted History Longstreth, also were on display. of Audrain County-1884, had been sold by June. Proceeds from the sale will be Buchanan County Historical Society used to repaint the museum. The Society reports its research library, located in the recently purchased build­ Bates County Historical Society ing at 10th and Edmond, St. Joseph, is The Society reports that over $1,200 open free to the public from 9 A.M. to 4 were realized early this year in a fund- p. M. daily. A large collection of books, his­ raising effort by friends of the museum tories, newspapers, photographs and and several county schools. They spon­ other items related to the area may be sored a musical program, "Songs Which used in the reference rooms where a Made America Great," for a standing- trained staff member is in attendance. room-only crowd. The performers, Camden County Historical Society dressed as historical figures, used many Officers of the Society are Jimmy Dick- of the costumes from the museum collec­ erson, president; Frances Bledsoe, vice tion. president; Marsha Edwards, secretary; and Ruby Chandler, treasurer. Bellevue Valley Historical Society As a bicentennial project, the Society is The Society held its quarterly meeting, moving the county museum to the Linn March 15, at the "Show Me" Inn, Cale­ Creek School. donia. Mr. and Mrs. Fred Cole, retired educators of Washington and Iron coun­ Cape Girardeau County Historical ties, showed slides of historic New Or­ Society leans and Helsinki. The annual spring banquet, May 22, at Members enjoyed a "Show and Tell" the Masonic Temple, Cape Girardeau, program following the business session of featured Senator Albert M. Spradling, the June 21 meeting. Jr., as the guest speaker. The program, The Society reports that steps are be­ under the direction of first vice president ing taken to get the village of Caledonia Raymond McNeely, was on "The Good listed as a historical district in the Nation­ Old Steamboat Days." al Register of Historic Places. Carondelet Historical Society Boone County Historical Society The Society met May 10 in the Ca­ At the February 22 meeting in the Re­ rondelet Library Auditorium. The Rev­ gional Library, Columbia, members erend William B. Faherty, S.J., historian heard a report of the Maplewood restora­ from Saint Louis University, was the tion project. The receipts of the Bicenten­ main speaker. The author of several nial Grant enabled the Society to spend books, Father Faherty's latest work is some $12,000 toward this project. Wide River Wide Land. His books were Members also saw a slide presentation il­ displayed and he autographed copies for lustrating the various stages of restora­ members present at the meeting. tion- A bus tour to historic Cape Girardeau Mrs. Barbara Overby, president of the was sponsored by the Society, May 22. 88 Missouri Historical Review

The group visited the Rose Garden, brary, Independence, was the guest Southeast Missouri State University Li­ speaker. He presented a slide show about brary, a number of restored homes includ­ the library. ing Glenn House, the courthouse, Lori- A barb wire collectors show at the Har­ mer Cemetery, sites of four Civil War risonville Senior High School Audito­ forts and several churches. rium, June 19-20, was sponsored by the Mrs. Mary Ann Simon accepted the Society. post as executive secretary of the Society, The Society reported that work is con­ effective April 1. She succeeded Louis tinuing on the restoration and refurnish­ Nicolay who had served in that position ing of the Sharp-Hopper Log Cabin in for eight years. All correspondence Harrisonville. should be mailed to Mrs. Simon at 6517 Minnesota Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri Chariton County Historical Society 63111. Other new officers are Joseph J. The July 18 meeting in Dulaney Li­ Hanses, president; Michael G. Pfeffer brary, Salisbury, featured a carry-in- korn, vice president; and Elmer C. dinner. Mrs. George T. Johnson present­ Ameiss, treasurer. ed the program on "Traditional American Glassware." President Jordan R. Bentley Carroll County Historical Society announced completion of the Society's The 1976 essay contest, entitled "Life, project to find farms which had been in Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness, the same family for 100 years or more. 1776-1976," was cosponsored by Edward The committee, composed of Dr. and Staton and the Society. Winners were Mrs. W. W. Leatherwood, had worked Melanie Moentman, first; Anita Flick, on the project for two years and awarded second; and Nancy Strathman, third. 123 certificates to the centennial farm Recent Society projects have included owners. an auction and compilation of the 1976 A gift for the completion of the mu­ edition of Carroll County history. The vol­ seum from the Joe W. Ingram Trust ume will feature "tall tales," veterans Fund amounted to $30,000. and family histories. Civil War Round Table of Kansas City Members enjoyed a carry-in dinner be­ Round Table members held their din­ fore the July 22 meeting at the Carrollton ner meeting in the Twin Oaks Apart­ Methodist Church. A bicentennial pro­ ments, Kansas City, on February 24. Dr. gram was featured. James I. Robertson, Jr., spoke to the The Society announced that it now has group on "Lee and Jackson: The Con­ over 1,300 life members. Funds from life federacy's Premier Fighting Team." Dr. membership fees serve as a reserve fund Robertson is professor of History and and the interest is used for development head of the History Department at Vir­ of the Society and its museum. The mu­ ginia Tech, Blacksburg. seum, located in Carrollton, features dis­ At the March 23 meeting, Robert K. plays depicting the home, government, Krick addressed the Round Table on town, church, school and industry. Volun­ "The Battle of Chancellorsville." His talk teer hostesses and assistants keep the mu­ was illustrated with maps and diagrams. seum open on Sunday, Tuesday and A graduate of San Jose State Col­ Thursday, from 2:00 to 5:00 P.M. lege, California, Krick is the chief histo­ Cass County Historical Society rian for the Fredericksburg and Spottsyl- The Society held its May 2 meeting in vania National Military Park. the Youth Center, Harrisonville. Edwin Round Table members, ladies and Watson, Jr., chief photographer in Public guests enjoyed a bus tour of Fort Leaven­ Relations at the Harry S. Truman Li­ worth, Kansas, April 24. The group Historical Notes and Comments 89 toured the post, visited the National Mili­ of the U. S. Postal Service." A graduate tary Cemetery and Fort Leavenworth of Southwest Missouri State University, Museum, had dinner at the Officers Club Robinette retired from the postal service and heard Dr. Warren Hassler speak on in 1971. "U. S. and Confederate Navies During A program on "The National Park Sys­ the Civil War." tem," was given by Eugene Colbert at Dr. Charles P. Roland, professor of His­ the April 14 meeting. Superintendent of tory at the University of Kentucky, Lex­ the George Washington Carver National ington, was the guest speaker at the May Monument and Wilson's Creek National 25 meeting. Dr. Roland addressed the Battlefield, Colbert showed slides and Round Table on "Albert Sidney John­ presented vignettes on the park system. ston." John D. Arnold presented an illustrat­ ed talk on "Artists Who Painted the Civil War," at the May 12 meeting. An artist Civil War Round Table of St. Louis himself, Arnold's work on the Battle of The Round Table met February 25 at Wilson's Creek is owned by the Round Le Chateau. Members and guests heard Table. Eventually it will be presented to James I. Robertson, Jr., speak on the un­ the National Park Service to hang in the usual subject, "The Digger O'Dells of service center at the Wilson's Creek Na­ the Civil War: Executioners and Em- tional Battlefield. balmers." At the June 9 meeting, pharmacist Robert K. Krick addressed the Round Gene Lee Beauchamp spoke on "Drugs Table on "The Battle of Chancellors- and Medicines From the American Revo­ ville," at the March 24 meeting. As chief lution to the Civil War." He reviewed historian of the National Park Service for the medications used from colonial times the Chancellorsville-Fredericksburg Bat­ through the Civil War as well as the tlefields, Krick told how Robert E. common diseases of that era, noting their Lee won his greatest victory. effect on military history and the out­ The April 24 "Ladies Night" featured come of battle. a program by Harold Howard. The speaker, dressed as a Confederate vet­ eran, described, through a narrative, his Clark County Historical Society and his fellow soldiers' struggles as A planning session followed the June members of the army of Northern Virgin­ 22 carry-in supper at Sever Memorial Li­ ia. brary, Kahoka. An address on "Albert Sidney John­ The Society sponsored an antique ston" was presented at the May 26 meet­ show at the library on July 4, in conjunc­ ing by Dr. Charles Roland. A professor of tion with the bicentennial celebration. History at the University of Kentucky, Members and friends brought numerous Lexington, Dr. Roland is the author of relics, keepsakes and antique items for several Civil War books including Al­ the display. Over 350 persons signed the bert Sidney Johnston: Soldier of Three guest book. Republics. Clay County Historical Society Civil War Round Table of the Ozarks The Society reported placing 21 At the February 11 meeting in the 89er bronze markers at historic sites in the Restaurant, Springfield, Fred DeArmond county. Fund-raising projects of the spoke on "Civil War: The American group include sales of reprints of the Illiad." 1885 Clay-Platte history, pewter plates John T. Robinette addressed the with the county seal, historical calendars Round Table, March 10, on "A History and cookbooks. 90 Missouri Historical Review

Clay County Museum Association quilt contains a historical house or build­ In a special ceremony on March 20, at ing which was drawn and embroidered the Clay County Historical Museum, Lib­ by descendants owning the structures. erty, the Camp Fire Girls of District Special hosts and hostesses worked at Number Five, donated a bronze plaque. the Cole County Historical Society Mu­ The plaque has been attached to the seum from 10 A.M. to 8 P.M., April 1-3, to building denoting it as an official Clay accommodate guests visiting the Free­ County Historical Society Historical dom Train. Landmark. The Society, the Jefferson City Bicen­ At the March 25 meeting in the Clay tennial Commission and the Missouri County Historical Museum, Liberty, a American Revolution Bicentennial Com­ large audience heard Trent E. Boggess mission sponsored a Bicentennial Ball in speak on "The Old Liberty Arsenal." A the Capitol Rotunda, Jefferson City, July native of Liberty, the speaker is now a 3. Guests dressed in costumes of the 18th graduate student at Kansas University, and 19th centuries. Lawrence. Members held their annual spring ban­ Concordia Historical Institute quet, April 10, in the Yates College Officers of the Institute are Gerhardt Kramer, president; Dr. Otto A. Dorn, vice Union, at William Jewell College, Lib­ president; Harry L. Smith, treasurer; and erty. Kansas City lawyer Hilary A. Bush Dr. William Kramer, secretary. Dr. Au­ presented an appropriate, historical ad­ gust R. Suelflow was reappointed as direc­ dress. Musical entertainment was provid­ tor, and Rev. Hilton C. Oswald was ed by Dean Wilder, a noted tenor at appointed as editor of the Institute's William Jewell College. He was accom­ Quarterly. panied by Bill Choat. Ray Armstrong, chairman of the Liberty Bicentennial Cook Settlement Restoration Society Committee, unveiled a painting of the Society members held their annual Battle of Blue Mills. The work of a local fund-raising auction, August 21, at the artist, the painting now hangs at the Com­ Old Church grounds in Libertyville. Fur­ mercial Bank, Liberty Bell Circle. niture and other misc. items were donat­ Mrs. Marjorie Hagerty, librarian of ed for the sale. Park Hill Schools, presented the pro­ gram at the May 27 meeting in the mu­ Creve Coeur-Chesterfield Historical seum. She showed slides and told about Society "Wild Flowers of Western Missouri." The Society reports completion of res­ The annual picnic was held at Mount toration on the Hackmann Log Cabin, Gilead Church on June 26. Kenneth Wal- 11400 Olde Cabin Road, Creve Coeur. kup, associate area director, University of The two room cabin includes one room Missouri Extension Center, Liberty, gave restored to the pioneer era and the other the program on the "Spirit of 76." in the Victorian style. Officers for the coming year are Jack Roberts, president; Jack King, vice presi­ Dade County Historical Society dent; Kermit Karns, 2nd vice president; The Society reported on two publica­ Margaret Shippee, secretary; and Gerald tion projects. A booklet on the Pleasant Barnes, treasurer. Grove Cemetery and smaller area ceme­ teries along with a history of the church, Cole County Historical Society cemetery and community is now avail­ Residents of the Brazito community, able for sale. Members also are preparing on June 19, presented a bicentennial a bicentennial book, "Our 200th Anniver­ quilt to the Society. Each block of the sary, Facts and Fantasy, 1776-1976." Historical Notes and Comments 91

Dallas County Historical Society home was built in 1877 and is completely Some 29 persons attended the March furnished with antiques. 21 meeting in the O'Bannon Community A bicentennial meeting, July 8, at the Center, Buffalo. Guest speaker, Mrs. First National Bank, Gallatin, honored 53 Wanda Stroud, a descendant of the Cher­ persons whose family had owned the okee, Langley tribe, gave the program on same farm or business for at least 100 the "Trail of Tears," and a history of the years. The oldest business was the Cherokee Indian. Bennett Spring State 121-year-old Davis Drug Company of Park ranger George Kastler told about Gallatin. The oldest farm, owned by Les­ Hillbilly Days at the park, June 18-20. lie Paul Burk of Pattonsburg, dated back Members held a May 30 meeting at to 1837. The Society awarded certificates the grave of Andrew McPheeters in to each family. Crudgington Cemetery, near Louisburg. McPheeters is the only Revolutionary War veteran known to be buried in Dal­ DeKalb County Historical Society las County. A descendant, Hobart The Society met February 15 at the McPheeters of Bolivar, gave the eulogy. Mt. Moriah Baptist Church in Sherman Drury Lindsey presented some facts Township. Oscar McConnell presented about the cemetery. the program on religious liberty. He told At a June 13 meeting in the O'Bannon of the importance of music in the reli­ Community Building, the Society ob­ gious life of DeKalb Countians. The served its 10th anniversary. Ida Garner, Amity Singers provided musical entertain­ corresponding secretary, read the names ment featuring patriotic songs and old of the 158 charter members. Mrs. Helen hymns. Historical hymn and song books McDowell recognized the 12 charter and Bibles were on display. members present. Mrs. Leni Howe, re­ Ralph Wolf, chairman of the DeKalb cording secretary, read the minutes of County Missouri Committee for Agricul­ some of the early meetings. Treasurer ture, and Society president Mrs. Lora Herbert H. Scott gave the financial re­ Lockhart participated in the annual meet­ port. Wayne Lemons led the group in ing of the Soil and Water Conservation singing and Mrs. Mary Derry presented a District, March 12, at the Maysville vocal solo with harp accompaniment. School Auditorium. They presented a his­ Society members have cooperated with tory of each of 28 centennial farms hon­ the Bicentennial Committee for various ored at the meeting. events. When the Ozarks Dogwood seg­ Ralph McElwain, president of the ment of the Bicentennial Wagon Train Cameron Mutual Insurance Company, visited Buffalo, May 1, wagon master gave a history of his company at the Floyd "Tiny" Owen was given two let­ March 21 meeting in the Cameron Mu­ ters from the Historical Society. These tual Building. Judge Dayle McDonough contained life membership certificates to told about the Albert H. Owen family in the Society and were to be delivered via Grand River Township. Others who gave the wagon train to Governor and Mrs. histories of the township included Ken­ Christopher Bond of Jefferson City, and neth Curtis, Clyde Lewis, Hugh Sword, President and Mrs. Gerald Ford, Wash­ J. D. Dunham and Orville Bray. ington, D.C. At the April 25 meeting in the Mays­ ville School, the program featured a Daviess County Historical Society "Show and Share" on crafts, arts, hob­ The Society cooperated with Mr. and bies and handwork. Mrs. Marion Spiers Mrs. Gary Ellis for an open house at the had charge of the program, and 28 peo­ Ellis's antique home in Jamesport, June ple told about their work. Mrs. Oran 27. Some 375 persons attended. The Ellis Vaughn and Kenneth Rhodes, art 92 Missouri Historical Review teacher, displayed an exhibit of junior various restoration projects throughout high school art. Missouri. The Society met May 16 at the Legion Franklin County Historical Society Hall in Osborn. Members of the Frost On May 15, members and guests met Oberg Homemakers Club told about the at Shaw's Garden in Gray Summit for a club and its contributions to the Colfax tour of the gardens and then visited the Township area. The 4-H Club assisted adjoining property of Sid Solomon. with the history and a display. Members of the Society participated in Friends of Old St. Ferdinand the Pioneer Festival Day, held July 10, at In conjunction with the Valley of the Ralph Wolf Museum of Agriculture. Flowers Celebration the Friends held an Representative John Hendren presented auction on May 1, and a book sale, May 1 13 more centennial farm certificates on and 2, at the Shrine in Florissant. The behalf of the Production Credit Associa­ Shrine and the Friends' gift shop are open tion of Maysville. Other events of the day each Sunday from 1:00 to 4:00 P.M. included an old-fashioned parade and a demonstration of more than 50 pieces of Friends of Rocheport horse-drawn farm machinery. Over 1,100 The Friends held their annual ham din­ people attended the festival. ner, March 25, at Saratoga Inn, near Rocheport. Dent County Historical Society The 9th annual Friends Fest occurred, Over 500 persons attended the grand June 26 at Rocheport. The reenactment opening of the Historical Society Mu­ of the 1840 Whig Convention highlight­ seum, May 30 in Salem. The museum ed the event. The museum featured a spe­ building was formerly the residence of cial exhibit of antique toys. the late William P. Elmer. Elmer was a Gasconade County Historical Society noted lawyer who served in the state legis­ The Society held a semiannual dinner lature and the only U.S. Congressman meeting at the Bay American Legion ever elected from Dent County. Hall on April 25. Harvey Smith of Ches­ terfield presented the program on the his­ Florissant Valley Historical Society tory of the southern part of Gasconade The Society held its 18th annual house County. tour, May 1-2, in conjunction with the Valley of Flowers Celebration. The log Grand River Historical Society cabin in Tower Court Park was included The Society participated in the bicen­ on the tour. Twenty girls from the Girl tennial celebration held in Chillicothe, Scout Cadette Troop 1488 staffed the July 1. Members decorated a float for the cabin, gave butter-making demonstra­ parade. On the float were featured old tions and demonstrated old-fashioned machinery and ladies in period costumes games such as marbles and jumping rope. sewing and churning butter. Pioneer crafts also were on display. Greene County Historical Society Foundation for Restoration of At the February 26 meeting in Calverts Ste. Genevieve Cafeteria, Springfield, Bob Gibbons pre­ Members held their annual meeting, sented a slide talk on "Historical Markers July 15, at the Old Brick House, Ste. and Sights in Springfield." Genevieve. The guest speaker was Mrs. A show and tell program with mem­ Patricia Holmes, architectural historian bers participating highlighted the April of the Office of Historic Preservation, Jef­ 22 meeting. ferson City. Mrs. Holmes spoke on restor­ The Society and the Bicentennial Mu­ ation in the state and showed slides of seum of the Ozarks sponsored a spring Historical Notes and Comments 93 tour to historic Arrow Rock, May 22. observance, April 11, at the Hearst Tourists visited Arrow Rock Tavern, the Memorial Park, near St. Clair. Plantings Dr. Matthew Hall House, the George Ca­ were made on the grounds. Guest leb Bingham House, Sappington Ceme­ speaker Mrs. Thelma Wilkinson of Sulli­ tery, the Stone Jail and Arrow Rock State van, spoke on "Beautifying the Memorial Park. Park in this Bicentennial Year."

Grundy County Historical Society Henry County Historical Society On July 5, Grundy County residents The Henry County Museum and Cul­ celebrated the American Bicentennial tural Center officially opened in Clinton, and the dedication of the Grundy County July 4, as a part of the city's bicentennial Museum. The museum is housed in the celebration. Judge Haysler A. Poague 80-year-old red brick building at Mable was the featured speaker. Plaques of and Tinsman streets, Trenton. appreciation were awarded to Mrs. Marie Following a parade, Mrs. Juanita Dens­ Dickinson, president of the Society, for low introduced Trenton mayor Clarence her time and work in preparing the mu­ E. Breazeal, who welcomed the crowd. seum; and to Bert Chrisman for renova­ Musical entertainment was provided by tion of the museum building. the Sweet Adelines, under the direction The museum is housed in the old of Terry Smelcer, Excelsior Springs. Mrs. Anheuser-Busch Brewing Company Oreta Tanquary sang, "Happy Birthday, building, constructed in 1886. The in­ America," and "Our Great America," ac­ terior has been restored and an adjoining companied by Mrs. Marilyn Robbins. courtyard built. Special rooms in the mu­ Mrs. Robbins composed the songs in com­ seum feature opera singer Courtenay memoration of the bicentennial and do­ Thomas, small towns of the county and nated the proceeds to the museum fund. the chicken industry. A genealogy room Herbert Brown, magistrate and pro­ contains family records and histories. bate judge for Grundy County and third The second floor will be used as an art generation Trenton resident, was the center for programs and special displays. guest speaker. He recounted the early ef­ Mayor Joseph Price presented to the forts of local citizens to organize a county museum, a plaque honoring the churches historical society. Past presidents of the of Clinton and commemorating 200 years Society, Alfred Witten and Marvin Pin- of religious freedom. A time capsule with nick, participated in the ribbon cutting Clinton artifacts was buried in Engle- ceremony. wood Cemetery and will be opened, July 4, 2076. Display booths lined the city Harrison County Historical Society square and special activities were held in Members held their annual basket din­ the museum courtyard. ner, June 8, in the community room of the Trust Company Bank, Bethany. Presi­ dent Ruby Smith had charge of the meet­ Heritage Seekers (Palmyra) Mrs. Cecil Westmoreland presented ing. the program on ' Outstanding Women of The Society reported that 157 persons Missouri," at the March 15 meeting in visited the historical museum on July 3, the Episcopal Parish House, Palmyra. the day of the bicentennial parade. Over Mrs. Westmoreland was dressed in pe­ 250 persons toured the museum through riod costumes. that weekend. Slides of Oxford University, England, Phoebe Apperson Hearst Historical were shown by Mr. and Mrs. Warren Society Head at the May 17 meeting. The The Society held its annual Arbor Day speakers' son, John Head, is attending 94 Missouri Historical Review the University College, Oxford, on a Mar­ May 16, on the grounds of Glenn House. shall Scholarship. Annual reports were heard and members On July 10-11, Gardner House was and guests viewed the restored chambers opened to the public. The house is owned in the house. and being restored by the Seekers. On dis­ Thirty-seven members of the Associa­ play were antique books, pictures, toys, tion toured historic sites in Hannibal, clothing and household items. Mr. and June 5. They visited the 1871 John H. Mrs. Don Powers demonstrated the Garth Mansion, the John J. Cruikshank, household crafts of carding, spinning and 30-room mansion built in 1900 and the dyeing wool and weaving it into cloth. Mark Twain complex in downtown Han­ nibal. Hickory County Historical Society Officers of the Association are Rever­ The Society held dedication and flag end Jeff Marsh, president; Tom H. Ger- raising ceremonies, June 20, at their mu­ hardt, first vice president; Paul Griffith, seum building, in Hermitage. The mu­ second vice president; Mrs. M. Hall, seum is housed in the historic Williams- corresponding secretary; Mrs. A. R. Montgomery home. Senator James A. Pierce, recording secretary; and Mrs. E. Noland, Jr., presented the bicentennial E. Souers, treasurer. flag during the ceremony, and Senator William J. Cason gave the dedication ad­ Historical Association of Greater dress. The Moon-Glo Theater, which has St. Louis this summer presented a three-hour pro­ The Association reported with regret gram on the 200-year history of America, the death on May 12 of its president, the donated one night's proceeds to the mu­ Rev. Claude Heithaus, S.J. Father Heit- seum fund. haus also was director of the Jesuit Histor­ Society members had a float in the ical Museum at St. Stanislaus Seminary, Hermitage bicentennial parade, July 3. Florissant, and professor emeritus of Classical Archeology at Saint Louis Univ­ Historic Hermann ersity. During National Historic Preservation Week, the National Trust for Historic Historical Society of Polk County Preservation gave its annual awards at a Members dressed in bicentennial cos­ luncheon in the garden of Decatur tumes for the May 27 meeting in the House, Washington, D. C, on May 11. REA building in Bolivar. Noble Abbott One of four citations, for significant presented the Society with copies of achievement in preservation of regional charts for 14 cemeteries in Polk County or local importance, was presented to at the meeting. The Society has sold bi­ Anna Hesse and Historic Hermann for centennial jewelry as a fund-raising work to preserve the German-American project. heritage of that community. Howell County Historical Society Historical Association of Greater The Society's bicentennial activities Cape Girardeau have included further restoration work at Some 800 persons attended the 1976 its pioneer memorial village at the county Heritage Tour, May 1-2, sponsored by fairgrounds. In May the West Plains Boy the Historical Association. Five area Scouts used shake shingles to reroof the homes were opened to tour guests. Mrs. Richardson cabin. The West Plains Teen Paul Lueders and Mrs. Cordell Dom- Center members chinked the cabin in browski were chairpersons for the two- June. The Old Washington Wallpaper day event. Shop from downtown West Plains has The Association held its annual picnic, been acquired for the village. The frame Historical Notes and Comments 95 business building survives from the early Society's headquarters. The open house 1880s and has been donated by Mrs. was in observance of the recently com­ Gladys Davis. pleted redecoration project and old- fashioned house cleaning. Iron County Historical Society On June 4, members and guests of the Some 80 persons attended the annual Society took a bus trip to the Governor's meeting, April 25, in the library of Arca­ Mansion in Jefferson City. The highlight dia Valley High School, Ironton. Dr. of the visit was lunch with the first lady, Richard S. Brownlee, director of the State Mrs. Christopher Bond, and a personally Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, guided tour of the historic mansion. spoke on "Bicentennial Perspectives." The annual picnic of the Society was The following new officers were elected: held July 23 at the Andrew Drumm Insti­ Mrs. Robert L. Edgar, president; Dor­ tute for Boys, near Independence. Mrs. othy Reese, vice president; Mrs. Keith Forest Ingram, chairman of the Inde­ Huffman, secretary; J. C. Ricketts, treas­ pendence Bicentennial Commission, urer; and Clarence Keathley, director. gave a talk on the importance of trees to At the July 19 meeting, Raynor Bald­ the early settlers of this country. She then win traced the development of several introduced Jerry Monterastelli, a state businesses in the county operated by the urban forester, who presented a citation Baldwin Brothers—Thad, John, Lewis to the Drumm Farm for a 235-year-old and Richard—from 1874 to 1914. burr oak tree on the grounds. Members Jackson County Historical Society viewed the reprint edition of the 1877 Il­ Members of the Society met March 9, lustrated Historical Atlas of Jackson at the Plaza Library in Kansas City. Re­ County. The republication of the atlas ports were given by several committees was a bicentennial project of the Society. and the president named the committee In addition to various maps, the atlas fea­ chairmen for the year. tures a brief history of the county, bio­ On March 21, the Society celebrated graphical sketches of early settlers and the 165th birthday of George Caleb prominent citizens, and a patrons list. Bingham at the John Wornall House in The reprint of the Atlas may be ordered Kansas City. Mrs. Alberta Wilson Con­ from the Society, 217 North Main, Inde­ stant, author of a book about the artist, pendence, Mo. 64050. The price is $15, visited with guests and autographed her plus $1 shipping charge. book. Refreshments were served in the Officers of the Society for 1976 are country kitchen and guests toured the Robert A. Hewitt, president; Dr. Bene­ house during the event. Proceeds from dict K. Zobrist, Mrs. William Coleman the celebration were donated to Bingham Branton and Phil K. Weeks, vice presi­ Sketches, Inc. dents; Ted R. Cauger, treasurer; and John Mills, president of the St. Clair Helen Clements, secretary. County Historical Society, presented a lecture in the Society archives commit­ Jasper County Historical Society tee's series, "Frankly Speaking," on April Members held their June 13 quarterly 25, at the Independence Square Court­ meeting at the Murphy Manor Commu­ house. Following the talk entitled, "The nity Room in Joplin. The Older American Times of Sibley, Boggs & Company," Band of Scottview Center, Fort Scott, members and friends of the Society at­ Kansas, provided musical entertainment tended an open house at the 1859 County following the brief business meeting. Jail and Museum. The jail, marshal's The Society announced that a mural house and museum, located at 217 North depicting the history of Carthage will be Main Street, Independence, serve as the installed on the first floor wall of the 96 Missouri Historical Review courthouse, Carthage. The mural is a bi­ The new museum adjoins the Mineral centennial gift from the local Soroptimist Museum in Schifferdecker Park. Hours Club. are 12:30 to 4:30 P.M., Wednesday through Sunday, except holidays. Johnson County Historical Society The Society, in cooperation with the Kansas City Westerners Johnson County Republican and Demo­ At the June 8 meeting in Homestead cratic Central Committees, sponsored a Country Club, Calder M. Pickett was the countywide old-fashioned Political Rally, guest speaker. A professor of Journalism June 26. Held in the courtyard in War- at the University of Kansas, Lawrence, rensburg, the Old Courthouse was Pickett addressed the Posse on "Ed draped in bunting. Residents attending Howe of the Atchison Globe and Other dressed in costumes of the mid-1800s. Early Day Western Newspaper Editors." Kathy Hart opened the festivities by sing­ Pickett is the author of a book dealing ing the National Anthem. Dr. William with the life of Ed Howe. Foley, master of ceremonies, introduced Posse members enjoyed a "Show and the honored guests. Twenty-five candi­ Tell" at the July 13 meeting. LeRoy Schu­ dates, or their representatives for na­ macher shared his token collection with tional, state and county offices spoke at those attending. intervals. The Strategic Air Command Kirkwood Historical Society Bicentennial Band provided musical en­ Attorney William B. Ewald, spoke on tertainment. The Society sold lemonade, "Three Famous Murder Trials," at the ice cream and cake. Guided tours of the March 9 meeting in the First Presbyte­ Old Courthouse and the Pioneer Mu­ rian Church. His talk featured the story seum also were available. of the Barrington trial. Joplin Historical Society The Society held its annual Strawberry Several hundred persons attended the Festival, June 8, on the lawn of History formal dedication of the new Dorothea House. Members took their own picnic B. Hoover Joplin Historical Museum, suppers and purchased strawberry sun­ May 18. Retiring board president Claude daes. Herbert Meier was chairman of the Jardon was master of ceremonies. Peter event. On display was a brass plaque Ramsour, vice president, presented the showing the names of persons who had Rex Plum-Bum award to Victor Hinton in contributed large sums toward the pur­ recognition for his service to the mu­ chase of History House. Those in attend­ seum. He had arranged the extensive pho­ ance were recognized. to gallery and preserved the many arti­ Lafayette County Historical Society facts. Mrs. Hilda Satterlee, Museum Ninety-four members and guests at­ Guild president, gave the welcome and tended the annual spring dinner meet­ told the history of the museum develop­ ing, April 22, at the American Legion ment. As a special attraction, Merle Hall, Higginsville. Booker H. Rucker of Evans, band master for Ringling Bros. the Division of Parks and Recreation, told Circus for 50 years, cut the ribbon open­ of Missouri's history and showed slides of ing the museum's Circus Room. The historic places throughout the state. room houses a complete miniature circus As a bicentennial project the Society made by the late Mr. and Mrs. Ned Atchi­ set a goal of 200 members. By summer son of Columbus, Kansas. Other rooms in­ the Society had obtained 140 members. cluded a Williamsburg Room—a tribute to the bicentennial, tavern room, draw­ Landmarks Association of St. Louis ing room, library, dining room, bed Landmarks is conducting a series of room, child's room and kitchen. workshops on various phases of building Historical Notes and Comments 97

rehabilitation at 2004 South 11th Street, Memorial Chapel, Mt. Vernon, the Rev. in the Soulard Market area, St. Louis. Winford Davis of Monett spoke on old- The series includes sessions on tuckpoint- time singing schools. The pastor at the ing, door and window installation, inter­ Greenfield church, Rev. Davis is conclud­ ior stud wall and dry wall, floor refinish- ing his 50th year in the ministry. ing, landscaping and finishing touches. Dr. Delbert F. Schafer, associate profes­ On April 25, at a reception at the Cha- sor of History, Missouri Southern College, tillon-DeMenil House, St. Louis, the As­ Joplin, was the guest speaker at the sociation presented its fifth Distin­ March 24 meeting. A representative of guished Service Award to Gerhardt the Missouri Committee for the Humani­ Kramer, FAIA. Senior member of the ties, Dr. Schafer discussed possible fund­ architectural firm of Kramer & Harms, ing of Society programs. Inc., Kramer has assisted in the restora­ The Society sponsored a free genealogi­ tion of many buildings in the St. Louis cal seminar, April 23, at the Lawrence area. Presently the executive director of County Library, Mt. Vernon. Some Landmarks, he is a founder, charter twenty persons attended and heard guest member and three-time president of the speaker Garland D. Asbell, a professional group. genealogist, representing Gencore, Inc., The Association sponsored a bus tour a genealogical corporation headquar­ to Fulton and Jefferson City on May 22. tered in Salt Lake City, Utah. Participants visited the Winston Church­ Restoration of the old Britton Mill was ill Memorial and Museum and the Execu­ the topic of the May 2 quarterly meeting tive Mansion. at the Jones Memorial Chapel. Bill On June 5, Landmarks dedicated its Bi­ Cameron told about his restoration work centennial Center at 2000 South 11th on the mill and a history of the mill. Street. An exhibit of old St. Louis build­ A large crowd attended the official ing artifacts, artistic and photographic dedication of the new Society museum, studies of the Soulard area, and three di­ May 23. State Representative J. B. mensional architectural models of struc­ Mitchell delivered the principle address, tures in the area, was assembled by the discussing the organization of the local Junior League of St. Louis. Staffed by historical society and its purpose. The volunteers, the center is open Monday- new museum is housed in two wings of Saturday, 10 A.M.-3 P.M., and Sunday 12 Jones Memorial Chapel. Following the noon-4 p. M. dedication ceremonies, the Will Rogers The group held its annual meeting, Indian Club of Springfield performed In­ June 13, at St. Joseph's Church, 11th and dian ceremonial dances on the lawn. Biddle Streets, St. Louis. Founded by Jesuits in 1843 and built on land donated Macon County Historical Society by Anne Mullanphy Biddle, the church is Members held their June 22 dinner noteworthy as the only site of an authenti­ meeting in the Community Presbyterian cated miracle in St. Louis. Members Church, La Plata. Mr. and Mrs. Gordon toured the church following the meeting. Collett, Kirksville, presented the pro­ Officers for the coming year are Mrs. gram on "The Fabric of Living—A Bicen­ Howard F. Yerges, president; Patrick M. tennial Tribute to Our Common Heri­ Donelan, first vice president; Carolyn tage." The speakers, who live on the Hewes Toft, second vice president; Ter­ original site of the first settlement in rell Vaughan, secretary; and James J. Adair County, used music, arts and crafts Dwyer, Jr., treasurer. to tell the history of America. Lawrence County Historical Society Maitland Historical Society At the January 18 meeting in Jones The Society met July 13 in the Com- 98 Missouri Historical Review munity Center, Maitland, to recognize titled, "From These Roots," on January area centennial farm owners. Mr. and 30, February 27 and March 26, in the au­ Mrs. William Smock, whose farm is one ditorium at Jefferson Memorial, St. Louis. of the oldest in Holt County, served as The series reflected upon the geographic program leaders. The Society served re­ origins of the early settlers of Missouri freshments and presented a Maitland bi­ with emphasis on Virginia, Kentucky and centennial plate to each guest centennial Tennessee. Guest lecturers were Arthur farm owner as a memento of the occa­ Shaffer, Department of History, Univer­ sion. sity of Missouri-St. Louis; Hambleton Officers of the Society are Orel Smith, Tapp, state historian, Commonwealth of president; Anna Davidson, vice presi­ Kentucky; and Robert McBride, record­ dent; Faye Smith, secretary; and Betty ing secretary and associate treasurer, Patterson, treasurer. Tennessee Historical Societv.

Marion County Historical Society Montgomery County Historical Society Mrs. Carolyn Bond, wife of Governor The new Society was organized, April Christopher Bond, was the guest speaker 29, 1976, and a membership drive ended at the January 12 meeting at Rockcliffe June 20. Officers are Mrs. Frederick Bohl, Mansion in Hannibal. She discussed Mis­ Sr., president; Mrs. W. L. Schlanker, souri Mansion Preservation, Inc., the cor­ vice president; Mrs. Charles Jennings, Jr., poration formed for the preservation and secretary; and Larry Taylor, treasurer. restoration of the Executive Mansion in Morgan County Historical Society Jefferson City. The Society's museum in Versailles On April 4, the Society held its spring was open Monday through Saturday, meeting at the Hannibal House Restau­ 1:00 to 5:00 P.M., June 1 through Labor rant, Hannibal. Mr. and Mrs. J. Hurley Day. A medical room, equipped with ex­ Hagood, authors of The Story of Hanni­ amination chair, instruments, instrument bal a bicentennial history of the commu­ table and cabinet, was a new feature of nity, presented the program. the 20-room museum. The Society met July 14 at the South The annual ice cream social of the So­ River Fort Museum in Hannibal for a ciety was held June 23 on the museum carry-in supper. Dr. and Mrs. Ben grounds. Members served ice cream and Winchester, who have relocated and re­ cake and conducted free tours of the mu- stored the Civil War fort and a station building from the Hannibal-St. Joseph Railroad near their home, were hosts for Mound City Museum Association the evening. The Association held its annual meet­ ing and a bicentennial program, June 16, McDonald County Historical Society at the Mound City Community Building. Members heard the third in a series of A color slide history of Mound City, com­ bicentennial programs at the February 15 piled by Max B. Benne and Mrs. Harold meeting in the Noel Housing Authority. Robinson, was shown by Mrs. Robinson. The patriotic program entitled, "The On display were 18 early American flags, Spirit of '76," was presented by Mrs. Mel- loaned by Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, an vin Smith of Siloam Springs, Arkansas. 1876 sampler and a plaque recognizing Mrs. Smith is past president of the Ben­ the city's cooperation in the nation's bi­ ton County, Arkansas, Historical Society. centennial activities. Entertainment in­ Missouri Historical Society cluded a dance review and a vocal solo by In observance of the bicentennial, the school children and a Mic-O-Say Indian Society sponsored a lecture series en- dance. Presentation of a $2,500 grant Historical Notes and Comments 99 from the Missouri American Revolution The Society president, Alberta Klemp, Bicentennial Commission to the Associa­ gave the program at the May 25 meeting. tion highlighted the program. State Sena­ She talked on the "Autobiography of S. tor Truman E. Wilson presented the S. Smith," her great-uncle who lived check to Association president, Sonny 1833-1933. Excerpts from his life when he McCormack. lived in the Charleston area were fea­ tured. Items and pictures relating to Smith were displayed. Old Trails Historical Society Robert Mooers gave the program at Twenty members and guests attended the March 17 meeting in the Jefferson the June 22 meeting. Pete Clay, Portage- Savings Building, Ballwin. His slide pres­ ville, an Abraham Lincoln look-alike, pre­ entation featured a section of the Oregon sented the program. He related events Trail. from his life which parallel similar things in Lincoln's life and his experiences at The Society's Bacon Log Cabin events and celebrations during the bicen­ opened April 19-22, for tours by scout tennial. Carolyn Newton volunteered to troops earning historic patches. serve as Society historian for the year. On July 21, members, their families She will compile the scrapbook and obitu­ and guests attended the annual picnic at ary clippings from the county news­ the log cabin of Fran Stuart in Chester­ papers for index filing in the Society's ar­ field. chives. New officers are Ettus Hiatt, presi­ dent; Carol Laux and Til Keil, vice presi­ dent; Ann Lee Konneker, secretary; Bill Perry County Historical Society Broderick, treasurer; Dorothy Feiner, his­ The Society participated in Perryville's torian; and Jean Muetze, membership bicentennial celebration, May 8, by open­ chairman. ing Faherty House and demonstrating colonial crafts. Candlemaking, dyeing Pemiscot County Historical Society with natural colors, butter churning, The Society met, March 23, at St. shake shingle making, quilting and spin­ John's Episcopal Church Meeting Hall, ning were the featured crafts. Caruthersville, with 22 members and Officers of the Society are T. B. guests present. Mrs. Sadie James, long­ Sanders, president; Mrs. Trudy Lane, time resident of Caruthersville, present­ vice president; Jan Sibley, secretary; ed the program. She told of her exper­ Mrs. Eva Mercier, treasurer; Mike Man- iences in coming from Tennessee as a ess, activities chairman; and Mrs. Forest young girl to Cottonwood Point and in Thilenius, membership chairwoman. 1914 moving to Caruthersville. Mrs. James also related family experiences and Platte County Historical Society information about different homes and On April 25, the Society's spring din­ businesses in Caruthersville. ner meeting and a bicentennial program At the April 27 meeting, L. P. Lums- were held on the campus of Park College, den, a retired Caruthersville grocer, pre­ Parkville. The program featured the heri­ sented the program. He spoke about his tage of the college and Platte County. Of­ experiences in the grocery business as an ficers elected for 1976-1977 were Mrs. employee and an owner from the 1920s Don Soper, Platte City, president; Doug­ until his recent retirement. las Eskridge, Weston, first vice president; Officers reelected were Alberta Klemp, Mrs. Eugene Feldhausen, Platte City, sec­ president; George McReynolds, vice ond vice president; F. M. Wilson, Platte president; Teresa Gallaher, secretary; City, third vice president; Mrs. Mary B. and Rachel Dawson, treasurer. Aker, Parkville, executive secretary; and 100 Missouri Historical Review

Ira Hassenpflug, Kansas City North, vice president; George Lane, secretary; treasurer. Mrs. John Patton was appoint­ and Mrs. Pat Woodman, treasurer. ed editor of the Bulletin. The Society reported working on histor­ The Society reported that it has three ical markers as one of its projects. publications available for purchase— Putnam County Historical Society cemetery records, reprints of the History Society members had a float in the bi­ of Clay and Platte Counties and Platte centennial parade, July 3, at Unionville. County Land Grant maps. It featured a horse-drawn hearse. The So­ Pleasant Hill Historical Society ciety's restored one-room schoolhouse Officers of the Society for 1976 are was open for display during the celebra­ Margaret Walker, president; George Ter- tion, and the museum exhibit of old ril, vice president; Billie Jean Kimbrell, quilts was well received. secretary; and William Gray, treasurer. Ray County Historical Society Mrs. John T. Buckner presented the Some 180 members attended the an­ program at the April 29 meeting at the nual buffet dinner, January 22, in the museum, Pleasant Hill. She related the history of the Methodist Church in Pleas­ Richmond High School Cafeteria. Lt. ant Hill. Col. David W. Thompson, USAF, at Boone Ingels, Jr., acted as master of Whiteman Air Force Base, and Mrs. ceremonies for the Society museum dedi­ Thompson presented the program on cation, July 4. Mayor Robert C. Moore in­ "Hall of Flags." This consisted of a troduced the main speaker, state Senator staffed display of the fifty official flags Ike Skelton. Society president, Mrs. Wal­ and a brief commentary. lace Walker responded to Senator Skel­ Officers elected for the coming year ton and presented him with a gold bicen­ were Elmer C. Minnick, president; Mil- tennial souvenir spoon as a symbol of ford Wyss, vice president; Sue Taylor, appreciation. A group of singers from the secretary; Clara Chenault, executive sec­ United Methodist Church presented pa­ retary; Alvah Renfro, treasurer; and triotic musical numbers. Girl Scouts assist­ Virginia McBee, secretary-genealogy. ed with programs and gave the Ameri­ The Society began its 19th year with cans' Creed. Many visitors viewed the an enrollment of 432 members. A goal for museum displays during the bicentennial 1976 is 600 members. One bicentennial celebration, July 3-4. Mrs. Robert project of the members is the erection of Grimes, Society historian, prepared a his­ five flag poles fronting the museum tory of the Society which was placed in which is housed in the Old County Home the city's bicentennial time capsule fol­ building in West Richmond. lowing the dedication. Raytown Historical Society The Society reported that a mural by Marsha Scheer Springer has been painted The Society celebrated its tenth anni­ on an outside museum wall. The mural versary at the April 28 quarterly meeting features a view of early Pleasant Hill. Ben­ in St. Matthew's Episcopal Church. The son Lumber and Supply Company donat­ six originators of the charter and all the ed the paint used for the mural. past presidents were special guests of hon­ At the July 29 meeting at the museum, or. An engraved gavel was given to each several local citizens spoke on the topic, of the past presidents, which included "I Remember When." Mrs. Merle Glover, Jack M. Hensley, James M. Taylor, Gladys Shaw, Mrs. Pulaski County Historical Society Thelma Croskey, James Neese and Clar­ Officers of the Society are Mrs. Betty ence Baggerly. Mrs. Ruth Oetting accept­ Pritchett, president; Rudy Kieswetter, ed the gavel honoring her late husband, Historical Notes and Comments 101

Albert Oetting. Three originators of the Missouri Committee for the Humanities, Society, Mrs. Merle Glover, Mrs. Roberta were guest speakers. They told about Bonnewitz and Mrs. Milly Lambrecht available funding for historical society each received a long-stemmed rose. The projects. program consisted of a slide film, "Ray­ At the April 11 quarterly meeting in town Then & Now." the Wm. P. Hall Home Museum, Lan­ Mrs. Merle Glover presented a pro­ caster, members viewed a bicentennial gram on the "History of Wildwood film. The film showed how people in dif­ Lakes," at the annual picnic, July 28, at ferent parts of the United States were the Wildwood Lakes Clubhouse. celebrating the bicentennial. Cathy Prough read a biographical sketch of her Ripley County Historical Society great great grandfather, William Em- Officers elected at the February 5 meet­ mert. The members made plans to pre­ ing in the Current River Regional Li­ pare a proclamation to be taken by brary, Doniphan, were Grace Burlison, wagon train and enshrined at Valley president; Elizabeth Maness, vice presi­ Forge, Pennsylvania. dent; Juanita Mangold, secretary; and The Society held its 3rd annual benefit Marvine Sheppard, treasurer. auction, July 26, on the museum lawn. Mrs. Burlison announced that a mem­ Sandwiches, pies, coffee and soft drinks bership drive for a 200-member goal were served. Other fund-raising events would begin February 16. The Society is have included square dances, bingo par­ backing the Bicentennial Commission's ties and farmers' markets. project to establish the Paul Mangold Log Cabin as a museum in Doniphan. Shelby County Historical Society The Society held its January 27 meet­ Saline County Historical Society ing at the University Extension Center, The Society held its annual dinner Shelbyville. Several items of business meeting, July 18, at the College Center, were discussed. Members voted to take a Missouri Valley College, Marshall. The spring tour to the old Col. Blees house in program featured an open house of the Macon and to move the cemetery files Society's research library which is housed from the county courthouse, Shelbyville, in Murrell Library on the Missouri Valley to the Shelbina Library. College campus. The Society announced Fifty-seven persons attended the April that the research library hours will be the 13 meeting in the Senior Citizens Center, same as those of Murrell Library. The Clarence. Marjorie Boling, Lentner, pre­ group continues to make plans for a mu­ sented a slide program on Nova Scotia seum. and New England. Officers elected for the next two years were Mrs. Robert C. Gibbs, president; St. Charles County Historical Society Jerry Bu blitz, vice president; Clay The Society's 15th annual antiques Marsh, secretary; and Gordon Buckner, show and sale, April 2-4, at Three Flags, treasurer. The officers will assume their St. Charles, featured 44 dealers. duties in December. Members of the Society provided home­ made baked goods and canned goods, Schuyler County Historical Society candies and plants for sale in the country Members held a special meeting, Feb­ store at the show. ruary 23, in the county courthouse, Lan­ The annual dinner meeting of the So­ caster. Michael Morrissey, Industrial ciety was held on April 29 at Friedens Development Specialist for the Northeast United Church of Christ, St. Charles. Missouri Regional Planning Commission, The McKinley School drama class pre­ and Michael Davis, representative of the sented a bicentennial program. 102 Missouri Historical Review

Bicentennial projects of the Society in­ ing, May 16, in the St. Joseph Museum. cluded entering a float in the bicenten­ She presented a talk entitled, "Frontier nial parade and historic window displays Town Boosterism on the Missouri-Kansas at businesses on Main Street, St. Charles. Border." The talk traced the early devel­ The float featured a George Caleb Bing­ opment of the region and stressed the ham river scene of boatmen playing use of documents in writing local history. cards. Museum items used in the window displays were old jewelry and eye glasses, St. Louis Westerners period gowns, old currency, swords, a Members viewed a silent movie, Cus­ wooden bicycle and accessories from the ter's Last Fight, at the February 20 meet­ August Winery. ing at the Salad Bowl Cafeteria, St. At the July 22 meeting at St. Charles Louis. Vincent A. Heier, a member of the Vintage House and Wine Garden, group and an expert on Custer lore, pre­ members enjoyed a wine tasting table sented a commentary during the showing and a buffet. Mrs. Chris Hallem, Lucian of the movie. Dressel and Mr. and Mrs. Emil Wepprich Professor Daniel Royot presented the told about Missouri wine making. program at the March 19 meeting. His talk, entitled "The Wild West in St. Clair County Historical Society France," included a discussion of the Curtis Synhorst, Columbia, was guest part the West plays in the French enter­ speaker at the March 17 meeting at the tainment media. Commercial Hotel, Osceola. A researcher On April 23, members heard Wheelock who is tabulating and photographing Crosby Brown present a talk on "The sites in the Truman Lake area, he spoke Spanish Experiment." on place names of the area. The Westerners held a regular meeting At the April 21 meeting, Phil McKey, and ladies' night, May 21, at Stouffer's Osceola, presented the program on con­ Inn, St. Louis. Following dinner, tinental currency and other old coins. He members and guests walked to the Arch brought books of pennies for display. for a special preview tour of the new Mu­ Officers of the Society are John Mills, seum of Westward Expansion. Robert S. president; Geneva Bledsoe, vice presi­ Chandler, superintendent of the Jeffer­ dent; Violet VanHorn Sitton, secretary; son National Expansion Memorial, Na­ and Martha Johnson, treasurer. tional Parks Service, made arrangements for the tour. St. Joseph Historical Society Officers for the coming year are Greg­ The Society's Robidoux Row Restora­ ory M. Franzwa, president; Frank E. tion Fund received the proceeds from Oakes, vice president; George W. Berri, several activities at the Buchanan County treasurer; and James S. Pope, secretary. Courthouse, St. Joseph, May 13-15. The Ernst A. Stadler has been reappointed Saint Joseph Community Theatre group editor of Westward. presented benefit performances of the play, Inherit the Wind. Other activities Warren County Historical Society included an old-fashioned ice cream so­ On April 2, the Society served a lunch­ cial, square dancing and tours of the eon to some 60 persons who visited the courthouse. These events and a plant sale Warren County Courthouse in Warren- earned over $1,600 for the restoration ton, as part of a workshop on court­ fund. houses. Dr. Rita Napier, assistant professor of The Society reports that it is now incor­ History at the University of Kansas, Law­ porated and has obtained tax-exempt rence, was the guest speaker at the meet­ status. Historical Notes and Comments 103

Webster County Historical Society ruary 20, at the Westport United Pres­ The Society held its June 4 meeting in byterian Church. He addressed the the Sho-Me Power Corporation building, group on "The Women in Lincoln's Marshfield. Ellis Jackson, general chair­ Life." man of the 1955 Webster County Centen­ On May 9, the Society dedicated a his­ nial Committee, presented the program. toric plaque at the southeast corner of He reviewed the 1955 celebration and Westport Road and Pennsylvania in Kan­ members reminisced about their partici­ sas City. Donated to the group by Mr. pation and viewed photos on display. and Mrs. W. D. Grant, the plaque out­ lines the importance of Westport to Kan­ Westphalia Historical Society sas City and its role in America's develop­ The Society presented the Westphalia ment. Family Album Revue at the July 3 bicen­ During Old Westport Week, May 16- tennial celebration in Linn, Missouri. 23, the Society provided walking tours of The historical fashion show, set on a Westport. The tours started from the Har­ stage resembling an old-fashioned pic­ ris Home, 4000 Baltimore. ture frame, featured some 50 Society Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Pollock gave a members in authentic costumes. The re­ slide and sound presentation of "Switzer­ vue traced Westphalia's history from land by Train," at the May 21 meeting. early French trappers to the present. Some 50 members and friends partici­ A project of the Society was the presen­ pated in a bus tour to Harrisonville on tation of century farm signs to almost 60 July 18. Sponsored by the Society in Osage County families. Recipients were cooperation with the Cass County Histori­ direct descendants of the persons who cal Society, the tour featured stops at the owned the farms 100 years ago. Brown Home and slave quarters, the Cass County Courthouse, St. Peter's Epis­ Westport Historical Society copal Church, the Ray White House, Edgar Crigler presented the program "Elmhurst," and the Sharp-Hopper log at the quarterly dinner meeting, Feb­ cabin.

Man Who Slept For Living Peculiar Occupation of Englishman as Disclosed in Advertisement Laclede Blade, January 10, 1913. To sleep for one's living may appeal to some as a more attractive alternative than to work for one's living. But the feat has been achieved. In the Daily Courant of August 9, 1771, the following advertisement appears: "Nicholas Hart, who slept last year in St. Bartholomew's hospital, intends to sleep this year at the Cock and Bottle in Little Britain." Some further particulars of this profes­ sional somnolist are found in the Spectator for October 1 of that year. It appears that Hart was every year seized with a periodical fit of sleeping, which began on August 5 and ended on the eleventh. Its various stages are thus described: "On the 1st of that month he grew dull; on the 2nd, appeared drowsy; on the 3rd, fell a-yawning; on the 4th, began to nod; on the 5th dropped asleep; on the 6th, was heard to snore; on the 7th, turned himself in his bed; on the 8th, recovered his former posture; on the 9th, fell a-stretching, on the 10th, about midnight, awaked; on the 11th, in the morning, called for a little small beer." This performance, it is asserted, gained for Hart "enough to support himself for a twelvemonth." 104 Missouri Historical Review GIFTS

ADAIR COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, donor, through SAM A. BURK, Kirksville: Xerox copy of register of old settlers reunion of Adair County, 1889. M°

LEO Z. ADAIR, Santa Paula, California, donor: Genealogical material of the Adair family. R

MRS. BEN F. ALEXANDER, Columbia, donor: Materials on the Womack family. R

GLADY BARLOW, Brentwood, donor: "As I Remember It," copy of an autobiography by Hattie Tucker Barlow. R

E. CAVE BARROW, Columbia, donor: Microfilm on St. Louis Whiskey Ring; S. M. Barton letters to Jonathan Turner, 1874. M

MRS. JAMES L. BASS, Smithton, donor: 50 Years in Unison, 1926-1976: The English Methodist Episcopal Church, by donor. R

L. EDWIN BAURICHTER, Columbia, donor: Memories or This Is My Life; "A Brief History and Story of the Bauerichter Family," both by donor. R

ALFRED PAUL BAY, Topeka, Kansas, donor: Books, periodicals, clippings and manuscripts by or about J. Christian Bay. B & M

MRS. OSCAR BEACH, Clarksville, Tennessee, donor: Copies of Nathan Lipscomb Smith Letters, 1838-1869: written by Smith of Frank­ lin County, Mo. to his family in Todd County, Kentucky; lineage of Nathan Lips­ comb Smith, by donor. M

HILDE W. BEATY, Detroit, Michigan, donor: Copy of a history of the Smith family in Missouri. R

JAMES S. BEDDIE, Goleta, California, donor: Flyer advertising the Orrick Times (newspaper). R

T. G. BEDSWORTH, Fulton, donor: Copy of Confederate Civil War record of John M. Bedsworth of Callaway Coun­ ty. M

MRS. FRANZ R. BEINKE, Union, donor: Two photographs of the Washington Cave Club, loaned for copying. E

D. J. BEIRNE, St. Louis, donor: Dun and Bradstreet Missouri Credit Reference Book, January, 1949. R

°These letters indicate where the gift materials are filed at Society headquarters: M refers to Manuscript Collection; R, Reference Library; E, Editorial Office; N, News­ paper Library; A, Art Room; and B, Bay Room. Historical Notes and Comments 105

ROBERT BLOESSER, San Jose, California, donor: The Martins: They Speak for Themselves, by donor. R

DORA BOHM, Edwardsville, Illinois, donor: Edward L. Smith Letters, 1883, 1884: written by Smith of Warrenton, Mo. to William Bohm of Edwardsville, 111. concerning the Goethenian Literary So­ ciety. M

MRS. VIRGINIA BOTTS, Columbia, donor: Misc. materials on Missouri businesses, organizations, schools and colleges. R

DON BOYD, Springfield, donor: Treasure Hunting in the Ozarks, by donor. R

MRS. ADRIENNE BRADLEY, Modesto, California, donor: Land deed, John T. Smith to Richmond Bradley, Scotland County, 1846. M

RUTH E. BROWNING, Searcy, Arkansas, donor: "Abstracts of Genealogical Interest from Carthage, Mo,, Weekly Banner (Jasper County) Dec. 22, 1866-Dec. 30, 1869"; "Obituaries . . . from Spring River Fountain (1867-1871); Lawrence County Journal (1872-1873); Fountain and Journal (1874- 1875)," both by donor. R

MRS. JOHN BURLISON, Florissant, donor: Cemetery Inscriptions from Gasconade County, compiled by donor. R

PATRICIA BURTON, Bolar, Virginia, donor: Misc. material on Christian, Boone, Morgan and Henry counties. R

BERNARD R. CASH, Wichita, Kansas, donor: "The Jenkins Family in Nelson County, Virginia; in Edgar County, Illinois; and in Henry County, Missouri," by donor. R

JUDGE RICHARD J. CHAMIER, Moberly, donor: Warrantee deed, Emanuel Bergman and Maria Bergman to Henry S. Mack, Randolph County, 1878. M

MRS. WALTER CHRISTY, Macon, donor: Misc. material on Callao, Missouri, loaned for copying. R

WALLACE CLARK, Indianapolis, Indiana, donor: The Isaac Sandford Family: 1796-1975, by Phillip F. Schlee. R

CYRIL CLEMENS, Kirkwood, donor: Photograph of John L. Bland, E; pamphlets, press releases, etc. and letters to Mr. Clemens and the Mark Twain Association. M

MRS. LEON COWELL, Memphis, donor: "Civil War Record Book of Scotland County, Missouri," compiled by Marilyn Cowell; "Scotland County Birth Records, 1882-89, Book L" R

STANLEY M. COX, Kansas City, donor: Joseph Cox: Ancestors and Descendants, by Gary L. Cox and donor. R

BENJAMIN LUMAN CURTIUS, JR., Tulsa, Oklahoma, donor: "Luman Beebe Curtius and Colville Mungall Curtius," compiled by donor. R 106 Missouri Historical Review

DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, JOHN SAPPINGTON CHAPTER, donor, through MRS. ISABEL S. GIULVEZAN, Affton: "Some inscriptions from the Old Part of Buffalo Cemetery About Three Miles Southwest of Louisiana, Pike County Missouri." R

DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, MISSOURI STATE SOCIETY, donor, through MRS. HERBERT H. WHITE, Independence: Missouri State History and Directory, DAR, Bicentennial Edition, 1974-1976. R

MRS. MARJORIE DAWSON, Columbia, donor: Circuit Rider, publication of Ashland circuit, 1937-1939. R

JUNE DEWEESE, Columbia, donor: Meramec Dam Project, Missouri: Selected Bibliography, by donor. R

DR. H. DENNY DONNELL, Columbia, donor: City directories for Columbia, Kansas City and St. Louis. R

MRS. R. K. DOWNEY, Quincy, Illinois, donor: Photograph of Friendship School in 1894. E

DUNKLIN COUNTY EXTENSION HOMEMAKERS COUNCIL, donor, through MRS. OPHELIA WADE, Bragg City, and MRS. HOMER L. BRIDGES, Hornersville: Family Bible Records of Dunklin County Missouri, compiled by donor. R

CLARKE DUNLAP, Point Fermin, California, donor: Photographs of Brig. Gen. Alexander Early Steen, plan of Fort Wyman near Rolla, old Phelps County jail and tombstones in Old Elm Tree Cemetery and map showing the cemetery location in Crawford County. E

MRS. RUTH E. ELDER, Mt. Morris, Illinois, donor: Material on the Randoll and Gilliland families; "My French Heritage," by donor, R; photograph of Nelson Henry Gilliland and Elizabeth Susan Randol. E

ROLPH FAIRCHILD, Fremont, California, donor: Typescript autobiography, "Through My Bifocals," by Anna Elizabeth Workman Fairchild, edited by donor. R

FILSON CLUB, Louisville, Kentucky, donor: Photograph of Confederate monument, E; records concerning the Sanders and Harvey families, Andrew County, 1863. M

REVEREND EDMOND FITZGIBBON, St. Louis, donor. Most Holy Name of Jesus Church, St. Louis, Missouri. R

NEIL FREELAND, Columbia, donor: Flashback: Special Bicentennial Project, Boone County Area Retired Teachers Association. R

EARLE W. FROST, Kansas City, donor: The Descendants of John Frost, Jr. and Rebecca York Frost of Jackson County, Missouri, by donor. R

FULTON LIBRARY SERVICE CENTER, donor, through LADONNA JUSTICE, Fulton: "Index to Cemeterv Records of Callaway Countv " R Historical Notes and Comments 107

MRS. PEGGY H. GREGORY, Houston, Texas, donor: Gotten Picking, by donor. R

NINA R. GRIMES, Sedalia, donor: Grimes—Scobee Family History, compiled by Elizabeth Hawthorne and donor. R

MR. AND MRS. J. HURLEY HAGOOD, Hannibal, donors: Hannibal, Center and Frankford telephone directory. R

MRS. MARSHALL M. HARRIS, Columbia, donor: Photograph of Marshall Hayden Harris store interior, Sturgeon, Missouri, E; $500 Confederate Bond, 1861. M

MRS. I. R. HAZARD, Columbia, donor: McQuitty Bible Records, 1771-1824. M

GUY HITT, Columbia, donor: S. W. Hurst and Company, Tipton, Missouri, Papers, 1885-1900; ledgers and scrapbooks from the Hurst store which sold drugs, jewelry, stationery and music. M

MRS. VERYL HOENIG, Wellsville, donor: Records of cemeteries in Audrain, Monroe and Randolph counties. R

MRS. GOLDENA HOWARD, Columbia, donor. Puttin On Ole Massa Slave Narratives of Henry Bibb, William Wells Brown and Solomon Northrup, edited by Gilbert Osofsky, R; postcards of Missouri scenes. E

MRS. BEN H. JONES, La Belle, donor, through DR. LESLIE ANDERS, Warrensburg: Civil War Diary of Edwin Jones, Company A, 21st Missouri Volunteer Infantry, 1863-1865, transcribed by Jack Brumback. M

MRS. S. E. JORGENSEN, Houston, Texas, donor: "1860 Census Laclede County Missouri," compiled by donor. R

KANSAS CITY PUBLIC LIBRARY, donor, through PEGGY SMITH, Kansas City: Samuel McClure Papers, 1835-1870: receipts, estate papers and a slave bill of sale of McClure, former resident of Callaway County, Missouri. M

ELIZABETH KENNEDY, Columbia, donor: Items relating to Christian (Columbia) College and the University of Missouri- Columbia. R

ETHELYN KENNON, Springfield, donor: "The Antioch Christian Church: Disciples of Christ, Schuyler Countv. Missouri," by donor. R

REPRESENTATIVE JOSEPH S. KENTON, Jefferson City, donor: Various Missouri state publications. R

ALICE M. KERR, Plattsburg, donor: Article on Frank and Jesse James. E 108 Missouri Historical Review

MARVIN KING, Jefferson City, donor: Cancelled Freedom Train stamps and envelopes. R

STIRLING KYD, Columbia, donor: Xerox copy of original contract, bond and specifications for the construction of the Missouri State Capitol by Tracy and Swartwout, Architects, 1913. M

MRS. O. H. LOHMEYER, Kansas City, donor, through DAVID C. WOOD, West Des Moines, Iowa: Photographs of Blees Military Academy, Macon, loaned for copying. E

DAVID MARCH, Greentop, donor: Memorial Addresses on the Life and Character of Alfred Holt Colquitt, Jan. 8- Feb. 16, 1895; George Robert Patterson: Memorial Addresses in the House of Representatives, April 22,1906. R

MRS. AUDREY M. MATTHEWS, Prosser, Washington, donor: "Malven Family: The Story of David and Kate, Their Life and Times and Their Descendants," by donor. R

GLADYS MCLEAN MATTHEWS, Springfield, donor: The Ancestral Heritage of John Booker Gregory (1621-1906), by donor. R

MISSOURI SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS, Jefferson City, donor: Pamphlet, "Missouri Engineering Landmarks, 1804-1976." R

ARTHUR PAUL MOSER, Springfield, donor: Directories of towns, villages and hamlets of Barton, Bates, Jasper and Wayne counties, Missouri, compiled by donor. R

LESTER S. PARKER, Topeka, Kansas, donor: Typed copy of an essay on convict labor by Lester S. Parker, Sr. M

JOE PATTON, Higginsville, donor: Article on Gustavas Stoll, R; photograph of an ox team. E

R. M. PERKINS, Kansas City, donor: Contents of the Trinity (Protestant Episcopal) Church cornerstone (1887), Kansas City. R

GERALD M. PETTY, Columbus, Ohio, donor: Materials used by donor in preparation of publication of U.S. censuses of Ran­ dolph County, Mo., 1830-1880; James Harvey Petty, M.D., 1871 commercial ledger and ledger no. 3, 1881-1887, including lists of patients and services and merchandise in Jacksonville, Mo. M

MRS. ANNA ELIZABETH PHILLIPS, Seattle, Washington, donor: Clipping, Kansas City Journal-Post, Sept. 10, 1922, E; 1922 catalog of Frankel & Frank & Co. of Kansas City. R

ELIZABETH H. PLANK, Marlboro, New York, donor: Photograph of Herbert M. Shearman; newspaper clipping of obituary of William Plank, E; sheet music for" Cadetta Gavotte" composed by Shearman. R

MRS. RUTH A. PRICE, Washington, D.C., donor: Material on the Dizmang family. R Historical Notes and Comments 109

H. LOWELL PUGH, Golden City, donor: Golden City, Missouri: Our History—Our Heritage, 1866-1966. R

CHARLES E, RAFFETY, Washington, D.C., donor: Raffety's (Raffertys) in America: Who, Where, When for 225 Years, by donor. R

MRS. WILLIAM RAY, Columbia, donor: "Minutes of the 30th Annual Meeting of the Gentry Baptist Association . . . Sept. 20-23, 1894." R

EBERTJ. REITER, Canton, donor: Typescript on Lewis County Rural Schools, 1928-1931. R

MARIAN E. RIDGEWAY, Columbia, donor: The Missouri Basins Pick-Sloan Plan: A Case Study in Congressional Policy De­ termination, by donor. R

MARY A. RILEY, Cody, donor: Genealogical material on the Lamb, Power, Platz, Long and Rees families, com­ piled by donor. R

HARRY B. ROBINSON, Columbia, donor: Typescript of stories about people, places, events about Columbia and Boone County in the early days. M

LAURA MORREY ROUNER, Mountville, Pennsylvania, donor, through DR. LESLIE ANDERS, Warrensburg: Civil War Letters, 1863-1865, of Charles C. Morrey, 2nd Lt, Company D, 21st Missouri Infantry. M

COOK ROWLAND, Boonville, donor: "Friedrich Family of Cooper County, Missouri," by Carol A. Friedrich Burgin. R

MR. AND MRS. FRANK RYKER, Long Beach, California, donors: History and Genealogy of the Ryker Family, Revised Edition, compiled by Franklin A. Ryker. R

BERT SHELDON, Washington, D.C., donor: Misc. material on Missouri and Missourians. R

DONALD R. SINGLETON, Lexington, donor: Material on the Singleton family; Bible records of Hugh A. Fulton, Sr., Hugh Fulton family and Simeon Collier. R

SARAH SISSON, Lawson, donor: The Jacksons: Yours and Ours, by Janice Mercer and donor. R

FRANK H. SKELLY, Columbia, donor: Military Masonic Hall of Fame, First One Hundred, edited by R. E. Bassler. R

REPRESENTATIVE KEITH STOTTS, Jefferson City, donor: "1976 Stone County and Local History," prepared by the 8th Grade Civics Class of Mr. Allan at Reeds Spring Junior High School. R

JOHN E. STROUT, Cape Girardeau, donor: Several items relating to the sesquicentennial of Old Appleton, Mo. R 110 Missouri Historical Review

THOMAS CECIL SWACKHAMER, Stamford, Connecticut, donor: "Six Generations of the Swackhamer Family in Missouri," by donor. R

TEXAS STATE LIBRARY, ARCHIVES DIVISION, donor, through JOHN KINNEY, Austin, Texas: Photographs of a swamp in Northeastern Missouri. E

HOWARD A. THOMPSON, Anabel, donor: Photograph of graduating university medical class, 1890, E; "Directory of Medical Alumni and Former Students, University of Missouri School of Medicine, 1959." R

FRANCIS MARION THURMAN, Portland, Oregon, donor: Two land deeds issued to Joshua Thurman for land in St. Francois County, Mis­ souri, in 1854 and 1857, M; "St. Francois County Missouri Pioneers," by donor. R

BILLTRELC, JR., Boonville, donor: "Official Souvenir Program Second Daniel Boone Days Celebration," Sept. 15-18, 1940; program for a bicentennial production by Boonslick Area Citizens, May 2, 1976. R

UNITED METHODIST WOMEN, MISSOURI EAST CONFERENCE, donor, through MRS. TUDOR WESTOVER, Poplar Bluff: "Missouri East Annual Meeting Program, 1976." R

U.S. DAUGHTERS OF 1812, MISSOURI STATE CHAPTER, Marshall, donor: Cabinet containing old state records, correspondence, newsletters and proceed­ ings of the Daughters of 1812. R

LILLIAN M. WAGNER, Jackson, donor: Photographs of Jacob and Thomas Neely, Wilson G. Wagner and Mr. Swift with Wagner. E

JOHN L. WARACK, St. Louis, donor: Soldiers, February, 1976, with article on Mort W'alker. A

ROBERT M. WHITE II, Mexico, donor: Three scrapbooks of Mexico Ledger clippings about shows and performances in Mexico, Missouri, 1902-1924. M

MARYHELEN WILSON, Des Peres, donor: Index to the Mortality Schedules of St. Louis County, Mo., 1850, transcribed bv George F. Wilson and donor. R

ROBERT W7. WILSON, Tampa, Florida, donor: Typescript on the Missouri River, by donor. R

MRS. DONALD WORLEY, Belleville, Illinois, donor: "Some Descendants of Michael Rugh," by Ramona C. Worley and J. C. Rugh. R

ELIZABETH WORRELL, Columbia, donor: "The Hitts: A Study of the Descendants of Joel and Elizabeth Young Hitt," by Dorothy Mamel. R Historical Notes and Comments JJJ

MRS. ILENE SIMS YARNELL, Versailles, donor: "Morgan County Birth Records, No. 1." R

TYKE YATES, Fulton, donor: Fulton telephone directory. R

Don't You Do It Boonville Weekly Advertiser, March 21, 1879. Don't point your gun at yourself. Don't point your gun at anyone else. Don't carry your gun so that its range includes all your hunting companions. Don't try to find out whether your gun is loaded or not by shutting one eye and looking down the barrell with the other. Don't use your gun as a walking-stick. Don't climb over a fence and pull your gun through muzzle foremost. Don't throw your gun into a boat so that the trigger will catch a seat and the charge be deposited in your stomach. Don't use your gun as a sledge hammer. Don't carry your gun full cocked. Don't carry your gun with the hammer down. Don't be a fool. Don't you forget it.—Forest and Stream.

Anti-Pickje People Missouri Water 6- Waste-Water Digest, January 1976. Just substitute the words "fluoridated water" and make appropriate editorial changes, and the following harangue on the adverse effects of pickle eating can quickly be used against fluoridation or any edible that had fallen into disfavor. This example of "logic and abuse of statistics is used by Fergus M. Clydesdale, Ph.D., nutrition professor at the University of Massachusetts. Every pickle you eat brings you nearer to death. Nearly all sick people have eaten pickles. Of all the people who die from cancer, 99% have eaten pickles. Of the people involved in automobile accidents, 99% have eaten pickles within the previous 14 days. Over 99% of all juvenile delinquents come from homes where pickles have been eaten. All the pickle eaters born between 1869 and 1889 have failing eyesight and brittle bones. Even more convincing is a report of a noted team of medical specialists. Rats force- fed with 20 pounds of pickles per day for 30 days developed bulging abdomens. They completely lost their appetite for wholesome food. Fluoridation Reporter Published by the American Dental Association Vol. XIII, No. 2, 1975 112 Missouri Historical Review MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

Brunswick Brunswicker February 5, 12, 19, 26, March 4, 11, 18, 25, April 1, 8, 15, 29, May 6, 20, 27, June 10, 24,1976—Old area photographs.

Butler Bates County News Headliner March 11,18,1976— "Old Cattle Trail," by Reva Stubblefield. June 17—"Prairie City church's [Faith United Church of Christ (Evangelical and Reformed)] first hundred years."

Cabool Enterprise February 5, 12, 19, March 4, 11, 18, 25, 1976— "Four Years With The Western Army [in the Civil War]," from the diary of C. P. Ailing. March 18—"Sidewalks of Cabool: A History," by Jack E. Johnson. March 25—Old area photograph. April8—"Cabool's First Groceryman [Albert T. Fengler]," by Jack E. Johnson. April 15—"Another View of Civil War Times," by Alfred Ailing. May 20—"[Cabool High School] First Graduation In 1898," this and the article be­ low, by Jack E. Johnson. May 27—"Chautauqua Performed Here."

Carrollton Daily Democrat February 24, 1976— "Fire Horse Days," by Harold Calvert. April 27—"The [George and William] Taylor Episode," by Harold Calvert. Columbia Missourian February 8, 1976—"Columbia's past survives in historic [Conley] home," by Molly Maloney. February 15—"[George Caleb] Bingham's Missouri," by James E. Ellis. March 7—"Missouri School of Religion Independence Since 1896," by Robert Donahue. March 10—"Johnny Fitzwater, Clifton Hill's timber termite," photos and text by Beth Campbell. March 14—"Rural Suburb [Millersburg, Mo.]," photos and text by Fred Blocher. March 21—"[Maplewood] The pride of 1870 Columbia," by Jean C. Roberts, photos by Louise Dent. March 28—" [Scruggs-Vandervoort-Barney Collection] Missouri Through the Art­ ist's Eye," by Ken Datzman, photos by Tom Gilroy. April 7—" Blind' [J. W.] Boone's Piano finds a home," by Dave Boehi. April 7—"Century-old mansion [of Henry C. Rethwisch in Fayette] houses spirit­ ed story," by Mary McClure, photos by Nick Kelsh. April 9—A special supplement, "Our Heritage Boone County Bicentennial Spe­ cial, Part II The Places," featured several historical articles. Apn7 18—"Keil der Grosse, [Bethel in Shelby County]," by Brian Burnes, photos by Barry Locher. May 2—"Riches past, riches present [at Pay Down in Maries County]," by Robert A. Radziewicz, photos by Steve Silk. May 7—"John G. Neihardt: His legacy lives on," by Charlie Nye. May 23—"Missouri Past Serving Up Some Pioneer Spirit [in taverns]," by Paul Kitzke. Historical Notes and Comments 113

May 26—" [William] Jewell deeds to be remembered," by Paul Zogg. May 26—"[J. W. "Blind" Boone's] Ragtime piano finds rugtime home here," by Wendy Miller. June 6—"Missouri Past Pendergast and all that Jazz," by Paul Kitzke.

Eureka-Pacific Tri-County Journal February 4, 11, 18, 25, March 3, 10, 24, 1976— "In Retrospect," a bicentennial re­ view of the people, places and times of the tri-county area, by Sue Reed. April 7—"Onondaga [Cave]: A question of Survival," by Kathi A. Jones.

Fayette Advertiser February 4, 11, 18, 25, April 21, 1976—"Bicentennial Boonslick History," a series by members of the Boonslick Historical Society.

Fayette Democrat-Leader January 24, 1976—"Congreve Jackson, Leader in Wars," by Raymond B. George, Jr. February 7, 14, 28, March 13, 27, 1976—"Bicentennial Boonslick History," a series by members of the Boonslick Historical Society. June 19—"Howard Countian [George Burckhartt] Credited with [Missouri Great] Seal's Design."

Kansas City Star February 4, 1976—"Pigeon Roosts and Other Ancient Treasures [buildings in Kan­ sas City]," by Don Hoffman, photos by David Hutson. February 7, 21, May 1, 15, 29, June 12, 26—A series on Kansas City's mayors, by Charles S. Stevenson. February 8—"A Tale of the Old West. . . Buried Treasure and Courage [Milton E. Bryan's trading party in 1828]," by David Dary. February 10—"Historic Big Spring Inn Recalled in Neosho, Mo.," by Paul Stubble­ field. February 22—"Weddings Brighten History of Old River Mansion [Capt. Joseph Kinney's Rivercene in Howard County]," by Martha Eikermann. February 29—" [Stetson] The Hat That Won the West," by Marilyn Spencer. March 7—"Laurie, Mo., Coming of Age by Keeping Ozarks Charm," by Paul Stubblefield. March 10—"Area Transit History Gold Mine to Millstone," by William L. McCorkle. March 21—"The Nelson Gallery—From Past to Future," by Henry C. Haskell. March 21—"Building'Remnants' Help Preserve Homes," by Ken Canfield. March 27, April 3, May 15—Postcard$ from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray fea­ tured respectively: Washington Hotel, 12th and Washington; the "great bend" in the Missouri River; and the Walker Place, 8th and Woodland. April 4—"Architecture Records Historic Role of St. Louis," by Jolene Babyak. April 13—"Another Hay Day Soon in Seligman [on Butterfield Overland Trail]," by Paul Stubblefield. April 18—"Profile of Beguiling Small Community [Butler in Bates County]," by C. W. Gusewelle. April 25—"75th Anniversary Loretto [School] Strives to Meet Individuals' Needs," by Carolyn Robertson Langdon. May 30—"A Memorial Day Tour Of Union Cemetery," by Marilyn Spencer. 114 Missouri Historical Review

May 31—An article on the Army Effects Bureau at Independence and Hardesty in Kansas City during World War II, by Robert T. Nelson. June 1—"Businesses Die One by One In Old Missouri Mining Town [Montserrat in Johnson County]," by Gertrude Keller. June 20—"Surveying a [Harvey A. Jones] Family Art," by Jim Swarts. June 27—"The Way It Was: Arrow Rock, Mo.," by Sara Barker, photos by Marilyn Spencer. June 27—" 'Gents' Furnishers' [Wolff Brothers and Rothschild's] Continue Spirit­ ed Rivalry," by Jim Swarts. June 27—"Many Pioneer Businesses Only Memories."

Kansas City Times February 7, 1976—"Quality Still Thrust of New St. Teresa's [Academy]," by Jane Pansing and Clara Bauer. February 25—"[Liberal] Missouri Town a Mecca for Freethinkers," by Carl H. Smiley. March 3—"The Good Ol' Days at Junior College," by B. P. Smith, sketch by Al Jacobs. March 6, April 10, May 1, 8, 22, 29—Postcards from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray featured respectively: S. H. Knox & Co. Store . . . nothing over a dime; First German Methodist Church, 14th and Campbell; Shukert Building, 1113-19 Grand; First Pres­ byterian Church in Independence; Postal Telegraph Building, 8th and Delaware; and the lake at Mount Washington amusement park, now a cemetery. March 10—"In Clifton Hill [Missouri], Main Street is a Lumberyard," photos by Beth Campbell. March 12—"Missouri River Monster [steamboat, Western Engineer] Awed the In­ dians," by C. M. Ismert. March 26—"Missouri Tie to [Abraham] Lincoln Exhibit," by Joseph A. Lastelic. April 10—"[Lincoln High School] Tiger Pride' Building Since Civil War," by members of the Tiger Rag Staff. Apn7 20—"[Gash] Cemetery [in Kansas City, North, Clay County] a Haven for History, Tranquility Amid Shopping Center Construction,' by G. Fred Wickman. May 27—"Killer Storm Raked St. Louis [on May 27, 1896]," by James J. Fisher. May 27—"[Pony Express] Costly Way to Deliver the Mail," by Cornelius Ashley.

Liberty Tribune February 18, 25, March 24, May 26, June 9, 1976—"Old Clay Is Some Punkins . . . A History of Clay County, a series by Evelyn Petty. March 31—"The [Liberty] Methodist Church Bell," by Martin E. Lawson.

Milan Standard July 1, 1976—"Bicentennial Farm: Robert Moore Farm Dates Back to 1869," by Mrs. Murl C. Reger.

Monroe City News February 26, 1976— "Historic Ralls County Church of St. Peter has rich back­ ground," by Juanita Yates, reprinted. March 11—"Florida Methodists worship here," by Juanita Yates, photo by Frances Henderson. March 18—"Historic [Bethlehem Baptist] church still used." April 8—"Andrew Chapel [Methodist] Church is 123 years old," by Mrs. Ada Couch, photos by Nellie Ann Lanham. Historical Notes and Comments 115

April22—"Writes final chapter on Swinkey [Indian Creek] and Mr. Swinkey." April 22—Old area photograph. April 22—"Warren Baptist Church—1842," pictures and story courtesy of Ethel Dinwiddie. May 6—"Vivid history has been made on [Emmett Schachtsiek] Marion County Centennial farm," by Nellie Ann Lanham. May 13—"Little brick church serves Sharpsburg Methodists," by Juanita Yates.

June 10—"West Ely Lutherans have profud history," by Juanita Yates. New York Times July 15, 1976—"Buildings [including Missouri House] From 1876 Centennial Live On in Spring Lake, N.J.," by Frank J. Prial. Oak Grove Banner February 5-June 24, 1976—"Lick Skillet," a historical series by Dorothy Butler. Ste. Genevieve Fair Play February 5-March 25, 1976—"History of Our Town," a series by Lucille Basler.

Ste. Genevieve Herald April 22, 1976—"Missouri's Largest American Elm in Memorial Cemetery."

St. Louis Globe-Democrat March 14, 1976—"Ravenswood, Victorian splendor in rural [Cooper County] Missouri," by Shirley Althoff, pictures by Dick Weddle. March 21—"Sixty-five years of Boy Scouting in St. Louis," by Mary Kimbrough. April 25—"The Octagonal house [built by former St. Louis Greek consul, Deme­ trius Jannopoulo in St. Louis County]," by Mary Kimbrough, photos by Dick Weddle. May 23—"50 years with Vic Vac [Victor Vaccarezza]," by Paul Siemer, photos by Dick Weddle. June 19-20—"Forest Park: Tranquil oasis born [in 1876] amid furor," by Marsha Canfield.

St. Louis Post-Dispatch February 29, 1976—"Colorful Cowboy Artist of Montana: Charlie Russell, Fast Man on the Draw," by Don Crinklaw. February 29—"An 1876 Dream [by Sylvester J. Fisher] of St. Louis 100 Years Later," by Elaine Viets. March 8—"Finding Artifacts But Losing History," by Tim Renken. March 28—"St. Louis's First Chemist [Dr. Antoine F. Saugrain]." April 30—"Historic Showplace [Shapley Ross house] In Moscow Mills," by Pa­ tricia Rice, photos by Ted Dargan. May 20—"Arsenal Is a Big Gun In the City's Past," by Raymond W. Vodicka. June 4—"Kimmswick: Restoring Happy Memories," by Clarissa Start, photos by Robert C. Holt III.

Savannah Reporter February 12, 1976—History of the Rosendale Christian church and the Cumber­ land Ridge Presbyterian church from the column, "Diggin' History," by Ina Wachtel. February 12,19, March 18—Old area photographs. March 18—History of the Zion United Methodist Church, from the column, "Dig­ gin' History," by Ina Wachtel. April29—"Schuyler Company made funnels for WW I planes." 116 Missouri Historical Review

April 29—In honor of the Savannah Reporter s 100th birthday, the paper featured numerous articles and photos of historic interest. May 6—History of the Hope United Church of Christ, from the column, "Diggin' History," by Ina Wachtel. May 6—"Carrying the mail [on route out of Savannah in 1904]—no easy chore," by Ina C. Wachtel. June 3,10, 17, 24—Old area photographs. Steelville Crawford Mirror March 11,1976—"Historic Steelville." March 11, April 29, May 6,13, 27, June 10—Souvenir Pictures. June 3—"History of the First Baptist Church, Steelville, Missouri," by Ike Lovan. Stover Morgan County Press February 4, 11, 18, 25, March 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, April 7, 14, May 5, 1976—History of Stover, a series by Maxine Tambke Otto. April 21—"Christ Lutheran Church—1870 to the present," by Dr. Thomas T. Hoyne. April 28—"New Stover—A blend of old and new customs." May 12, 19, 26, June 2, 9,16—"Founders of 'New' Stover," a series. June 23, 30—"Stover Mayors." Washington Missourian January 14, February 4, 11, 18, March 3, 10, 31, April 14, May 12, 1976— "Franklin County's Territorial Leaders," a series by Ralph Gregory.

Wentzville Union February 11, 18, March 10, 1976—History of Wentzville and Surrounding Town­ ships, a series compiled by Gerry Matlock. March 3—"After 105 Years Rock Store Still Stands [in Foristell]," by Janet Schlichtemier. April 7—"George Kothe Home—1903," courtesy Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Kothe. April21—"Life on the Old Boehle Farm," by Gerry Matlock. April 28, May 5, 12, 19, 26—"Cowboy, Veterinarian, Farmer, Citizen Life and Times of [Rolland] Doc Foster," compiled by Gerry Matlock.

BICENTENNIAL EDITIONS

Aurora Advertiser Dexter Daily Statesman-Messenger July 4,1976— July 2, 1976—

Belton Star-Herald Doniphan Ozark Graphic July 1,1976— June 23,1976— Bolivar Herald-Free Press July 1, 1976— Eureka-Pacific Tri-County Journal June 30,1976— California Democrat July 1,1976— ^ L mr . ^ Granby Newton County News Charleston Enterprise-Courier July 1, 1976— July 1, 1976—The special edition also marked the 100th anniversary of the Grant City Times- Tribune newspaper. June 30, 1976— Historical Notes and Comments 117

Kahoka Gazette-Herald Plattsburg Leader July 1,1976— July 2,1976—

Lee's Summit Journal Rolla Daily News July 1,1976— July 4, 1976—30th Annual Progress Edition. Liberty Tribune June 30,1976— St. Joseph News-Press Macon Chronicle-Herald July 4, Wa- June 29,1976-

Malden Press-Merit St. Louis Globe-Democrat July 1,1976— June 19-20,1976— St. Louis Post-Dispatch Memphis Democrat June 27,1976— July 1,1976— Neosho Daily News Sikeston Daily Standard July 2,1976— July 4 & 5,1976- Overland Community News Tuscumbia Miller County June 30,1976— Autogram- Sentinel June 24,1976— Owensville Gasconade County Republican Versailles Leader-Statesman June 30,1976— July 1,1976—

We Must Go Modern Kirkwood Courier, February 27, 1909. Kirkwood is growing aesthetic. While there are several residences idle just now, they are not modern. As fast as modern homes are built renters are easily obtained. To rent your houses, you must put in water, light and baths.

To Preserve Hams Franklin Missouri Intelligencer, November 13, 1824. Having tried several methods of preserving hams from ravages of bugs and flies, and all having failed, I concluded to try the effect of pepper. I ground some black pepper fine and put it in a box, and as soon as the hams were well smoked, I took them down and dusted the pepper over the raw part and over the back, and hung them up in the smoke house again. This I have tried two seasons, and neither flies nor bugs touch them. I am well satisfied in my own mind, that it is a sure remedy, and deserves to be generally known. I was induced to try the experiment from the circumstances of know­ ing that ground pepper mixed with sweetened water and the yolk of an egg would kill flies. J. Woods 118 Missouri Historical Review MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

American Heritage, February, 1976: "Mallet, Chisel, and Curls [Vinnie Ream sculp­ tured Abraham Lincoln]," by Stephen W. Stathis and Lee Roderick.

, June 1976: "The Great Swine Flu Epidemic of 1918," by Joseph E. Perisco; "A Step Back in Time [A trip to the Ozarks in 1910 by Charles Phelps Cushing]."

American West, January/February, 1976: "Fluttering after [Pancho] Villa [in 1916 punitive expedition to Mexico]," by K. C. Tessendorf.

, March/April, 1976: "Lost and Found: One Missouri Steamboat [Bertrand]," by Barry Mackintosh.

Annals of Iowa, Spring, 1976: "Progressive Dissenter: Herbert Hoover's Opposition to [Harry S.] Truman's Overseas Military Policy," by Donald J. Mrozek.

Bittersweet, Spring, 1976: Several articles on the development of Missouri high schools.

, Summer, 1976: Articles on courtship and marriage customs in the Ozarks.

Branding Iron, December, 1975: "Santa Fe Trail in its Swaddling Clothes," by H. D. Smiley.

Bulletin, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, January, 1976: "Calvin W'oodward and Manual Training: The Man, The Idea, and The School," by Charles M. Dye; "Education and The Louisiana Purchase Exposition," by Eugene F. Provenzo, Jr.; "Following the Pathfinder A Norwegian's [Peter Nelson] Account of Western Missouri in 1848," by Frank G. Nelson.

, April, 1976: "A Song of The Promise of the Land: The Style of the Lewis and Clark Journals," by Mrs. Rochonne Abrams; "The Gov­ ernorship 'Steal' and The Republican Revival [the 1940 gubernatorial election]," by Thomas F. Soapes.

Bulletin of Johnson County Historical Society, Inc., April, 1976: "[Johnson County] Records Preserved During Civil War [by Aunt Polly Hill]," by Harry Williams; "Pertle Spring's Past," by Connie Jameson; "History of Montserrat, Missouri," by Nora Thompson; "Lone Star School," by Anna M. Clear; "History of Electric Springs"; "Revolutionary War Veterans [buried in Johnson County].

Carondelet Historical Society Newsletter, March, 1976: "Carondelet Women's Club 1901-1976," by Mildred Buckley; "Lt. U. S. Grant," by Tony Fusco; "2nd EMM. [2nd Regiment, Enrolled Missouri Militia]."

, June, 1976: "Air History At Jefferson Barracks," by Tony Fusco; "Christian Hoffmeister"; "Jefferson Barracks."

Central Missouri Rural and Farm Life [supplement to Hallsville Top of Boone County], March, 1976: "Some of area's past history silently marked in northern Boone County," by Don Diehl. Historical Notes and Comments 119

May, 1976: " Centralia's quest for oil in 1910 was Victorian lube job," by Jim Sweazea; "The [Louisiana and Missouri River] rail­ road that wasn't," by Donald L. Diehl, reprinted.

Clay County Museum Association Newsletter, March, April, May, 1976: "The James Family," Parts I, II, III by Thelma Barr.

June & July, 1976: "Liberty—1846 to 1865," Parts I & II, by Russel V. Dye.

Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly, Winter, 1975: " 'No Christian Would Dare Practice Usury' A [C. F. W.] Walther Letter on Charging Interest," by Robert Kolb.

Culver-Stockton College Concept, Winter, 1975-1976: "The Palmyra Massacre: Un­ civil War in Northeast Missouri," by George R. Lee.

DeKalb County Heritage, January, 1976: "County Court Houses, Part Four, Corner­ stone," compiled by Martha Spiers; "The History of the Shakespeare Club of Maysville, DeKalb Co. Mo," by Mrs. O. E. Heins; "Twp. Dist. No. 4 Lone Star Co. Dist. No. 33," by Lew Wenze; "Henry Clay Duncan," by J. D. Dunham; "New Hope Baptist Church," by Illha Marie Rice Pulley; "No. 7 White Dove School Dist. 49 Washington Twp. DeKalb Co. Mo."; "Centennial [George W. Tunks] Farm Area," by William John Tunks II.

, April, 1976: "County Court Houses, Part V," compiled by Martha Spiers; "Recorded History [of Samuel Vassar, first white settler of DeKalb County] Proven Incorrect," by Lyndal G. Vassar; "Union Chapel School"; "The Clarke Family," by J. D. Dunham; "Around the World [Thomas Stevens] on a Bicycle," by Carl Minor; "Miss [Margaret K.] Railey Writes Union Chapel Story."

, July, 1976: "Revolutionary war veteran [William Thorn­ ton]," by Artie Mae Thornton; brief histories of several centennial farms in the county. Douglas County Historical and Genealogical Society Journal, July, 1975: "Sixty Year Old Douglas County Land Mark [bridge at Rome] Gets A New Lease on Life," by Herbert Sanders; "Rome, A Brief Survey," by Glen Dale Hartley; "Brief History of the Life of Jess Cox on His 90th Birthday"; "History of Crystal Lake and Larissa, Mo.," by Mary Alice Emerson; "Assignment for County Government Purposes of the Territory Now in Douglas County, Missouri," by Lloyd R. Henley.

Filson Club History Quarterly, January, 1976: "Popular Reactions to the New Madrid Earthquakes, 1811-1812," by Marshall Scott Legan. Florissant Valley Historical Society Quarterly, April, 1976: "Old Stores and Shops in Blackjack," reprinted. Great Plains Journal, Spring, 1976: "The Survey of the Santa Fe Trail 1825-1827," by T. Lindsay Baker. Journal, American Aviation Historical Society, Summer, 1976: "The Search for Leon Klink," by Jack Keasler. 120 Missouri Historical Review

Journal Saint Joseph Historical Society, May, June & July, 1976: "Saint Joseph Land­ marks Series," by Virginia Griffin.

Kansas City Genealogist, January 1, 1976: "Trails Westward," by Mabel DeHaven; "A Brief History of Six Mile Territory and the Six Mile [Baptist] Church," by Mary Sue Chiles, reprinted.

, April, 1976: "One Town—Three Names—Heller, Hallard, Rayville," by Mrs. Irma Tindall; "Emanuel Cemetery, Historic [Jasper] County Burial Ground and Church," by Ruth M. Baker; "The First Telephone Franchise in Blue Springs (Jackson County), Missouri (1904)," by Marie Blackburn.

Keys to Springfield, Missouri, February, 1976: "First Claim, Settlement In Greene County," by Ralph and Lena Wills. -, March, 1976: "First Claim, Settlement In Springfield," by Ralph and Lena Wills. , April, 1976: "First Lead Mine, Primitive Shelter Near Springfield," by Ralph and Lena Wills.

May, 1976: "First Mill Site In Southwest Missouri," by Ralph and Lena Wills.

-, July, 1976: "Springfield Landmarks"; "First Schools Here," by Ralph and Lena Wills.

Kirkwood Historical Review, March, 1976: "A. S. Mitchell—the Man Who Founded Kirkwood," by Ric Sides; "Riding the [streetcar] RAILS in Kirkwood," by Al Winkler.

Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin, April, 1976: "Captain John C. Toney, Confederate States of America," by Eugene H. Carl, reprinted.

, July, 1976: "William Lumley."

Mark Twain Journal, Summer, 1976: "Joseph P. Ament—Master-Printer to Sam Clemens," by Ralph Gregory.

Midwest Motorist, February, 1976: "Missouri's Independence," by Dickson Terry.

Missouri Conservationist, July, 1976: "Missouri's Wildlife Trail," Part I, 1700-1936, by Dan McKinley; Part II, 1937-1976, by Phil Howell; illustrations by Charles W. Schwartz.

Missouri Counties Today, January, 1976: "Lawrence County—1845."

, February, 1976: "Howard County—1816."

, March-April, 1976: "Clark County—1837."

, May-June, 1976. "Butler County—1849."

Missouri Engineer, March, 1976: "Missouri Engineering Landmarks 1804-1976."

Missouri Farm Bureau News, February 10, 1976: "Mules ... a Missouri Heritage." Historical Notes and Comments 121

Missouri Life, January-February, 1976: "[Harry S.] Truman The People's Library," by Liza Mulligan; " [Harry S. Truman] The 'Most Secure Man," by Randall Jessee; "[Howard] County Courthouse," by Florence Crighton; "Missouri's [Executive] Mansion," by Marianna Riley, photos by Dale Walker; "Fort Osage," by Darrell D. Durham, photos by Richard Parker and Robin Georgehoff; "Manuel Lisa The Wilderness Merchant," by George Malsbary.

, March-April, 1976: "Hermann The Maifest," by Rael Amos, photos by the Columbia Photo Club; "Hermann Its Old Homes," by Rael Amos, paintings by Janice O'Quinn; "Hermann Still a morning town," by Anna Hesse; "Missouri's 'Good' [James Cash] Penney," by Eva Segar; "Watkins [Woolen] Mill [in Clay County]," by Barbara Draper, photos by Walton Whit- taker and Eileen Wirt. , May-June, 1976: "Mr. [Henry] Shaw's Garden [in St. Louis]," by William Barnaby Faherty, S.J., photos by Robert Arteaga; "Tom Bass, Horseman," by Bill Downey; "The Tiff [barite] Diggers," by Jo Burford, drawings by O. E. Berninghaus; "A Country Weekly [the Paris Monroe County Appeal] Revisited," by Gale Wiley.

Missouri Medicine, May, 1976: "Medical Museum in Arrow Rock to Be Dedicated to Missouri's Pioneer Doctors." Missouri Ruralist, July, 1976: "Many Missourians are dedicated to Preserving Living History"; "Ste. Genevieve was earliest settlement"; "Family determination and courage held Missouri's oldest farms"; "Of the early agricultural organiza­ tions, [Missouri State] Horticultural Society most influential"; "Crop acreage records were set early in this century"; "Boon's Lick Country . . . Early adven­ tures followed the rivers"; "[Early years] Some tough times for Ag [agriculture] College [at the University of Missouri]"; "[Missouri] 'Ruralist' a continuing his­ tory book," most of the articles by Cordell Tindall.

Northlight, Winter, 1975-1976: "[George W. Sittler] Photographer: Almost Unknown," by John S. Craig.

NRTA Journal, November-December, 1975: "[Lilburn Kingsbury] Living history book." Ozark Graphic, July, 1975: "King Bee, Ripley County, U.S.A.," by Thelma S. Mc- Manus; "Original Land Owners of Ripley County," compiled by Edna Frank; "Adventure in History A Missouri-Arkansas Ozark Legend Comes to Life With Sam Hildebrand's Confession," reprinted. , September, 1975: "Highway 21—An Old Road Covered Over," by Bill Royce; "Original Land Owners," by Frank; "Adventure in His­ tory." October, 1975: "[Ozark ferries] Four Horse Team and Wagon, $1.00," by Thelma S. McManus; "Adventure in History." November & December, 1975: "Adventure in History.' , January, 1976: "Mingo [National Wildlife Refuge]—A Legend And A Promise," by Bill Royce; "Original Land Owners," by Frank; Adventure in History. 122 Missouri Historical Review

-, February, March, April, May, 1976: "Original Land Owners," by Frank; "Adventure in History.

, June, 1976: "Adventure in History"; "Pride in America From Missouri [teaching in Butler County rural schools]," by Portia Halferty.

, July, 1976: "Original Land Owners," by Frank; "Ad­ venture in History"; "Pride in America," by Halferty.

Ozarker, June, 1976: "Mrs. [Phoebe Apperson] Hearst In The Ozarks," by Wm. Elmer, reprinted; "The Birth of an Ozark Road [Highway 21]," by Cleo Stephens; "[Shannon County] Courthouse Hollow Revisited," by Perry M. Bryan.

Ozarks Mountaineer, March, 1976: "Steamboat Era on the Upper White [River]," by Duane Huddleston; "Bath [Missouri] Post Office," by Kirk Pearce.

, April, 1976: "The One-Time World's Largest Lumber Company [Missouri Lumber and Mining Co., Grandin, Mo.]," by Maxine Curtis; "Cassville or Neosho? Missouri's Last Rebel Capital," by Hardy Kemp; "Fellows Lake [near Springfield]," by Fred Schmickle.

, May, 1976: "[Bollinger Mill and covered bridge in Cape Girardeau County] A Soul Soaking Sight, by Grover Brinkman.

, June, 1976: "The Strange Saga of Devil's Pool [in Taney County]," by Kathleen Van Buskirk; "The Last Store at Bracken [in Webster County]," by Bertha Clift Rodegaard; "Short History of an Ozark's Shortline [Cassville & Western Railway]," by Clifton E. Hull; "First housemother At School of the Ozarks—[Mrs. Emma Wilson] Enjoying Life at 106," by Maxine Curtis.

, July, 1976: "A Glorious Fourth in old Cedar Springs [in Cedar County, Mo.]," by A. Hoffman; "Visiting the Past at Schlicht's Mill [in Pulaski County, Mo.], ' by Bonnie Howlett Bilisoly.

Panhandle Magazine, No. 2, 1976: "The [Harry S.] Truman Era Under Glass [at the Harry S. Truman Library in Independence, Mo.]."

Pemiscot County Missouri Quarterly, April, 1976: "History of the United Methodist Church, Steele, Missouri," compiled by Winnie I. Kelley; "History of Buckley s Store [at Hayti, Missouri]," by J. Blair Buckley; "Drainage of Pemiscot County, Missouri—St. Francis Levee District, October 1918 to December 1922," by Howard L. "Cy" Clough.

, July, 1976: "J. Hardeman Walker—Bootheel Bene­ factor," by Jasamyn Garrett and Ophelia Wade; "The History of Steele, Mis­ souri," by Cecilia Wilson; "The Organization of the St. Paul Missionary Baptist Church [in Dunklin County], by Mrs. Virginia James Johnson; "History of Hayti Lodge No. 571 A.F. & A.M. of Missouri," by J. B. Buckley.

Platte County Historical Society Bulletin, Fall, 1975: "Early history of the Methodist and Presbyterian churches of Platte City, Mo.,' by Betty Soper; "Mettier building [in Weston] history"; "Indians through the Platte country 1830-1837," by Dr. R. J. Felling.

, Spring, 1976: "Colonel George S. Park," by Kenneth Eggleston. Historical Notes and Comments 123

Prairie Gleaner, June, 1976: "History of the Lone Jack Baptist Church [in Jackson County]," by Marshall Louis Mertens and O. P. Joyce, reprinted. Prairie Lore, July, 1976: "The Butterfield Overland Mail and Pony Express," by J. H. Crosby. Ray County Mirror, January 2, 1976: "Col. Ben J. Brown," by James B. DeMasters; "NumBall."

Royal Arch Mason, Missouri Edition, Spring, 1976: "Missouri Counties With Masonic Affiliated Place Names."

Saint Louis Commerce, February, 1976: "The Battle of Fort San Carlos [Indian at­ tack on St. Louis in 1780]," by Ray Vodicka. , June, 1976: "[Kimmswick in Jefferson County] Briga- doon on the Mississippi," by Mary Duffe.

St. Louis Medicine, February 11, 1976: "One of the [St. Louis Medical] Society's . . . Founders Hardage Lane, M.D.," by Samuel D. Soule, M.D.

, April 28, 1976: "One of the [St. Louis Medical] So­ ciety's . . . Founders Joseph Johnson, M.D.," by Samuel D. Soule, M.D.

Saints Herald, February, 1976: "A House for Fred M. [Smith in Independence]," by William J. Curtis.

Show-Me Sentinel, Spring, 1976: "The First Parachute Jump [by Albert Berry over Jefferson Barracks]," by TSgt Tony Fusco.

Smithsonian, May, 1976: "Tracking the Tost' barnstorming pal [Leon Klink] of 'Slim' [Charles A.] Lindbergh," by Jack Keasler. Virginia Genealogist, January-March, April-June & July-September 1976: "Chiltons of Maryland and Virginia Who Migrated Westward [to Tennessee and Missouri]," by Wallace Hopper. Washington University Magazine, Spring, 1976: "Golden Anniversary [of the George Warren Brown School of Social Work]," by Dorothy Brockhoff.

Waterways Journal, February 14, 1976: "One of largest Steamers [Great Republic] Honored United States of America." , February 28, 1976: "The Bald Eagle—A Favorite Bird and Steamboat." , March 13, 1976: "The August Wohlt Was Named for Popular Riverman.'

, April 3, 1976: "Albert Wohlt Was Part Owner of theAshbyNo. 2."

, May 1, 1976: The steamboat Alda was on the White River in the 1900s.

-, May 22, 1976: "The General Allen Made Upper River History in 1926." 124 Missouri Historical Review

, May 29, 1976: "Helen Blair Ran for Years out of Daven- port.'

June 19, 1976: "The Str. Key West Made a Record Trip in 1873."

June 26, 1976: "River's Tribute to the Nation's Cen- tennial.'

July 3, 1976: "Showboats Were a Unique American Institution.'

July 10, 1976. "[Goldenrod] This Is a Typical River Showboat Auditorium."

July 24, 1976: "The Gordon C. Greene, Long-Time Favorite Steamer."

Webster County Historical Society Journal, April, 1976: "Seymour, Missouri," by Mrs. Effie Carrick; "The Marshfield Tornado [of 1880]," a description by Wil­ liam D. Chitty, reprinted; "Remembering the Great Depression," by Gilbert Cruise; "A History of Early Settlers in Missouri," by Mrs. Nina King; "The Original Callaway Cabin [near Marshfield]," by Guy D. Callaway, with intro­ duction by Mrs. Waynne Burnett; "A Visit [in Webster County] by the James Boys [Frank and Jesse]," by Mrs. Lena Jump.

Westward, May, 1976: "Missouri, Birthplace of Western Bandits," by David Rad- cliffe.

Whistle Stop, Winter, 1976: "Show-Me Songs In The [Harry S.] Truman Library," by Jack L. Ralston.

White River Valley Historical Quarterly, Winter, 1975-1976: "The Charles H. Cobb Family 'Pioneers of the Ozarks'," by Marybelle Pruett; "The Pearly Waters [pearls and shells from mussels in the White River]," by Elmo Ingenthron; "The George L. Williams Memorial Library," by Douglas Mahnkey.

Spring, 1976: "Before Flint Hill School [in Taney County] Was Graded," by Aimer A. Ridge; "The Rogers Family of Ozark, Missouri," by Charles E. Rogers.

Little Known Facts About UMC The University of Missouri-Columbia, M Book (July 28, 1975). 1868—The University undertakes a "very bold and hazardous measure" and ad­ mits 22 women. Their first names and Columbia addresses are withheld from University records, and plans are begun to establish a "University College for women" to "prepare women for their particular sphere in society." Historical Notes and Comments 125 IN MEMORIAM

T. BALLARD WATTERS 1971 until his death. In 1973, he received T. Ballard Watters, permanent trustee the Society's Distinguished Service of the State Historical Society, died Award. March 13, at his home in Marshfield, A member of the Methodist Church Missouri. A well-known newspaper pub­ and numerous civic and fraternal organi­ lisher and civic leader, he was born Au­ zations, Watters is survived by his wife, gust 25, 1897, in Marshfield to Theron Jane; two sons, Warren and Jack, of Hudson and Mamie C. (Ballard) Wat­ Marshfield; a brother, Ralph, of Pico ters. Graduated from Marshfield High Rivera, California; two sisters, Mrs. Ocia School in 1916, Watters attended the Johnson and Mrs. Floy George, both of University of Missouri in 1916-1917 Marshfield. and 1919-1920. In 1918, during World War I, he enlisted in the aviation branch of the U.S. Army. In his youth he was employed by the HOWARD N. MONNETT Marshfield Mail, published by his father. Dr. Howard N. Monnett, 68, educator In 1922 he became editor-publisher of the and Civil War historian, died July 24, paper, a position he. held until his death. 1975, in Kansas City after a long illness. On May 22, 1923, in Marshfield, Watters Born in Kansas City, he graduated from married Mary Jane Brown, a native of Ni- the University of Kansas, Lawrence, and angua. the former Kansas City Teachers Col­ He was a member of the Missouri lege. Beginning in 1934, he taught in Press Association and served as treasurer the Kansas City public schools. From in 1932; director, 1933-1935 and 1947- 1953 to 1968, Dr. Monnett served in var­ 1950; vice president, 1945; and president ious positions at Metropolitan Junior Col­ in 1946. He also served as president of the lege, Kansas City. At the time of his resig­ Ozark Press Association and the Repub­ nation in 1968, he was acting president of lican Editorial Association of Missouri. the college. He then served as executive In 1942-1945, he was publicity director dean of Cochise College, Douglas, Ari­ for the Missouri State Highway Depart­ zona, until 1974. ment. Watters received the Honor Award Dr. Monnett's book, Action Before for Distinguished Service in Journalism Westport, was published in 1964 and has in May 1961, from the University of Mis­ since sold out its first edition. At the souri School of Journalism. time of his death, he had completed work He was active in the public affairs of his on a revised second edition. He had con­ community, serving on the board of the tributed articles and feature stories to his­ Marshfield Carnegie Library and as di­ torical journals and major newspapers. rector and secretary of the Marshfield De­ He was a member of the Westport velopment Corporation. In 1952, he won United Presbyterian Church and numer­ the Republican nomination for secretary ous historical groups including the Civil of state of Missouri over two opponents War Round Table, the Westport and Jack­ in the primary but lost in the general son County Historical societies, the Na­ election. tive Sons of Kansas City, the Westerners Watters became a trustee of the State and the State Historical Society. Historical Society in 1944 and a member Dr. Monnett is survived by a son, John of the finance committee in 1955. He H. Monnett, Bisbee, Arizona; and a sis­ served as president of the Society, 1968- ter, Mrs. Margaret McCabe, Overland 1971, and as a permanent trustee from Park, Kansas. 126 Missouri Historical Review

LOULA GRACE ERDMAN vember 22, 1940, Mary Margaret Mc­ Loula Grace Erdman, educator and au­ Bride Day in Missouri and she returned thor, died June 20 in Amarillo, Texas. to Mexico for the event. The recipient of Born in Alma, Missouri, to August F. and numerous other honors and awards, Mollie (Maddox) Erdman, she graduated Mary Margaret McBride, "the first lady from Central Missouri State College, of radio," went into semiretirement in Warrensburg, in 1931, and received a 1954. master's degree from Columbia Univer­ sity Teachers College, New York. The author of short stories and articles in wom­ AEHLE, MRS. TRUMAN A., SR., Ta- en's magazines and professional journals, koma Park, Maryland: Died, March 17, she had written 20 novels, some of which 1976. dealt with the setting of her childhood on AMYX, M. C, West Plains: May 11, a Missouri farm. In 1946, she received 1897-October4, 1975. the $10,000 Dodd-Mead Redbook Award for her book, The Years of the Locust. BAILEY, MRS. DAVID, Sturgeon: May Miss Erdman was an associate professor 12, 1893-July31, 1975. and writer in residence at West Texas BEAVER, HERBERT M., Milton, West State University, Canyon. Two of her Virginia: September 26, 1904-March 30, more recent novels, Another Spring and 1975. Save Weeping For the Night, dealt with the Civil War in Missouri. She was a BOYD, REV. LEROY JAMES, Las Animas, member of several national professional Colorado: October 16, 1899-March 8, and academic societies, the Texas Insti­ 1976. tute of Letters and the State Historical So­ BUCKMAN, J. M., Shelbina: June 26, ciety. 1894-March3, 1976.

CARD WELL, CHARLES S., New Flor­ MARY MARGARET McBRIDE ence: September 18, 1892-February 11, Mary Margaret McBride, writer and ra­ 1976. dio personality, died April 7 at her West Shokan, New York, farm. Born No­ CHAIN, JOHN, Blackwater: July 28, vember 16, 1899, in Paris, Missouri, to 1900-March5, 1976.

Thomas Walker and Elizabeth (Craig) CLARE, MRS. JULIA SEE, Vanduser: Au­ McBride, she attended the Paris public gust 30, 1889-April 3, 1976. schools, William Woods College, Fulton, CULLISON, E. A., Archie: October 28, and graduated from the University of Missouri School of Journalism. She wrote 1888-October 18, 1975. for newspapers in Mexico, Missouri, CUMMINS, PAUL H, Osborne, Kansas: Cleveland and New York, and became a May 28, 1899-March 19, 1976. free-lance writer for national magazines and a woman's page editor for the News­ DEW, JUDGE SAMUEL A., Kansas City: paper Enterprise Association. February 4, 1882-January 24, 1976.

In 1934, Miss McBride began her radio DURSTON, MRS. GILBERT H., Williams- career on WOR (New York) and attracted port, Pennsylvania: July 7, 1893-March millions of listeners, mostly women, with 4, 1976. her personal confessions and interviews with noted personalities. Four years later, FERGUSON, R. H, Kansas City, Kansas: the University of Missouri School of May 27, 1897-September 14, 1974. Journalism awarded her its Honor Medal. FRIEND, DR. C. L., SR., Carbondale, Governor Lloyd Stark proclaimed No­ Illinois: November 22, 1900-April 5, 1976. Historical Notes and Comments 127

GINSBURG, ROBERT NEWMAN, Summit, PELKE, ARTHUR A., Sun City, Arizona: New Jersey: February 17, 1925-August May 7, 1899-January 11, 1976. 29, 1975. RAY, MRS. GLESSNER, Adrian: October HENDERSON, MRS. LOREN K., Denver, 24, 1906-January 12, 1975. Colorado: October 7, 1907-February 17, REESMAN, GEORGE DAVID, Boonville: 1976. November 13, 1882-April 5, 1976. HULLVERSON, EVERETT, Clayton: Au­ RICHARDSON, MRS. JAMES M., Sedalia: gust^ 1897-May26, 1975. July 27, 1901-April 22, 1976. JEFFRIES, C. B., Salem: September 22, ROGERS, MRS. WILLIAM E., Monett: 1885-October 26, 1975. September 21, 1900-January 10, 1976. KIEKERT, MRS. KARL, Independence: ROWLEN, REV. MARION, Columbia: November 17, 1902-February 8, 1976. July 24, 1902-January 29, 1976. LACAFF, WILLIAM M., Kansas. City: SNYDER, WILLIAM, Springfield: Octo­ October 28, 1908-May30, 1976. ber 7, 1909-February 18, 1976. LEARY, LETHA, Maryville: March 22, SPANN, JOHN, Vallejo, California: July 1893-April 18, 1976. 24, 1886-July 14, 1975. MCDONNELL, FLOSSIE BELLE, Colum­ STAMPER, HOWARD A., St. Louis: bia: July 31, 1901-February 25, 1976. March 27, 1914-March 14, 1973. MILLER, MRS. C. B., Columbia: May STEVENSON, PAUL, Moberly: January 15, 1882-April 10, 1976. 19, 1894-September 6, 1975.

NORTH, MRS. J. H., Hannibal: Febru­ TERRILL, MATTIE, Palmyra: August 16, arys, 1893-January 10, 1976. 1892-July 3, 1975.

OVERFELT, COL. C. D., Columbia: June WICKHAM, MRS. FRED O., Kennett: 1, 1893-April 9, 1976. November 23, 1889-February 14, 1976.

A Woman Who Has Degenerated Knob Noster Gem, January 31, 1879. A writer in the Art Journal believes that American women are degenerating. The woman who lives next door furnished a sad example of this fact yesterday. She got up at 4 o'clock and built two fires, lugged four hods of coal from the cellar, did the week's washing for a family of six before 7 o'clock, prepared the morning meal, impartially licked three small children and got them ready for school, potted several choice plants, let a black patch into the cupola of her husband's gray pants, read four chapters of a New York Ledger continued story, visited a neighbor and learned how to cut her new cloak in the latest style, cooked a boiled dinner and chased a book agent out of the yard with a broom and all before 12 o'clock. The American woman is indeed degenerating.—Rockland Courier. 128 Missouri Historical Review

EDITORIAL POLICY

1 The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is always in- I terested in articles and documents relating to the history H of Missouri. Articles pertaining to surrounding states ffl and other sections are considered for publication gl when they involve events or personalities having a |j significant bearing on the history of Missouri or the pi West. Any aspect of Missouri history is considered m suitable for publication in the REVIEW. Genealogical |j studies are not accepted because of limited general Pi reader interest. II In submitting articles for the REVIEW, the authors |j should examine back issues for the proper form in foot- U noting. Originality of subject, general interest of the ffl article, sources used in research, interpretation and the j§ style in which it is written, are criteria for acceptance I for publication. m The original and a carbon copy of the article should H be submitted. It is suggested that the author retain a S carbon of the article. The copy should be double-spaced H and footnotes typed consecutively on separate pages |j at the end of the article. The maximum length for an ® article is 7,500 words. [HI gi All articles accepted for publication in the REVIEW H become the property of the State Historical Society and U may not be published elsewhere without permission. g Only in special circumstances will an article previously published in another magazine or journal, be accepted m for the REVIEW. Because of the backlog of accepted articles, pub­ lication may be delayed for a period of time. Articles submitted for the REVIEW should be addressed to: Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Editor MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW H The State Historical Society of Missouri „ Corner Hitt and Lowry Streets H Columbia, Missouri 65201 m m %llgIlgllgl{SP^ Historical Notes and Comments 129

BOOK REVIEW Tom Bass, Black Horseman. By Bill Downey (St. Louis: Sad­ dle and Bridle, Inc., 1975). 212 pp. Illustrated. Reference list. Not indexed. $11.95. At last a book has been written about Missouri's famed horse­ man, Tom Bass. Born in Boone County, Missouri, in a slave cabin, Tom Bass was a child of his owner, William H. Bass, and a slave girl, Cornelia Gray. He was said to have been born in the shadow of God, which enabled him to walk among the animals as a brother. He had a talent with animals, especially horses, and his training methods revo­ lutionized the saddle horse profession. In childhood, Bass attracted at­ tention when he trained a stubborn mule to canter backwards. As a young man, he joined the Joseph Potts and Cyrus Clark saddle horse business, known as Mexico Horse Sales Company. Here he tamed a black mare that no one else could handle. When his employers al­ lowed him to ride the horse in a show, he became the first black man to enter saddle horse competition. His talents and the showmanship of his horses caused most competitors to forget his color, but through­ out his life, he faced incidents of racial discrimination. One of Bass's secrets to success in horse training was a new bit he designed to prevent abuse of the horse's mouth. He never patented his invention and today the "Bass Bit" is considered standard equip­ ment in many stables. While still in his twenties, Bass was a highly regarded horseman. He appeared in fairs and saddle horse contests throughout the country. Invited to attend the Columbian Exposition in Chicago, his horse, Miss Rex, won every class she entered and was crowned "First World Champion of the Columbian Exposition." Here Bass met men of national stature. Grover Cleveland was one of his acquaintances and once visited Bass in Mexico, Missouri. Other distinguished visi- 130 Missouri Historical Review tors included William McKinley, Will Rogers, William Jennings Bryan and William H. Taft. Calvin Coolidge and Theodore Roosevelt also numbered among his friends. Bass trained and sold to Buffalo Bill Cody his famous horse, Columbus, which he rode in the famed Wild West Show. At least two presidents invited Bass to ride in inaugura­ tion parades in Washington, D.C. The horseman also was invited to perform before Queen Victoria of England, but he declined. Kansas City businessmen appealed to Bass to come to their city and open a stable. While in Kansas City he suggested having a horse show as a money-making project. So successful was the event, it has continued annually and is today called the American Royal. When Bass died, November 20, 1934, syndicated columnist Will Rogers dedicated a column to him. The Missouri General Assembly adopted a resolution hailing Bass as a "great Missourian." Today Au­ drain County Historical Society's American Saddle Horse Museum in Mexico has on display many of Bass's trophies and ribbons. Author Bill Downey is a staff writer and columnist for Santa Bar­ bara News-Press and feature editor of Western Outdoor magazine. A native of Ottumwa, Iowa, his grandfather was a distant relative of Tom Bass. As a child, Downey heard many of the Bass legends which had been passed down from relatives who were Missouri horse breeders. To compile research data for this book, the author inter­ viewed and corresponded with numerous persons who provided a wealth of personal anecdotes. He also researched in old newspaper archives and in the holdings of the Audrain County Historical Society and the State Historical Society of Missouri. Historians will regret the lack of documentation, and the absence of an index will prove a handicap. The reader, who wishes to follow the chronology closely, may become lost at times. More dates would have been helpful. Some persons disappear from the narrative. For in­ stance, the readers will wonder what became of Bass's mother, his sister, Lawrence Bass, his father and others who were introduced early in the horseman's life. The lack of dates and elusive personali­ ties may be a characteristic of the author's research material. Com­ posed of recollections and reminiscences, his sources supply color, but little historical fact. Despite extensive research, Downey probably found little documentary evidence to substantiate the events in the former slave's early life. Nevertheless, the book is enjoyable reading and adds insights into the life and character of a famous Missouri horseman.

State Historical Society of Missouri Mary K. Dains Historical Notes and Comments 131

BOOK NOTES The Story of Hannibal. By J. Hurley Hagood and Roberta (Ro­ land) Hagood (Hannibal: Standard Printing Company, 1976). 312 pp. Illustrated. Bibliography. Footnoted. Appendix. Indexed. $12.50. (Out of print) An excellent history of one of Missouri's famous rivertowns, The Story of Hannibal was compiled by two native Hannibal residents as a part of the nation's 200th anniversary celebration. The Hagoods re­ searched extensively in diaries, private collections and papers and newspaper archives and interviewed numerous people in order to write this informative history. The Bicentennial History Book Com­ mittee directed the compilation and printing of the volume. Pub­ lished in limited edition, the book was completely sold out on the day of release. The history of Hannibal is told by decades, from the early explo­ ration of the area by Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet in 1673, through 157 years of the city's existence, to 1976. National high­ lights of the decade are presented at the beginning of each of the 17 chapters to put the city's history in proper perspective. The book is not a compilation of biographical sketches. Instead it is an account of activities and events which are of interest to a majority of the people. Minimal footnotes are recorded by chapters at the back of the book. Numerous tables in the appendix list important facts, such as the mayors, postmasters, presidents of the chamber of commerce and of Hannibal-LaGrange College, Hannibal population, Mississippi River floods and men killed in the wars. With the volume organized by decades, a student of area history may be inconvenienced by having to read many chapters to get an overall picture of particular subjects, such as the schools, churches or transportation. Despite this shortcoming, the book is a valuable contri­ bution to the study of Hannibal's history.

Political History of Pemiscot County Missouri. By Ophelia R. Wade (Bragg City, Mo.: Ophelia R. Wade, 1976). 166 pp. Illustrated. Indexed. Bibliography. $13.00, hardback; or $10.00, softback. Compiled from Missouri Official Manuals, county court records, official records from the secretary of state and archives from the State Historical Society of Missouri, the author proposed to assemble under one cover, all the specifics concerning political jobs and officeholders in the county. Compilation of the 33-year history between the forma- 132 Missouri Historical Review tion of the county and the burning of the courthouse in 1883 has added particularly valuable information. The author also related the dispute over the relocation of the county courthouse at the turn of the century. Pemiscot County's political history is presented primarily as a collection of statistics in self-explanatory tables with full documenta­ tion. A valuable source for county history, the book may be purchased from Mrs. Ophelia R. Wade, Route 1, Box 66, Bragg City, Missouri 63827.

Lincoln County Pictorial History Book. Sponsored by Lincoln County Revolutionary Bicentennial Committee (Troy, Mo.: Troy Free Press, 1975). 160 pp. Illustrated. Index. $5.00, plus 50 cents postage. Many excellent photographs portray the social history of Lincoln County in this paperback volume, sponsored by the Lincoln County Revolutionary Bicentennial Committee. Compiled in two parts, the first section contains photographs of persons, homes, businesses and events, along with short picture captions. "A Brief History of Lincoln County," also is included. Part two is entitled, "Lincoln County Churches, Past & Present," and was compiled by Mr. and Mrs. John Clare. This section contains an index listing each church, photo­ graphs and histories of the various churches. County residents should find the book of particular interest. The pictorial history may be purchased from the Troy Free Press, Troy, Missouri 63379.

Memories From Polk Township. Compiled by the DeKalb County Historical Society and the Polk Township Committee (Marce- line, Mo.: Walsworth Publishing Co., 1976). 224 pp. Illustrated. Maps. Indexed. $11.00. Memories From Polk Township published by the DeKalb County Historical Society is another example of that Society's devotion to the preservation of the county's heritage. In the past decade the Society has produced a number of books and each volume has offered a wealth of information. Although white settlers arrived in the township in the mid-1840s, the construction of the CB&Q Railroad from Iowa to St. Joseph pro- Historical Notes and Comments 133 vided the major impetus for a more concerted settlement of the town­ ship. Primarily a farming area for its entire history, Polk Township today has some 26,000 acres of cropland but still retains some 200 acres of native prairie. The township's history has been printed under twenty-six gen­ eral chapter headings, including businesses, churches, schools and cemeteries. The subjects presented in each chapter reflect diligent research. Among the sources consulted by the writers have been fed­ eral, state and county records, contemporary newspapers and family records or reminiscences. The biographical sketches of the families who have lived or do live in the township will be valuable reference tools for genealogists as well as people simply interested in DeKalb County history. Excellent illustrations, for the most part, accompany the articles. The DeKalb Couty Historical Society, it should be noted, has always provided historically interesting illustrative materials for its publications. This book may be purchased from Mrs. Lora R. Lockhart, De­ Kalb County Historical Society, Route 3, Box 100, Maysville, Mis­ souri 64469.

Mounds To Mansions: Historical sites of the St. Louis region. Written by Frances I. Flavin for the St. Louis Regional Commerce & Growth Association (St. Louis, 1976). 54 pp. Illustrated. Maps. Sug­ gested Reading. Not indexed. $2.50. A monograph of the historical St. Louis area, the book features points of interest to acquaint residents and visitors with the cohesive- ness of the region and the continuity of the people. Beginning with the mastodon era, through the Mississippian culture and the Mis- souries and Illiniwek Indian tribes to present day, the book includes archaeology sites in nearby Illinois, St. Louis and Jefferson County, Missouri. Petroglyphs of Indian caves also are noted. Other historical points of interest include Bloody Island, a favorite dueling site in the Mississippi River; area homes; public buildings; parks; churches; and cemeteries. A listing of more current points of interest at the back of the book also should be helpful. Addresses and telephone numbers are noted for many of the sites so that the public may inquire about visiting hours and rates. This paperback volume is handsomely illustrated with drawings by James R. Riddle and area maps which pinpoint site locations. Lana S. Hastings handled the layout for the work. Information for the book- 134 Missouri Historical Review let was obtained from brochures, pamphlets, newspaper accounts, books and word-of-mouth. Interested residents and visitors may obtain a copy of Mounds To Mansions from the St. Louis Regional Commerce & Growth Asso­ ciation, 10 Broadway, St. Louis 63102.

In retrospect . . . a Bicentennial review of our historical heritage. By Sue Reed (Pacific, Mo.: Missourian Publishing Co., 1976). 77 pp. Illustrated. Bibliography. $2.50, plus .50 postage.

Author Sue Reed dedicated In retrospect to all the Pacific, Mis­ souri, area residents in honor of the American Bicentennial. She hopes that the information it contains will help foster appreciation for local heritage, create a desire to preserve the past and encourage others to explore and record historical findings. The book features Shaw's Garden Arboretum in Gray Summit, area pioneers, planters, farmers and businessmen, the Civil War diary of T. W. B. Crews, European heritage, historic homes, churches and numerous other scenes and sketches of special interest. Publication of the spiral-bound, slick brown-tone paper volume was sponsored by the Citizens Bank of Pacific. Artist Eloise Le Saulnier provided the excellent line drawings and layout. Portions of the ma­ terial appeared in the Tri-CountyJournals weekly bicentennial series under the title, "In Retrospect," also written by Sue Reed. The interesting book may be purchased from Sue Reed, Scenic Regional Library, 140 St. Louis Street, Pacific, Missouri 63069.

The Southwest Missouri Railroad. By Harry C. Hood, Sr. (Webb City, 1975). 48 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. $3.60. and An Amazing City. By Norval M. Matthews (Webb City: Sentinel Printing Co., 1976). 57 pp. Illustrated. Bibliography. Not indexed. $2.00. Two new paperback books have recently been written about Webb City and the surrounding area. Harry C. Hood's book, The Southwest Missouri Railroad, is the history of an electric line which had its beginning as a two-mile mule carline from Webb City to Carterville. It grew to become a 94-mile electric line which served the Tri-State Mining District of Southwest Missouri, Southeast Kansas and Northeast Oklahoma. The railroad transported miners and businessmen to their jobs, school children to classes, housewives and Historical Notes and Comments 135

farmers on shopping trips and carried hundreds on weekend and holi­ day trips to recreational spots. The author is a native of the area where he has lived all of his life. He worked in the mines in the Tri-State District and used the railroad service throughout the years of its existence. Norval M. Matthews's book, An Amazing City, is a mini-history of Webb City, when it was the site of the greatest lead and zinc mining field in the world. Beginning as a mining camp, the town reached a population of more than 15,000 in some 25 years. However, Webb City did not become a ghost town when the mines closed around 1918- 1920. The author points out that many of the poor residents who be­ came wealthy were philanthropic and added a strong foundation as­ suring the city's permanence. Area residents should be interested in both inexpensive local his­ tories. They may be purchased from Harry C. Hood, Sr., 1102 West Austin Street, Webb City 64870, and Norval M. Matthews, Webb City 64870.

Images of Our Community—Clayton. By Members of the Wy- down Eighth Grade of 1976 (Clayton, Mo.: Wydown Junior High School, 1976). 80 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. Bibliography. Table of Contents. $2.50, plus 35 cents for mailing.

A wonderful class project, this history of Clayton also is a valu­ able contribution to the Clayton community. For those 30 some students responsible for its compilation, the undertaking added to their awareness of the local community and state as well. Various class members worked as writers, researchers, photographers, artists and typists. Several students made oral interviews with long-time resi­ dents. Wydown Junior High teachers supervised and directed the writing, layout and publication. Images of Our Community is divided into four major parts with chapters entitled, "Clayton During the Early Years, 1819-1918"; "Clayton and its People, 1920-1976"; "Clayton's Curiosities"; and "Clayton's Future, 1977." A sketch of founding father Ralph Clayton, town growth, early business, schools and religion are a few of the topics covered in this interesting history. Each contribution is signed by its writer. One page on the methods for the compilation of the booklet should prove helpful to other schools or groups wishing to do a similar historical writing effort. No doubt all area residents will want to add this paperback his- 136 Missouri Historical Review tory to their library. It may be purchased from Wydown Junior High School, Attn.: Dr. John R. David, 6500 Wydown, Clayton, Missouri 63105.

History of Union, In Franklin County, Missouri, 1827-1976. Compiled by Lucy Lomax (Union, Mo.: Franklin County Tribune, 1976). 116 pp. Table of Contents. Sources. Not indexed. $2.75.

Compiled by Lucy Lomax for the Union Bicentennial Com­ mittee, this paperback history attempts to supply the foundation for future studies in local history. Previously little had been written or preserved. The author admits more time is needed for a complete, detailed study. Ms. Lomax's 16-years experience as director of Scenic Regional Library, has enabled her to know the types of questions people ask and the sources of information available. She begins the book with a general history of the state since the Louisiana Purchase in 1804, dis­ cusses the organization of Franklin County and selection of the Union area as seat of government in 1829. She then presents thumbnail sketches of the city, its government, services and utilities, businesses, medical and legal professions, newspapers, schools, churches, Civil War, organizations, transportation, communications and various other subjects. A list of important dates in Union's history should prove most helpful to readers and students. This book should be a valuable aid for the understanding of this Franklin County area heritage. It may be purchased from Union History, P.O. Box 110, Union, Missouri 63084.

Kit Carson in Europe Canton Missouri Plebeian, November 24, 1848. The last number of Blackwood thus describes Kit Carson for the benefit of its Eng­ lish readers. "Small in stature, and slenderly limbed, but with muscles of wire, with a fair com­ plexion and quiet intelligont [sic] features, to look at Kit none would suppose that the mild looking being before him was rn [sic] incarnate devil in an Indian fight, and had raised more hair from heads of red skins than any two men in the western country; and yet thirty winters had scarcely planted a line of furrow on.his clean-shaven face. No name, however, was better known in the mountains—from Yellow Stone to Spanish Peaks, from Missouri to Columbia River,—than that of Kit Carson, "raised" in Boons­ lick country, of Missouri State, and a credit to the diggins that gave him birth." The State Historical Society of Mis­ souri is located at Hitt & Lowry streets, Columbia, Missouri. The public may visit the Society's art gallery, libraries and of­ fices from 8:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., Monday through Friday, excepting legal holidays. The Society has reprinted the cumulative in­ dex of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, Vol­ umes I-XXV (October 1906-July 1931). Copies can be purchased from the Society for $5.00.

The cumulative index of the MISSOURI HIS­

TORICAL REVIEW, Volumes XXVI-XLV (October 1931-July 1951) can be purchased for $10.00. Checks or money orders for the paperback in­ dexes should by payable to the State Historical Society of Missouri. The Society's address is: Corner of Hitt & Lowry Streets, Columbia, Mis­ souri 65201. HISTORIC MISSOURI CHURCHES

Waldensian United Presbyterian Church

A Protestant church of medieval origin, the Waldensian Church began in the Piedmont region of the Italian Alps near the French border. The first Waldensians who came to Barry County had emigrated from Europe to Uruguay, South America, in 1857. Due to dissatisfac­ tion with conditions in Uruguay, eight families left and in 1875, after a three-month voyage via France, the Waldensians arrived in New York and joined their former pastor, the Rev. Jean Pierre Michelin Solomon.

Attracted to Southwest Missouri by advertisements of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, the settlers traveled by train to St. Louis. They proceeded to Verona where the men bought provisions and inspected the lands offered for sale by the railroad. The Waldensians purchased heavily timbered land south of Plymouth Junction, now Monett.

The first religious services were held outdoors and conducted in French by Rev. Solomon. On September 29, 1876, the Waldensian Church was admitted to the Ozark Presbytery of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America. The 22 charter members of the congrega­ tion elected Etienne Arnaud, elder, and J. P. Planchon and D. W. Courdin, trustees. In 1877- 1878, the congregation built a small frame church on 40 acres donated by the railroad. Contri­ butions of $341 enabled the church to build its first manse in 1886. From 1877 to 1900, families from the Waldensian valleys, Switzerland and France joined the growing colony. At different times, the church was without a regular pastor, and ministers of various nationalities and denominations served the church.

In 1907 the congregation increased the use of English in church services and made plans for construction of a new church. Erected at a cost of $2,500, the concrete block building, com­ plete with a basement, featured a furnace, acetylene gas plant, modern pews and carpeting. It was ready for dedication on December 12, 1908. Twenty years later, the church replaced its manse with a modern 5-room bungalow.

On August 10, 1975, the church celebrated the centennial of its founding in all-day services which included dedication of a memorial monument on the church grounds and place­ ment of flags on the graves of 19 original members of the colony. The only Waldensian colony in Missouri or the Midwest and one of five in the United States, the group has become Ameri­ canized and its members have assumed positions of leadership. The Waldensian Church still serves as a center of the community and honors the memory of the pioneers who sought free­ dom and contributed to the area.