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The Codling Moth, Laspeyresia Pomonella (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae): Effects of an Introduced Granulosis Virus on a Field Population and Laboratory Rearing on Artificial Diets

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The Codling Moth, Laspeyresia Pomonella (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae): Effects of an Introduced Granulosis Virus on a Field Population and Laboratory Rearing on Artificial Diets I I 71-17,960 BODE, William Morris, 1943- THE CODLING MOTH, LASPEYRESIA POMONELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE): EFFECTS OF AN INTRODUCED GRANULOSIS VIRUS ON A FIELD POPULATION AND LABORATORY REARING ON ARTIFICIAL DIETS. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 19 70 Entomology University Microfilms, A XEROX Company , Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED THE CODLING MOTH, LASPEYRESIA POMONBLLA (LEPIDOPTERAs OLETHREUTIDAE)s EFFECTS OF AN INTRODUCED GRANULOSIS VIRUS ON A FIELD POPULATION AND LABORATORY REARING ON ARTIFICIAL DIETS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By William Morris Bode, B.A. ****** The Ohio State University 1970 Approved by Adviser Academic Faculty of Entomology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my adviser, Dr, G. R. Stairs, for his assistance and advice given so generously throughout the period of this research; Dr, R. P. Holdsworth, Jr., for employing me as a research assistant and giving me the opportunity to do research in the field; and my wife Becky for typing this manuscript and being so patient while I completed my graduate studies, I thank The Graduate School of The Ohio State University for awarding me a Dissertation Year Fellowship, Research funds and stipend were provided by the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, ii VITA March 18, 19^3 . Born - Wooster, Ohio 1965 ............... B.A., The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio I966-I969........... Research Assistant, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 1969-1970 Fellow, The Graduate School, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1970 ......... Appointed Assistant Professor of Entomology at the Pennsylvania State University Fruit Research Laboratory, Arendtsville, Pennsylvania FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Entomology Studies in Integrated Control of Insect Pests, Dr, Robert P, Holdsworth, Jr. Studies in Insect Virology. Dr. Gordon R. Stairs iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................... ii VITA ...................... iii LIST OF T A B L E S ........................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES........................................... viii INTRODUCTION............................................. 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...................................... 3 I. The codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella ( L . ) ....... 3 History and distribution...................... 3 Host plants.................................... 3 Classification ................................ ^ Morphology............. 5 Behavior ................................ 7 II. Natural control of L. pomonella . , .......... 13 Parasites and predators ........................ 13 Pathogens........................ 17 III. A history of applied control of L. pomonella....... 21 Early methods ............ ........... 21 Modern insecticides ............................ 23 Autocidal control .............................. 26 Modified spray programs ........................ 30 IV. Laboratory rearing of L. pomonella.......... 3^ Rearing on apples ...................... 3^ Artificial d i e t s ............... 36 Disease prevention...................... 39 iv Page V. Insect v i r u s e s ............................. ^2 General descriptions........................... ^2 Granulosis virus diseases........... ^3 Invasion of insect ti s s u e s .................. ^5 Histopathology , .......................... ^6 Disease symptoms.......................... **8 Diagnosis.................................. ^9 Non-inclusion viruses .............. 50 Use of viruses for insect control............... 51 A granulosis virus of L. pomonella............... 5^ INTRODUCTION OF A GRANULOSIS VIRUS INTO A FIELD POPULATION OF L. POMONELLA......................................... 57 I. Materials and methods ............................ 57 II. Results .......................... 63 III. Discussion....................................... 72 LABORATORY REARING OF L. POMONELLA ON ARTIFICIAL DIETS .... 76 I. Materials and methods.................. 76 II. Results........................................... 83 III. Discussion........... 98 SUMMARY..................................................... 102 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................... 10^ APPENDIX A. Supplies for Rearing L. pomonella in the Laboratory.................................... 117 APPENDIX B. Records of Development of L. pomonella on Artificial Diets .............................. 118 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Estimated mortality of L. pomonella larvae in fruit and during entire larval period on virus-treated and untreated apple tre e s ......................... 64 2. Accumulation of injury from second-generation L. pomonella larvae in samples of 500 apples examined on one virus-treated tree and four control trees. 196? ................................. 65 3. Accumulation of mature L. pomonella larvae under trunk bands on one virus-treated tree and four control trees. 196? ................. ....... 68 4. Incidence of microorganisms found in association with dead L, pomonella larvae in 1968 ......... 70 5. Survival of L. pomonella reared on different artificial diets .................................. 84 6. Periods of development for L. pomonella reared on different artificial diets ........................ 85 7. Oviposition by individual L. pomonella females reared on three different artificial d i e t s ......... 89 8. Average weights of female and male pupae of L. pomonella reared on three different diets............ 96 9, Mortality in the immature stages of a generation of L. pomonella reared in the laboratory on the modified Patana d i e t .............................. 97 10, Development of L. pomonella on the Redfem diet, 24 April to 20 August, 1968 ........................ 119 11. Development of L. pomonella on the Redfem diet, 8 May to 6 August, 1969 .................... 120 vi Table Page 12. Development of first generation of Washington strain of L. pomonella on the Redfem diet, 19 May to 2 *4- June7l959 ......................................................... 121 13. Development of second generation of Washington strain of L. pomonella on the Redfem diet, 16 July to 28 August, 1969 ......................... 122 lh. Development of L. pomonella on the Redfem diet, 17 October, 1969, to 8 January, 1970.................. 123 15. Development of L. pomonella on the Redfem diet, 5 December, 1969, to 4 January, 1970................. 12^ 16. Development of L. pomonella on Patana diet, 16 December, 1969, to 15 January, 1970 ............. 125 17. Development of L, pomonella on Patana diet, 25 January to 25 February, 1970 ................... 126 18. Development of L. pomonella on modified Patana diet, 1 March to ^ April, 1970 ..................... 127 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Diagram of the location of apple trees comprising the North Block of Overlook Orchard . .................. 58 2. Relative increments in populations of second- generati„n L. pomonella larvae injuring fruit on virus-treated and untreated trees in 1967 67 3. Accumulation of mature second-generation L. pomonella larvae under ti'unk bands..................... 69 4. Rates of development of four populations of L. pomonella reared on artificial diets ......... 86 5. Distribution of number of eggs laid and proportion which hatched for nine female L. pomonella reared on the Redfern wheat germ diet, July, 1969 90 6. Distribution of number of eggs laid and proportion which hatched for 23 female L. pomonella of Washington strain reared on the Redfem wheat germ diet, May to August, 1969 ............ 91 7. Distribution of number of eggs laid and proportion which hatched for 24 female L. pomonella reared on the Patana lima I'd an diet, January, 1970 .......... 92 8. Distribution of number of eggs laid and proportion which hatched for 33 female L. pomonella reared on the Patana lima bean diet, March, 1970 ....... 93 9. Distribution of number of eggs laid and proportion which hatched for 42 female L. pomonella reared on the Patana diet modified by the addition of sucrose, apple seeds, and linseed oil. April, 1970 94 viii INTRODUCTION The codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) (Lepidopteras Olethreutidae), is an important pest of apple and other pome fruits in nearly every region of the world where they are cultivated. Fre­ quent applications of insecticides are often required to protect fruit from injury. A granulosis virus pathogenic for L. pomonella was recovered from dead larvae found in Mexico. In laboratory studies the virus when ingested in sufficient quantity was found to readily cause the death of larvae. The virus is receiving the attention of entomologists who are looking for microbial insecticides for insect pests. The virus will probably infect only a small number of closely related species. In that respect it might be used as a "selective" insecticide that would control L. pomonella but not affect other animals in the treated area. If it can be used as a selective insecticide, predators and parasites can be preserved to provide natural regulation of pests. The granulosis virus was introduced into an orchard in south- central Ohio so that its effects on L. pomonella could be studied. No information concerning the virus-host interaction in an orchard situ­ ation was available at that time. A small amount of virus in aqueous suspension was applied to two apple trees with an orchard sprayer. Treated and control populations
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