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Hansonwilliambruce1976 AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF WILLIAM BRUCE HANSON for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in GEOLOGY presented on Title: STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY OF THE CRETACEOUS NANAIMO GROUP, SALTSPRING ISLAND, BRITISH COLUMBIA Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Clastic sedimentary rocks of the Nanaimo Group on Saltspring Island, British Columbia are Late Cretaceous in age, overlie a deformed and intruded Paleozoic basement complex, and consist of eight formations.These eight formations, from oldest to youngest, are the Comox, Haslam, Extension-Protection,Cedar District, De Courcy, Northumberland, Geoffrey, and Spray Formations.The Formations vary greatly in thickness, consist of multiple members, and show complex intertonguing relationships.A composite section of minimum thickness totals approximately 9,000 feet. In the study area, the Nanaimo Group is tentatively divided into two subgroups, the lower Nanaimo Group - Comox through Extension- Protection Formations - and upper Nanaimo Group - Cedar District through Spray Formations.The lower Nanaimo Group consists of a series of three transgressive sequences, each of which overlies an erosional surface and shows an upward-fining of grain size and progression from nonmarine or nearshore marine to offshore marine deposition.The upper Nanaimo Group can be divided into a total of five progradational cycles which show upward-coarsening from pro- delta mudstone to delta-front sandstone, and locally to fluvial-marine channel conglomerate.Prodelta muds were probably deposited at lower neritic to upper bathyal water depths. The Comox Formation was deposited as a delta or fan delta with a braided fluvial system and flanking littoral sandstones including beaches which contain heavy mineral placers and tidal creek channels. The Extension-Protection Formation was deposited along a piedmont plain with laterally contiguous marine turbidites.The Cedar District and De Courcy Formations intertongue through a stratigraphic interval of at least three thousand feet.Four Cedar District to De Courcy progradational cycles are characterized by an upward progression from offshore marine mudstone and distal turbidite to proximal tur- bidite or/and fluidized sediment flow and locally to a laminated and cross-bedded sandstone and channelized conglomerate lithofacies. The sequences are indicative of repeated superposition of prodelta, delta-front slope, and fluvial-marine environments of deposition.The Northumberland and overlying Geoffrey Formation comprise a very thick progradational sequence complete with a thick and extensive conglomeratic interval in the Geoffrey Formation. Mineralogy and Paleocurrent data of the Comox Formation suggest derivation from low to intermediate grade metamorphic and intermediate to basic igneous rocks located a short distance to the southwest.The overlying sandstone-conglomerate formations record a decreased contribution from metamorphic and basic igneous rocks and increased contribution from intermediate to silicic plutonics and volcanics.De Courcy paleocurrent data suggest derivation from the east: sandstone compositions indicate the major source was an up- lifted region of intermediate plutonic rocks which was rapidly eroded and subject to mainly mechanical weathering.The Geoffrey Forma- tion shows an abrupt increase in intermediate to silicic volcanic debris possibly derived from the Bonanza Volcanics located to the south and southwest on Vancouver Island. Post-depositional mineralogic changes include widespread cementation by calcite, laumontite, and quartz.The assemblage laumontite plus prehnite is locally developed in the Comox Formation. Laumontite occurs in all overlying sandstone formations. A green diagenetic matrix was derived from the in situ alteration of volcanic rock fragments and is particularly abundant in the Geoffrey Formation. Tertiary faulting and folding of the study area formed the Kulleet Syncline, Trincomali Anticline, a system of northwest-trending strike faults and a system of north-trending transverse faults. Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of the Cretaceous Nanaimo Group, Saltspring Island, British Columbia by William Bruce Hanson A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Commencement June 1976 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Profeor of GeoYogy in charge of major Redacted for Privacy Chairman of Department of Geology Redacted for Privacy Dean of Graduate School Date thesis is presented/25 Typed by Susie Kozlik for William Bruce Hanson ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank the graduateschool of Oregon StateUniversity for grant- ing an N. D. E. A. TitleLV Fellowship whichenabled me to pursue this project.I also thank the GeologyDepartment of Oregon State University for granting aTeaching Assistantshipduring the 1974-75 school year. I especially thank Dr.Keith F. Oles for suggestingthe thesis project, for his assistance inthe field, and for hisprofessional advice. His flexible guidance allowedthe author to freelyexplore all areas of interest as the thesisprogressed. I am indebted to Dr. H.E. Enlows who criticallyread the manuscript and years agoinspired me to explore thefascinating field of earth science. I thank the other committeemembers, Dr. L. Boersma,Dr. R. Lawrence, and Dr. A. Niemfor their critical readingof the manu- script.Drs. Enlows, Lawrence,and Niem also providedpetrographic advice. Thanks are due to Dr. C.Kent Chamberlain of OhioUniversity for the identification of tracefossils, to Dr. J. A. Jeletzkyof the Geological Survey of Canadafor the identification ofmegafossils, and to Dr. H. A. Leffingwellof Union Oil Research forexamining the Spray Formation samples fordinoflagellates. Many thanks are extended to the residents of Saltspring Island, expecially the John Lee family and Mr. Fred Hollings, who were hospitable and helpful. I also acknowledge field assistance by Mr. Steven A. Hanson and the use of his canoe during the spring of 1974 and thank Marvin 0. Meyer for the photography in Figures 8, 14, and 17. To my dear Paula, for her patience, moral, financial, and, although limited, field assistance, I give my love. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 Location and Accessibility 1 Purposes of Investigation 5 Historical Development of Nanaimo Basin Stratigraphy 5 REGIONAL GEOLOGIC SETTING 10 Basement Complex 10 Sicker Group 10 Tyee Intrusion 15 Vancouver Group 17 Island Intrusions 18 Nanaimo Group iS Glacial Drift 21 STRATIGRAPHY AND PALEOENVIRONMENTS OF THE NANAIMO GROUP 24 Introduction 24 Comox Formation 26 Areal Distribution and Thickness 27 Contact Relationships 27 Lithology and Stratification 30 Benson Conglomerate Member 33 Middle Mudstone Member 34 Upper Sandstone Member 35 Depositional Environments 42 Haslam Formation 47 Areal Distribution and Thickness 48 Contact Relationships 49 Lower Contact 49 Upper Contact 51 Lithology and Stratification 52 Depositional Environment 54 Comox-Haslam Depositional System 57 Extension Pr otection For mation 58 Areal Distribution and Thickness 59 Contact Relationships 60 Lithology and Stratification 60 Page Lower ConglomerateMember 61 Middle Member 62 Upper ConglomerateMember 64 Ganges Harbor Member 69 Sequence at Cape Keppel 69 Depositional Environments 71 Cedar District Formation 73 Areal Distribution andThickness 75 Contact Relationships 75 Lithology and Stratification 77 Mudstone Fades 77 Thin-bedded Flysch-IikeFacies 80 Platy Sandstone-Siltstone Facies 84 Thick-bedded SandstoneFacies 86 Fossils 89 Discussion of DepositionalProcesses 90 Depositional Environments 100 107 De Courcy Formation Areal Distribution andThickness 108 Contact Relationships 111 Lithology and Stratification 112 Processes of Deposition 121 Depositional Environment 122 Northumberland Formation 126 Areal Distribution andThickness 126 Contact Relationships 128 Lithology and Stratification 129 Depositional Environment 132 Geoffrey Formation 135 Areal Distribution andThickness 135 Contact Relationships 137 Lithology and Stratification 138 Lower Sandstone Member 138 Middle ConglomeraticMember 142 Upper Sandstone Member 144 Depositional Environments 146 149 Spray Formation Areal Distribution andThickness 149 Contact Relationships 150 Lithology and Stratification 150 Depositional Environments 152 Discussion of DepositionalSystem 153 Page PETROLOGY OF CRETACEOUS ROCKS 156 Sandstones 156 FrameworkGrains 156 Quartz 156 Feldspars 159 Rock Fragments 162 Micas 166 Iron bearing Minerals 166 Others 167 Voids 168 Matrix 168 Cements 172 Calcite 172 Laumontite 1 74 Quartz 177 Iron-oxide 177 Pyrite 178 Prehnite 1 78 Paragenesis of Cements 178 Textural Aspects 183 Sorting 183 Roundness 184 Maturity 184 Classification of Sandstones 186 Comox Formation 188 Extension-Protection Formation 189 Cedar District Formation 189 De Courcy Formation 189 Geoffrey Formation 194 Heavy Minerals 194 Impure Limestones 200 Coal 201 Clay Minerals of Mudstones and Siltstones 201 Analytical Procedure 202 Identification Criteria 203 Stratigraphic Distribution 205 Lithology of Conglomerate Clasts 210 STRUCTURE 217 Introduction 217 Folds 220 Faults 222 Page Strike Faults 223 Transverse Faults 226 228 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 228 Coal 229 Petroleum 230 Construction Materials 232 Heavy Mineral Sandstone 233 GEOLOGIC HISTORY 233 Sediment TransportDirections Comox Formation 233 Extension Pr ote ctionFormation and Lower Cedar District Formation 235 Middle and Upper CedarDistrict Formation 237 De Courcy Formation 239 Northumberland and GeoffreyFormations 241 Areas 243 Provenance and Source 247 History 253
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