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Ecological Profile for Coastal Talukas of Gulf of Kachchh OVERVIEW

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Ecological Profile for Coastal Talukas of Gulf of Kachchh OVERVIEW Final Report Ecological Profile for Coastal Talukas of Gulf of Kachchh OVERVIEW Sponsored by Gandhinagar by Gujarat Ecology Society in association with Foundation for Ecological Security MIR Projects and Consultants September 2014 GES FES MIR _________________________________________________________________________________ A DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM It is a matter of concern and, at the same time challenge, to deal with increasing pressures on a varied and fragile ecosystem spanning almost one- third of Gujarat’s coastline. The Gulf of Kachchh has been attracting navigators over the centuries. However, the decisive economic push that Gujarat is witnessing since its formation and more so, during the last one and a half decades, has been bringing great pressure on natural resources on all sides of the Gulf. Gujarat has shown foresight in understanding the pressures on land, flora and fauna, water and other resources to reduce the adverse impact of economic development on ecology. This extensive study of the talukas around the Gulf rim and beyond is a case in point. The detailed taluka-wise study of ecology of a 550 km coastline and its hinterland planned by Gujarat Ecology Commission will make enormous data available to planners to achieve the twin objectives of economic development and conservation of natural resources to a large extent. In this process we at Gujarat Ecology Society (GES) feel privileged to present this comprehensive document covering a whole range of data that goes beyond simple profiling. An effort has been made to indicate a management plan for each of the threatened segments of ecology. Over a period of nearly two decades GES has acquired capability to undertake such a task. Much earlier GES undertook a survey of entire Gujarat coast –covering 10 kms onshore and 10kms offshore – bringing it out in four volumes. The study being presented here is more detailed in its scope and content and has authenticity of a higher degree having been reviewed and vetted by experts. We express our appreciation of GEC’s foresight and our thanks for giving us an opportunity to be a part of their on- going enlightened approach. Vadodara, Sept. 27, 2014 Hasmukh Shah __________________________________________________________________________________ i GES FES MIR _________________________________________________________________________________ STUDY TEAM GES Dr. Deepa Gavali Team Leader Dr. Jayendra J Lakhampurkar Environment Scientist Dr. Sonal Deshkar Research Associate (Zoologist) Dr. Jagruti Rathod Research Associate (Zoologist) Ms. Amita Sankhwal Research Associate (Botanist) Mr. Narayan Jadia Accountant Mr. Sandeep Umratkar Field Assistant FES Mr. Arpit Deomrari GIS Expert Ms. Atri Shaw GIS Expert MIR Mr. Jay S Damodaran Statistical Expert Consultants Dr. Jitendra Gavali Research Associate (Botanist) Dr. Jessica Karia Environmental Planner __________________________________________________________________________________ ii GES FES MIR _________________________________________________________________________________ CONTENT PAGE NO. BACKGROUND 1 1 APPROACH & METHODOLOGY 3 1.1 Secondary Data Collection 3 1.2 Primary Data Collection 6 1.3 Analysis and Integration of the data 10 2 ABOUT THE STUDY AREA 12 2.1 Geo-environment 12 2.2 Geomorphology and Coastal Process 16 2.3 Climate 21 2.4 Demography 25 2.5 Biological environment 28 2.6 Grazing Pressures 39 2.7 Water Resource Status 42 2.8 Soil Salinity 45 2.9 Industries 48 2.10 Vehicles 53 2.11 Archaeological Sites 56 3 PROJECTIONS 62 3.1 Ground Water scenario 62 3.2 Solid Waste Generation 66 3.3 Industrial Effluents 68 3.4 Fuel Consumption Pattern 71 3.5 Urban Water Demand 76 4 CONSERVATION PLAN 78 4.1 Ecological Rich Areas 85 4.2 Biologically Hot Spots 90 REFERENCE 99 ANNEX I-IV 104-135 __________________________________________________________________________________ iii GES FES MIR _________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF FIGURES 1: The Transects taken in Lakhpat and Abdasa-Naliya Taluka 7 2: The Transects taken in Anjar, Gandhidham, Mandvi and Mundra taluka 7 3: The Transects taken in Bhachau taluka 8 4: The Transects taken in Jamnagar, Lalpur and Jodiya taluka 8 5: The Transects taken in Dwarka and Khambhalia taluka 9 6: The Transects taken in Kalyanpur taluka 9 7: Geology of Kachchh 13 8: Geology of Jamnagar 14 9: Bathymetry of the Gulf of Kachchh 16 10: Current pattern during the ebb tides 19 11: Particle movement in the Gulf 20 12: Grazing land per livestock, 1997 40 13: Grazing land per livestock, 2007 40 14: Area under irrigation per scheme in coastal talukas 43 15: Rural water supply schemes in the study area 44 16: Areas with high fluoride, lead and nickel 45 17: Soil salinity as per NBSS & LUP 1998 47 18: Soil salinity as per Buvan 2005 47 19: Mining leases and areas in talukas of Kachchh district 52 20: Mining leases and areas in talukas of Jamnagar district 52 21: Trends in the transport and non transport vehicle from 2007-08 to 2012-13 in Jamnagar district 53 22: Trends in the transport and non transport vehicle from 2009-10 to 2012-13 in Kachchh district 55 23: Development category of ground water in 1991 63 24: Development category of ground water in 2002 63 25: Development category of ground water in 2010 64 26: Development category of ground water in 2025 65 27: Projected area for chemical industries 71 28: Rural energy consumption pattern in coastal taluka, Jamnagar 72 29: Urban energy consumption pattern in coastal taluka, Jamnagar 72 30: Rural energy consumption pattern in coastal taluka, Kachchh 73 31: Urban energy consumption pattern in coastal taluka, Kachchh 74 32: Rural energy consumption pattern in Maliya Taluka, Rajkot 75 33: Biological Hotspots around the Gulf 91 __________________________________________________________________________________ iv GES FES MIR _________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF TABLES 1: A list of major earthquake events in Kachchh and Jamnagar since the 1819 15 2. The tidal elevations (in meter) along the Gulf of Kachchh 18 3: Cyclone hitting Gujarat coast 22 4: Devastation by major cyclones 23 5: Population residing along Jamnagar and Kachchh coastline 25 6: Density (persons/sq km) in coastal talukas of Kachchh district 26 7: Density (persons/sq km) in coastal talukas of Jamangar and Rajkot district 26 8: Workers force in the coastal talukas (figures in percentages) 27 9: Fishing families, total fishermen population and active fishermen 28 10: Forest areas in different talukas of Jamnagar District 30 11: The various categories of forest area of talukas of Kachchh district 30 12 Mangrove cover in the Gulf of Kachchh and the West Mangroves (in sq. km) 32 13 Area of the protected areas with the key species 33 14 Rare and threatened fauna in the coastal talukas in the study area 34 15: Species diversity of herbaceous layer in the coastal area of Jamnagar and Kachchh districts 35 16: The status of upper tier of vegetation in Coastal Talukas of Kachchh District 36 17: The status of upper tier of vegetation in Coastal Talukas of Jamnagar District 36 18: Diversity indices of birds in Kachhch and Jamangar 37 19: Jaccard’s similarity index among different talukas, Kachhch 38 20: Jaccard’s similarity index among different talukas, Jamangar 38 21: Source-wise irrigation in costal talukas 43 22: Saline soils (sq km) in the talukas 46 23: Distribution of industries major and medium in the coastal talukas 48 24: The industries and number of employees in MSME sector 49 25: SIR planned around the Gulf of Kachchh 49 26: SEZs approved around the Gulf of Kachchh 50 27: Traffic and cargo handled by medium ports 51 28: Number of vehicle registered in Jamnagar district 54 29: Number of vehicle registered in Kachchh district 55 30: Stages of excavation at Dholavira 58 31: Historically important sites in Jamnagar 61 32: Projection of Solid waste generation in Major urban centres. 67 33: Results of coastal water monitoring by GPCB 69 34: Projected Urban Water Demand 77 35: Issues identified talukawise with conservation plans 79 __________________________________________________________________________________ v GES FES MIR _________________________________________________________________________________ ACKOWLEDGEMENTS The ecological profile of each coastal taluka of Gulf of Kachchh was carried out in a time period of one year. Working on the project and coordinating with other team members was a different experience. I thank the partners for their support and help that enabled us to bring out the present publication. Due acknowledgment goes to all the experts and Institutes for sharing the information and without their cooperation and support it was very difficult to complete the task in the given time. We extend our gratitude to the Head of the following Institutions, who took personnel care in sharing the information as and when demanded: 1. Gujarat Ecology Commission, Gandhinagar. 2. Industrial Extension Bureau (iNDEXTb), Gandhinagar. 3. Gujarat Fisheries Statistics, Commissioner of Fisheries, Gandhinagar. 4. Gujarat Water Resources Development Corporation (GWRDC), Gandhinagar. 5. Gujarat Water Supply and Sewerage Board (GWSSB), Gandhinagar. 6. Gujarat Livestock Development Board, Gandhinagar. 7. Wild life Division of Gujarat, Gandhinagar. 8. Division of Management plans, Forest department, Gandhinagar. 9. Gujarat Ecological Education and Research (GEER) Foundation, Gandhinagar. 10. Gujarat Water Resources Development Corporation (GWRDC), Rajkot. 11.
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