Ecological Profile for Coastal Talukas of Gulf of Kachchh OVERVIEW

Home , Abdasa Taluka, Arambhada, Gulf of Kutch, Jamnagar, Jamnagar district, Lakhota Lake

Final Report

Ecological Profile for Coastal Talukas of Gulf of Kachchh

OVERVIEW

Sponsored by

Gandhinagar

Gujarat Ecology Society

in association with

Foundation for Ecological Security

MIR Projects and Consultants

September 2014

GES FES MIR ______A DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM

It is a matter of concern and, at the same time challenge, to deal with increasing pressures on a varied and fragile ecosystem spanning almost one- third of Gujarat’s coastline. The Gulf of Kachchh has been attracting navigators over the centuries. However, the decisive economic push that Gujarat is witnessing since its formation and more so, during the last one and a half decades, has been bringing great pressure on natural resources on all sides of the Gulf. Gujarat has shown foresight in understanding the pressures on land, flora and fauna, water and other resources to reduce the adverse impact of economic development on ecology. This extensive study of the talukas around the Gulf rim and beyond is a case in point.

The detailed taluka-wise study of ecology of a 550 km coastline and its hinterland planned by Gujarat Ecology Commission will make enormous data available to planners to achieve the twin objectives of economic development and conservation of natural resources to a large extent. In this process we at Gujarat Ecology Society (GES) feel privileged to present this comprehensive document covering a whole range of data that goes beyond simple profiling. An effort has been made to indicate a management plan for each of the threatened segments of ecology. Over a period of nearly two decades GES has acquired capability to undertake such a task. Much earlier GES undertook a survey of entire Gujarat coast –covering 10 kms onshore and 10kms offshore – bringing it out in four volumes. The study being presented here is more detailed in its scope and content and has authenticity of a higher degree having been reviewed and vetted by experts.

We express our appreciation of GEC’s foresight and our thanks for giving us an opportunity to be a part of their on- going enlightened approach.

Vadodara, Sept. 27, 2014 Hasmukh Shah

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STUDY TEAM

GES Dr. Deepa Gavali Team Leader

Dr. Jayendra J Lakhampurkar Environment Scientist

Dr. Sonal Deshkar Research Associate (Zoologist)

Dr. Jagruti Rathod Research Associate (Zoologist)

Ms. Amita Sankhwal Research Associate (Botanist)

Mr. Narayan Jadia Accountant

Mr. Sandeep Umratkar Field Assistant

FES

Mr. Arpit Deomrari GIS Expert

Ms. Atri Shaw GIS Expert

MIR

Mr. Jay S Damodaran Statistical Expert

Consultants

Dr. Jitendra Gavali Research Associate (Botanist)

Dr. Jessica Karia Environmental Planner

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GES FES MIR ______CONTENT PAGE NO.

BACKGROUND 1 1 APPROACH & METHODOLOGY 3 1.1 Secondary Data Collection 3 1.2 Primary Data Collection 6 1.3 Analysis and Integration of the data 10 2 ABOUT THE STUDY AREA 12 2.1 Geo-environment 12 2.2 Geomorphology and Coastal Process 16 2.3 Climate 21 2.4 Demography 25 2.5 Biological environment 28 2.6 Grazing Pressures 39 2.7 Water Resource Status 42 2.8 Soil Salinity 45 2.9 Industries 48 2.10 Vehicles 53 2.11 Archaeological Sites 56 3 PROJECTIONS 62 3.1 Ground Water scenario 62 3.2 Solid Waste Generation 66 3.3 Industrial Effluents 68 3.4 Fuel Consumption Pattern 71 3.5 Urban Water Demand 76 4 CONSERVATION PLAN 78 4.1 Ecological Rich Areas 85 4.2 Biologically Hot Spots 90 REFERENCE 99 ANNEX I-IV 104-135

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GES FES MIR ______

LIST OF FIGURES

1: The Transects taken in Lakhpat and Abdasa-Naliya Taluka 7 2: The Transects taken in Anjar, Gandhidham, Mandvi and Mundra taluka 7 3: The Transects taken in Bhachau taluka 8 4: The Transects taken in Jamnagar, Lalpur and Jodiya taluka 8 5: The Transects taken in Dwarka and Khambhalia taluka 9 6: The Transects taken in Kalyanpur taluka 9 7: Geology of Kachchh 13 8: Geology of Jamnagar 14 9: Bathymetry of the Gulf of Kachchh 16 10: Current pattern during the ebb tides 19 11: Particle movement in the Gulf 20 12: Grazing land per livestock, 1997 40 13: Grazing land per livestock, 2007 40 14: Area under irrigation per scheme in coastal talukas 43 15: Rural water supply schemes in the study area 44 16: Areas with high fluoride, lead and nickel 45 17: Soil salinity as per NBSS & LUP 1998 47 18: Soil salinity as per Buvan 2005 47 19: Mining leases and areas in talukas of Kachchh district 52 20: Mining leases and areas in talukas of Jamnagar district 52 21: Trends in the transport and non transport vehicle from 2007-08 to 2012-13 in Jamnagar district 53 22: Trends in the transport and non transport vehicle from 2009-10 to 2012-13 in Kachchh district 55 23: Development category of ground water in 1991 63 24: Development category of ground water in 2002 63 25: Development category of ground water in 2010 64 26: Development category of ground water in 2025 65 27: Projected area for chemical industries 71 28: Rural energy consumption pattern in coastal taluka, Jamnagar 72 29: Urban energy consumption pattern in coastal taluka, Jamnagar 72 30: Rural energy consumption pattern in coastal taluka, Kachchh 73 31: Urban energy consumption pattern in coastal taluka, Kachchh 74 32: Rural energy consumption pattern in Maliya Taluka, Rajkot 75 33: Biological Hotspots around the Gulf 91

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LIST OF TABLES

1: A list of major earthquake events in Kachchh and Jamnagar since the 1819 15 2. The tidal elevations (in meter) along the Gulf of Kachchh 18 3: Cyclone hitting Gujarat coast 22 4: Devastation by major cyclones 23 5: Population residing along Jamnagar and Kachchh coastline 25 6: Density (persons/sq km) in coastal talukas of Kachchh district 26 7: Density (persons/sq km) in coastal talukas of Jamangar and Rajkot district 26 8: Workers force in the coastal talukas (figures in percentages) 27 9: Fishing families, total fishermen population and active fishermen 28 10: Forest areas in different talukas of Jamnagar District 30 11: The various categories of forest area of talukas of Kachchh district 30 12 Mangrove cover in the Gulf of Kachchh and the West Mangroves (in sq. km) 32 13 Area of the protected areas with the key species 33 14 Rare and threatened fauna in the coastal talukas in the study area 34 15: Species diversity of herbaceous layer in the coastal area of Jamnagar and Kachchh districts 35 16: The status of upper tier of vegetation in Coastal Talukas of Kachchh District 36 17: The status of upper tier of vegetation in Coastal Talukas of Jamnagar District 36 18: Diversity indices of birds in Kachhch and Jamangar 37 19: Jaccard’s similarity index among different talukas, Kachhch 38 20: Jaccard’s similarity index among different talukas, Jamangar 38 21: Source-wise irrigation in costal talukas 43 22: Saline soils (sq km) in the talukas 46 23: Distribution of industries major and medium in the coastal talukas 48 24: The industries and number of employees in MSME sector 49 25: SIR planned around the Gulf of Kachchh 49 26: SEZs approved around the Gulf of Kachchh 50 27: Traffic and cargo handled by medium ports 51 28: Number of vehicle registered in Jamnagar district 54 29: Number of vehicle registered in Kachchh district 55 30: Stages of excavation at Dholavira 58 31: Historically important sites in Jamnagar 61 32: Projection of Solid waste generation in Major urban centres. 67 33: Results of coastal water monitoring by GPCB 69 34: Projected Urban Water Demand 77 35: Issues identified talukawise with conservation plans 79

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GES FES MIR ______ACKOWLEDGEMENTS

The ecological profile of each coastal taluka of Gulf of Kachchh was carried out in a time period of one year. Working on the project and coordinating with other team members was a different experience. I thank the partners for their support and help that enabled us to bring out the present publication.

Due acknowledgment goes to all the experts and Institutes for sharing the information and without their cooperation and support it was very difficult to complete the task in the given time.

We extend our gratitude to the Head of the following Institutions, who took personnel care in sharing the information as and when demanded:

1. Gujarat Ecology Commission, Gandhinagar. 2. Industrial Extension Bureau (iNDEXTb), Gandhinagar. 3. Gujarat Fisheries Statistics, Commissioner of Fisheries, Gandhinagar. 4. Gujarat Water Resources Development Corporation (GWRDC), Gandhinagar. 5. Gujarat Water Supply and Sewerage Board (GWSSB), Gandhinagar. 6. Gujarat Livestock Development Board, Gandhinagar. 7. Wild life Division of Gujarat, Gandhinagar. 8. Division of Management plans, Forest department, Gandhinagar. 9. Gujarat Ecological Education and Research (GEER) Foundation, Gandhinagar. 10. Gujarat Water Resources Development Corporation (GWRDC), Rajkot. 11. India Meteorological Department. 12. Director of Census Operations, Gujarat. 13. Rajokot Zilla Panchayat, Statistical Department, Rajkot. 14. Rajokot Zilla Panchayat, Agriculture Department, Rajkot. 15. Rajokot Zilla Panchayat, Irrigation Department, Rajkot. 16. Rajkot Archeology Department, Rajkot. 17. Pachim Gujarat Vij Company Limited (PGVCL), Corporate Office, Rajkot. 18. Pachim Gujarat Vij Company Limited (PGVCL) Bhuj Circle, Bhuj. 19. Jamnagar Zilla Panchayat Kacheri, Agricultural Department, Jamnagar. ______

GES FES MIR ______20. Jamnagar Zilla Panchayat Kacheri, Statistical Department, Jamnagar. 21. Jamnagar Zilla Panchayat Kacheri, Irrigation Department, Jamnagar. 22. Jamnagar Mahanagar Seva Sadan, Solid waste division, Jamnagar. 23. Jamnagar Jilla Seva Sadan-4, Und Irrigation division, Jamnagar. 24. Pachim Gujarat Vij Company Limited (PGVCL), Jamnagar revenue department, Jamnagar. 25. Pachim Gujarat Vij Company Limited (PGVCL), Jamnagar division 1, 2 and 3 Jamnagar. 26. Gandhidham Municipal Corporation, solid waste division, Gandhidham. 27. Pachim Gujarat Vij Company Limited (PGVCL), Gandhidham division office, Gandhidham. 28. Pachim Gujarat Vij Company Limited (PGVCL), Khambhalia division office, Khambhalia. 29. Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand. 30. Maharaja Sayajirao University, Vadodara. 31. Lalpur Gram panchayat, Lalpur. 32. Dwarka Nagarpalika, Dwarka .

The efforts of field team is worth mentioning and without their constant travelling and survey work the report in present form could not be achieved.

Last but not the least, we are thankful to the GEC staff for their continuous support and co-operation during the entire project.

Dr. Deepa Gavali Director (Acting)

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GES FES MIR ______BACKGROUND

Gujarat has the longest coastline of 1600 km in the country, comprising of major geomorphic segments namely; Gulf of Khambhat, Gulf of Kachchh, Saurashtra coast and Coast of South Gujarat. Gujarat Ecology Commission prepared ecological profiling of coastal talukas of Gulf of Khambhat in 2011 and such an exercise help policy makers to develop the best management practices by providing an overview of status of ecological process at the ground level. In continuation to that exercise and relevance of Gulf of Kachchh, which is identified as critical habitat by the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests, the present study was undertaken. The objectives of the study under the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) programme are:

1. To prepare management decision support document that will help plan for development activities with an overview of the ecological conditions of the area. 2. To create an ecological and environment data bank at taluka level to utilise it as a component of management support system. 3. To identify the environment issues of the coastal talukas of Gulf of Kachchh.

The study area consisted of 14 coastal talukas surrounding the Gulf of Kachchh (22° 15’ N to 22° 50’ N and 68° 20’ E to 70° 40’ E) as indicated below;

District Taluka Devhoomi Kalyanpur, Khambhalia, Okhamandal (Dwarka) Jamnagar Jamnagar, Lalpur, Jodiya Morbi Maliya Kachchh Abdasa-Naliya, Anjar, Bhachau, Gandhidham, Lakhpat, Mandvi, Mundra These regions with their fragile ecosystems have experienced rapid industrialization and urbanization in the last two decades. The present study aimed to create an ______

GES FES MIR ______ecological database and identify various environmental issues that would assist the management support system for ICZM. The section divided into general details and major issues of the study area with management plan.

Location map of the Study Area

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I APPRAOCH & METHODOLOGY

The study divided into three important components: 1). Secondary data collection, 2). Primary data collection and 3). Analysis and integration of the data.

The detailed methodology followed described underneath:

1.1 Secondary data collection:

Secondary data collected from the relevant government agencies and research organizations. The quantum of data collected described below:

(i) Social baseline data from census (1991, 2001 and 2011) for each of the talukas on the following variables.  Demography (male female ratio), population growth index.  Occupation (workers, non-workers, agriculturists and farm laborers) and active fisherman (Directorate of Fish Statistics).  Industries and demand for workers trends of farm workers and fishers.  Livestock for the last 20 years; Changes in livestock composition (data from Directorate of Animal Husbandry).  Water assessment – Groundwater: The changes in the following parameters over the last 20 years at taluka level evaluated. Data procured from GWRDC on payment basis.  Aquifer types and conditions  Ground water structure and capacity  Rainfall and runoff/recharge ratio  Ground water resource assessments from GWRDC  Ground water depth and quality data, including salinity data from GWRDC  Degree of dependency on ground water for irrigation and domestic purpose  Ground water demand and supply  Ground water recharge- data  Saline water intrusion from sea and Ranns and factors affecting  RO water use by industry and its supply for domestic purpose (Mentioned wherever applicable). ______

GES FES MIR ______ Cases of wastewater recycling (Mentioned wherever applicable).  Coastal industries, ports and thermal power plants o Salt industries o Ports and Jettys o Refineries o Mining o Thermal power plants (ii) Land environment:  For terrain study The Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) was derived from the Aster Gdem datasets using the TIN modeling tool.  Changes in the following parameters over the last 20 years at taluka level are studied. Remote sensing images for the year 1997 and 2013 procured from NRSA and the land use mapping done as per the guidelines by partner organization, FES.  For geo-rectification, ERDAS IMAGINE software version 9.2 used.  The Arc GIS 10.0 software was used to retrieve the following processing and analysis:  Land use: changes in the various categories and trends of the same  Land cover pattern

Apart from RS data secondary data was obtained for the following variables:

 Area under unprotected vidis and grasslands (Forest Department Working plan)  Cropping pattern over the last 25 years. Change in cropping pattern described in detailed (Directorate of Agriculture). (iii) Forest, Protected Areas and Biodiversity:

Management plans for the protected areas obtained from the Forest Department, viz., Marine National Park and sanctuary, Khijadiya sanctuary, Wild Ass Sanctuary, Naliya Grasslands, Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary and Great Rann Sanctuary. The following variable reviewed.

 Forest areas and forest cover  Mangrove area and mangrove cover  Protected Areas, their extent and flagship species  Trend in population of flagship and key species ______

GES FES MIR ______ Marine biodiversity  Rare and threatened flora and fauna (iv) Cultural heritage sites of Archeological Importance:

Data on Heritage sites from Office of Archeology Department in the Jamnagar and Kachchh District on the follwinng collected.

 Fossil sites  Historical sites  Religious sites-temples (v) Important institutions in the coastal zone  Marine National Park Authority, Jamnagar  Marine Research Station, Jamnagar  Fisheries Research Station, Okha

Service assessment

Important urban hubs considered for the present study include Jamangar, Gandhidham, Mundra and Mandvi. Other important towns and municipalities were Dhrol, Kambhalia, Mithapur, Sikka, Vadinar, Bedi, Dwarka, Naliya, Bhachau, Adipur, Anjar, Jodiya and Okha.

Since most of the urban centres added under class D cities, past data was not available and wherever available incorporated. The data for the last 15 years collected and analyzed for the following set of variables.

 Demand of water per capita  Status of basic amenities (hospitals, schools, street light, road and public transport, linkages with important centres of the state)  Effectiveness of drain storm channel and sewage system

Energy

 Use of biogas and fuelwood by locals

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GES FES MIR ______Coastal and Marine Environment

Major emphasis given on the fishing, which is the important livelihood of the region. Associated with fishing the state of art of the mangroves and breeding ground of the fishes assessed. Following is the list of parameters assessed.

 Number of fish landing stations per taluka  Total fishers, active fishers, number and types of boats, fishing gadgets, pagadiya fishery (Fishery statistics)  Fish catch trends (Fishery statistics)  Port and shipping development existing and proposed (economics and trade, environments aspects)

Wastewater generation

The important urban areas considered for the estimation and information on the following.

 Generation of solid and domestic sewage in important urban centers of each taluka and future projections (Urban Development Authority)  Industrial effluent generation and disposal mechanism (from industries)

1.2 Primary data collection is mainly on the biodiversity of each taluka.

Biodiversity rich areas were marked out from the satellite imagery data using the grid method. In each grid transects were laid were laid and biodiversity status was evaluated. Transects were laid in a manner that it represented each of the ecosystem viz. terrestrial, wetland and coastal.

Random quadrate sampling technique used and data on the following parameters was collected.

Vegetation

Belt transect of size 1 Km X 500 m was laid. In case of terrestrial systems, all the three tiers were covered (Herbs, shrubs and trees). The size of the quadrate fixed as 10 X 10 m for trees, 5 X 5 m for shrubs and 1X 1 m for herbs. Around 2800 quadrates in talukas of Kachchh district and 1640 quadrates in Jamnagar district were l-aid.

All the species falling within the quadrate listed and their number noted down. In case of marine ecosystem belt transect was laid based on terrain identified from Bhuvan and Google earth images. The mangroves and associated species noted. ______

GES FES MIR ______Figure 1:The Transects taken in Lakhpat and Abdasa-Naliya Taluka

Figure 2: The Transects taken in Anjar, Gandhidham, Mandvi and Mundra taluka

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GES FES MIR ______Figure 3: The Transects taken in Bhachau taluka

Figure 4: The Transects taken in Jamnagar, Lalpur and Jodiya taluka

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GES FES MIR ______Figure 5: The Transects taken in Dwarka and Khambhalia taluka

Figure 6: The Transects taken in Kalyanpur taluka

Fauna

Fauna includes herpetofauna, aves and mammals. The survey for the faunal studies carried out during summer and postmonsoon, to cover the resident and migratory species (especially in case of birds). In case of wetlands of Jamnagar due to low rainfall in 2011-12, the wetlands were dry and no /few bird species sighted. However, good rainfall recorded in the last week of September 2013 and thus there was low population of water birds reported from the study area during the survey time. ______

GES FES MIR ______Belt transects was laid and spot identification technique (Javed and Kaul, 2002) was followed for avifauna. The time of the sampling was set as early morning when the activity of the birds was more. GPS, macrohabitat and microhabitat noted down for each location. Threats like destruction of habitat or presence of prey species observed. Bird identified using Grimmett et al., (2001).

In the case of mammal direct sightings, if any, were recorded and the indirect evidence such as animal burrows/holes, dung, pellets, feeding signs, pug marks, tracks, Quills etc were noted(Singh, 2013). Reptiles present in transects were also recorded further the indirect evidences in the form of shaded skin of snake etc was also recorded (Daniel, 1983).

Intertidal survey

Intertidal survey conducted once during the entire study time tor record the benthos, seaweeds and corals. The survey emphasized on coral and associated species. Corals identified using standard books and reference material.

1.3 Analysis and Integration of the data

Data analysis and projections

 The primary data pooled together for each quadrate and the following parameters estimated for each of the taluka.  Vegetation: Species diversity, species density, IVI, species evenness and richness.  Fauna: The diversity and the density were calculated and Shanon-Wiener similarity index used to estimate the evenness. Jaccard’s similarity index calculated between the two different seasons.  Rare and endangered species: A checklist of rare and endangered species based on IUCN Red list (2011) is prepared.  Various immediate threats faced by the species indicated.

Analysis

Integration of the primary and secondary data done to prepare the thematic maps using GIS:

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GES FES MIR ______ Physical environment- rainfall, drainage, geology, geomorphology, slope etc.,  Changes in LULC – Urban area, industrial areas, Agriculture, Forests, grasslands and scrublands.  Hot spots with regards to availability of ground water (GW) and overuse of GW  Biological hotspots (terrestrial, coastal & marine and heritage sites)  Pressure on the existing natural resources: available grazing land, fodder production vs livestock population, conversion of grazing land and agriculture land for other purpose.  Future trend of population, industrialization and surface irrigation development (eg, SSP and Kalpasar) and its impact on ground water quality and availability. Based on the data generated the changes in the land ecology would be prepared and trends discussed on the increase or decrease of fallow lands/agricultural lands/open lands. Change in agriculture pattern of each taluka in relation with the irrigation facility and industrial development was done.  Status of irrigation facilities at taluka level; dependency on ground water or minor irrigation scheme or Narmada waters.  Growth rate of urban centers and future demand of various resource base.  Number of sewage and effluent treatment plant (capacity vs waster water generation, maintenance, technology used and future needs)

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2 ABOUT THE STUDY AREA

General details of the study area include the physical environment (climate, geology, soil) and biological environment (forests, flora and fauna). Each of the section is presented in detailed.

As per the present satellite data, the total coastline of the Gulf of Kachchh is 550 km. Out of this; major part of it is muddy as about 90 % of the coast is lined with mudflat. The rocky coast is less and it is only 10 % of the coastline.

Characteristic of coastal line of the Gulf of Kachchh

Coast Muddy coast Sandy coast Rocky coast Total coastline (km) (km) (km) (km) Southern coast 80 - 20 250 Northern coast 75 20 5 300

2.1 Geo-environment

The study area falls in arid and semi arid belt of the country characterised by low rainfall and frequent droughts.

The northern shore of the Gulf of Kachchh stretches about 300 km, with dissected coastline. The eastern part of the Gulf is muddy in nature with extensive mud flats. The western part forms the northern shore of the Gulf of Kachchh and is sandy/silty in nature with narrow beaches. The drainage follows the region slope ie., South West and South direction. The important rivers of this region include Kali, Godhatad, Kehari, Mithi, Berachiya, Kankavati, Sai, Vingadi, Kharod, Rukmavati, Nagmati and Bhukhi.

The southern shore of the Gulf of Kachchh is about 250 km long, highly crenulated and complex in nature with mudflats, offshore islands, platforms and narrow beaches. The important rivers are Gomti, Khari, Bhogat, Ghee, Sihan, Aaji, Und, Demi, Bavani, Jhinjhera, Kankavati and Machchhu. ______

GES FES MIR ______Geologically the study area is divided into two sections viz., the northern Kachchh basin and Kathiawar Peninsula in the south. Sedimentary rock dominates the Kachchh district, whereas igneous rocks dominate Jamnagar and Rajkot districts. The Kachchh basin represent one of the most complex geological setup of the country with highly fragile, faulted and folded rock formation and prolonged history of seismic activity (Figure 7). Major earthquakes recorded in the region include those in 1819, 1956 and 2001.

Figure 7: Geology of Kachchh

On the other hand, geologically, Saurashtra represent (Figure 8) past active volcanic phase that took place between Upper Cretaceous and continued till Tertiary (Ecocene). These volcanic activities led to lava flow that latter solidified to form basalt and its derivatives. Younger Tertiary (Gaj Formation, Dwarka Formation) and Pleistocene (Miliolite Formation) rocks are exposed in Okha-mandal region. Holocene formations are present mainly as valley-filled deposits, mudflats, beaches and coral reefs.

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GES FES MIR ______Figure 8: Geology of Jamnagar

Soils of Kachchh are coarse grained sandy, sandy loam and calcareous in nature. These soils fall mainly under two Orders, namely Aridisol and Entisol. The soils have the characteristics feature like high salinity, sodicity and gully erosion. Being coastal talukas, closeness to the sea make the soil prone to salinity.

Soils of Saurashtra soils are dominantly Entisol and Inceptisol Order occurinbg on different landforms of hilly terrain. The soils of Okha and Maliya are having saline and sodic nature due to their vicinity to sea and Ranns.

Earthquake incidences

Kachchh is seismically active area, falling in the highest magnitude zone of V, where several devastating earthquakes have taken place (Table 1). It is the unstable structural framework of the crust of the area. With the changing climate and melting of the polar ice caps at fast rate, the isostatic balance of the crust of the earth is apt to change causing the structurally weak areas to readjust. In such a situation, Kachchh would experience the highest impact resulting in occurrence of higher magnitude earthquakes more frequently. That in turn could cause the net sea level change of much higher order than in the other structurally stable areas. In view of the seismic ______

GES FES MIR ______vulnerability of the region such type of very specific likely impact of the climate change for the area is a matter of concern and need to be closely studied.

Table 1: A list of major earthquake events in Kachchh and Jamnagar since the 1819

Date Location Details Time Mag & Intn 27 Jun 1819 Bhuj Accompanied by a loud noise 19 Apr 1845 Lakhpat Sixty six shocks some which were destructive 31 Oct 1940 Dhrol-Jamnagar Maximum observed intensity This earthquake might area VI. be the same as the previous event reported in Kachchh for which no date (day and month) or origin times are available. 26 Jan 2001 Bhachau, Rapar The most severe earthquake of the centaury, felt all Richter scale 7.9 over the country, lead to severe damage in Kachchh, Ahemdabad, Jamnagar and Surat District. More then 20000 people killed and 167000 reported injured. Total property damage was around 500 billion rupees. 28 Jan 2001 Suvi-Rapar area, A moderate to strong aftershock struck Gujarat, at 01:02:10 Mw 5.8: 06:32 AM local time causing considerable panic in Gujarat. Tremors were also felt in adjoining parts of Maharashtra & Rajasthan.

Dwarka, capital of the Lord-King Krishna and Dvaramati, Dvaravati and Kushsthali is the ancient names of the city. It had six well-organized sectors, residential and commercial zones, wide roads, plazas, palaces and many public utilities. A hall called "Sudharma Sabha" was built to hold public meetings. The city also boasted having the possession of a good sea harbour. Dwarka has submerged six times and modern day Dwarka is the 7th such city to be built in the area.

Dwaraka was a well-planned city with a modern and technologically advanced harbour suitably designed to deal with the marine traffic of large ships entering the port.. A probable earthquake around 0 A.D. near the historically important city of Dwarka is recorded as a zone of liquefaction in archeological excavations of the ancient city (Rajendran et al., 2003). Between 1983 and 1990, the well-fortified township of Dwaraka was discovered, extending more than half mile from the shore. The township was built in six sectors along the banks of a river. The foundation of

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GES FES MIR ______boulders on which the City's walls erected proves that the land was reclaimed from the sea.

Gujarat region had experienced at least three large killer earthquakes about 1500, 3000 and 5000 years BP respectively. Geomorphological evidences show beyond doubt that the North-Western part of the Indian landmass was seismically active during the last 10,000 years. These killer quakes are likely to have caused the shifting of the rivers and sea level fluctuation including the sinking of the legendary city.

2.2 Geomorphology and Coastal Process

The coastal configuration of the Gulf is highly irregular with number of islands, creeks and bays (Figure 9). The southern shore had numerous islands and inlets covered with mangroves and surrounded by coral reefs. The northern shore is predominantly sandy or muddy confronted by numerous shoals.

Figure 9: Bathymetry of the Gulf of Kachchh

(Source: Kunte et. al, 2003)

All along the coast, small rivers drain into the Gulf and carry small quantity of freshwater during SW monsoon. These rivers have broad valleys and the riverbed is ______

GES FES MIR ______mostly composed of coarse sand and gravel. Sediments get transported into the Gulf by river discharging from north and south of the shore along with those denuded from the shores and aeolian sands. There is a network of creeks and alluvial marshy tidal flats in the interior region. Dredge spoil from Kandla creek and the approach channel add 5.4 x 106 T of sediment to the Gulf every year.

Sediment sources in the Gulf are a resultant of wave erosion of the rocks bordering the shores of the Gulf and from River Indus. Variation in the bathymetry, bottom topography and the abundance of mica and clay minerals on the continental shelf north and south of the Gulf a macro tidal bay, indicate the presence of two distinct sedimentary environments (Nair et al., 1982).

The bathymetry of the Gulf is very irregular at the mouth and the central part of the Gulf and consists of pinnacles and scarps ranging from 6 to 32 m (Nair et al., 1982). Towards the head, the relief is subdued due to the covering of fine-grained sediments. A large area of the floor at the mouth of the Gulf, at depths greater than 20 m, is covered with algal limestone, aragonite, cemented sandstones and dead corals. On the low-energy margin of the Gulf, created by the shelter provided by the reefs especially on the southern side, wide tidal flats with patches of corals in the inter-tidal and sub-tidal zones are present. The remainder of the Gulf consists of silt and clay with patches of fine sand. Silt-size materials are found at the mouth, fine silt and medium silt occur at the southern side of the Gulf at its head (Hashmi et al., 1978).

In the last 30 years or so, some of the physiographic changes observed around the head of the Gulf include accretion, migration and joining of different creeks, reorientation of tidal current ridges and regression of sea (Wagle 1979). These changes appear to be related to tectonically activated lineaments passing through the head of the Gulf.

The Gulf has negative water balance i.e, annual evaporation (7,350 Mm3) always exceeds the sum of precipitation (3,087 Mm3) and river runoff (140 Mm3). Turnover time varies from around 15 days near the mouth to around 8 days near the head (Sen ______

GES FES MIR ______Gupta & Deshmukhe, 2000).

Physical Oceanography: Studies related to physical environment/ physical oceanography in the Gulf have been mainly done for the various development projects as a part of evaluating the impact due to changes in the physical regimes by construction and operations of the projects e.g, ports, jetties, pipelines dredging activities etc.

In the Gulf, tidal currents dominate the flow, as it experience macro-tidal regimes. It is downstream to upstream during the high tide and the reverse during the low tide. Maximum velocities occur during mid-tide, which is around 4 knots associated with high wave energy. Spring currents are 60 to 65% stronger than neap currents. Bottom currents are periodic, bimodal and flow parallel to the bottom contour. Currents though tidal, are monsoonal in origin. The flow adjusts its directional orientation with the changing direction of wind affected by changing seasons of the year.

The Gulf, because of its peculiar shape is marked by high tides, the average amplitude of mean high water spring tide at Okha and Navlakhi being 3.47 and 7.31 m respectively (Table 2).

Table 2: The tidal elevations (in meter) along the Gulf of Kachchh

Station MHWS MHWN MLWS MLWN MSL Okha 3.47 2.96 1.20 0.41 2.00 Vadinar 5.3 4.3 1.7 0.70 3.00 Sikka 5.38 4.35 1.74 0.71 3.04 Mundra 5.50 5.00 2.00 1.20 3.40 Rozi 5.87 5.40 1.89 1.00 3.60 Kandla 6.66 5.17 1.81 0.78 3.90 Navlakhi 7.21 6.16 2.14 0.78 4.20 (Source: Nair, 2002)

MHWS – mean high water spring, MHWN – mean high water neap, MLWN - mean low water neap, MLWS – mean low water spring, MSL – mean sea level.

The tides are of mixed semi-diurnal type with unequal amplitudes. High tidal range

______

GES FES MIR ______and associated tidal currents are effective geological agents that have played a significant role in sedimentation process and shaping the bottom topography (Nair et. al 1982).

Tidal flows and bathymetry control the circulation in the Gulf, though wind effect is also evident. Hence, the currents are bimodal with two prominent directions - landward during flood and seaward during ebb (Figure 10).

Figure 10: Current pattern during the ebb tides

(Source: Ramakrishnan and Rawat 2012)

Model studies indicated that the observed amplification of semi-diurnal tides in the Gulf results from a combination of quarter-wavelength resonance, geometric effect due to decrease in width of the channel (funnelling effect) and friction (Shetye, 1999; Unnikrishnan et al., 1999).

Because of arid to semi-arid climate with low rainfall, the nature and distribution of sediments point to the over-riding influence of the high velocity of the tidal currents ______

GES FES MIR ______in the Gulf. The tidal influence appears to be the principal cause for transporting sediments from adjoining shelves into the Gulf (Figure 11). Redistribution of sediments results from its interactions with tidal currents with irregular topography of the Gulf (Hashmi et al., 1978).

Figure 11: Particle movement in the Gulf

(Source: Ramakrishnan and Rawat 2012)

Turbulence over irregular topography prevents accumulation of sediment in the middle of the Gulf. Babu et al., (2005) studied and modelled the behaviour of currents of Gulf of Kachchh concluded the currents to be predominantly tide-driven, responding significantly to the seasonally changing wind pattern.

______

GES FES MIR ______Eddies present in the Gulf of Kachchh (GoK) confirm that they are permanent features of the GoK circulation. Accurate estimation of residual currents and eddies in an active industrial coastal zone like the Gulf of Kachchh is important because of its potential applications with respect to discharge of pollutants. Though GoK is considered as a well-mixed system, recent studies revealed that only the central Gulf is well mixed. Stratification in temperature and salinity is noticed in the eastern Gulf, where a cold and high saline tongue is observed in the subsurface layers. Model results indicated the effect of seasonally changing winds the circulation. During southwest monsoon, the predominant westerly winds enhance the flood currents by about 20% and reduce the ebb currents significantly. In spite of semi-arid climate and lack of major rivers flowing into it, the Gulf is highly turbid with suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) during October-November 2002 ranging between 0.5 mg/l and 674 mg/l.

2.3 Climate

The climate of the coastal talukas along Gulf of Kachchh illustrated two distinct conditions. The extreme west region that included talukas of Lakhpat and Abdasa showed arid climate with very hot summers; dry and cold winters and scanty rainfall (250 mm). On the other hand, talukas from Mandvi to Bhachau received annual rainfall of 400 mm.

Rainfall difference along the Jamnagar coast recorded. Jamnagar coast being at the head region of Gulf of Kachchh received more rain and the annual average rainfall recorded was 605.0 mm. However, as one move towards outer gulf decline in rainfall reported and the average rainfall of Okha Dwarka and Kalyanpur taluka was 500.9 mm and 493.6 mm respectively.

Thus, the rainfall pattern around the Gulf of Kachchh differed and this influenced the vegetation pattern recorded in the region.

Cyclones: Cyclones striking in the Gulf of Kachchh or Arabian Sea are low, but increase in cyclones from 1990 onwards recorded. Around 40 cyclones hit the region from 1893 to 2010. However, in span of 20 years from 1990 to 2010, 10 cyclones with ______

GES FES MIR ______different intensities have struck the region (Table 3). There is increase in the cyclones striking the region after 2000. Table 3: Cyclone hitting Gujarat coast

S No. Year Month Intensity Track follow 1. 1893 Nov STR-SSTR Veraval – Bhavnagar. 2. 1894 Oct SSTR Jaffrabad - South Gujarat 3. 1896 Nov SSTR Off Jaffrabad – Bhopal, Allahabad 4. 1897 Jul DEPR Off Jaffrabad - Veraval-Gulf of Kachchh 5. 1897 Sept DEPR Veraval – Off Dwaraka-NW 6. 1903 Jul STR Off Jaffrabad – Veraval- N 7. 1909 Sept DEPR Surat – Jaffrabad - Kandla-NW 8. 1920 Jun SSTR Veraval - Ahmedabad 9. 1925 Jun DEPR Off Veraval – Kandla 10. 1925 Jun DEPR Bharuch – Bhavnagar – Okha 11. 1926 Spet DEPR Veraval – N –W- N 12. 1933 May DEPR Veraval – N 13. 1934 Oct DEPR Dissipated Off Jaffrabad 14. 1935 Jun DEPR Gulf of Khambhat 15. 1944 Aug STR Ahmedabad-Kandla-Off Jaffrabad-W 16. 1944 Oct Pune-Mumbai-Off Jaffrabad - DEPR Ahmedabad 17. 1947 Apr SSTR Arabian Sea-Bharuch-Along West Coast 18. 1948 Sept SSTR Mumbai-Off Diu-Porbandar 19. 1954 July DEPR Vadinar-Karanchi 20. 1959 Oct Jaffrabad -Veraval-across the Arabian DEPR- STR Sea-Oman 21. 1960 Jul DEPR Off Dwaraka-Mandavi 22. 1962 Sept DEPR Surat-Jafarabad-Dwaraka-Mandavi 23. 1964 Aug STR Jafarabad 24. 1969 Jun DEPR Jafarabad-Bhavnagar. 25. 1973 Jul DEPR Veraval-Porbandar-Vadinar-North. 26. 1975 Jun DEPR Okha west 27. 1976 May SSTR Jafarabad-Ahmedabad. 28. 1982 Nov DEPR Veraval-Ahmedabad-NE 29. 1983 Jun DEPR Veraval-Rajkot 30. 1985 Oct Jafarabad-West of Bhavnagar-Jafrabad- DEPR Surat NE 31. 1989 Jun Junagadh-Rajkot-Navalakhi-Vadinar - DEPR NW 32. 1996 Jun SSTR Kandla-Rajkot 33. 1996 Oct SSTR Kandla-Veraval-Jafarabad ______

GES FES MIR ______

S No. Year Month Intensity Track follow 34. 1998 Jun SSTR Porbandar-Jamnagar- Kandla 35. 1999 Jun SSTR Porbandar-Dwarka-Nalia. 36. 2001 May SSTR N-Saurashtra- Kachchh 37. 2004 May DEPR NW off Maharashtra 38. 2007 June STR NW Gujarat- Kachchh- Karachi 39. 2009 June DEPR NW Saurastra- Kachchh 40. 2010 June SSTR Off Sindh- Karachi_ Northern Kachchh SSTR: 88-117km/h DEPR: upto 60 km/h STR: 60-87km/h Source: IMD website

Records of destruction due to cyclones are available from 1975 onwards. The data showed that the severity of cyclones increased from 1975 and the extent of damage. In 1998, losses due to cyclone to the tune of Rs. 1865 crores recorded. This cyclone was very severe which had an impact on the mangroves and large scale uprooting of mangroves observed (Table 4).

Table 4: Devastation by major cyclones

No. Date Landfall/Devastation Crossed Saurashtra coast about 15 km to the northwest of Porbandar. Rajkot area with maximum wind speeds of 160-180 1. October 19-24,1975 Km/Hr. 85 people died and caused considerable damage to property (estimated to be about Rs. 75 crores.) The storm crossed Saurashtra coast with maximum wind speed of 167KM/hr. Around 70 people were killed 70 and 51 villages were 2. May 31-June 5, 1976 affected badly, 25,000 houses damaged and 4500 Cattle heads perished. The total damaged was estimated to be Rs. 3 crores. Crossed Saurastra coast close to and west of Mangrol shortly after mid-night of November 1 and moved closer to Porbandar in the October 28 to early morning of November 2nd, moving northeastwards as a 4. November 2 , 1981 severe cyclone upto Jamnagar. About 5700 housed and about an equal number of huts were partially or fully damaged in Junagzarh, Jamnagar districts. Crossed south Gujarat coasts 5 km west of Kodinagar (Veraval) November 4 to 511 persons lost their lives. 12624 Pucca and 54549 Kutchha 5. 9,1982 houses completely destroyed. Damage to crop to the tune of Rs. 127.23 crores. The cyclone crossed Gujarat coast north of Porbandar at 0200 UTC of June 9. The system maintained its intensity till noon when it lay 10. June 5-9 1998 over Gulf of Kutch port. Thence onwards it moved north -east wards and weakened gradually. Total lives lost 1173 and 1774 persons were missing. Losses incurred due to storm were of the

______

GES FES MIR ______

tune of Rs.1865 crores. The system caused severe damage in Kutch and Jamnagar districts. Loss of life: 453: Loss of property: Rs. 80 crores. Partial damage: 11. May 16-22, 1999 5153. In Rajasthan loss of life is one. Cattle heads perished: 5104. Houses completely damaged: 50. Partially damaged: 5153 Source: IMD website

Various studies initiated to understand the increase in cyclones in the Arabian Sea. IMD mapped the path of the severe cyclones and this would aid in disaster management. Evan et al., (2011) reported that there change in the wind circulation pattern over the Arabian Sea, which corresponded with the aerosols development in the Indian Sub continent is responsible for increase in cyclones.

Phet (2010) 1998

With the increase in sea traffic in the region and vulnerability of the region there is need for integrated management of Coastal waters with special emphasis on the advanced warning systems and mitigation strategies.

2.4 Demography

Total population around Gulf of Kachchh is 3 million (as per 2011 census) and represent 5% of total population of Gujarat (Table 5). The population growth in the region recorded was 24%, which is higher than the population growth of State (5%).

______

GES FES MIR ______Population residing in the coastal talukas of Jamnagar coast is 1.7 million, where as 1.2 million reside in coastal taluaks of Kachchh district.

Table 5: Population residing along Jamnagar and Kachchh coastline

1991 2001 2011 Jamnagar coast* 12,19,159 15,49,607 17,61,708 Kachchh coast 7,17,831 9,10,963 12,85,420 Total 19,36,990 24,60,570 30,47,128 * includes Maliya

Population density

Population density for all talukas around the Gulf (in 2011) is 121.19 per sq km, which is far low than the state average (382 persons/sq km). Further, population density of Kachchh coastal taluka recorded is 71.77 persons/sq km as compared to 260 persons/sq km that of Jamnagar coastal talukas.

Among all taluaks, Lakhpat taluaka had the lowest density (33.17 persons/sq km) and Jamnagar had the highest density (725.74 persons/sq km). Abdasa and Lakhpat are border talukas with harsh conditions promoting low human density.

Talukas like Mundra, Bhachau, Anjar and Mandvi in Kachchh district showed increase in population density by two folds (Table 6). The post earthquake industrialisation phase and creation of special economic zones played an important role in setting up new industries and attracting skilled and unskilled workers. In case of talukas like Abdasa, Lakhpat and Gandhidham the population density have increased marginally. Gandhidham taluka created from Anjar and include business centres and majority of the workers reside in nearby Anjar taluka.

______

GES FES MIR ______Table 6: Density (persons/sq km) in coastal talukas of Kachchh district

Mundra Mandvi Abdasa Lakhpat Bhachau Anjar Gandhidham 1991 77.31 102.45 35.92 19.49 56.75 98.38 10.70 2001 93.47 119.67 40.54 26.57 73.14 131.71 14.83 2011 172.53 142.68 48.86 33.17 92.00 174.09 24.07

In case of Jamnagar district, Jamnagar taluka had good human density as compared to other talukas’ in 1991 and with the establishment of industrial units in this region the human density increased by 1.5 times in 2011 (Table 7). The industrial growth also promoted increase in human density in Kalyanpur and Khambhalia talukas’. In rest of the taluka marginal increase in human density was reported. Jodiya taluka showed a negative growth and the damage to Navlakhi port post severe cyclone of 2005 could be one of the reason for the negative growth.

Table 7: Density (persons/sq km) in coastal talukas of Jamangar and Rajkot district

Jamnagar Jodiya Kalyanpur Khambhalia Okha- Lalpur Maliya mandal 1991 471.17 91.91 97.56 140.98 163.99 86.18 86.74 2001 648.58 103.12 113.68 171.91 201.30 94.26 108.41 2011 725.74 98.95 138.81 220.76 227.20 109.61 102.20

The percentage of total workers increased from 1991 to 2011 in Jamangar, Kalyampur and Khambhalia taluka’s in tune with the industrialisation in the region (Table 8). In case of other talukas’ in Jamnagar district there was marginal increase in total workers. In case of Kachchh district, marked increment in total workers observed in Mundra and Mandvi talukas’, an impact of Mundra SEZ. On the other hand, talukas like Lakhpat and Bhachau showed decline in total workers in 2011. The closure of mining areas in Lakhpat could be one of the reasons for decline in total workers in this taluka.

______

GES FES MIR ______Table 8: Workers force in the coastal talukas (figures in percentages)

1991 2001 2011

Talukas / Non Total Non Total Non Total Occupation worker % Worker% worker Worker% worker Worker% % % JAMNAGAR DISTRICT Jamnagar 68.55 31.45 66.92 33.08 63.87 36.13 Jodiya 59.76 40.24 58.81 41.19 59.64 40.36 Kalyanpur 59.16 40.84 53.23 46.77 57.97 42.03 Khambhalia 64.61 35.39 60.48 39.52 60.74 39.26 Okhamandal 69.30 30.70 67.81 32.19 67.36 32.64 Lalpur 58.83 41.17 56.86 43.14 56.53 43.47 Maliya 62.94 37.06 61.50 38.50 61.53 38.47 KACHCHH DISTRICT Abdasa-Naliya 59.48 40.52 54.95 45.05 60.75 39.25 Bhachau 62.72 37.28 59.52 40.48 64.39 35.61

Gandhidham 68.02 31.98 64.10 35.90 Lakhpat 58.98 41.02 59.29 40.71 65.73 34.27 Mandvi 63.80 36.20 61.84 38.16 60.62 39.38 Mundra 65.24 34.76 61.65 38.35 54.57 45.43 Anjar 67.51 32.49 65.29 34.71 65.31 34.69

The fishermen population was reported high from Jamnagar, Khambhalia and Okhamandal fishing centres (Table 9). The good fish stock in the Gulf of Kachchh and outer continental shelf promoted good fish catch and therefore these talukas’ had fishing population. In case of talukas’ like Anjar and Bhachau decline in fishing families and active fishermen was observed from 1997 to 2007. The expansions of Kandla port and increase in saltpans in the mouth of the Gulf of Kachchh have affected the fishery in the region. Thus, negative growth observed in these two talukas.

______

GES FES MIR ______Table 9: Fishing families, total fishermen population and active fishermen

1997 2003 2007 1997 2003 2007 1997 2003 2007 Families Total Population Active Fisherman

Jamnagar 1490 1810 1932 10100 12403 12557 2006 3046 3383 Jodiya 393 474 542 2550 2989 2977 611 781 1061 Khambhalia 1118 1511 1876 8175 10196 12771 1874 2512 3521 Kalyanpur 41 98 207 329 807 1700 75 162 423 Okhamandal 386 692 1425 2678 4548 10895 694 1224 2788 Abadasa 607 819 856 2967 4031 4138 891 1986 1091 Lakhpat 163 197 387 805 918 1721 200 413 436 Bhachau 248 197 228 1167 1006 1068 674 486 219 Anjar 658 466 493 3510 2122 1832 1438 1120 618 Mandvi 522 558 583 3363 3341 3532 1059 2096 1159 Mundra 501 705 930 3078 3979 4725 1423 2411 2392 Gandhidham 645 2678 1555

2.5 Biological environment

The biological environment described includes the description of forests areas and protected areas from secondary sources like working plan and management plans. Apart from this floral and faunal composition present in the open areas (for each taluka) as information collected through primary data collection described.

Entire coastal zone of the Gulf of Kachchh falls in semi-arid zone (Biotic province-4B: Gujarat-Rajwada). Over a dozen vegetation communities are found in the coastal zone of the gulf. The major vegetation communities or the forest subtypes, as per the Champion and Seth classification 1968, and natural ecosystems occurring in the coastal talukas of the Gulf of Kachchh are as follows.

 4B – Tidalor swamp forests-mangroves

 5/E8– Saline/alkaline scrub Savannah  5/E3 – Babool (Acacia nilotica) forests

 6B/C1 – Desert thorn forests  6B/DSI – Zizyphus scrub  6B/DS2 – Tropical Euphorbia

______

GES FES MIR ______

 6E1–Euphorbiascrubs

 6E2 – Acacia senegal forests

 6E3 – Rann saline scrubs

 6E4 – Salvadora scrubs  6/DS1 – Cassia auriculata  Prosopis scrubs- a major vegetation type developed during the last four to five decades  Sueda sp. covered saline lands

Other natural ecosystems occurring in the area are-saline Rann, inter-tidal mudaflats, rock and sandy beach, dead and live coral reefs, algal beds, sea-grass beds, creeks and fresh-water lakes and brackish water bodies.

The main dominant tree and woody species in the coast of the gulf are-Acacia nilotica (deshibabool), A. Senegal (gorad), A. leucophloea (hermo), Zizyphus sp. (bordi), Salvadorapersica (kharapiloo), S. oleonoides (mithapiloo), Commiphora wightii (gugal), Balanite ssp. (ingoriyo), Capparis sp. (kerdo), Euphorbia sp. and Prosopis chilensis. Neem, Nariyeli, Mango, Badam, Vad, Pipado are normally grown in the villages. Prosopis chilensis is an exotic but it is most dominant in the entire coast. It is a major fuel wood supplier to the villagers.

Forest areas

The forests in the study area fall within the jurisdiction of two major forest divisions viz., Jamnagar Forest Division and Kachchh Forest Division.

Jamnagar Forest Division comprise of forest areas distributed both in the coastal and inland regions. The coastal and salt marsh forests are distributed in wetlands along the coast from Dwarka to Okha, Jamnagar and Jodiya. Taluka-wise distribution of forest area is given in table 10. Jodiya taluka has the maximum forest area with 15.51% of geographical area under forests followed by Lalpur taluka. Lalpur taluka has terrestrial forest plantations and grasslands area. Important grasses of the region include palatable grass like Zinzavo (Bothrochloa iscahaeum) Ratad (Themeda ______

GES FES MIR ______quadrivalvis), Shaniyar (Sehima sulcatum), Moshti (Iscillema prostratum) and Baru (Sorghum spp.). Unpalatable and economically poor grasses like Lapdu (Aristida adcenesionsis) Baru (Sorghum halepense) Melanocenchrus jaquamentii etc. reported in abundance in the forest area, indicative of heavy grazing.

Table 10: Forest areas in different talukas of Jamnagar District

Sr.No Name of Name of Total Forest Area Reserved forest as % of total District Taluka in ha. Geographical Area 1 Jamnagar Jamnagar 1428.4 1.92 2 Jamnagar Dwarka 4261.83 4.01 3 Jamnagar Kalyanpur 3872.15 2.60 4 Jamnagar Khambhalia 1975.91 2.07 5 Jamnagar Lalpur 5301.38 6.23 6 Jamnagar Jodiya 8242.71 15.51

Kachchh Forest Division divided into west and east divisions for better management. The talukas of Mandvi, Naliya and Lakhpat fall under the jurisdiction of the west division. Naliya and Lakhpat have maximum area under forest with 28.63% and 29.41% of the geographical area respectively (Table 11). The forests of this region are under the category of reserve forest area, coastal and marine forests and grasslands called rakhals.

Table 11: The various categories of forest area of talukas of Kachchh district

Sr. Name of Reserved Section -- Un- Total % of No Range Forest area 4 area (in classified Forest geographical (in ha.) ha) Forest area area (in area under (in ha) ha) forest KACHCHH -WEST DIVISION 1 Mandvi 1333.38 2000.51 3042.77 6376.66 4.47 2 Naliya 56769.97 9948.00 2772.70 68890.67 28.63 (Abdasa) 3 Dayapar 35590.85 19590.80 300.00 55481.56 29.41 KACHCHH - EAST DIVISION 1 Anjar 10012.51 1753.94 260.00 12026.45 8.8 2 Bhachau 53.97 1552.88 3900.89 5507.74 2.72 3 Rapar 10556.78 16722.16 459.13 27738.07 9.16

______

GES FES MIR ______Mangrove vegetation occurs in the inter-tidal zone, all along the Gulf of Kachchh up to Jakhau, but is with stunted growth except mangroves in Mundra, Mandvi and Naliya talukas. The height of the mangrove ranged from 5 to 7 meters. Cher (Avicenna officianalis) is the main species in these forest areas with Rhizophora mucronata interspersed.

Gulf of Kachchh along with the Western Mangroves in and around Kori creek supports the second largest mangrove area in the world. Mangroves in the gulf have low height due to high tidal amplitude and salinity of the seawater. Mangroves in the four districts-Devbhumi-Dwarka, Jamnagar, Morbi and Kachchh districts have been notified as forests and taluka-wise status is given as below.

District Taluka Notified Remarks mangrove area (ha) DevbhumiDwarka Dwarka 8,020 Majority of the notified Kalyanpur 2150 mangroves are under Section 4 Khambhaaliya 24,635 of the IFA 1972 but a part of it is Jamnagar Jamnagar 19,288 the reserve forest Jodiya 10,500 Morbi Maliya-Miyana 7,770 Navalakhi forest Total in the south coast 74,363 Kachchh Mundra 5,330 Mundra mangroves are reserve Abdasa- forest Lakhapat 52,950 West Mangroves is not a part of the Gulf of kachchh but it is reserve forests

A large part of the notified mangrove area is without mangrove cover and some of it is leased out to the salt industries. A large part of the mangrove cover is outside the boundaries of notified mangroves but they are managed as forests. Some mangrove area in Mundra is not a part of notified mangroves.

The status of mangrove cover, as per the recent report of the Forest Survey of India in the Gulf of Kachchh and the West mangroves depicted in table 12.

______

GES FES MIR ______Table 12: Mangrove cover in the Gulf of Kachchh and the West Mangroves (in sq. km) Districts Very dense Moderately Sparse Total mangroves Dense mangroves mangroves Jamnagar and 0 28 139 167 DevbhumiDwarka Morbi (Maliya-Miyan 0 1 3 4 taluka) Total in south coast 0 29 142 171 Kachchh 0 118 671 789 Grand Total 0 147 813 960

Out of total mangrove cover of 1103 sq. km in Gujarat, about 960 sq. km mangroves are in the study area. Very dense mangroves having canopy density above 70 % as it exist in Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Sundarbans and Bhitakanika in Orissa is absent in the Gulf of Kachchh. About 80 % of mangrove cover in the area is open and scrubby and the moderately dense mangroves having canopy density above 40 % and below 70 % is about one fifth of total mangroves. The top height of dense mangroves varies between 3m and 6 m.

There 42 islands in the marine national park and sanctuary and 20 of them support mangroves. Each of six islands-Pirotan, Kaludhar, Dedeka-Mundeka, Dhani, Bhaidar and Chank has mangrove cover area over 100 ha. Mangroves diversity is relatively high on islands.

Avicennia marina constitutes about 95 % of total mangroves. The species such as Rhizophoramucranata, ceriopstagal, Aegicerascorniculatum and other species of Avicennia have share below 5 % of total mangroves. Recently, about half dozen species are introduced in the Jamnagar coast to improve floral diversity of mangroves.

Mangrove cover was very low in the early 1980s but increased subsequently due to afforestation and conservation measures. There has been consistent improvement in mangrove cover during the last three decades. The recovery in the late 1990s was very impressive. During the last, two years-from 2011 to 2013, mangrove cover

______

GES FES MIR ______improved by 21 sq. km. (8 sq. km in Jamnagar/Devbhumi district, 11 sq. km in Kachchh district and 2 sq. km in Morbi district).

Protected areas

The study area has four important protected areas viz., Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary, Kachchh Bustard Sanctuary, Khijadia Bird Sanctuary, Marine National Park and Sanctuary. The coastal area of the Gulf of Kachchh is represented by the Wildlife Protected Areas. Four Protected Areas are in the coastal taluka of the Gulf of Kachchh and other two in the western coast of Kachchh. Most of the Protected Areas mentioned in the Table 13 have some marine elements and the Marine national Park and Sanctuary is in the gulf. Details regarding biodiversity status, management issues and threats to these protected areas are described in Annexure 2. Table 13: Area of the protected areas with the key species

Name of Protected District Area Key species Area (ha) 1. Gaga GIB Sanctuary Devbhum- 333 Common Fox, Jackal, Blue Bull, Dwarka Houbara Bustard 2. Marine National Devbhum- 45792 Corals, marine life, mangroves, Park and Sanctuary Dwarka and Dugong, Common Dolphin, Jamnagar Porpoise, Jackal, sea birds 3. Khijadiya Bird Jamnagar 605 Hyaena, Jackal, Blue Bull, Water Sanctuary birds 4. Wild Ass Sanctuary Kachchh 495,370 Wild Ass, Blue bull, Common Fox, Desert Fox, Chinkara, Hyena, Wolf, Jackal, Jungle Cat 5. Narayan Sarovar Kachchh 44423 Chinkara, Blue bull, Jungle Cat, Sanctuary Desert Cat, Caracal, Common Fox, Hyena, Wolf. 6. Naliya GIB Kachchh 203 Chinkara, Jungle Cat, Common Sanctuary Fox, Caracal, Hyena, Great Indian Bustard, Lesser Florican.

Great Rann Wildlife Sanctuary and Chharidhandh Conservation Reserve other two Protected Areas in Kachchh district but they are not in the coastal zone.

There are several key and flagship species indicated in the Table 14. The rare and threatened species in the study area are described. ______

GES FES MIR ______Table 14- Rare and threatened fauna in the coastal talukas in the study area

Species Status Indian Wild Ass Schedule I of WPA 1972, Appendix I of CITES and Vulnerable in the IUCN Red Data Book. The population was low in 1960s but increasing subsequently. Indian Wolf Schedule I of WPA 1972, Appendix I of CITES and Vulnerable in the IUCN Red Data Book. Population is declining. About four dozen animals may be in the study area zone Desert Cat Schedule I of WPA 1972 and not in the threat list of the IUCN Red Data Book Desert Fox Schedule I of WPA 1972 and not in the threat list of the IUCN Red Data Book Caracal Schedule I of WPA 1972, Appendix I of CITESbut not listed as threatened species in the IUCN Red Data Book. It has become rare and sightings have declined. Chinkara Schedule I of WPA 1972 and Vulnerable in the IUCN Red Data Book. Pangolin Schedule I of WPA 1972, Appendix II of CITESbutnot in the threat list of the IUCN Red Data Book. High possibility of occurrence of this species Dugong Schedule I of WPA 1972, Appendix I of CITES and Vulnerable in the IUCN Red Data Book. Highly threatened in the Gulf of Kachchh and population may not be more than two dozen. Great Indian Schedule I of WPA 1972 and Critically Endangered the IUCN Red Bustard Data Book. About three to four dozen may be surviving in the study area in Kachchh. Lesser Florican Schedule I of WPA 1972 and Endangered in the IUCN Red Data Book Houbara Bustard Schedule I of WPA 1972, Appendix II of CITESbutnot in the threat list of the IUCN Red Data Book. High possibility of occurrence of this species Long-billed Schedule I of WPA 1972, Appendix I of CITES and Vulnerable in the Vulture IUCN Red Data Book. Sighting is not rare in the coastal zone in the Kachchh and Saurashtra. Egyptian Vulture Schedule IV of WPA 1972 and Endangered in the IUCN Red Data Book. Great Avadavat Schedule IV of WPA 1972 and Vulnerable in the IUCN Red Data Book. Rare in the area in Kachchh Imperial Eagle Schedule I of WPA 1972, Appendix I of CITES and Vulnerable in the IUCN Red Data Book. Greater Spotted Schedule IV of WPA 1972, Appendix II of CITES and Vulnerable in Eagle the IUCN Red Data Book. Lesser Adjutant Schedule IV of WPA 1972 and Vulnerable in the IUCN Red Data Book. Spiny-tailed Schedule II of WPA 1972, Appendix II of CITES and Vulnerable in Lizard the IUCN Red Data Book Green Sea Turtle Schedule I of WPA 1972 and Endangered in the IUCN Red Data Book. ______

GES FES MIR ______

Olive Ridley Schedule I of WPA 1972 and Endangered in the IUCN Red Data Turtle Book. Sea Horse Rare in the Gulf of Kachchh. It was not rare three decades ago but not seen now days. Bonelia Rare and endemic to the coral reefs in Gulf of Kachchh Corals Schedule I of WPA 1972 and several corals are highly threatened

Primary survey

Vegetation Composition: More than 250 Transects laid for quantification of terrestrial vegetation throughout the study area. These laid in the open and wilderness area of each of the talukas. The upper strata (trees and shrubs) and lower strata (herbs) quantified.

The result showed rich species diversity in Kachchh talukas as compared to that of Jamnagar talukas (Table 15). The herbaceous layer in Kachchh had 159 species, whereas only 63 species reported in the Jamnagar taluka. High anthropogenic activity and absence of fallow lands and wastelands in Jamnagar have resulted in absence of native vegetation.

Table 15: Species diversity of herbaceous layer in the coastal area of Jamnagar and Kachchh districts

Total species in district Trees and Shrubs Herbs

Jamnagar 42 63 Kachchh 63 159

Within Kachhch, high herbaceous vegetation recorded in Abdasa, Lakhpat and Mandvi talukas, which had low anthropogenic activity. Bhachau taluka recorded higher species richness of trees and shrubs, due to presence of intact native vegetation around Dholavira island, which has low human interference. Based on the Important Value Index, the vegetation composition showed presence of thorny species like Prosopis juliflora, Zizyphus nummularia and Capparis decidua (Table 16).

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GES FES MIR ______Table 16: The status of upper tier vegetation in Coastal Talukas of Kachchh District

Taluka Species richness Species Important Value Index of Trees and richness Prosopis Zizyphus Capparis shrubs of Herbs juliflora nummularia decidua Gandhidham 17 25 74.4 30.4 40.1 Anjar 16 41 70.8 20.3 12.7 Bhachau 31 47 62.2 14.4 13.3 Lakhpat 19 82 83.1 23.2 17.1 Abdasa 18 84 94.6 30.0 34.3 Mandvi 19 82 66.1 34.5 22.5 Mundra 17 75 55.8 56.3 9.7

Density of Prosopis juliflora was high in Lakhpat and Abdasa talukas largely due to plantations undertaken by Forest Department to arrest desertification. This exotic species then slowly invaded other areas of the taluka replacing the native vegetation. In a few pockets of Lakhpat and Mandvi talukas, threatened and endemic species like Helichyrum cutchicum reported. Other important species recorded include Dactylandria welwitchii and Citrullus colocynthis.

Among the various talukas of Jamnagar district, species diversity was high in Lalpur (Table 17). The vegetation dominated by Prosopis juliflora, Acacia nilotica and Commiphora wightii. Good population of Commiphora wightii (Guggal) reported from Dwarka taluka growing in wild. Prosopis juliflora was the dominant species in Jodiya and Kalyanpur talukas. Both these talukas are afflicted with soil salinity problem that prompted growth and spread of Prosopis juliflora.

Table 17: The status of upper tier vegetation in Coastal Talukas of Jamnagar District

Species richness Species Important Value Index of Trees and richness Prosopis Acacia Commiphora shrubs of Herbs juliflora nilotica wightii

Jamnagar 16 22 36.0 11.3 23.0 Lalpur 25 38 43.9 26.4 24.7 Kalyanpur 15 24 80.8 32.4 21.0 Khambhalia 10 22 62.5 27.0 32.0 Dwarka 16 31 59.4 19.1 55.8 Jodiya 16 20 113.77 19.23 23.29 ______

GES FES MIR ______Threatened species recorded during the primary survey included Convolvulus stocksii, Corallocarpus conocarpus, Dactyliandra welwitschii, Dipcadi erythraeum, Heliotropium rariflorum and Schwenfuthia papilionacea. These species sighted from different location in the wilderness area from Lakhpat, Abdasa Naliya and Dwarka talukas. The major threat to these species was trampling by the livestock. At no location collection of the plants by the locals was observed directly.

Apart from threatened species, endemic species restricted to Kachchh like Helichrysum cutchicum and Tribulus rajasthanensis reported from Lakhpat and Abdasa Naliya taluka.

Faunal Composition

The faunal diversity study was undertaken for three seasons in the study area. A total of 142 species of birds was sighted in Kachhch and 130 species in Jamnagar (Table 18). The diversity index and species evenness was high in Kachchh district as compared to Jamnagar district. Low anthropogenic disturbance and presence of wilderness areas have provided good habitat for the birds resulting in high diversity in Kachchh as compared to Jamnagar.

Among the talukas of Kachchh, Lakhpat showed the highest species richness of 100. On the other hand, in Jamnagar district, abundance of some species like the Common crane (Grus grus) and Brown headed Gull (Larus brunnicephalus) was recorded in some of the talukas.

Table 18: Diversity indices of birds in Kachhch and Jamangar

Indices Kachchh Jamnagar Species richness 142 130 Shannon- Wiener index 3.79 3.32 Evenness 0.76 0.68

The Jaccard’s similarity index was observed high between Mandvi and Anjar, wherein around 57 % bird species were similar (Table 19). Both the talukas are

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GES FES MIR ______characterised by the presence of urban centres intermingled with open fields and wetlands.

Table 19: Jaccard’s similarity index among different talukas, Kachchh

Jaccard's similarity Similarity in, % Gandhidham Anjar Bhachau Mandvi Mundra Lakhpat Anjar 43 Bhachau 43 49 Mandvi 44 57 53 Mundra 40 33 53 46 Lakhpat 41 49 51 50 39 Abdasa-Naliya 39 45 44 52 36 47

The lowest similarity index noted between Anjar and Mundra, though geographically both of them lie next to each other. The difference observed is due to dominance of fresh water wetlands in Anjar and urban centres in Mundra taluka. In Anjar taluka, migratory species like Variable Whetear (Oenanthe picata), shoveller (Anas clypeata) and Ruff (Philomachus pugnax) recorded, while these birds were absent in Mundra taluka.

The Jaccard’s similarity index suggests that the species were similar in taluka Jodiya and Jamnagar (59%) (Table 20). Both the talukas show high anthropogenic activity and therefore recorded similar bird diversity. On the other hand, low similarity index noted in Lalpur and Jodiya (42%). Lalpur taluka is characterised by good vegetation cover and supported species like Common Iora (Aegithina tiphia), Oriental white ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus) and Ashy Prinia (Prinia socialis). As Jodiya taluka is under continuous urbanization pressure, only the common species acclimatized to urban set up wre sighted.

Table 20: Jaccard’s similarity index among different talukas, Jamnagar

Jaccard's similarity Similarity in % Jodiya Jamnagar Lalpur Khambhalia Dwarka Jamnagar 59.7 Lalpur 42.8 54.6 Khambhalia 42.3 47.6 59.7 Dwarka 50 50 45.1 47.9 Kalyanpur 45.3 54.3 58.7 51.2 51.4 ______

GES FES MIR ______The biological profile shows that the talukas with good native vegetation intact had presence of high bird diversity and density. Further, the endemic species and threatened species still report from wild areas in Lakhpat and such areas need protection. The forest areas are under heavy grazing pressure and the management plans need to tackle the grazing problem at the village level. Solutions like increase in fodder cultivation and plantation of hedge plants for ready availability of fodder throughout the year would lessen the dependence on forest areas for grazing.

2.6 Grazing Pressure

Grazing pressure calculated as pressure on the open lands in terms of ha land available/individual livestock for grazing. The total livestock (cattle + buffalo + browsers) considered as individual livestock and the livestock population census. The landuse considered were the wastelands, open areas and barren areas. The generated grazing pressure excludes the migratory livestock that comes to the area for grazing from the neighbouring States (Rajasthan and Maharashtra) during monsoon.

In 1997 the grazing pressure was high in Khambhalia among the talukas in Jamnagar district (Figure 12). The grazing pressure further rose due to increase in livestock population and decline in land available for grazing. Infact, in all the talukas of Jamangar the grazing pressure increased with decline in land available for grazing (Figure 13). The land use changes have shown diversion of wastelands and fallow lands for industrial or agricultural proposes. Heavy grazing is also evident from the vegetation studies undertaken, wherein ground vegetation dominated by non- palatable grasses. For example in Khambhalia taluka, ground vegetation dominated by Aristida spp., followed by Sorghum haplense, Justicia diffusa and Indigofera cordiflora. All these species are sturdy species and non-palatable and indicators of heavy grazing. Similarly, in Dwarka taluka herbaceous layer is dominated by grass species of Aristida and Cenchrus biflorus.

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GES FES MIR ______Figure 12: Grazing land per livestock, 1997

1997

1.82

0.7

1.02 0.75

1.55 0.05 0.12

1.02 Gulf of Kachchh Ha/livestock

>1.5 0.58 1-1.5 0.16 0.07 0.87 0.5-1 0.5-0.1 1.11 < 0.1

Figure 13: Grazing land per livestock, 2007

2007

1.11

0.7

0.62 0.4

0.27 1.34 0.05 0.08

0.62 Gulf of Kachchh Ha/livestock

>1.5 0.57 1-1.5 0.1 0.05 0.66 0.5-1

0.5-0.1 0.8

< 0.1

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GES FES MIR ______In the case of Kachhch taluka, Lakhpat had larger area available for gazing as compared to other talukas. The livestock population in Kachchh taluka maintained due to pastoralism culture and arid conditions. Talukas like Mundra, Mandvi and Anjar that are industrialised have shown high grazing pressure. In Kachchh district, like Jamangar district, dominance of non-palatable grass was reported. In Mundra taluka, density of non-palatable species was high like Aristida histricula (68.73 individuals/sqm), Indigofera cordiflora (37.38 individuals/sqm) and Dactyloctenium aegyptium (23.35 individuals/sqm).

The figure 13 clearly showed that by 2007 the pressure on the existing land have increased and there are 3 talukas viz., Mandvi, Mundra and Kalyanpur where the land available per livestock is less than 0.1 ha. Interestingly Jamnagar, Lalpur and Bhachau taluka have shown the same category in 10 years ie., 0.5 to 1.0 ha/livestock. These talukas have undergone rapid industrialisation during the same period and lot of diversion of land for industrial purpose took place. However, improvements in dairy industry and stall-feeding have helped to meet the dairy demand from urban centres.

Management plan

There is need to promote fodder cultivation and stall-feeding. Already some of the talukas like Mundra, Mandvi and Khambhalia have moved in this direction to reduce the pressure on the open lands and forest areas. The same need replication in other talukas as well.

The tradition of open grazing is preferred, as the locals believe that the practice results in better milk yield. Plantation of fodder trees on the hedges of the farm field could tackle the shortage of fodder.

The decline in cereal crops, which provided the major fodder as a by-product is another issue of concern. There is increase in cultivation of cash crops like cotton and castor that have low fodder value. The cultivation of fodder in small patches in one corner of the fields would help in sustaining the demand for fodder.

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GES FES MIR ______Development of grasslands in the inland forest areas with the people’s participation would not only help in preventing soil erosion, but also provide fodder. Forest Department have undertaken grassland development and there is need to strengthen research to improve the grass productivity by integrating the same with leguminosae members like Sesbania sesban.

2.7 Water Resources Status

Water forms an integral part of the ecosystem and is essential for human survival especially in the harsh condition of the study area. The water resources play an important role for the future development and human settlements. A brief about the trends on various water sources, pressure and management plan described below.

Water demand has a close relationship to the demographic changes and industrial growth in the region. The population trends in the coastal talukas of Jamnagar district was in direct relation with the industrial growth. For example, Jamnagar taluka showed population increase by 2.35 times in 2011 on comparision with 1991.

Among the coastal talukas of Kachchh district, population increase was evident in Mundra and (Anjar+Gandhidham) taluka largely due to industrialisation and creation of Mundra and Kandla SEZ respectively. Non-industrialized talukas like Abdasa, Lakhpat and Bhachau have shown steady increase in population.

Ground water development

There are 60715 minor irrigation sources in the study area dominated by dug wells (98%) (Table 21). This showed dominance of ground water in irrigation. Number of irrigation schemes is more in Jamnagar compared to Kachchh; however, their efficiency is relatively less in Jamnagar in terms of gross area under irrigation. Shallow and deep tube wells are more in coastal talukas of Kachhch as compared to Jamnagar.

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GES FES MIR ______Table 21: Source-wise irrigation in coastal talukas

No of schemes Gross irrigation in ha Kachchh Jamnagar Total Kachchh Jamnagar Total Dug wells 11158 48714 59872 30180 69022 78894 Shallow TW 291 0 291 1178 0 1178 Deep TW 377 25 402 2934 33 2959 Surface flow 376 575 951 8691 4960 9266 Lift Irrigation 113 1301 1414 141 228 1442 Total 12372 48343 60715 43124 74243 91467

Area irrigated by dug well scheme in Jamnagar is almost half as compared to Kachchh region (Figure 14). There is difference in the geological strata between the two regions. In Kachchh, the streams have sandy bed that facilitates better ground water recharge compared to rocky bed made up of Deccan trap in coastal region Jamnagar. Thus, the surface flow accounts for 23 ha under irrigation/schemes in Kachchh and it is only 8 ha in Jamnagar.

Figure 14: Area under irrigation per scheme in coastal talukas

25.00 23.11

20.00 Kachchh Jamnagar 15.00

8.63 10.00 7.78

4.05 5.00 2.70 3.49 1.42 1.32 1.25 1.54 0.18 area irrigated (ha) per scheme/source (ha) irrigated area 0.00 Dugwells Shallow Deep TW Surface Lift Total TW flow Irrigation

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GES FES MIR ______In the case of rural water supply schemes, ground water played a major role. In Kachchh 88% of dependency is on ground water, dominated by deep tube wells (Figure 15). Ground water forms the 53% water supply in Jamnagar. Reliance on RO water accounted for 23% of supply sources in Jamnagar and it is only 5.5% in Kachchh.

Figure 15: Rural water supply schemes in the study area

0.004 Kachchh RWS 5% 8% 6% Open well

Shallow Tubewell

Deep Tubewell

Ponds & Streams

81% Treated Surface Water

Jamngar RWS 16% Open well 23% Shallow Tubewell 16% Deep Tubewell 23% Ponds & Streams 22% Treated Surface Water

There are 18 villages of the Jamnagar district affected by high TDS, 39 villages by high Fluoride and 2 villages by high both TDS and Fluoride. Dwarka region is afflicted with high chloride and fluoride problems (Figure 16). High lead and Nickel reported in Jamnagar, Khambhalia, Kalyanpur and Dwarka region (Das and Prakash 2008). Poor ground water quality and less efficient aquifers could have led to increased dependency on RO water.

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GES FES MIR ______Figure 16: Areas with high fluoride, lead and nickel

(Source:Das and Prakash 2008)

2.8 Soil Salinity

Soil salinity is a major parameter indicating desertification in the region. Talukas of Lakhpat, Anjar, Bhachau, Jodiya and Maliya bordering the Ranns of Kachchh face salinity ingress (Table 22). A big patch of Okha Rann separates Okha and Kalyanpur affecting soil of these two talukas. Soil salinity in Abdasa, Mandvi and Mundra is a result of salinity ingress from the Gulf of Kachchh.

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GES FES MIR ______Table 22: Saline soils (sq km) in the talukas

NBSS & LUP 1998 Bhuvan 2005 Taluka Slight Moderate Severe Total slight moderate severe Total Lakhpat 5 816 822 498 206 126 830 Abdasa 854 1303 2158 627 511.5 81.5 1220 Mandvi 138 822 37 997 105 72 32 209 Mundra 111 579 26 717 45 10 131 186 Anjar+G’dham 521 3 525 85 127 275 487 Bhachau 794 88 883 2 146 111 259 Okha 538 50 588 82 17 3 102 Klayanpur 785 23 809 278 10 9 297 Khambhalia 68 68 52 3 55 Lalpur 26 26 21 0.5 22 Jamnagar 284 284 6.5 8 15 Jodiya 448 0.9 176 627 138 18 4 160 Maliya 498 157 656 320 15 2.5 338 Total 2899 3736 2526 9161 2260 1144 775 4178

There are two different sources of soil salinity; the first one is by NBSS and LUP (1998) which categorises the soils as per padon characters like texture, porosity, drainage, erosion, salinity, sodicity etc. As per this study, 9161 sq km of the study area are salinity affected (Figure 17). Kachchh taluka had higher salinity as compared to Jamnagar. The second source is by Bhuvan (2005), which include interpretation of remote sensing data. According to this source 4178 sqkm of the study area is salinity-affected soil (Figure 18).

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GES FES MIR ______Figure 17: Soil salinity as per NBSS & LUP 1998

0 50 km

Slight Moderate Strong Severe V. Severe

(Source: Sharma et al 1994)

Figure 18: Soil salinity as per Buvan 2005

0 50 km

Slight Moderate Severe

(Source: http://bhuvan3.nrsc.gov.in)

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GES FES MIR ______Since, approaches for quantification of soil salinity are different, the data interpreted and the following observations were marked out.

 Talukas of Kachchh showed more salinity compared to that of Jamnagar districts.  Lakpat, Abdasa, Mundra, Anjar and Bhachau had large area affected by severe salinity.  Rann of Okha is responsible for high salinity in Okha and Kalyanpur Talukas  Areas in close vicinity to Little Rann showed high soil salinity as in case of Jodiya and Maliya talukas.

2.9 Industries

The distribution of industries in the coastal talukas indicate presence of 53 major and 27 medium industries in coastal talukas of Kachchh as against 37 major and 18 medium industries in coastline of Jamnagar district (Table 23).

Table 23: Distribution of industries major and medium in the coastal talukas

Taluka Major Medium Abdasa - 6 Mandvi - 1 Mundra 7 - Anjar 17 5 Gandhidham 14 4 Bhachau 15 11 Kachchh Total 53 27 Jamnagar Total 34 18 Source: MSME–Development Institute

In MSME sector, during the last decade number of industries increased from 588 (in 2000) to 858 (in 2013) recording growth of 45% (Table 24). Simultaneously, the accordingly employment increased by 43%. Gandhidham, Bhachau and Anjar are the most industrialised taluka in the region followed Mundra and Jamnagar.

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GES FES MIR ______Table 24: The industries and number of employees in MSME sector

2000 2013 Industries Employees Iindustries Employees Lakhpat 27 16784 30 17766 Bhachau 126 51669 195 92791 Anjar 107 30928 192 55629 Abdasa-Naliya 28 11905 33 12312 Mandvi 12 7309 12 7309 Gandhidham 160 11119 207 18789 Jamnagar 35 2164 67 3372 Jodiya 7 1625 8 1703 Kalyanpur 3 0 4 10 Khambhalia 8 6031 10 6301 Okhamandal 10 18815 14 19366 Mundra 64 30863 85 35767 Maliya 1 1000 1 1000 588 190212 858 272115

Proposed SIRS: There are three SIRs proposed with an area of 1008 sq km of area in three coastal talukas around the Gulf (Table 25).

Table 25: SIR planned around the Gulf of Kachchh

SIR Area Anjar 630 sq km Port based industries, mineral and agro based engineering Navalakhi 182 sq km Ceramic, Engineering & automobiles, food processing and electronics, textile and chemicals and petrochemicals Okha 196 sq km General manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, CRO, Biotechnology and bio-pharmacy, auto and ancillaries, mineral based and tourism

Special Econimc zones: Out of total 57 approved SEZ in the state, 16 are located in the in the region, covering 156.15 sqkm area and located in Kachchh district (Table 26).

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GES FES MIR ______Table 26: SEZs approved around the Gulf of Kachchh

Location Developer Area Status Of Approval By Goi Gandhidham- Kandla SEZ - 280 Ha Functional SEZ Kandla Office Of Development +(120 Hec - Multi-Product Commissioner For Expansion) Kandla Port Trust, 5000 Ha Formal Approval - Port Based Multi-Product LMJ Warehousing Pvt 40 Ha In-Principle Approval Ltd - FTWZ Mundra Adani Port & Special 6472.8684 Notified And Operational Economic Zone Limited Ha Multi-Product (MPSEZ) Adani Port And Special 168.41 Ha Notified Economic Zone Ltd. - FTWZ OPG Power Gujarat Pvt 104-72-24 In-Principle Approval Limited -Power Project Bhachau Euro Multivision Ltd, - 11.6347 Ha Notified And Operational Shikara Non-Conventional Energy Solar Energy Eqpts / Cells (GGDCL) Gujarat - 131.59 Ha Formal Approval - Industrial Dev. Corpn. Handicraft &Artisan Plastene Infrastructure 100.00 Ha In-Principle Approval Ltd Plastic And Plastic Products Anjar Welspun Anjar SEZ Ltd -284 Ha Notified - Engineering (Earlier: Textile & Garments) Asia Pacific Corpn Ltd --120 Ha Formal Approval Polymer Based Indian Infrastructure -1011.71 Ha In-Principle Approval Corpn Ltd - Multi- Product Welspun Anjar SEZ Ltd. - 121 In-Principle Approval Welspun City, Ha - Engineering Mandvi Sealand Ports Pvt. Ltd. 1112.4348 In-Principle Approval Ha Multi-Product Awash Logistic Park Pvt. 496.28- In-Principle Approval Ltd. 78hec -FTWZ

Bhimasar Indian Steel Corporation -164.80 Ha In-Principle Approval Kutch Ltd - Flat Steel

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GES FES MIR ______Port activity

Out of 22 major and medium ports in the State, the study region supports six ports. Kandla is the major and busiest port in the country handed highest cargo (82.5 MMT) in the country. Apart from this, there are several medium and small ports include GMB operated ports like, Jakhau, Navalakhi, Bedi, Sikka and Okha. Mundra (GAPL) port is a private port in the Gulf.

Port activity in the GMB ports have increased in all the ports except Bedi ports, which reported decline in quantum of cargo handled and the number of ships. The cargo handled at Sikka and Mundra ports showed tremendous growth in the span of five years. Poshitra, Salaya and Jodiya are the proposed ports in the region (Table 27).

Table 27: Traffic and cargo handled by medium ports

Port 2005-06 2010-11 No. Of Cargo handled No. Of vessels Cargo handled ships in Lakh in Lakh tonnes tonnes Jakhau 68 8.19 54 12.10 Navlakhi 58 18.22 114 45.17 Bedi 163 144.03 109 21.22 Sikka 986 521.8 1456 1154.06 Okha 142 12.51 33 11.50 Mundra (GAPL) 462 81.27 1343 362.71 Total 1879 786.02 3109 1606.76 Gujarat (excl. 6042 1038.08 8325 2108.96 Kandla) Source: GMB annual reports

Mining sector

As per 2006 CGM data, there are 1029 mine leases with 18,230 ha area in the region. Kachchh contribute to 75% of total lease area. The important minerals in Kachchh area Lignite, Limestone, Bentonite, Bauxite, sand, chinal clay and Black trap. Bauxite, Gypsum, Limestone and Black Trap are the important mineral of Jamnagar.

______

GES FES MIR ______The areas under mining have increased in Lakhpat and Abdasa taluka of Kachchh district since 1990 (Figure 19). While mining activity in other taluka have reduced.

Figure 19: Mining leases and areas in talukas of Kachchh district

250 7000 Area 1990 6000 200 Area 2006 5000 No. 1990 150 4000 No. 2006

100 3000 No. of Lease ofNo. 2000 50 1000 in ha. Area

0 0 mundra mandvi Abdasa Lakhpat Anjar Bhachau

In case of Jamnagar district, increase in mining reported from Kalyanpur only (Figure 20). Here small mining leases are prevalent, thereby increasing the overall area. Mining in Okha stopped after the declaration of MNP and ban on coral mining.

Figure 20: Mining leases and areas in talukas of Jamnagar district

200 5000 180 Area 1990 160 4000 140 Area 2006 120 3000 No. 1990 100 No .2006 80 2000 No of leaseof No 60 40 1000 20

0 0 areaha Lease

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GES FES MIR ______2.10 Vehicles

Vehicles broadly classified into transport and non-transport vehicle. The transport vehicles comprises of trucks, trailers, tankers, goods vehicles and passenger vehicles. The non-transport vehicle includes two wheelers and motor cars.

In case of Jamnagar, district the transport vehicles showed very marginal rise in the numbers registered in the span of 5 years (Fig 21). There was steady increase in the non-transport vehicle dominated by motorcycle and two wheelers.

Fig 21: Trends in the transport and non transport vehicle from 2007-08 to 2012-13 in Jamnagar district

Transport vehicle

500000 Non transport vehicle 450000 400000 350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13

'Truck/ Lorries, Three Wheeler LGVs and Trailers together comprised 72% of the total transport vehicle. This clearly reflects their demand in the movement of goods from the ports (Table 28). This is due to high port activity in the region. There are GMB ports and private ports in the district and industries that require movement of goods. The growth in the two wheelers in the non-vehicle sector indicates demand due to increase in wages and from the industrial employees. Thus, overall the figures indicate growing economy in the region added to the industrial growth.

______

GES FES MIR ______Table 28: Number of vehicle registered in Jamnagar district

Years 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 'Truck/ Lorries 11758 12222 12681 13130 13939 14884 'Tanker 473 486 497 497 497 498 Three Wheeler LGVs 15821 16576 17311 17989 18791 19459 Other LGVs 3433 3825 4169 4683 5530 6730 Buses 677 715 744 786 839 874 Maxi 1532 1718 1801 1951 2326 2621 School Buses 39 47 55 64 71 79 Private Service Vehicles 187 194 200 208 225 243 Taxi 1452 1504 1560 1734 1940 2324 Auto Rickshaw 5340 5546 5734 5951 6319 6747 Ambulance 149 155 161 165 172 181 Trailer 11758 12222 12681 13130 13939 14884 Police Van 30 30 32 33 35 40 'Motor Cars & Station Wagon 18416 20497 22744 26138 30847 34847 Jeep 2714 2954 3179 3482 3816 4062 'Motor Cycle/ Scooters 169433 185592 204456 231303 270664 300691 Mopeds 89226 94491 99259 102016 102800 105202 Tractor 11268 12895 14508 16614 19712 20796 Others 3057 3409 3576 3729 3983 4191 Total 346763 375078 405348 443603 496445 539353

Kachhch district showed an increase in non-transport vehicle as compared to the non-transport vehicle (Fig 22). These figures are for entire Kachchh district that also includes the other talukas like Bhuj and Nakhatrana not included in the present study.

______

GES FES MIR ______

Fig 22: Trends in the transport and non transport vehicle from 2009-10 to 2012-13 in Kachchh district

500000 Transport Vehicles Non Transport Vehicles 450000 400000 350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2012

Truck/ Lorries and Trailers are the major transport vechicle in Kachchh district. Both the type of vehicle used for transportation of goods for the port activity from Mundra and Kandla. The non-transport vehicle comprises of 50% of motorcycle (Table 29). Observation in the field indicates increase in motorcycle for transportation in the entire coastal stretch of the taluka. Rise in income due to better opportunities in the industries have prompted growth in this sector.

Table 29: Number of vehicle registered in Kachchh district

Years 2009- 2010- 2011- 2010 2011 2012 'Truck/ Lorries 27867 31193 35876 'Tanker 7253 7884 8340 Three Wheeler LGVs 7020 7449 8120 Other LGVs 5643 6329 7727 Buses 581 676 776 'Maxi 1463 1755 2167 School Buses 110 110 110 Private Service 351 351 394 Vehicles Taxi 2555 2760 2894 ______

GES FES MIR ______

Auto Rickshaw 11922 12876 14086 Ambulance 350 374 405 Trailer 16885 18206 20217 Police Van 29 29 29 'Motor Cars & Station 33046 38757 44331 Wagon Jeep 7739 7800 7858 'Motor Cycle/ 234855 262669 297673 Scooters Mopeds 84400 85491 90702 Tractor 21047 22528 25128 Others 3600 4324 5356 Total 466716 511561 572189

2.11 Archeological Sites

Every coastal taluka of Kachchh district has archeological sites except Mundra and Gandhidham. The details of each site described below.

 Okha-Dwarka

The Dwarka temple was Kalika mata temple at Drashanvel village of Dwarka.

Dwarka is famous for the shrine of Lord Krishna called Jagadish mandir or the universe shrine built 1400 years ago.

Beyt was the short name of Shankhoddar Beyt because its shape resembles ‘shankh;, the conch-shell. It is a narrow crooked strip of sand and rock situated in the Gulf of Kutch about 5 km. to the north of the mainland of Okhamandal and to the east of Okha port. It is the place where lord Krishna lived with his family when he ruled Dwarka and is the place where Vishnu slew the demon Shankhasura.

i. Okha Mandal-Treasure of Marine Fossil and Paleotological Heritage

Okha Mandal stores huge quantity of limestone with rich fossil material. Availability of fossils, remnant of marine life and dead corals at numerous sites provide a scope to develop history of tectonic movement experience in this area. As per the Purans, the capital city of Lord Krishna lost and submerged in sea several

______

GES FES MIR ______times due to the tectonic movement and these evidences approve the story in the Purans.

Historical coral reef dating back to about 20 million years belonging to Gaj Formation, Miocene, and Tertiary reported by the Geological Survey of India and mentioned in a document by the Marine Park Authority. The site is located about 15 km away from Dwarka near Bhimpura village of Okha Mandal. This fossilised ancient reef is a valuable paleontological heritage of the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Kachchh coasts. Fossils of marine life and coral fossils found near Gopitalav. This uplifted fossilised reef reveals the story of rigorous tectonic movements experience in this area in the past result of coast got uplifted above the present day sea level.

Dead coral reef layer below the earth surface at Mithapur: At Mithapur, about 300- 400 m from the Arabian Sea coast, dead coral stones in form of coral reef found below the earth surface. Setting of coral reef stones is in a form of layer below two meters from the surface of earth in a well. The dead coral stones extracted during the excavation of the well kept near the well. It appears that this part of the land was under the sea in the past and supported rich coral reefs.

Coral stones extracted from the layer of dead coral reef, and photographed after cleaning it. Although dating of coral stone is unknown but not fossilized and might be of recent origin-a few thousand years old. This indicates that tectonic movement continued severely during the recent past and present.

ii. Village Tera, Abdasa-Naliya

Village Tera, declared as heritage village and was the first Heritage Village declared by the government of India. Tera Jagir consisted of 41 villages, and was one of the largest jagirsof Kutch. The village had outer-fort with four-foot thick wall to protect the village as well as inner-fort (Darbargadh) for the Jaagirdar. Half of the portion of the outer-fort is either removed or destroyed significantly during the 2001

______

GES FES MIR ______earthquake. The ancient 250 years old Jain Temple (Derasar) is known for colorful carved glass paintings. iii. Bhadeshwar Mahadev, Anjar

Bhadeshwar Mahadev is one of the oldest temples in Anjar, according to some people it is about 1000 years old. The carvings and sculptures on the outer walls of the main temple resemble a lot to that of world-famous Khajuraho temples of Central India Other important site is historic temple of Saint Jesal and Saint Toral, built around the tombs of the two saints around 1500 CE. iv. Dholavira, Bhachau

Dholavira: is an archaeological site in Bhachau Taluka, locally known as Kotada timba. The site contains ruins of an ancient Indus Valley Civilization/Harappan city. It is one of the five largest Harappan sites and most prominent archaeological sites in India belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. It is located on the Khadir bet island in the Kachchh Desert Wildlife Sanctuary in Great Rann of Kachchh and the area more than 100 ha (250 acres). R.S. Bisht, the director of the Dholavira excavations, has defined following seven stages of occupation, at the site (Table 30):

Table 30: Stages of excavation at Dholavira

Stages Dates Stage I 2650–2550 BCE Early Harappan – Mature Harappan Transition A Stage II 2550–2500 BCE Early Harappan – Mature Harappan Transition B Stage III 2500–2200 BCE Mature Harappan A Stage IV 2200–2000 BCE Mature Harappan B Stage V 2000–1900 BCE Mature Harappan C 1900–1850 BCE Period of desertion Stage VI 1850–1750 BCE Post-urban Harappan A 1750–1650 BCE Period of desertion Stage VII 1650–1450 BCE Post-urban Harappan B

Estimated to be older than the port-city of Lothal the city of Dholavira has a rectangular shape and organization, and spread over 100 ha (250 acres). The city composed to a pre-existing geometrical plan, of three divisions – the citadel, the middle town and the lower town. The acropolis and the middle town is further ______

GES FES MIR ______furnished with their own defence-work, gateways, built-up areas, street system, wells and large open spaces. The most striking feature of the city is that all of its buildings, at least in their present state of preservation, built out of stone, whereas most other Harappan sites, including Harappa itself and Mohenjo-daro, almost exclusively built out of brick. Dholavira is flanked by two storm water channels; the Mansar in the north, and the Manhar in the south.

It is suggested that a coastal route existed linking Lothal and Dholavira to Sutkagan Dor on the Makran coast. Most of the inscriptions are found on seals (mostly made out of stone) and sealing (pieces of clay on which the seal was pressed down to leave its impression). Some inscriptions found on copper tablets, bronze implements, and small objects made of terracotta, stone and faience. The seals may have been used in trade and for official administrative work.

v. Mandvi

Mandvi town was one an important port city of the region and dates back to 16th century AD. The city had more than four hundred year old ship building industry that still manufactures small ships. In 18th century, the Mandvi merchants collectively owned a fleet of 400 vessels trading with East Africa, Malabar Coast and the Persian Gulf. In the early 19th century, it was a major port of entry for the inland trade with Malwa, Marwar and Sindh. Mandvi was a rich and prosperous town, earning four times more revenue from export than import.

Rukmavati bridge, Taluka: Mandvi: The Rukmavati bridge is the longest stone bridge, built in 1883 A. D. It was built by Vishram Karman Chawda of Chandiya, belonging to the Mistris of the Kutch community.

Lal Bungalow: Mandvi has the famous Lal Bungalow / Arihant Bungalow built by Khengarji III. It took 16 years to build this palace with unique architecture of five floors and ceilings made up of teak and currently owned by Sanket Shah.

______

GES FES MIR ______vi. Lakhpat

There are two important heritage sites in this taluka viz., Lakhpat fort and Koteshwar.

Lakhpat fort: Lakhpat, the last frontier of Kutch, is an amazing sea fort situated in the mouth of Kori Creek. The literal meaning of Lakhpat is the city of millionaire. Historically it was very important trading post connecting Gujarat to Sindh. Rice used to be cultivated and Lakhpat earned annual revenue of 800,000 Koris just from rice. Lakhpat used to generate an income of 100,000 Koris everyday from maritime activities. The decline of the prosperity started when an earthquake diverted the flow of the Sindhu River away from it in 1819.

An attraction is the Lakhpat Gurudwara Sahib, religious place for the Sikhs. Guru Nanak on his way to Mecca for Haj stayed over here and even today Guru Nanakji's footwear and the palkhi worshiped by the Udasi Sect. The Gurudwara is declared a protected monument by the Archeological Department and has won the UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Award for its restoration after the earthquake.

Koteshwar: It is name of an ancient Shiva temple located on the western tip of India in Lakhpat taluka and is the last outpost of human construction at the westernmost limit of India. It is located only 4km from Narayan Sarovar, which is one of the most sacred pilgrimage sites for Hindus. It is one of the five holy ponds in India mentioned in Shrimad Bhagvat Narayan Sarovar meant the Lake of Narayan, a name for Vishnu. As per legends, one of the holy rivers of India, Sarasvati River had an out let in to sea near present day Narayan Sarovar and waters of lake filled with holy waters of River Saraswati that is why hindus consider this place as one of the five holy lakes. This lake finds mention in the chronicles of Alexander, the Great. In 1550 AD, the temple priest constructed the embankments and ghats on all three sides of the lake except on east. He also constructed separate compartments for bathing, using carved stone jails.

______

GES FES MIR ______Archaeological survey of India identified 13 sites of historical important in the coastal taluka of Jamnagar and details mentioned below (Table 31). Jodiya, Kalyanpur, Khambhalia, Lalpur do not have Archaeological sites.

Table 31: Historically important sites in Jamnagar

Name of Sites Villages Talukas Timbo Amara Jamnagar Shiv Mandir Khimran Jamnagar Kotho (Bhujiyo) Jamnagar Jamnagar Khambhaliyo Gate Jamnagar Jamnagar Jumma Masjid Shila lekh Jamnagar Jamnagar Naag naath Temple Jamnagar Jamnagar Lakhota Tower Jamnagar Jamnagar Timbo Narmana Jamnagar Timbo Bed Jamnagar Timbo Moda Jamnagar Timbo Lakhabaval Jamnagar Timbo Vasae Jamnagar Paliya lekha and war field Shekh paat Jamnagar (Source: ASI Jamnagar office)

ASI list suggest ancient Vav in Sarvad village is a heritage site at Maliya taluka of Rajkot district.

______

GES FES MIR ______

3 PROJECTIONS

3.1 Ground Water scenario

In absence of any perennial river, ground water is the importance source for domestic and agriculture needs of the region. The state of Gujarat observe drought years in 1986-87 which affected water resources during the decade as a result, arid semi arid region observed critical conditions with two over exploited and 4 talukas in dark/black category of ground water development.

There is increase in the draft of groundwater in Kachchh i.e., 174.5 MCM (in 1991) to 326.8 (in 2010). Similarly, increased dependence on ground water in Kachchh has resulted in pressure on ground water. Anjar, Mandvi and Bhachau Talukas fall in over exploited categories in 2010, whereas Mundra falls in Grey category and Gandhidham taluka declared saline.

In the case of Jamnagar, drafts of ground water have increased from 216.8 MCM (in 1991) to 311.41 (in 2010). This has affected the availability of ground water resource as developments have shifted from White (Safe) category in 1991 to Grey in 2010. Infact all the talukas in the region are categorised as grey.

In 1991 ground water status and quality was good in the coastal talukas of Jamangar except Maliya and Dwarka (Figure 23). Whereas increased dependence on ground water in Anjar and Mandvi degraded the ground water status and were under overexploited status.

By 2002, within 10 years more the ground water status in the Kachchh district deteriorated at a rapid rate. Anjar, Bhachau and Mandvi talukas were categorised as overexploited and Gandhinagar declared saline (Figure 24). On the contrary, along the Jamnagar coast the water scenario improved due to construction of minor check dams on the upper stretches of the rivers criss-crossing the area.

______

GES FES MIR ______Figure: 23: Development category of ground water in 1991

1991

15.02

139.18

88.7 50.72

111.08 91.63

100. 73 Gulf of Kachchh Development Category

White/Safe 69.88 Grey 98.10 68.66 37.77 Black

Over exploited 55.99 Saline

Figure: 24: Development category of ground water in 2002

2002

22.08

129.98

70.83 149.64

121.44 88.51

70. 63 Gulf of Kachchh Development Category

White/Safe 63.53 Grey 79.09 58.98 45.13 Black

Over exploited 41.99 Saline

______

GES FES MIR ______Post earthquake and new industrial policy declared by the state resulted in industrial growth in the region. However, the ground water status remained similar to that of 2002 without further deterioration. On the other hand, the ground water status in Mundra improved from black to grey category (Figure 25). This largely took place due to supply of Narmada water. Mandvi, Anjar and Bhachau continued to remain over exploited and require immediate attention. In case of Jamnagar coast, the ground water reached grey category due to low rainfall and increase in demand for ground water by the industrial units. Nevertheless, none of the taluka reached over exploited status.

Figure: 25: Development category of ground water in 2010

2010

29.62 %

113.16 %

65.19 % 141.6 %

111.59 % 65.13 %

65.5 % Gulf of Kachchh Development Category

White/Safe 69.79 % Grey 65.54 % 68.35 % 45.13 % Black Over exploited 68.80 % Saline

Projections for 2025 after taking care of urbanisation pressure and industrialisation indicate that Anjar, Bhachau and Mandvi would remain overexploited and there is

______

GES FES MIR ______need to increase the ground water recharge through Narmada canal (Figure 26). There is need to tap in rainwater and improve water harvesting system in these talukas. It is projected that the talukas of Jamnagar coast would remain in grey category and the operation of the Narmada branch canal could provide relief to the water of the region.

Figure: 26: Development category of ground water in 2025

2025 Projections

33.06%

116.78%

68.96% 154.88%

115.22 % 70.07%

69.93% Gulf of Kachchh Development Category

White/Safe 69.79 % Grey 81.05% 76.73 % 72.03 % Black Over exploited 77.75% Saline

Management strategies

With above projections there is need for effective interventions and some of them discussed below:

 Harnessing surface water during the rainfall months by construction of small dams at more sites/locations within the small streams be explored.  In the Jamnagar district capacity of aquifers be improved in areas with good quality ground water by using modern techniques of creating micro-fractures to increase secondary porosity of Deccan Trap.

______

GES FES MIR ______ In Mundra, Mandvi, Anjar and Bhachau talukas spread of awareness and strict monitoring is required to improve efficient use of groundwater resource to avoid of overexploitation.  There is need to increase the role of Narmada water in domestic water supply. Diverting excess of Narmada waters to small water bodies or streams in the region for domestic purpose could solve the water problem.  Strict norms for industry and urban area, particularly in Jamnagar district be implemented so that water quality is not affected by industrial pollution.

3.2 Solid Waste Generation

With the increase in urbanisation and expansion of the existing urban centres generation and disposal of solid waste is an important issue in the study area. The existing solid waste disposal facilities in the study area is shown below.

______

GES FES MIR ______The urban centres being close to the gulf of Kachchh the amount of waste that generated in the next decade was evaluated (Table 32). The calculations based on the quantum of solid waste generated at present and extrapolated with the rise in envisaged human population in the next decade (based on census data).

Table 32: Projection of Solid waste generation in Major urban centres.

Disposal of Solid waste / Day (Tones) 2012 2040 Jamnagar City 240 312 Dwarka City 15 20 Lalpur city 14 41 Khambhalia city 11 43 Gandhidham City 36.75 144 Anjar city 28.8 86 Mandvi city 23 89

In Kachhch region data is not available for all the urban centres. In the case of Anjar town, the present quantum of waste generated is 28.8 tonnes/day and anticipated amount of waste generation in the next decade would be 86 TPD by 2040. Problem of waste generation is more in case of twins urban centres under same municipal limits like Gandhidham and Adipur. At present 36.75 TPD generated and expected to generate around 144 TDS by 2040. Mandvi is fast on expansion track and the solid waste generated would be around 89 by 2040.

In the case of Jamnagar district, Jamnagar town itself is the major urban centre and generated around 260 TPD, out of which 250 TPD is collected. A landfill area near Suvarda village identified with an area of 100 ha. Next important urban centre is Dwarka known for pilgrimage and around 15 TPD of solid waste is generated, out of which only 3 TPD is treated and rest is disposed of directly to sea. Khambhalia and

______

GES FES MIR ______Lalpur town is the second major urban centre where there is waste generation to the tune of 9.5 TPD and expected to increase to 43 TPD by 2040.

To summarize solid waste disposal would be a major problem in the next decade and expansion of cities would make the situation complicated. Immediate steps and management plans are required to tackle the problem. Some initiatives carried out by Jamnagar Municipal Authority. The expanding urban centres need to tackle the problem at this stage itself least it becomes difficult to handle the quantum of solid waste generated.

Management plans

 Ban use of plastics and carry bags in the urban centres.  Segregation of bio-degradable and non-bio-degradable waste. The former could be recycled as biofertiliser. In the case of further segregation of non bio- degradable waste into recyclable items should be done.  Proper identification of dumping site so that spill over does not reach the protected areas or areas with native vegetation. Regular monitoring of dumping site spill over is necessary to see the impact one ecosystem as a whole.  Design landfill site for the proper reuse of waste and generate bio gas, electricity and manure for agriculture etc.  Capped landfill used for recreation sites such as parks and gardens after beautification.

3.3 Industrial Effluents

There exist no CEPTs in the coastal talukas of Kachchh and Jamnagar. The industrial units along the coastline of Jamnagar have individual treating facility and discharge their effluents directly into the open sea via underground pipeline.

The industrial giants in Jamangar have individual treatment plants and release the effluents in the sea. The Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) plant of GSFC located at Motikhavdi village has no production of wastewater in their industrial process and therefore has zero effluent discharge. Further, the sewage water colony utilized for

______

GES FES MIR ______the plantation after chemical treatment. Likewise Reliance Industrial complex have also effluent treatment facility and dumping site for hazardous waste. After treatment, the water released into the open sea and there is recycling of the wastewater of the colony. The water used for gardening and watering the green belt through sprinkler system.

Mithapur houses large integrated salt works and inorganic chemical complex of Tata Group's Tata Chemicals Ltd. The treated waste released into Arambhada bay through an open channel in the MNPS. There is regular monitoring of the effluents and discharges maintained within the permissible limits prescribed by GPCB. Recently there are reports of coral recruits in the close vicinity to the discharge, thus indicative of low pollution load.

The monitoring results of GPCB in the coastal area indicate low BOD in the Mithapur outfall area as compared to the Kandla port (Table 33).

Table 33: Results of coastal water monitoring by GPCB Parameters * Name of outfalls pH D.O. B.O.D. NH3 – N Tata Chem., Mithapur outfall 8.30 5.02 N.D. 2.17 Sea water at Kandla 8.09 - 70.00 6.40 (Source: GPCB annula report 2012-13)

According to satellite data, the total reef area in the Gulf is 139.72 sq km. it has decreased from 217 sq km in 1975 to 139.7 sq km in 2011 that amounts to a net loss of 43%.

The natural flushing of pollutants in the Gulf of Kachchh has an advantage and there is coexistence of corals amongst industrial activity. A 2D Hydrodynamic-Particle Analysis model applied to the Gulf of Kachchh (GoKh) to estimate the residence time of pollutants. The depth is ~ 15m near the head region. The tidal currents in the Gulf have a strong E-W component, which prevent the material in the north transported towards south. The circulation showed a net transport towards Kandla (along the northern rim of the Gulf) with a tendency to form a clockwise circulation. ______

GES FES MIR ______The tidal currents in the Gulf have a strong E-W component, which prevented the material from the north from transported southwards. Some influence on the residence time is apparent from the central eddies and dynamic barrier across the Sikka- Mundra section. Eastern GoKh shows a relatively large residence time, order of 2-4 days, warranting caution while releasing industrial wastes in the northeastern Gulf.

In the regions situated very close to the open boundary, where the GoK waters exchange freely with the northern Arabian Sea, dilution takes place rapidly with the incoming waters and hence, the residence time in order of 1 day.

Generally, the residence time is relatively short for the Gulf of Kachchh, and therefore, the Gulf waters are relatively unpolluted. The residence time increases as we move from the mouth to the head region of the Gulf. As different sections of the Gulf behave differently with respect to residence time, the studies extended to identify locations where coastal-based industries could be installed (Patgaonkar et al., 2012).

GIDB has project new area for chemical industries along northern coast of the Gulf of Kachchh (Figure 27). Extreme care must be taken when the industrial wastes are released in the north-eastern Gulf.

______

GES FES MIR ______Figure 27 Projected area for chemical industries

3.4 Fuel Consumption Pattern

Cooking fuel consumption pattern differed between rural and urban areas. The data based on percentage of households using different type of cooking fuel as per 2001 records. The fuel consumption of the rural households was largely dependent on firewood collected from the nearby open wastelands or farms.

In case of all the coastal talukas of Jamnagar district, fuel consumption pattern varied between rural and urban areas (Figure 28, 29). In case of rural areas, firewood dominated the household fuel requirement (47.8%), followed by cowdung fuel (23.4%) and crop residue (10.5%). Thus, agriculture provided around 33.9% of fuel.

______

GES FES MIR ______Figure 28: Rural energy consumption pattern in coastal taluka, Jamnagar

Fire wood 9.9 1.8 Crop residue 5.9 Cowdung cake 0.3 Coal/Charcoal

47.8 Cooking gas

23.4 Bio-gas

Kerosene

10.5

In 2001 urban centers considered was Jamnagar and Khambhalia. In these urban areas, cooking gas formed the major fuel utlised (47.9%), followed by kerosene (19.7%) and firewood (16.3%). The kerosene distributed through PDS scheme and its use is largely by the industrial workers. The firewood largely used by the low- income group.

Figure 29: Urban energy consumption pattern in coastal taluka, Jamnagar

16.3 19.7 Fire wood

4.1 Crop residue 0.4 Cowdung cake 7.3 Coal/Charcoal Cooking gas 2.5 Bio-gas Kerosene

47.9

______

GES FES MIR ______

With the increase in the urban centres and growth of towns like Dwarka, Lalpur the demand for cooking gas would increase in the next 10 years.

Prosopis juliflora comprises the major source of firewood and the same is collected from open wastelands. The vegetation studies also indicate that Prosopis juliflora is the dominant species and the Important value Index (IVI) index ranged from 36 (Jamnagar) to 113.77 in Jodiya. In case of Jamnagar taluka the open wastelands are largely converted to industrial and residential areas that resulted in low IVI, unlike Jodiya which still has open wastelands intact. With the expansion of urban centres and upgradation of C category town to cities would result in more dependency on cooking gas as the availability of firewood would reduce.

In case of coastal talukas of Kachchh the scenario differed with that of Jamnagar (Figure 30, 31). Since agriculture is very low and less intensive, 70% of the household rely on firewood followed by kerosene (16.95). Prosopis juliflora is the major source of firewood. The growth of Prosopis is very good and has adapted to the saline and arid conditions of the region. There is high IVI value ranging from 62.2 in Bhachau to 94.6 in Abdasa taluka indicating domaince of the plant. Due to its availability throughout the year local’s dependency on Prosopis is very high for firewood.

Figure 30: Rural energy consumption pattern in coastal taluka, Kachchh

16.9 Fire wood 0.3 Crop residue 6.9 Cowdung cake 0.2 1.6 Coal/Charcoal 2.9 Cooking gas Bio-gas 70.4 Kerosene

______

GES FES MIR ______The urban centres considered during 2001 were Mundra, Mandvi, Bhachau, Anjar, Adipur and Gandhidham. The fuel consumption pattern of urban centres was different from that of Jamnagar urban centres. In case of Kachchh three type of fuel viz., firewood, kerosene and cooking gas represented in almost equal proportions. Firewood usage was high in the urban centres, which could be due to its ready availability from nearby areas.

Figure 31: Urban energy consumption pattern in coastal taluka, Kachchh

Fire wood 29.1 29.1 Crop residue Cowdung cake Coal/Charcoal Cooking gas 0.3 0.41.4 2.6 Bio-gas Kerosene

36.2

Maliya taluka at the time of 2001 was totally under rural and no urban centre was present. Here also firewood (60.8%) was the major source of fuel followed by, crop residue (22.2%) and kerosene (8.4%). Thus, dependency on natural sources like Prosopis julilfora and agriculture waste dominated the fuel usage consumption (Figure 32).

The landuse pattern changes in Maliya taluka indicated conversion of open wastelands into agriculture. There are predictions that agricultural waste would suffice to the fuel demand of the locals, as availability of firewood from the open areas would decline.

______

GES FES MIR ______Figure 32: Rural energy consumption pattern in Maliya Taluka, Rajkot

8.4 0.1 0.42.3 5.5 Fire wood Crop residue Cowdung cake Coal/Charcoal 22.2 Cooking gas 60.8 Bio-gas Kerosene

Future projections in the fuel usage include more demand from the new urban centers like Lalpur, Dhrol, Mundra, Dwarka and Kalyanpur. There island use changes as shown in individual talukas and there is conversion of open wastelands to industrial or urbanization or agriculture. This would exert pressure on availability of Prosopis as firewood and exert pressure on the existing forest areas. Further, with decline in agriculture the availability of agriculture waste would also pose a problem to the talukas dependents on the same.

There is one sector, which is untapped that is biogas. There is large livestock population in the coastal talukas and increasing the use of biogas would help in tackling the problem of fuel shortage in near future.

Increase in use of community solar cookers could be promoted in the area of Lakhpat, Abdasa, Mandvi and Bachhau talukas. There is ample presence of sunlight and the concept of community solar cookers would benefit the community at large.

Energy plantations of fast growing species along the farm hedges be promoted. As in near future, maximum utilization of land available for farming has to be done in order to sustain the population at large.

______

GES FES MIR ______

3.5 Urban Water Demand

Supply of water for domestic purposes in the urban centres would a major challenges and issues in the coming years. Water supply and future demand in the urban centers for the year 2025 was calculated.

Considering liner rate of population, the population of urban centers would increase from 1 million (2011) to about 1.9 million in 2025. The Urban population increased at very fast rate in Okha, followed by Sikka, Bhachau, Jamnagar and Anjar and expected to increase in future as well. This will lead to increased water demand in future.

At present supply rate future water demand in demand from the urban centre will increase by 66%. There would be double the demand for water from present supply in case of Bhachau and Sikka towns. In Bhachau 44% dependency on ground water for its water supply and with the area declared as saline, GW extraction would be difficult.

In case of cities like Jamnagar water demand will increase from 92 MLD to 156 MLD in 2025. This would a major problem as the water supply in Jamnagar and Sikka, which totally rely on surface water for its water supply and failure in rainfall would lead to severe water crisis in the city.

Other major urban centers are Anjar, Okha and Mandvi whose water supply will required to be augment in 2025 (Table 34). Okha, Dwarka and Mandvi are on tourism site and have large inflow of tourist visiting. Okha and Dwarka also receive water from the surface flow and reservoirs.

BIS standards require minimum of 135 LPCD in cities with proper sewage system and 70 LPCD in case of urban centers without sewage facility. With the increase in population there would be requirement of better sewage and drainage system, thus demand for water would increase. Overall, an increase of 210 MLD by 2025 for all talukas predicted.

______

GES FES MIR ______Table 34: Projected Urban Water Demand

Urban area Population Supply Demand in 2025 2011 2025 2011 % @ present per Future (projected) (MLD) dependency capita supply demand on GW rate MLD as per BIS MLD % increase Jamnagar 649181 1100727 92 - 155.99 69.6 148.6 Anjar 87183 123233 6.6 77 9.33 41.4 8.63 Okha 62052 275295 2 - 8.87 34.5 19.27 Dwarka 38873 47972 1.5 - 1.85 23.3 3.36 Khambhalia 41734 50752 4 25 4.86 21.5 3.55 Mandvi 51376 67790 5.9 49 7.78 31.9 9.15 Salaya 33246 45068 0.5 100 0.68 36.0 3.15 Bhachau 39532 72564 2.7 44 4.96 83.7 5.08 Dhrol 25883 29588 4 - 4.57 14.3 3.99 Maliya 15964 19280 1.5 - 1.81 20.7 1.35 Sikka 28814 55937 1.8 - 3.49 93.9 3.92 1073838 1888206 122.5 204.21 66.7 210.05 BIS standard: 135 LPCD with sewage facilities, 70 LPCD without sewage facility

There are problems associated between source of water supply and demand. Mandvi, Anjar and Bhachau towns are heavily dependent on ground water for their water supply. These talukas fall in over exploited category of ground water development, therefore with increase in urban population in future the groundwater situation expected to worsen in the future.

There is need to implement water conservation strategies and increase in rain harvesting system to sustain the water needs. There is proposal for Narmada water and work on Maliya branch canal initiated. This would help to ease out water problem in the region. However, complete dependency on Narmada waters avoided. Already there are number of minor dams sanctioned in the upstream region of Narmada River in Madhya Pradesh and in case of rain failure, the release of waters would be low. One positive part is that there is plan to fill up the reservoirs of Jamnagar with excess water from the Namada and this would help in better recharge of the streams and ground water as well.

______

GES FES MIR ______

4 CONSERVATION PLAN

Based on the secondary literature and analysis of the data, major critical issues of each taluka highlighted and indicated in the table 35. In general decline in open land, grazing pressure, increase in agricultural activities and dependency on ground water resource are the major issues faced by the coastal talukas. Apart from this talukas like Maliya, Anjar, Bachchau, Mandvi face soil salinity and soil degradation problem.

Increase in port activities would be major challenge in the years to come. Along with the integration of fishermen with the main stream of workers is difficult task to handle. These fishermen come from a background, where in they have no skills that would suite the requirement of the industries and therefore are the losers. Better training facilities to integrate them with the need of the industry chalked out.

With the increase in industries and urban centres, waste generation and disposal is an issue of worry. New technologies that would help in better utilisation of the waste implemented. Perhaps experiences from Sweden that is declared zero waste and the waste to generate electricity.

Based on the distribution of threatened and endemic species from the primary data collected ecological important area and biological hot spots are marked out. These areas need to be conserved for future and perhaps declared these areas as biological heritage sites similar to that of archaeological heritage sites.

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GES FES MIR ______Table 35: Issues identified talukawise with conservation plans

Taluka Issues Conservation plan Lakhpat  Salinity ingress (TDS increased from 5,000 ppm  Small cheek dams across the rivulets would help in (1190) to about 9,000 ppm (2010) in Narayan Sarovar) improving the GW recharge.  Dependency on GW (60% irrigation and 88%  Declaration of ecological rich area and biological hot spot domestic water supply is done by ground water) as Biodiversity heritage sites for conservation of species.  Presence of endemic and threatened species  Special conservation efforts for Khariya breed of camel  Decline in population of Khariya breed of camel 3000 through interactive efforts. Study on optimum population (1982) to 496 (2007) that the mangrove of the region can sustain should be  Increase in grazing pressure (browsers population carried out. from 21,692 (1988) to 67,317 (2007)  EIA process be stringent in this taluka as this represent  Proposed mining and cement industry (setting up of endemic species and there is decline in population mineral based SEZ with 2.4 million TPA of Cement reported. Plant, approved mining in 3319 ha) Abdasa  GW saline (TDS >2000 ppm) and high dependency  Small cheek dams to recharge the GW water Naliya (60% irrigation and 93% water supply by GW)  Promote cultivation of fodder crops to sustain the livestock  Conversion of open grazing land (reduction in 10%  Sustainable fishery and add value products to improve the from 1997 to 2013) and overgrazing (grazing land per revenue of fishermen. livestock reduced from 1.02 ha (1997) to 0.62 ha  Prosopis be considered as source of firewood (2007).  Conservation of GIB habitat  Decline in marine fishery and closure of fish landing centres from 28 (2003) to 22 (2007)  Infestation of Prosopis juliflora replacing native vegetation

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GES FES MIR ______Mandvi  33% of GW saline and remaing is being  Optimize use of water in agriculture by promoting dryland overexploited crops and water conservation agriculture techniques.  Livestock dominated by browers (53%)  Mining leases be reviewed periodically and impact on the  Increase in mining areas (454 ha (1990) to 957 ha surrounding ecology be recorded as this taluka harness (2005)) good population of migratory species.  Intensive agriculture (83% of irrigation by GW)  Proposed Beach tourism be considered after reviewing the pressure for domestic supply on the GW (94%) turtle nesting sites.  Tourism potential due to presence of heritage sites  Proper disposal mechanism of solid waste and waste water and beach generation due to high tourism in Mandvi  Nesting site of Olive Ridley turtle at Bada , Layja Nana, and Mandvi palace beaches, 61 nests reported in 2013 Mundra  32% of GW saline and predicted as grey category in  Conservation and management of wetlands/waterbodies 2025. Dependency on RO and Narmada canal for effective ground water recharge  Decline in open fallow land (by 100 ha) and increase  Promotion of Stall feeding in grazing pressure ( Grazing land per livestock  Developing skills of the fishermen in sector of office reduced from 0.12 ha (1997) to 0.08 ha (2007)) maintenance through training  Increase in salt pans (doubled since 1997)  Coastal development be expanded and reviewed  Decline in mangrove area (from 5000 ha to 1335 ha periodically (every 3 years) for changes taking place in the in 2010) costal ecology and morphology  Decline in fishery (7000 tonnes in 2001 to < 4000  Disaster management cell should be given priority tonnes in 2011)  Increased port activity (11 Million MT in 2005 to 100 Million MT in 2014)  Alteration in coastal morphology

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GES FES MIR ______ Risk due to cyclones (in 1981, 1982, 1998, 1999 it was hit by cyclones) Anjar  Active tectonic plate and therefore at higher risk of  Disaster management cells need to be on high alert earthquakes  Conservation and protection of waterbodies and use the  Overexploitation of ground water and 48% of GW same to recharge the GW aquifer declared saline and would be catogrised as over  CEPT and solid waste management practices be initiated at exploited by 2025. this stage itself  Decline in fishing activity. Active fishermen reduced by 50% in 2007 and fish catch declined from 3600 in 1998 to 400 tonnes in 2007.  Browsers dominate livestock (78% of total livestock in 2007) and grazing land per livestock reduced from 0.75 ha (1997) to 0.4 ha (2007)  Anjar town, has no proper disposal facility of solid waste Gandhidham  Designated as saline taluka with limited scope of GW  Improve the recharge capacity of freshwater lake by development diverting runoff.  Reduction in open fallow lands by 15 %  Study on sustainable hotel industry in Gandhidham  High industrial activity (10% area under industrial  Conservation of the existing mangroves development, with 207 indutries) and port activity  CEPT and better waste disposal mechanism with Kandla as the only major port  Improve the green cover through plantation within the industrial zone of native species Bachhau  Seismically very active; as it is close vicity of Anjar  Reduce dependency on GW and Narmada waters would having epicentre of 2001 eathquake help in effective GW recharge  GW declared saline and would be in the status of  Improve the green cover through plantation within the industrial zone of native species ______

GES FES MIR ______overexploited in 2025.  High conservation value of Khadir islands have  Increase in area under industalisation and salt pans representation of endemic species and breeding ground of (just 3 % in 1997 to 9% in 2013) Flamingoes  Increase in buffalo population  Reduction in number of active fishermen  Management of solid waste (around 10 tonnes per day) Maliya  Soil sodocity problem due to closeness to Little Rann  Regulating flow of water in the upstream dams of Kachchh  Mangrove plantation activity need to be enhanced so as to  GW saline improve the fish breeding grounds  Poor vegetation growth and indicate degraded  Need to undertake plantations along the agricultural system hedges to retain moisture and remove soil sodicity problem  Decline in fishermen population Jodiya  Salinity ingress (TDS upto 7000 ppm) and  Improvised agriculture techniques need to be implemented dependency on GW more (79% of irrigation and 52% to reduce dependency on GW. of domestic water by GW sources), by 2025 likely to  Conservation of village ponds with adequate recharge turn grey wells  Agriculture expanded by 76% between 1997 and  Increase in mangrove plantation efforts for the mudflats 2013. along the coast  Decline in fish catch (1100 tonnes in 2006 to 700  Plantation of native species within the agricultural hedges tonnes in 2011) to improve the green cover  Native vegetation( like Acacia nilotica var indica, Salvadora persica, Capparis decidua, Balanites aegyptica) present in few pockets in gauchar land of villages

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GES FES MIR ______Jamnagar  Taluka categorized as ‘grey’ in GW development.  Micro fractures to improve ground water seepage and  Fish catch declined (5000 tonnes in 2000 to 3000 recharge tonnes in 2011)  All the rivers are dammed at the upstream and there is  Limestone mining area increased as mining lease need to create small check dams for effective recharge of increase from 81 ha (1990) to 127 ha (2005) aquifer  Management of protected area of Marine National  Proper closure of mining are with effective restoration Park admist port and industrial development is a big  Damming at upstream have reduced the fresh water flow challenge for authorities. in Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary and need to be addressed  Disposal of solid waste (260 tonnes per day) in  Releasing of untreated and improper treated effluents close catchment by Khijadia Bird Sanctuary creating to the estuary could be harmful to the ecology of MNP. threat for its existence  Sewage/ effluents treatment Khambhalia  Dependency on GW (92% of irrigation and 64% of  Conservation of small water bodies to improve the domestic suppy) and taluka likely to turn grey by recharge 2025  Strict monitoring of discharges from industrial zones to  Low bird diversity largely due to loss of open areas reduce air and water pollution and cultivation of fodder and castor  Need to bring the fishermen into the mainstream by introducing special schemes and imparting training  Need to go for multiple crop that provide habitat for the birds Lalpur  Over drawing of GW for agriculture (90 of irrigation  Improvised agriculture techniques for effective use of GW by GW)  Conservation of wetlands  GW likely to run grey in 2025  Monitoring proper closure of mining areas with proper  Increased mining activity (increase in lease area from restoration action 500 ha in 1990 to 700 ha in 2006).  Design of effective disposal of waste generated in the city

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GES FES MIR ______ Waste disposal in Lalpur city (around 10 tonnes/day) Kalyanpur  36% of the GW saline and likely to be grey in 2025  Improvised agriculture techniques for effective use of GW  High dependancy (90%) on ground water for  Conservation and protection of waterbodies irrigation  Conservation of the turtle nesting sites  Developmental pressure (sand mining) in the turtle  Cultivation of fodder to reduce the soil degradation nesting sites (Bhogat, Navadra, Sethala and Harshad mata) Okha  Pressure on GW (94 % of irrigation and 57% of  Narmada canal would provide relief, but dependency on Dwarka domestic water supply by GW) and likely to be grey GW need to be checked. in 2025  Rainwater harvesting in the Dwarka to meet the demand  Grazing pressure very high (just 0.1 ha of grazing due to high tourist inflow land per livestock)  Proper disposal of waste to prevent pollution of the  Decline in fishery (71,000 tonnes in 2001 to 51,000 coastline and the marine life especially the sea weeds that tonnes in 2011) are food for the fish  Tourism (17 lakh tourist visited Dwarka temple in  Protection of corals on the open coast between Dwarka and 2012-13) Kachhigarh  Release of waste (around 20 tonnes/day) into the open sea threatening marine life

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GES FES MIR ______4.1 ECOLOGICAL RICH AREAS

Based on the primary data and the richness of the various locations surveyed throughout the coastal talukas biologically important regions identified. The criteria for the selection included: (i) presence of endemic plant species in good population (ii) rich faunal diversity (iii) the location represented the general biodiversity of the area.

Seven areas identified as ecological rich areas and require special attention to protect the areas as these represent hte ecological unit of the region. All the regions are close to industrial zone and face threat from encroachment or pollution in near future. The detail decription of each of the sites described below.

4.1.1. Coastal track outside Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary

The stretch between Guneri village and Gaduli village comprises of coastal terrain with sandy and calcareous soil features. The area consists of grasslands interspersed with Salvadora oleoides forming thick canopy and GBH more than 150m. The region stands alone from other sites as it represented presence of endemic and threatened species reported from Kachchh.

Important threatened species like Dactylandria welwitchii, Heliotropium rariflorum and Dalechampia scandens recorded. Apart from this large population of Citrullus colocynthis and Helichrysum cutchicum (endemic species) was also reported. Apart from this, the grass species reported included Aristida adscensionis, Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Chloris tenella.

Important animal species directly sighted in this location Indian Ratel. Thus, presence of flagship species in the site itself indicates presence of good ecosystem.

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GES FES MIR ______4.1.2. Coastal area near Pingleshwar

This area showed the presence of good population of migratory Crab plovers (Dromas ardeola). The presence of crab plovers in large number indicate presence of food in abundance especially crabs. The coastline is sandy and supports crabs. The other bird species present in the region include black winged stilt, and other birds like Snipe, sand piper etc.

Ghost crab at Pingleshwar

4.1.3. Open grassland area near Changdai

The open area is the common land present near village Changdai. The area represents typical grasslands features with dominance of Aristida spp. The area supported Chinkara (Gazella gazella) and around 6 were sighted. The area is important as it lies outside the Naliya Bustard Sanctuary.

4.1.4. Dholavira

It is located in the khadir beyt well known site for remains of harrapan civilization. The vegetation here includes Salvadora sp, Prosopis juliflora, Acacia sp., Cordia sp., Euphorbia neriifolia, Grewia tenax etc. and more than 150 plants. The main grass species are Cymbopogon martini, Aristida adenemsoidis, Jinjvo/Marvel grass (Dichanthium annulatum), Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Dhaman/Anjan (Cenchrus ciliaris), Khevali/gharola (Sporobolus fertilis), Ganthelokhevan (Eleusine compressa), Okrich (Sporobolus helvolus), Dabh/dabhado (Desmostachya bipinnata) etc.

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GES FES MIR ______Mammalian species reported in this area include Indian Wild Ass (Equus hemionius khur), Chinkara (Gazella gazelle, It is abundant in this island), Indian Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes), Caracal (Caracal caracal), Indian Fox (Vulpes bengalensis), Desert Fox (Vulpes vulpes pusilla), Stripped Hyena (Hyaena hyena), Desert Cat (Felis silvestris) etc (GEER 1999).

General vegetation of Dholavira

There is nesting site of greater flamingo on the northern and eastern side of the beyt and therefore gains importance for protection.

4.1.5. Coastal belt between Dwarka and Okha

The stretch between Dwarka and Kachchigarh had corals, seaweeds and benthic fauna. Coral belonging to class Anthozoa reported from intertidal region of Kachchigarh. The morphological and sheltered natures of the two bays of Kachchigarh protected corals from the strong currents of the Arabian Sea. Corals also reported from intertidal region of Dwarka (3) and Okha (4). Apart from corals, around 40 species of benthos recorded in the stretch with 30 gastropod species at Dwarka location, 19 seaweed species were reported from Dwarka and 17 from Kachhigarh in the intertidal region. The subtidal region in Kachhigarh area harnessed good seaweed population as well (GES 2012).

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GES FES MIR ______

Favia pallida Coral recruites

There is need to conserve the area and promoted for ecotourism with concept of awareness generation and sea walk could be organised.

4.1.6. Kori Creek

The estuaries and mangrove systems serve as nursery and spawning grounds for number of shrimp and fish species. The major breeding grounds of fish in Kachchh region are in Sir Creek, Kori creek and the small estuaries along the coastline. Most of the species of mullet spawn at sea and the juveniles enter the estuaries that serve as their nursery grounds. Kori Creek has good mangrove diversity and density and is the major area of fish breeding in the region.

Estuarine and Fish breeding ground around Kori & Sir Creek

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GES FES MIR ______4.1.7 Surajbari Creek-A critical habitat for prawn breeding

Surajbari creek, connecting Gulf of Kachchh and the Little Rann of Kachchh, is part of the Gulf of Kachchh and is an important ecological unit of the coast of the gulf. In the historic past, during the Mid-Holocene period, The Rann of Kachchh was part of the sea and the Little Rann was an extended feature of Gulf of Kachchh. Due to siltation and geomorphological changes over the period, it is now a flat saline land.

During monsoon, the rivers like Banas, Rupen, Sarswat, Machchhu, Brahmini, Kankavati and Falku and other several streams discharge rainwater in the Little Rannfrom from all sides, resulting in the inundation of the low-lying mudflats in the Rann and Surajbari creek. . The waters of the Rann meet seawater in the Surajbari creek. The salinity gradient of water varies from fresh water in the Rann to saline seawater after Surajbari Creek in the gulf. This brackish water with salinity gradient and with salinity difference between seawater and fresh water provide a unique habitat for breeding of prawns and fishes.

The Little Rann of Kachchh along with Surajbari creek has great potential to support marine and estuarine fisheries. It provides varied aquatic habitats (marine, estuarine and fresh water) for several species of fishes and prawn. The mixing of tidal waters from the Gulf of Kachchh with freshwater provide an important nursery ground for prawns. Eleven species of prawn recorded in the catch of the Little Rann of Kachchh, and bulk of the prawn catch contributed by Metapenaeuskutchensis and M. affinis. The other species found in Surajbari creek are M. brevicornis, Parapeneopsissculptilis, P. hardwickii, P. stylifera, Trachypenaeuspescandarensis, Palaemanstylifera, Hippolysmataensirostris, Solenoceracrassicornis and Acetesindiicus. Catch of prawn in the Gulf of Kachchh depends on health of Surajbari creek. Being a breeding ground for prawns, especially local and endemic prawn species Metapenaeuskutchensis, the Surajbari creek is a critical habitat and deserve for high degree of protection for sustaining prawn fisheries in the gulf. In addition to prawns, 22 species of fishes recorded in Surajbari creek (Singh et al 1999).

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GES FES MIR ______In 1990s, about 8,663 active fishermen were involved in fish and prawn catch in the LRK and Surajbari creek. Principal fishing ground in and around Surajbari creek are Surajbari, Jangi, Tikar, Koparni, Nimaknagar, Khajarda, and Hanjasar villages. Fishing was done in flat bottomed boats locally called a Paatiaris in shallow water of about 1-2 meter depth, operating bag, stake and cast nets. This is traditional fishing in the area which support a large number of fishermen families living around the Rann. During 1990s, annual fish and prawn catch varied from about 4,100 metric tonnes to 7,574 metric tonnes with average annual catch of about 6,000 metric tonnes. Increasing salt manufacturing units at both sides of creek are the major threat to the breeding ground in Surajbari creek.

Due to presence of prawns, fishes and zooplankton, a large number of water birds enjoy feeding in this shallow water lake in monsoon and winter.

4.2. BIOLOGICALLY HOT SPOTS

The five Protected Areas (except Gaga GIB Sanctuary) in the study area considered important conservation areas and they named as biodiversity rich or biodiversity hot spots. The following important areas reported and described in detail (Figure 33):

4.2.1 Guneri village (Lakhpat Taluka)

Guneri is a small village located on the northern side of Lakhpat fort. The area at present is under the Border Security Force and there is Guneri check post with low human interference.

The area supported wetland as well as grasslands species. Endemic plant species Helichrysum cutchicum reported in good population. Apart from this, other threatened species like Dactylandria welwitchii, Citrullus colocynthis, Heliotropium rariflorum, Dalechampia scandens were also reported. The other important vegetation representing the arid system included Aristida adscensionis, Cress cretica Chloris spp., Eragrostris spp., Polycarpaea corymbosa and Cenchrus spp.

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GES FES MIR ______Figure 33: Biological Hotspots around the Gulf

There is a reservoir in the village that provided habitat for pelicans and around 1000 sighted during the month of October 2013. The other birds reported from the area included two near threatened species (as per IUCN red data book 2013) viz., Darters (Anhinga melanogaster) and Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala) and Schedule I species (as per WPA) viz., Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia) and Eurasian Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus).

Apart from rich avifaunal diversity, chinkara (Gazella gazelle) and Indian Rattel (Mellivora capensis) also sighted. The population of chinkara was 14.. The area also showed the presence of herpetofauna Brook’s Gecko Hemidactylus brooki.

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GES FES MIR ______

White Pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus ) Chinkara (Gazella gazella)

Reservoir in the Guneri

There is need to carry out detailed survey of the area and record the biodiversity including the herpetofauna.

4.2.2 Lakhota Lake of Jamnagar

Lakota Lake situated in the middle of the Jamnagar city, which support the large number of species of birds during winter. Large congregations of Black headed Gull (Larus ridibundus), Brown headed Gull (Larus brunnicephalus), Spotbill ducks (Anas poecilorhyncha), and White Pelicans (Pelecanus onocrotalus) were sighted at Lakhota Lake.

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GES FES MIR ______

White Pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus ) Gulls, Spotbill ducks and Grey heron

4.2.3 Near Nageshwar temple of Dwarka

Wetland which is situated behind Nageshwar temple which support good number of terrestrial as well as aquatic birds like Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea), Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis), Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger), Darters (Anhingidae melanogaster), Eurasian Wigeon (Anas penelope).

Moreover, wetland is surrounded by thorny vegetation like Prosopis, Acacia, Euphorbia sp. which supports residential birds like House Crow (Corvus splendens), House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) as well as migratory species of birds like Rosy Starling (Sturnus roseus).

The area sustains native grasses and invasion by Prosospis julifora is threatening the ecosystem.

Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger) Eurasian Wigeon (Anas penelope)

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GES FES MIR ______

4.2.4 Lakshar (Topansar) lake (Mandvi Taluka)

Lakshar Lake is situated in center of the Mandvi city. It is surrounded by the trees, which support the roosts for the birds like cormorants and egrets. Moreover, congregations of the Black headed gull (Larus ridibundus), Brown headed gull (Larus brunnicephalus), and little cormorants (Phalacrocorax niger) were observed during winter season. Near threatened speceis of bird like Oriental White Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus), Black–necked stork (Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus) (as per IUCN red data book 2013) were observed summer. Lake support vegetation like Cyperus nutans, and other wetland sp.

Ibises, and Cormorants Black headed gull (Larus ridibundus), Brown headed gull (Larus brunnicephalus)

Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) Black–necked stork (Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus)

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GES FES MIR ______4.2.5 Gurgadh Village (Kalyanpur taluka)

The creek passes through this village therefore, it supports both the type of aquatic species of birds, fresh and marine water birds like Ruff (Philomachus pugnax), Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago), Blacktailed Godwit (Limosa limosa), Common Redshank (Tringa totanus), Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber), Western Reef egret (Egretta gularis). Further, it also support near threatened speceis of bird like, Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala), Oriental White Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus) (as per IUCN red data book 2013). Moreover, this village cultivate different crops which support agro-birds like , Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis), Eurasian collared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto). It is unique habitat which suppport different species of birds.

Oriental White Ibis (Threskiornis Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala)

melanocephalus) Western Reef egret (Egretta gularis)

. 4.2.5 Turtle nesting Commonsites in SnipeKalyanpur (Gallinago taluka gallinago ) Blacktailed Godwit (Limosa limosa)

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GES FES MIR ______The turtle nesting grounds reported towards east of the Bhogat and beyond Navadra (Fig). The section between Navadra to Sethala mandir had the highest nesting grounds of Olive Ridley and green turtle. Around 455 nests between Navadra to Harshad mata mandir were recorded in previous study (Wesley et.al., 2004). The major threats recorded were nest predation by the animals and collection of eggs for human consumption. Indirect threats like the sand mining at the beaches were recorded that led to the destruction of the nests.

Nesting site of Olive Ridley and green turtle in the Saurasthra coast

(Wesley et al., 2004)

4.2.6 Charkala Salt Work in Okhamandal

It is one of the Important Bird Area (IBA). There are 120 species of the birds reported from this area. During winter migratory birds like Black-necked grebe (Podiceps nigricollis), Great Creasted Grebe (Podiceps cristatus), Rosy pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus), Dalmatian Pelican (Pelicanus crispus) was observed. Other bird species like stints, sandpipers, plovers, curlews and godwits recorded. Near threatened species of birds like Darter (Anhinga melanogaster), Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala), Black-necked Stork (Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus) and Lesser Flamingo (Phoenicopterus minor) were sighted. Due to presence of this birds this site select as an Important Bird Area. This place has ≥ 1 % of bio-geographic populations of many species as well as ≥ 20,000 water birds (Islam and Rahmani, 2004).

Major threat is the use of mangroves as fuel wood by the local people, which destroys the nesting activity of the residential bird species.

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GES FES MIR ______

4.2.7 Euphorbia-Gorad-Guggal forest in Okhamandal

The area falls under reserve forest area and has good population of Commiphora wightii growing in wild. The gum of the plants is of high quality and growng naturally in wild. The combination of Euphorbia spp and Acacia senegal (Gorad) is unique in this forest. Such natural areas need protected to conserve the gene pool.

4.2.8 Navinal area, Mundra

Navinal area at Mundra has representation of native vegetation of Kachchh. Some of the important thereatened plant species reported from the region include Dipcadi erythraeum, Helichrysum cutchicum, Ephedra foliata, Heliotropium rariflorum, Tribulus rajasthanensis, Pavonia ceratocarpa, Convolvulus stocksii, Commiphora wightii. Out of this Helichrysum cutchicum, Ephedra foliata and Tribulus rajasthanensis are endemic species. Gujarat State Biodiversity Board proposes to declare the area as Biodiveristy heritage site and as the site is close to Mundra SEZ, it deserves more protection.

4.2.9 Wetlands of the coastal talukas

Coastal region of Kachchh and Jamnagar district is dotted with small but important wetlands. These wetlands support good number of resident as well as migratory species. Important bird spcies reported are plovers, sandpipers, flamingoes, pelicans, cormorants, grebe, Jacana, storks, ducks, geese and others.

The number of water bodies in each taluka presented in the table below. Lakhpat has the maximum number of waterbodies.

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GES FES MIR ______

S No. Name of Talukas Total number of water bodies 1. Lakhpat 23 2. Abdasa-Naliya 12 3. Mandvi 17 4. Mundra 10 5. Gandhidham 1 6. Anjar 14 7. Bhachau 14 8. Maliya 4 9. Jodiya 3 10. Jamnagar 12 11. Lalpur 5 12. Kalyanpur 5 13. Khambhaliya 4 14. Okha- Dwarka 9

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GES FES MIR ______REFERENCES

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Jani S. P. (2002). Management Plan. Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary. Under the guidance of Shri R. J. Asari and under the direction of Shri G. A. Patel. 2002 to 2011.

Jani S. P. (2007-08). Management Plans. Marine National Park and Sanctuary. Gulf of Kutch. Part II. Marine National Park, Jamnagar. 2007-08 to 2016-17. Under the guidance of Shri A. K. Mishra..

Jatin Patel, Umesh Mehta and Sabyasachi Das (2012). Kachchhi and Khariya Camel: Present status, Challenges and Future Prospects.

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Kankara R.S. and B.R. Subramanian 2007 Oil Spill Sensitivity Analysis and Risk Assessment for Gulf of Kachchh, India, using Integrated Modeling, Journal of Coastal Research, 23 (5),1251–1258 ,West Palm Beach, Florida September

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GES FES MIR ______Kumar Mohit, Chauhan H.B., Rajawat A. S. and Ajai (2012). Application of remote sensing and GIS techniques in understanding changes in mangrove cover in parts of Indus delta around kori creek, Gujarat, India. J. Environ. Res. Develop. Vol. 7 No. 1A, July-September 2012. 504 – 512. Kunte P.D., Wagle B.G., & Sugimori Y. (2003), Sediment transport and depth variation study of the Gulf of Kutch using remote sensing, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 24(11), 2253-2263.

Mani Murali .R, Pardeep Boora, and Vethamony.P: Coastal sensitivity mapping of gulf of Kachchh and Gulf of Cambay, India. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2013) Bali, Indonesia, September 24-26, 2013.

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Nikunj B. Gajera, Arun Kumar Roy Mahato and V. Vijay Kumar (2012). Birds in the arid and semi-arid forests of Kachchh: its status, diversity and composition. International Journal of Research in Zoology; 2(4): 23-27

Pandey C. N., Jethva B. and Munjpara S. (2009). Status, Distribution and Habitat survey of Great Indian Bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps) in Gujarat. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. GEER Foundation, Gandhinagar.

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GES FES MIR ______Prasad K.K. (1961) Groundwater conditions in the coastal areas of Saurashtra between Veraval and Okha, Gujarat state, progress report for the field season 1959-60, GSI-WRO- 13855, geological survey of India

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Sunderraj S F W, S Somasundaram and A Mehta (2013). Evaluation of sea turtle nesting population and threats to nesting beaches: Suggest conservation and management ______

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GES FES MIR ______strategies. Final report. World Bank Aided Integrated Coastal Zone Management . 140 pp

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e – link http://www.iucnredlist.org/ http://www.censusindia.gov.in http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in

Http://indiawater.gov.in/imisreports/nrdwpsubmaindist.aspx?Rep=55&t=S# (rural water supply) http://bhuvan3.nrsc.gov.in/bhuvan/bhuvan/bhuvan2d.php http://www.imd.gov.in/ http://gpcb.gov.in/annual-report.htm

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ANNEXES

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GES FES MIR ______ANNEX I

PROTECTED AREAS

Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary

Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary lies between 23°27’ – 23°42’ N latitude and 68°30’ – 68°57’ E longitude. It was an important reserve area of ex-princely state of Kachchh and declared a Sanctuary in 1981. The area of the Sanctuary is 444.2 km2 and there are 31 villages within the sanctuary. Sanctuary exhibit the edaphic climax of tropical thorn forest and is a unique area that support 15 threatened species of wildlife belonging to Schedule I of Wildlife (Protection) Act.

Dominant plant species are Acacia nilotica, Salvadora spp, Euphorbia spp., Commiphora wightii, Balanites sp., Capparis spp., Carissa spp., Tamarix diocia, Suaeda sp., etc. Sanctuary supports 11 threatened plant species as mentioned in Red Data Book of Indian Plants viz. Campylanthus ramosissimus, Citrullus colocynthis, Commiphora wightii, Dipcadi erythraeum, Helicrysum cutchicum, Heliotropium bacciferum, H. rariflorum, Ipomoea kotshyana, I. caerulea, Tribulus rajasthanensis, Ephedra foliate (Pardeshi et al., 2010).

Important animal species of the region were caracal, desert fox, desert cat, ratel, chinkara and pangolin. The population of Chinkara rose from 950 in 1989 to around 1500 in 1999. The population of Blue bull increased from 61 in 1989 to around 350 in 1999 (Anon 1999).

The sanctuary provided habitat for threatened bird species like Ardeotis nigriceps (Great Indian Bustard), Chlamydotis undulate (Houbara Bustard), Sypheotides indica (Lesser Florican), Parus nuchalis, Pelecanus crispus (Dalmatian pelican), Aythya nyroca

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GES FES MIR ______(Ferruginous poachard) and Aquila heliaca (Imperial eagle) (Singh 2001). Among vertebrates, only five species of reptiles mentioned in various categories of IUCN recorded. Varanus benghalensis, Sara hardwickii (Spiny-Tailed Lizard), Cytrodactylus kachhensis (Banded Rock Gecko), Coelognathus helena (Common Indian Trinklet snake), Echis carinatus (Indian Saw-Scaled Viper).

The management plan was prepared in 2006 (Anon 2006) and include the following measures to strengthen conservation:

 Strengthening the protection measures through demarcation, fencing and barriers on strategic points and administrative infrastructure.  Zoning the sanctuary area (for sanctum-sanctorum and different management zone) for effective conservation and development  Evolving in and around sanctuary (e.g. eco-development measures including eco-tourism, micro-enterprises) within broad principle of self-helps.  Strengthening of research and monitoring base and create infrastructure for access to information.

Problems associated: The major threat to the wildlife is from no proper demarcation on the ground and free movement of human and livestock within the sanctuary boundary (Anon 2006). The sanctuary overlaps with the revenue area and the locals are highly dependent on sanctuary for firewood and other biological resources. There exist heavy grazing pressures after the monsoon destroying the vegetation. Industrial development and presence of mining sites around the sanctuary caused damage to the habitat. Lignite mining sites of GMDC and open cast mining practices result in heavy deposition of fine dust on the vegetation due to movement of vehicles during the transportation of the ores.

Unregulated cattle grazing and invasive alien species is another major threat to the sanctuary. Several grasslands eroded due to overgrazing (Pardeshi et al., 2010). Collection and poaching of Sara hardwickii occur regularly in the NSS by some nomadic tribes (GUIDE & GEER 2001) mainly for oil extraction and for food (meat) and also due to some superstitious thoughts.

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GES FES MIR ______

Another threat is from road kills and species like, Hyena hyena; Felis chaus; Varanus bengalensis, S. hardwakii; Varanus bangalensis and Echis carinatus were at high risk from vehicle hits between Dayapar and Panandhro village (Pardeshi et al., 2010).

The Kachchh Bustard Sanctuary

The Kachchh Bustard Sanctuary notified in 1992 with an area of only 2.03 km2. The Sanctuary is an important grassland ecosystem of the country. This open grassland interspersed with sparse vegetation of bushy Zizyphus, Prosopis and Acacia is the major habitat of India Bustard in the entire state. It supported rare and endangered species such as lesser florican, chinkara, wolf, desert cat other grassland birds and raptors. The population of GIB in the sanctuary increased from 29 individuals in 1999 to 48 in 2007 (Pandey et al., 2009) (Table bleow).

GIB population during different years at Kachchh Bustard Sanctuary

Year Population of GIB 1999 29 2001 35 2004 45 2007 48 (Source: Pandey et al., 2009)

Conservation measures undertaken include restriction of grazing during the breeding season from February to September (Anon 2002-2011).

Major pressure to the sanctuary is from uncontrolled grazing and spread of Prosopis juliflora. Another pressure is from expansion of agriculture field as well as urbanization. Hunting is also one of the major threats for Great Indian Bustard. Agricultural fields have encircled the sanctuary and GIB uses the habitat for various purposes resulting in complains from the farmers.

Increased used of insecticides in cotton and groundnut crops is posing a mjor threat to the birds. Mining and salt Industry around sanctuary is around threat. Tata Chemical Ltd. situated at Mithapur but their saltpans constructed near sanctuary. ______

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GES FES MIR ______There are bauxite mines present in Daban Wamoti, Naredi Nandra, Naredi-II, Roha – Kotada- Jarjok, Mothala-Balachod that use open cast mining method and causes dust storm during the dry season (Radadiya et al, 2011-12)

Khijadia Bird Sanctuary

Khijadia Bird Sanctuary was a revenue wasteland, declared protected area in 1981, and expanded to 6.1 km2 in 1982. It comprises of shallow water lake, intertidal mud flats, creeks, salt pans, saline land and scrub mangroves. Prosopis juliflora, Acacia nilotica, Salvadora spp. are the main tree species. The sanctuary supported a variety of water birds including migratory birds and identified as a breeding ground of waterfowl. Some of the birds were – black-necked stork, painted stork, cranes, ducks, herons, egrets, ibis and flamingos. Blue bull, jungle cat, mongoose are the main mammalian species of the sanctuary.

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GES FES MIR ______The management plan was prepared in 2002 (Anon 2002-2011).

 Conservation and development of grass land ecosystem.  Conservation of genetic diversity of rare and endangered species of the area by improving habitat of the sanctuary.  Preservation and improvement of grassland, wetland, marine, estuarine ecosystem to provide ideal habitat for birds.  Build up scientific database through research organization by providing facilities to researcher, and naturalists.  Eco-development works for the rural community living around the sanctuary and reduced man-wildlife conflicts.

Threats

Agriculture and illegal grazing are the major threat faced by the sanctuary. Khijadia saltpans situated on the boundary of the sanctuary and releases brine that sometimes disturb the salinity regime of the sanctuary. The Sachana ship breaking industry is also situated vicinity of the sanctuary and expansion of this industry will disturb the ecology of the area. In case of droughts, there is low fresh water inflow into the fresh water reservoir created on one side the bund, which affects the birds’ population. Treatment in the upper catchment area is required to ensure requisite flow of rainwater during the reservoir for the conservation of the birds.

Marine National Park

Marine National Park and Sanctuary is situated in intertidal zone along the coast of Jamnagar. The National Park and Sanctuary cover an area of 448.2 km2 with 56 coastal villages. The MNP & MNS as per the notification of 1982 includes three categories of areas namely 11.82 km2 of Reserve Forests, 347.90 km2 of unclassified forests and 98.20 km2 territorial waters of India. The Gulf of Kachchh MNP & MNS is the first of its kind established along the Indian coast, later followed the Gulf of Mannar and others.

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GES FES MIR ______Island wise area protected under the Act

Name of Area Area in ha Okha base Coral area near Mithapur village 56.00 Coral area near Okha village. 56.00 Coral area of Chundri reef. 266.00 Coral area near Shankhodhar. 70.00 Paga reef with its coral area 1267.86 Boria reef. 560.00 Devdi and Dhaba islands nearby coral area 49.00 Lafa marudi and Man marudi 5.00 Sanbelia bet 28.00 Khimrakhant and Garubet 56.00 Coral area in the Western part of Chank reef. 224.00 Bhaidar Bland and coral area to the east of Bhaidar. 1182.36 Chusna island and near by coral area 74.33 Coral area of the East of Marodi islands. 203.00 Naru bet and coral Area to the east of Naru bet 1330.63 Ajad island and near by coral area 255.72 Chank Island 27.98 Gandia kado 118.79 Panaro 171.21 Okhari 161.29 Morangi 162.06 Baraninas 27.07 Gorad 19.80 Dani 267.41 Bhalaninar 117.80 Khararaninal 409.38 Moshido 512.81 Kakadi 358.63 Salayani Nar 92.21 Raibet 43.82 Bhalarinar 50.18 Bharana jungle 22.81 Karumbhar island 2468.05 Coral area near Western side of Karumbhar island 133.00 Bhad 717.19 Narara Jungle 792.36 Narara Reef 84.00 MNP Okha base 12441.75 Jamnagar base Coral area near Sikka creck. 70.00 Coral area in the eastern part of goose reef. 56.00 Jhanjharawadi 582.92 Chakhadi (Navada) 79.19

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GES FES MIR ______Name of Area Area in ha Bhesbid 264.42 Sanero 36.60 Chhad island 1064.00 Pirotan island With coral area 300.54 Jindro island 991.58 Shikotrititadhora 118.87 Raval Pirnu Jungle 283.33 MNP Jamnagar base 3847.45 (Source: GURARAT GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, EX., Notification No. AKH-138-(2)-82-WLP-1081- 126827-V2, Dated, 20-7-1982)

The area supports rich corals and sponges on 34 out of the total 42 islands. There are seven species of mangroves (Avicennia spp., Rhizophora mucronata.), seagrasses (Aleuropus lagopoides, Sporobolus sp.) and other species (Salvadora sp, Suaeda sp). Apart form these, the area has three species of endangered sea turtle, sea mammals (Dugong, Dolphin and Whale) and about 200 species of water birds. In addition, there are about 200 species of algae.

MNP with jetties and port limits

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GES FES MIR ______The gradual ecological degradation and declining in population of some species mentioned in the different report but it still supports rich flora and fauna. The species documented by various studies have been summarised in a Table given below.

Species diversity in Marine National Park, Jamnagar

Category No of species Category No of species of fauna of flora Fauna (Invertebrate) 462 Coastal vegetation 300 Sponges 74 Angiosperm 293 Hydrozoan 4 Gymnosperm 1 Bryozoan 1 Mangroves 6 Jelly fish 3 Algae 103 Sea anemone 4 Green algae 37 Hard coral 42 Red algae 36 Soft corals 10 Brown algae 37 Zoanthids 7 Sea -grass 3 Flatworm 4 Phytoplankton 53 Polychaet 4 Fauna( Vertebrate) 363 Echinoderm 8 Fishes 144 Ascidian 1 Birds Isopode 1 Water birds 123 Shrimps Terrestrial birds 85 Crabs 21 Reptiles Lobster 1 Sea snake 4 Barnacles 5 Turtle 3 Bivalve 51 MarineMammals Cephalopods 5 Dolphin 2 Prawns 27 Porpoises 1 Gastropod 136 Dugong 1 Urochordata 2 Fauna 783 Nudibranch 2 420 invertebrates Echiura 2 +363 invertebrates Amphineura 2 2

The management plan was prepared in 2002 with the following objectives: (1) to preserve the coral reefs and marine bio-diversity, improve the health of the coral reefs and its management (2) protection and rejuvenation of existing mangrove forests management of coastal ecosystem, regularization of tourists and (3) providing better facilities to the tourists and socio eco-development of the area. In ______

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GES FES MIR ______the initial phase the infrastructrure facilities were upgraded and capacity building programmes of the staff undertaken.

Major problem of MNP is the stakes of number of government agencies on the area and now a map drawn in association with GMB demarcating overlapping the boundaries. Another major problem affecting the area is pollution from industries and sewage disposal from the urban centres.

There are 57 villages of six Talukas which are located on the coast. Some villages like Jodiya, Navagam (Ghed), Bedi, Sikka, Salaya and Okha are bigger in size. The population as at large is comprised of vaghers, Muslims, Rabaris, Bharvad, Darbar and miscellaneous communities like vaniya Brahmin and Lohana. Under the management plan, there is provision for using the skills of the fishers folks for betterment of sanctuary and national park. Local educated youth identified and trained in eco-tourism. Solar light facilities installed in the remote villages.

Jamnagar district has around 34 medium and large-scale industrial units involved in production of solvents, edible oils, cement, yarn, agriculture equipment, soda ash, salt, and fertilizers, about 69% of these are concentrated in Jamnagar taluka only. There are over 12,700 small-scale industries operating in Jamnagar, covering an area of 225 ha (Table below). Most industries under SSI in Jamnagar are metal industries, food products, rubber, and plastic products.

Industrial Estates in Jamnagar Industrial estates Area, ha Jamnagar II 136.12 Arambhadu 22.20 Bhanvad 3.32 Jamnagar I 53.48 Jam Khambhalia 1.00 Dhrol 1.00 Bhatia 7.97 225.09 The present scenario in the Gulf for industries mix shows 21 salt work units along the coast spread over an area of 10,325.27 ha, extracting about 2 million tones of salt (2/3 of state). Tata Chemicals and Associated Cement Company at Mithapur, ______

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GES FES MIR ______Digvijay Cement Factory and Unit of Gujarat State Fertilizers and Chemicals Limited at Sikka, Salaya-Mathura oil pipeline; Crude oil terminals of Indian Oil Corporation at Vadinar, Reliance Petroleum and ESSAR. To facilitate unloading of oil from Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC), Nine Single Buoy Moorings (SBM) placed along the southern shore of the Gulf. Most of these activities are either close to or inside the MNP & MNS.

Rapid geomorphologic changes in the area observed during the last three decades such as silting up, joining and migration of creeks at the head of the Gulf (Grover and Sareen 1997). These changes have implications not only for the new industrial investment but also for aquatic environment and its dependant biodiversity. The impact of construction of ports and movement of traffic, especially oil cargo, need to study in more details on environment and biodiversity, especially for ecologically sensitive biota and economically important biota resources.

A modeling study done by DOD in 2007, considered SPMs, pipeline leakage and oil tankers transporting ~ 40 MMTA (Kankara and Subramaniam 2007). They projected number of tankers to increase to 480 in coming years. The modeling assumed three different scenarios of impact on MNP, based on wind direction. Figure Spread of oil during winter calm conditions

(Source: Kankara and Subramaniam 2007)

Figure Spread of oil during SW monsoon.

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(Source: Kankara and Subramaniam 2007)

Figure Spread of oil during NW wind (mainly in summers).

(Source: Kankara and Subramaniam 2007)

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GES FES MIR ______It is inferred that, the maximum damage to corals would occur in the intertidal region in Salaya when the oil reaches this area in calm wind conditions. These intertidal coral reefs exposed during low tide, and oil may strand on reef flats. Submerged and subtidal reefs of the gulf have the probability of exposure to oil mainly due to the dispersed fraction of oil and, to some extent, oil-coated sediment. Due to high tidal currents, the subtidal reefs have relatively low risk from an oil spill, but repeated spills can lead to severe decline in coral community in this region also.

The study indicated that the layer of oil slick on the water surface would reduce the wave action in coastal waters. This would attract the flying birds, which may get trapped in the sticky emulsified layer of oil. A 0.1-mm-thick oil layer is assumed to create ‘‘high risk’’ to sea birds. Therefore, even a small quantity of oil spill may befatal to birds when the oil adheres to and penetrates into the plumage leading to reduction in heat insulation.

Plenty of mangrove patches are located along the coast near the oil installations. Most of the mangrove patches are associated with reef, mudflats, and sea-grass ecosystems. These productive ecosystems are at high risk.

It could be seen that damage to marine life in cases of calm and wind from North direction, damaging reef in length of 5 to 10 km, particularly in the region of Narara and Karumbhar beyt. Gaga Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary

The Gaga Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary covers an area of 332.87 ha of Gaga village of Kalyanpur taluka in Jamnagar district is divided into two parts. The area is the grassland intermixed with saline scrubs. Prosopis scrubland and saline grassland are two major ecosystems. The high tidal zone adjoining the sanctuary adds conservation value to the area. The cultivated fields and wastelands surround the Sanctuary.

Due to presence of the endangered Great Indian Bustard (GIB), the area recognised for its conservation value. Dr. Salim Ali sighted bustard in this area in 1976. Great ______

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GES FES MIR ______Indian Bustard not seen now but the Sanctuary supports different terrestrial birds and some wild mammals. Prosopis juliflora has colonized large area of the Sanctuary. Capparis sp. (Kerdo), Acacia senegal (Gorad), Salvadora sp. (Piloo) are the other main tree/shrub species. Cyperus sp., Sporobolus, Dichantheum sp. and Suaeda sp. constitute the major ground flora.

Three to five Great Indian Bustards perhaps survived in 1980s. Birds like larks, partridges and sand grouses sighted in the area. The Sanctuary and the surrounding areas support wild mammals like wolf, jackal, mongoose, jungle cat and blue bull. Mmigratory cranes and harrier visit the sanctuary.

Local people demand this area for grazing their livestock. The Sanctuary is facing several problems, and invasion of the Prosopis chilensis and degradation of the grassland habitat is the major of them. The two parts of the Sanctuary is separated by a distance of over one kilometer. This makes management a difficult task. Frequent droughts, scarcity of water and salinity ingress are other severe problems. There are no water sources in the area. Settlement works are incomplete. Overall, status of management is very poor due to the nature of the area and the problems associated with the use of the land. The bustards have disappeared due to habitat degradation. Invasion of Prosopis chilensis, which engulfs the grassland and heavy grazing pressure, are the most responsible factors for its degradation.

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GES FES MIR ______Annexure II: Checklist of plant species reported from agriculture fields

S N O Name Gandhi Anj Bhach Ok Khamba Jamna Jodi Lalp Kalyan Lakh Man Mun Mali Abda dham ar au ha liya gar ya ur pur pat dvi dra ya sa 1. Barleria prionitis √ 2. Blepharis maderaspatensis √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 3. Justicia diffusa √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 4. Lepidagathis trinervis √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 5. Ruellia tuberosa √ √ 6. Avicinnea marina √ √ 7. Achyranthus asper √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 8. Achyranthus globosa √ 9. Aerva javanica √ √ √ √ √ √ 10. Aerva persica √ √ √ √ 11. Celosia ajansa √ 12. Phoenix dactylifera √ √ √ √ √ √ 13. Borassus flabefera √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 14. Cocus nucifera √ √ 15. Pentatropis spiralis √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 16. Pergularia daemia √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 17. Calotropis procera √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 18. Leptadaneia pyrotechnica √ √ √ √ √ 19. Sarcostemma acidum √ √ 20. Acanthospermum √ hispidum 21. Blumea mollis √ 22. Echinops echinatus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 23. Grangea maderaspatana √ √ 24. Laggera aurita √ 25. Launea procumbens √ √ √ √ √ √

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GES FES MIR ______S N O Name Gandhi Anj Bhach Ok Khamba Jamna Jodi Lalp Kalyan Lakh Man Mun Mali Abda dham ar au ha liya gar ya ur pur pat dvi dra ya sa 26. Parthenium hysterophorus √ 27. Pulicaria wightiana √ 28. Tricholepsis radicans √ 29. Tridax procumbens √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 30. Vernonia cinerraria √ 31. Vioca indica √ 32. Xanthium strumarium √ √ 33. Balanites aegyptiaca √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 34. Trichodesma indicum √ √ √ 35. Heliotropium √ √ √ √ √ √ currasivacum 36. Heliotropium ovalifolium √ √ √ √ 37. Heliotropium sublatum √ √ 38. Commiphora wightii √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 39. Opuntia elatior √ √ √ 40. Cassia italica √ √ √ √ 41. Cassia auriculata √ √ √ √ √ √ 42. Tamarindus indica √ 43. Caesalpinna alata √ 44. Cassia fistula √ 45. Cassia esculentus √ 46. Cleome viscosa √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 47. Maerua oblongifolia √ 48. Cadaba indica √ √ 49. Capparis decidua √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 50. Capparis spinosa √ √ √ √ √ √ 51. Maytenus emarginata √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 52. Suaeda fruticosa √ √

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GES FES MIR ______S N O Name Gandhi Anj Bhach Ok Khamba Jamna Jodi Lalp Kalyan Lakh Man Mun Mali Abda dham ar au ha liya gar ya ur pur pat dvi dra ya sa 53. Suaeda nodiflora √ 54. Salicornia brachiata √ 55. Commelina bengalensis √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 56. Ipomoea aquatica 57. Ipomoea pes carpe √ 58. Ipomoea pestigredis √ 59. Rivea hypocrateriformis √ 60. Convovulus microphyllus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 61. Cressa cretica √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 62. Merremia emarginata √ √ 63. Citrullus colocynthis √ √ √ 64. Cucumis prophetarum √ √ √ √ 65. Dactyliandra welwitschii √ 66. Cuscutta reflexa √ 67. Cyperus bulbolus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 68. Cyperus bulbosus Vahl √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 69. Cyperus compressus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 70. Cyperus compressus L. √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 71. Cyperus esculentus L. √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 72. Cyperus iria L. 73. Cyperus nutans √ 74. Cyperus rotundifolius √ 75. Digitaria adscendens √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 76. Sericostoma pauciflorum √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 77. Cordia gharaf √ √ 78. Dalechampia scandens √ √ √ √ 79. Chrozophora plicata √ √ 80. Euphorbia clarkeana

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GES FES MIR ______S N O Name Gandhi Anj Bhach Ok Khamba Jamna Jodi Lalp Kalyan Lakh Man Mun Mali Abda dham ar au ha liya gar ya ur pur pat dvi dra ya sa 81. Euphorbia hirta √ 82. Euphorbia caudicifolia √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 83. Abrus precatorius √ √ 84. Alysicarpus vaginalis √ √ 85. Crotolaria burhia √ √ √ √ 86. Desmodium 87. Indigofera linnea √ 88. Taverniera cuneifolia √ √ √ 89. Tephrosia purpurea √ 90. Indigofera cordifolia √ √ 91. Indigofera oblongifolia √ √ √ √ √ 92. Butea monosperma √ √ √ 93. Fabaceae S-31 √ 94. Enicostemma axillarie √ 95. Enicostemma hypsofolium √ √ 96. Ocimum indicum √ √ √ √ √ √ 97. Asparagus racemosus √ √ √ 98. Aloe vera √ √ √ √ 99. Abutilon indicum √ √ √ √ 100. Abutilon polyandrum √ 101. Sida alba √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 102. Sida cordata √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 103. Sida spp. (S-25) √ 104. hibiscus sp. √ 105. malvacea? √ √ √ 106. Marytina annua √ 107. Azadirachta indica √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 108. Cocculus hirsutus √ √ √ √

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GES FES MIR ______S N O Name Gandhi Anj Bhach Ok Khamba Jamna Jodi Lalp Kalyan Lakh Man Mun Mali Abda dham ar au ha liya gar ya ur pur pat dvi dra ya sa 109. Tinospora cordifolia √ √ 110. Mimosa pudica √ √ 111. Mimosa hamata √ √ √ √ 112. Prosopis juliflora √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 113. Prosopis cinneraria √ √ √ √ √ 114. Acacia farnesiana √ √ √ √ 115. Acacia jacquemontii √ √ √ 116. Acacia leucopholea √ √ √ √ 117. Acacia nilotica sub sp √ astringens 118. Acacia nilotica sub sp √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ indica 119. Acacia senegal √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 120. Acacia tortilis √ 121. Pithecellobium dulce √ √ 122. Glinus lotoides √ √ √ 123. Glinus oppositifolius √ 124. Mollugo hirta √ 125. Boerhavia chinensis √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 126. Boerhavia diffusa √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 127. Argemome mexicana √ 128. Periploca aphylla √ 129. Dyerophytum indicum √ √ 130. Aeluropus lagopoides √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 131. Andropogon spp √ 132. Apluda mutica L. C 133. Aristidia hystrix √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 134. Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

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GES FES MIR ______S N O Name Gandhi Anj Bhach Ok Khamba Jamna Jodi Lalp Kalyan Lakh Man Mun Mali Abda dham ar au ha liya gar ya ur pur pat dvi dra ya sa 135. Chloris barbata √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 136. Chloris virqata √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 137. Chrysopogon fulvus (Spr.) Chiov. 138. Cynodon dactylon (L.) √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Pers. 139. Dactyloctenium aegyptium √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ (L.) P. Beauv. 140. Dichanthium annulatum √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ (Forsk.) Stapf 141. Digitaria adscendens (H. √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ B. & K.) Henrard 142. Echinochloa colonum (L.) √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Link 143. Eleusene indica √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 144. Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R. √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Br. 145. Eragrostris tenella √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 146. Paspalidium distans √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 147. Paspalum conjugatum √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 148. Setaria glauca √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 149. Setaria tomentosa (Roxb.) Kunth 150. Setaria viridis √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 151. Sporobolus marginatus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 152. Sporobolus pallidus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 153. Themeda triandra √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 154. Saccharum spontaneum √ 155. Polygonum plebium √ √ ______

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GES FES MIR ______S N O Name Gandhi Anj Bhach Ok Khamba Jamna Jodi Lalp Kalyan Lakh Man Mun Mali Abda dham ar au ha liya gar ya ur pur pat dvi dra ya sa 156. Clematis hedysarifolia √ 157. Zizyphus nummularia √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 158. Zizyphus mauritiana √ 159. Oldenlandia aspera √ 160. Salvodora oleodies √ √ √ 161. Salvodora persica √ √ √ √ √ 162. Linderbergia indica 163. Lindernia crustacea √ 164. Stemodia viscosa √ 165. Datura metel √ √ √ 166. solanum incanum 167. Solanum xanthocarpum √ √ √ √ √ 168. Tamarix aphylla √ √ 169. Corchorus depressus √ √ √ √ √ 170. Triumpheta rotundifolia √ √ 171. Grewia tenax √ √ √ √ √ 172. Grewia villosa √ √ √ √ 173. Typha angustata √ 174. Phyla nodiflora √ √ 175. Lantana camara √ 176. Fagonia cretica √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 177. Tribullus terrestris √

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GES FES MIR ______Annexure III: Check list of species of birds reported Kachchh Talukas

Name of talukas Gandhidham Anjar Bhachau Mandvi Mundra Lakhpat Abdsa- No Naliya Species of Birds Scientific Name 1 Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis √ √ √ √ √ Ashy-crowned Sparrow- 2 Lark Eremopterix grisea √ √ √ √ √ √ 3 Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea √ √ √ √ √ √ 4 Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus √ √ 5 Baya weaver Ploceus philippinus √ √ √ √ √ √ 6 Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 7 Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus √ √ √ √ √ 8 Black Ibis Pseudibis papillosa √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 9 Black winged Kite Elanus caeruleus √ √ √ √ 10 Black-headed Gull Larus brunnicephalus √ √ √ √ Ephippiorhynchus 11 Black-Necked Stork asiaticus √ √ 12 Blacktailed Godwit Limosa limosa √ √ √ 13 Black-rumped flameback Dinopium benghalense √ 14 Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 15 Blue Rock Pigeon Columba livia √ √ √ √ √ 16 Brahminy Starling Sturnus pagodarum √ √ √ √ √ 17 Brown-headed Gull Larus brunnicephalus √ 18 Caspian Tern Sterna caspia √ 19 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 20 Citrine Wagtail √ √ Chesnut-bellied 21 Sandgrouse Pterocles exustus √ 22 Comb Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos √

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GES FES MIR ______Name of talukas Gandhidham Anjar Bhachau Mandvi Mundra Lakhpat Abdsa- No Naliya 23 Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 24 Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita √ √ √ √ 25 Common Coot Fulica atra √ √ √ √ 26 Common Crane Grus grus √ √ √ √ √ 27 Common Crested Lark Galerida cristata √ √ √ √ 28 Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia √ 29 Common Hoopoe Upupa epops √ 30 Common Iora Aegithina tiphia √ √ √ 31 Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus √ Common Lesser 32 Whitethroat √ √ 33 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus √ 34 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis √ √ √ √ √ 35 Common Pochard Aythya fuligula √ 36 Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula √ √ 37 Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos √ √ √ √ √ √ 38 Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago √ 39 Common Stone Chat Saxicola torquata √ √ √ √ 40 Common Swallow Hirundo rustica √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 41 Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius √ √ √ √ 42 Common Teal Anas crecca √ √ 43 Common tern Sterna hirundo √ √ √ √ √ 44 Crab-Plover Dromas ardeola √ 45 Cream-coloured courser √ 46 Crimsonbreasted Barbet Megalaima haemacephala √ 47 Darters Anhinga melanogaster √ √ √ √ 48 Demoiselle Crane Grus virgo √ 49 Desert Wheatear Oenanthe deserti √ √ √

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GES FES MIR ______Name of talukas Gandhidham Anjar Bhachau Mandvi Mundra Lakhpat Abdsa- No Naliya 50 Dusky Crag Martin Hirundo concolor √ 51 Eurasian collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 52 Eurasian Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus √ 53 Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope √ 54 Gadwall Anas Strepera √ √ √ 55 Garganey Anas querquedula √ 56 Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus √ √ √ √ 57 Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo √ √ √ 58 Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus √ 59 Greater short-toed Lark Calandrella brachydactyla √ √ 60 Great Thick-knee Esacus recurvirostris √ 61 Greater coucal Centropus sinensis √ √ √ 62 Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber √ √ √ Francolinus 63 Grey Francolin pondicerianus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 64 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea √ √ √ √ √ √ 65 Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica √ 66 House Crow Corvus splendens √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 67 House Sparrow Passer domesticus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 68 House Swift Apus affinis √ √ √ √ √ 69 Indian BushLark Mirafra erythroptera √ √ √ √ √ √ 70 Indian Courser Cursorius coromandelicus √ √ 71 Indian Peafowl Pavo Cristatus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 72 Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii √ √ √ √ √ √ 73 Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 74 Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis √ √ √ √ √ 75 Indian Silver bill Lonchura malabarica √ √ √ √ √ √ 76 Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus √ √ √ √ √ √ √

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GES FES MIR ______Name of talukas Gandhidham Anjar Bhachau Mandvi Mundra Lakhpat Abdsa- No Naliya 77 Large Grey Babbler Turdoides malcolmi √ 78 Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos √ 79 Lesser Flamingo Phoenicopterus minor √ √ √ √ 80 Lesser Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis √ √ 81 Lesser Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna javanica √ √ √ 82 Little Brown Dove Streptopelia senegalensis √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 83 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger √ √ √ √ √ √ 84 Little Egret Egretta garzetta √ √ √ √ 85 Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis √ √ √ √ √ 86 Little Stint Calidris minuta √ √ √ √ √ 87 Little Tern Sterna albifrons √ 88 Long Tailed Shrike Lanius vittatus √ 89 Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis √ √ 90 Marshall's Iora Aegithina nigrolutea √ √ 91 Median Egret Mesophoyx intermedia √ √ √ √ √ √ 92 Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis √ √ √ Threskiornis 93 Oriental White Ibis melanocephalus √ √ √ 94 Oriental White-eye Zosterops palpebrosa √ 95 Osprey Pandion haliaetus √ 96 Paddyfield Pipit Anthus rufulus √ √ 97 Painted Sandgrouse Pterocles indicus √ √ 98 Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala √ √ √ √ √ 99 Pallid Harrier √ 100 Pied Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta √ 101 Pied Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus √ 102 Pied or White Wagtail Motacilla alba √ √ √ √ 103 Pintail Anas acuta √ √ √

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GES FES MIR ______Name of talukas Gandhidham Anjar Bhachau Mandvi Mundra Lakhpat Abdsa- No Naliya 104 Pintail Snipe Gallinago stenura √ 105 Plain Prinia Prinia inornata √ √ √ 106 Purple Moorhen Porphyrio porphyrio √ √ 107 Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 108 Red Collared Dove Streptopelia tranquebarica √ 109 Red Vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 110 Redrumped Swallow Hirundo daurica √ √ √ √ √ 111 Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 112 River Tern Sterna aurantia √ √ √ 113 Roseringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri √ √ √ √ √ 114 Rosy Starling Sturnus roseus √ √ √ 115 Rufous-backed Shrike Lanius schach √ √ √ 116 Rufoustailed Finch Lark Ammomanes phoenicurus √ √ √ √ 117 Rufous-tailed Shrike Lanius isabellinus √ √ 118 Ruff Philomachus pugnax √ √ 119 Rufous treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda √ 120 Scaly-Breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata 121 Shikra Accipiter badius √ 122 Shoveller Anas clypeata √ √ √ 123 Small Bee-eater Merops orientalis √ √ √ √ √ √ 124 Small Blue Kingfisher Alcedo atthis √ 125 Small Minivet Pericrocotus divaricatus √ 126 Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia √ √ √ √ 127 Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 128 Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris √ 129 Tickell's Flowepecker Dicaeum erythrorhynchos √ √ √ √ 130 Tuffted Duck Aythya fuligula √ 131 Variable Wheatear Oenanthe picata √ √ √ ______

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GES FES MIR ______Name of talukas Gandhidham Anjar Bhachau Mandvi Mundra Lakhpat Abdsa- No Naliya 132 Western Reef Egret Egretta gularis √ √ √ 133 White Pelicans Pelecanus onocrotalus √ √ √ √ 134 Whitebreasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis √ √ √ √ √ √ 135 White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus √ 136 White-eared bulbul Pycnonotus leucotis √ √ √ √ √ √ 137 White-tailed Lapwing Vanellus leucurus √ √ √ √ 138 White-throated munia Lonchura malabarica √ √ √ √ 139 Wiretailed Swallow Hirundo smithii √ √ √ √ √ 140 Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava √ 141 Yellow-wattled Lapwing Vanellus malarbaricus √ √ √ Total Species 52 71 72 72 49 100 65

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GES FES MIR ______Annexure IV: Check list of species of birds reported at Jamnagar and Rajkot Talukas

Species of Birds Scientific Name Jodiya Jamnagar Lalpur Khambhalia Dwarka Kalyanpur Maliya 1 Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis √ √ √ √ Ashy-crowned Sparrow- 2 Lark Eremopterix grisea √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 3 Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea √ √ √ √ 4 Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus √ √ √ √ √ √ 5 Baya weaver Ploceus philippinus √ √ √ √ √ √ 6 Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus √ √ √ 7 Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 8 Black Ibis Pseudibis papillosa √ √ √ √ √ √ 9 Black winged Kite Elanus caeruleus √ √ 10 Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax √ 11 Black-headed Gull Larus brunnicephalus √ √ 12 Blacktailed Godwit Limosa limosa √ √ √ 13 Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus √ √ √ √ √ √ 14 Blue Rock Pigeon Columba livia √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 15 Brahminy Starling Sturnus pagodarum √ √ 16 Brown-headed Gull Larus brunnicephalus √ √ 17 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 18 Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola √ 19 Comb Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos √ √ 20 Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 21 Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita √ √ √ 22 Common Coot Fulica atra √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 23 Common Crane Grus grus √ √ √ √ 24 Common Crested Lark Galerida cristata √ √ √ 25 Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia √ 26 Common Iora Aegithina tiphia √ √

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GES FES MIR ______Species of Birds Scientific Name Jodiya Jamnagar Lalpur Khambhalia Dwarka Kalyanpur Maliya 27 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 28 Common Pochard Aythya fuligula √ √ 29 Common Redshank Tringa totanus √ 30 Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula √ √ √ 31 Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos √ √ √ √ √ √ 32 Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago √ √ Common Stone Chat Saxicola torquata √ √ 33 Common Swallow Hirundo rustica √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 34 Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius √ √ √ 35 Common Teal Anas crecca √ √ 36 Common tern Sterna hirundo √ √ √ √ √ 37 Crimsonbreasted Barbet Megalaima haemacephala √ √ √ √ 38 Darters Anhinga melanogaster √ √ √ √ 39 Demoiselle Crane Grus virgo √ 40 Dusky Crag Martin Hirundo concolor 41 Eurasian collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto √ √ √ √ √ √ Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata √ Eurasian Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus √ 42 Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope √ 43 Gadwall Anas Strepera √ 44 Garganey Anas querquedula √ 45 Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus √ √ √ √ √ √ 46 Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo √ √ √ 47 Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus √ 48 Great Thick-knee Esacus recurvirostris √ √ 49 Greater coucal Centropus sinensis √ √ √ √ √ 50 Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber √ √ 51 Greater Short toed lark Calandrella brachydactyla √ √ 52 Grey Francolin Francolinus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ ______

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GES FES MIR ______Species of Birds Scientific Name Jodiya Jamnagar Lalpur Khambhalia Dwarka Kalyanpur Maliya pondicerianus 53 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea √ √ √ √ √ √ 54 Grey wagtail Motacilla cinerea √ √ 55 House Crow Corvus splendens √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 56 House Sparrow Passer domesticus √ √ √ √ √ √ House Swift Apus affinis √ √ √ √ √ 57 Indian BushLark Mirafra erythroptera √ √ √ √ √ √ 58 Indian Nightjar Caprimulgus asiaticus √ 59 Indian Peafowl Pavo Cristatus √ √ √ √ √ 60 Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 61 Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 62 Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis √ √ √ √ √ 63 Indian Silver bill Lonchura malabarica √ √ √ √ √ 64 Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 65 Large Egret Casmerodius albus √ √ 66 Large Grey Babbler Turdoides malcolmi √ √ √ 67 Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos √ √ 68 Lesser Flamingo Phoenicopterus minor √ √ 69 Lesser Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis √ √ 70 Lesser Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna javanica √ √ √ √ 71 Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca √ 72 Little Brown Dove Streptopelia senegalensis √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 73 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 74 Little Egret Egretta garzetta √ √ √ √ √ √ 75 Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis √ √ √ √ √ √ 76 Little Stint Calidris minuta √ √ √ √ 77 Little Tern Sterna albifrons √ 78 Mallard Anas Platyrhynchos √ 79 Median Egret Mesophoyx intermedia √ √ √ √ √ √ ______

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GES FES MIR ______Species of Birds Scientific Name Jodiya Jamnagar Lalpur Khambhalia Dwarka Kalyanpur Maliya 80 Northern Pintail Anas acuta √ 81 Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis √ √ √ Threskiornis 82 Oriental White Ibis melanocephalus √ √ √ 83 Oriental White-eye Zosterops palpebrosa 84 Paddyfield Pipit Anthus rufulus √ √ √ 85 Painted Sandgrouse Pterocles indicus √ √ √ 86 Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala √ √ √ Hydrophasianus 87 Pheasant-tailed Jacana chirurgus √ Pied Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta √ 88 Pied Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus √ 89 Pied or White Wagtail Motacilla alba √ 90 Pintail Snipe Gallinago stenura √ 91 Plain Prinia Prinia inornata √ √ √ √ Purple - rumped sunbird Nectarinia zeylonica 92 Purple Moorhen Porphyrio porphyrio √ 93 Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 94 Red Collared Dove Streptopelia tranquebarica √ √ 95 Red Vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 96 Redrumped Swallow Hirundo daurica √ √ √ √ 97 Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 98 River Tern Sterna aurantia √ √ √ √ 99 Roseringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 100 Rosy Minivet Pericrocotus roseus √ 101 Rosy Starling Sturnus roseus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 102 Ruff Philomachus pugnax √ 103 Rufous-backed Shrike Lanius schach √ 104 Rufoustailed Finch Lark Ammomanes phoenicurus √ √ √

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GES FES MIR ______Species of Birds Scientific Name Jodiya Jamnagar Lalpur Khambhalia Dwarka Kalyanpur Maliya 105 Scaly-Breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata √ 106 Shikra Accipiter badius √ √ √ √ 107 Shoveller Anas clypeata √ √ 108 Slender-billed Gull Larus genei √ 109 Small Bee-eater Merops orientalis √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 110 Small Blue Kingfisher Alcedo atthis √ √ 111 Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia √ √ √ √ 112 Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha √ √ √ √ 113 Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis 114 Tickell's Flowepecker Dicaeum erythrorhynchos √ √ Tuffted Duck Aythya fuligula √ Variable Wheatear Oenanthe picata √ √ 115 Western Reef Egret Egretta gularis √ √ 116 White Pelicans Pelecanus onocrotalus √ √ √ 117 Whitebreasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 118 White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus √ 119 White-eared bulbul Pycnonotus leucotis √ √ √ 120 White-tailed Lapwing Vanellus leucurus √ 121 White-throated munia Lonchura malabarica √ √ 122 Wiretailed Swallow Hirundo smithii √ √ √ √ √ 123 Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola √ √ √ 124 Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava √ √ √ Total Species 75 58 49 93 69

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