Making Sense of Sufficiency: Entries, Practices and Politics Author: Åsa Callmer

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Making Sense of Sufficiency: Entries, Practices and Politics Author: Åsa Callmer Åsa Callmer Åsa doctoral thesis in Planning and decision analysis stockholm, sweden 2019 Making sense of sufficiency Making sense of sufficiency Entries, practices and politics ÅSA CALLMER ISBN 978-91-7873-406-1 TRITA-ABE-DLT-1947 KTH 2019 KTH royal insTiTuTe of TecHnology www.kth.se School of Architecture And the Built environment Making sense of sufficiency Entries, practices and politics ÅSA CALLMER DOCTORAL THESIS in Planning and Decision Analysis KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden, 2019 Title: Making sense of sufficiency: Entries, practices and politics Author: Åsa Callmer KTH Royal Institute of Technology School of Architecture and the Built Environment Department of Urban Planning and Environment Division of Urban and Regional Studies © Åsa Callmer, 2019 Cover illustration: Matilda Borgström TRITA-ABE-DLT-1947 ISBN 978-91-7873-406-1 Akademisk avhandling som med tillstå nd av Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan i Stockholm framlä gges till offentlig granskning fö r avlä ggande av filosofie doktorseXamen fredagen den 31 januari 2020 kl. 10.00 i Kollegiesalen, KTH, Brinellvä gen 8, Stockholm. To the school strikers, rebels, and defenders of Nature - thank you for leading the way. Abstract The affluent groups and societies in the world have made material consumption part of their lifestyle. Today, overconsumption has come to constitute an acute environmental problem, both with regards to the natural resources needed to satisfy our ever-growing wants, and to the mountains of waste it leaves behind. Starting from a global justice perspective and from an understanding of sustainability as keeping within the planetary boundaries, this thesis argues that it is urgent that affluent individuals, groups and societies develop a sense of sufficiency, of “good and enough”. Focusing on sufficiency in the area of material consumption, this thesis explores paths that could be taken to strengthen sufficiency as an idea and value within a consumerist society and culture, and aims to answer the overarching question of how an affluent society might orient itself towards sufficiency. Against the background framework of political ecology, relational geography and sustainable consumption literature, sufficiency is framed as a question of responsibility – the responsibility of the affluent individuals, groups and societies in the world to refrain from taking more than their fair share, or, in other words, to withdraw from their excess environmental space. Two cases of sufficiency-related practice in Sweden are studied: one of individuals who actively and voluntarily reduce their consumption to only the basics over the period of one year, and one of individuals using the ‘’KonMari Method’’ to declutter their homes. The thesis shows that the difference between these practices in regard to consumption is a question of intentionality: The buy-nothing practitioners intentionally want to stop consuming, whereas the majority of the KonMariers – as a result of their practice – eventually cease to want to consume, despite the absence of this as an original driver. These results point to the importance of looking at different kinds of entry into more sufficient consumption practices, and at the motivations behind them when it comes to policies aimed at reducing material consumption. The findings further serve to create an understanding for how a sense of sufficiency might develop in an affluent context. Based on literature discussing a framework for a politics of sufficiency and on interviews with public officials and civil society representatives working with sustainable consumption at different levels in Sweden, this thesis further explores the obstacles to and potential for orienting an affluent society towards sufficiency. Certain potential for a more sufficiency-oriented future is identified, not least in terms of a cultural shift and elements of “sufficiency thinking” among the informants. However, the thesis stresses the importance of rethinking our understanding of limits, being outspoken about what the existence of planetary boundaries implies in terms of limiting resource use and defining clear goals that respect those boundaries and emphasize societal values at the basis of ‘the good life’, such as well-being, health and ecological sustainability. Key words: sufficiency, sustainable consumption, anti-consumption, decluttering, political ecology, KonMari. I Sammanfattning Rika grupper och samhällen i världen har gjort materiell konsumtion till en del av sin livsstil. Idag har överkonsumtion kommit att utgöra ett akut miljöproblem, både i fråga om de naturresurser som krävs för att tillgodose våra ständigt växande behov och det avfall som den ger upphov till. Med utgångspunkt i ett globalt rättviseperspektiv och i en förståelse av hållbarhet som innebär att hålla sig inom de planetära gränserna, argumenterar denna avhandling för nödvändigheten i att rika individer, grupper och samhällen utvecklar en känsla av tillräcklighet, av "bra och nog" (good and enough). I avhandlingen undersöks olika vägar som kan tas för att stärka tillräcklighet som idé och värde i ett samhälle präglat av en konsumtionskultur. Avhandlingen syftar till att besvara den övergripande frågan om hur ett välmående samhälle kan styra mot tillräcklighet, med specifikt fokus på materiell konsumtion. Mot bakgrund av ett teoretiskt ramverk av politisk ekologi, relationell geografi och hållbar konsumtion, definieras tillräcklighet här som en fråga om ansvar. Det är ett ansvar som åligger rika individer, grupper och samhällen i världen, och som handlar om att avstå från att ta mer än sin beskärda del, eller, med andra ord, att minska sin negativa miljöpåverkan genom att dra sig tillbaka ifrån det alltför stora miljöutrymme som de upptar idag. I avhandlingen studeras två grupper som på olika sätt praktiserar tillräcklighet: dels individer som frivilligt har minskat sin konsumtion till det basala under ett ”köpfritt år”, och dels individer som har använt sig av ”KonMari-metoden” för att rensa i sina hem. Avhandlingen visar att skillnaden mellan dessa praktiker när det gäller konsumtion är en fråga om avsiktlighet: Den köpfria gruppen vill avsiktligt sluta konsumera, medan majoriteten av KonMari-gruppen så småningom upphör att vilja konsumera i samma utsträckning som tidigare, som en följd av sin praktik. Dessa resultat pekar på vikten av att titta på olika typer av ingångar i mer tillräckliga konsumtionspraktiker och anledningarna bakom dem när det kommer till att ta fram åtgärder som har som mål att minska den materiella konsumtionen. Resultaten bidrar också till att skapa en förståelse för hur en känsla av tillräcklighet kan utvecklas. Baserat på litteratur som diskuterar centrala element i en ”tillräcklighetspolitik” och på intervjuer med offentliga tjänstemän och företrädare för det civila samhället som arbetar med hållbar konsumtion på olika nivåer i Sverige, undersöks hinder och potential för att styra samhället mot tillräcklighet. Viss potential identifieras, inte minst när det gäller förändring av kultur och normer samt ett ”tillräcklighetstänk” bland informanterna. Avhandlingen betonar dock vikten av att ompröva vår förståelse av gränser, visa tydlighet i fråga om vad de planetära gränserna betyder när det kommer till att begränsa resursanvändning, samt att formulera tydliga mål som respekterar de gränserna och utgår från värden som ligger till grund för ‘det goda livet’, så som välmående, hälsa och ekologisk hållbarhet. Nyckelord: tillräcklighet, hållbar konsumtion, anti-konsumtion, rensning, politisk ekologi, KonMari. II Acknowledgements First of all, to Karin Bradley. I feel so very lucky to have had you as my supervisor and I cannot thank you enough for your help and support during these years. Thank you for believing in my ideas at the same time as keeping me grounded in the reality of research, for your patient reading of countless versions of every chapter of this thesis and for always providing constructive feedback and important food for thought. I also want to thank you for inviting me to be a part of your projects and for showing me how much fun research can be. Your curiosity, generosity and supportive attitude are a true inspiration. To Jonathan Metzger, my co-supervisor. I have really appreciated your on-point observations and critical questions that have pushed me to think outside my comfort zone. Thank you for your support, for your readings and for invaluable insights in, and reflections on, the complexities of research. This PhD has been made possible thanks to the interdisciplinary research program The Seed Box – a Mistra-Formas Environmental humanities collaboratory and financing from Mistra and Formas. I want to thank the original program directors of the Seed Box, Johan Hedrén and Cecilia Åsberg, for your work with starting up this research hub and for your important contribution to the field of environmental humanities in Sweden. I also want to thank everyone involved in the Seed Box research school and program over the years. A very special thank you to my fellow Seed Box PhD students who started this long journey together with me: María Langa, Daniel Andersson, Justin Makii and Alejandra Ruales Falconí. I am so very happy to know you and to have had the privilege of diving into the beautiful and very messy world of the environmental humanities in the company of your brilliant minds. I feel very privileged for having been able to call the division of Urban and Regional Studies at KTH my academic home during the past four years. Not only
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