Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology Lisa Klein • Mario Aparicio • Andrei Jitianu Editors

Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology Lisa Klein • Mario Aparicio • Andrei Jitianu Editors Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology Processing, Characterization and Applications Second Edition With 1736 Figures and 209 Tables Editors Lisa Klein Mario Aparicio Materials Science and Engineering Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio Rutgers University Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Piscataway, NJ, USA Científicas (CSIC) Madrid, Spain Andrei Jitianu Department of Chemistry Lehman College The City University of New York Bronx, NY, USA Chemistry and Biochemistry PhD Programs - The Graduate Center The City University of New York New York, NY, USA ISBN 978-3-319-32099-1 ISBN 978-3-319-32101-1 (eBook) ISBN 978-3-319-32100-4 (print and electronic bundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32101-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017961164 1st edition: # Kluwer Academic Publishers 2005 # Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by The registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Sumio Sakka, Professor Emeritus of Kyoto University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan. All of us in the sol-gel science and technology community are indebted to Prof. Sakka. He was instrumental in organizing the Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology and the original Handbook Volumes. He provided encouragement to these Editors to expand this project and to turn these volumes into a living resource. Preface to the Second Edition It is a short 13 years since the publishing of the Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. During this period of rapid technological change, especially with regard to nanomaterials, the Handbook has remained an excellent source for the fundamen- tals, with plenty of motivation for new developments. Indeed, the Handbook has survived the test of time. In updating and expanding the Handbook, our goal is largely the same as it was when it was first edited by Professor Sumio Sakka. The original Handbook had a total of 85 chapters, divided into three volumes. Most of these chapters appear in the new Handbook, many of them updated by the original authors. What has changed since that time is that the scope and range of applications has increased. While several chapters have been added in the areas of processing and characterization, the number of chapters on applications has more than doubled. The applications are grouped in seven broad areas: mechanical, optical, electrical, electrochemical, pres- ervation, organic-inorganic hybrids, and bio-related materials. The total number of chapters in this version is 125. With this updated and expanded Handbook, we now have the opportunity to make this a “living” Handbook, meaning that we can update and expand on a continuous basis. Nevertheless, we are staying true to the vision that Professor Sakka expressed so well in the Preface to the Handbook in 2005, included below. Mario Aparicio Andrei Jitianu Lisa Klein vii Preface to the First Edition This three-volume Handbook “Sol-Gel Science and Technology” was planned with the purpose of providing those who are interested in processing, characterization and application of materials, with comprehensive knowledge on sol-gel science and technology. Around 1970, three different groups in the field of inorganic materials published research results on preparation of glass and ceramics via solution or sol-gel route. H. Dislich prepared a pyrex-type borosilicate glass lens by heating a compact of metal alkoxide derived powder at temperatures as low as 650 C. R. Roy prepared a millimeter-size small piece of silica glass via sol-gel route at temperatures around 1000 C. C. Mazdiyasni et al. showed that well-sintered, dense ferroelectric ceramics can be obtained at temperatures as low as 900 C, when sol-gel powders prepared from solutions of metal alkoxides are employed for sintering. Those works stimulated people’s interest in sol-gel preparation of inorganic materials, such as glasses and ceramics. Materials scientists and engineers paid attention to the possibility of this method in giving shaped materials directly from a solution without passing through the powder processing and the fact that the maximum temperature required for processing is very low compared with conven- tional technology for preparing glasses and ceramics. Thus, many efforts have been made in preparing bulk bodies, coating films, membranes, fibers and particles, and many commercial products were born. The significant characteristics unique to the sol-gel method became evident, when organic-inorganic hybrid materials were prepared by H. Schmidt and silica materials containing functional organic molecules were prepared by D. Avnir in the early 1980s. Such materials are produced at low temperatures near room temperature, where no decomposition of organic matter takes place. Low temperature synthesis and preparation of materials is the world of chemists. Therefore, the sol-gel method was propagated to the wide area including not only glasses and ceramics, but also organic and biomaterials. In 1990, an excellent book entitled “Sol-Gel Science” was written by Brinker and Scherer, obtaining a very high reputation. However, the remarkable scientific and technological development and broadening in the sol-gel field, together with an enormous increase in sol-gel population, appeared to demand publication of a new, comprehensive Handbook on sol-gel science and technology. ix x Preface to the First Edition Thus, it was planned to publish the present Handbook, which consists of the following three volumes: • Volume 1: Sol-Gel Processing Volume editor: Prof. Hiromitsu Kozuka • Volume 2: Characterization and Properties of Sol-Gel Materials and Products Volume editor: Prof. Rui M. Almeida • Volume 3: Application of Sol-Gel Technology Volume editor: Prof. Sumio Sakka Volume 1 compiles the articles describing various aspects of sol-gel processing. Considering that the sol-gel method is a method for preparing materials, the knowledge on sol-gel processing is of primary importance to all those who are interested in sol-gel science and technology. Articles describing processing of some particular property as well as general basics for sol-gel processing are collected. Volume 2 consists of the articles dealing with characterization and properties of sol-gel materials and products. Since materials exhibit their functional properties based on their microstructure, characterization of the structure is very important. We can produce useful materials only when processing-characterization-property rela- tionships are worked out. This indicates the importance of the articles collected in Vol. 2. The title of Vol. 3 is “Applications of Sol-Gel Technology”. The sol-gel technology is one of the methods for producing materials and so there are many other competitive methods, whenever a particular material is planned to be produced. Therefore, for the development of this excellent technology, it is important to know the sol-gel science and technology in producing new materials as well as already achieved applications. This is the purpose of Vol. 3. Sol-gel technology is a versatile technology, making it possible to produce a wide variety of materials and to provide existing materials with novel properties. I hope this three-volume Handbook will serve as an indispensable reference book for researchers, engineers, manufacturers and students working in the field of materials. Finally, I would like to express my sincere thanks to all the authors of the articles included in the Handbook for their efforts in writing excellent articles by spending their precious time. As general editor I extend my thanks to Prof. H. Kozuka and Prof. R. Almeida for their difficult work of editing each Volume. I have to confess that this Handbook would not have been realized without enthusiastic encouragement of Mr. Gregory Franklin, senior editor at Kluwer Academic Publishers. Sumio Sakka Acknowledgments During the course of this project, Lisa Klein and Andrei Jitianu were supported, in part, by NSF–DMR Award #1313544, Materials World Network, SusChEM: Hybrid Sol–Gel Route to Chromate-free Anticorrosive Coating. Mario Aparicio was supported in part

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