Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology Lisa Klein • Mario Aparicio • Andrei Jitianu Editors

Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology

Processing, Characterization and Applications

Second Edition

With 1736 Figures and 209 Tables Editors Lisa Klein Mario Aparicio Materials Science and Engineering Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio Rutgers University Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Piscataway, NJ, USA Cientíﬁcas (CSIC) Madrid, Spain

Andrei Jitianu Department of Chemistry Lehman College The City University of New York Bronx, NY, USA Chemistry and Biochemistry PhD Programs - The Graduate Center The City University of New York New York, NY, USA

ISBN 978-3-319-32099-1 ISBN 978-3-319-32101-1 (eBook) ISBN 978-3-319-32100-4 (print and electronic bundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32101-1

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017961164

1st edition: # Kluwer Academic Publishers 2005 # Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by The registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Sumio Sakka, Professor Emeritus of Kyoto University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan. All of us in the sol-gel science and technology community are indebted to Prof. Sakka. He was instrumental in organizing the Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology and the original Handbook Volumes. He provided encouragement to these Editors to expand this project and to turn these volumes into a living resource. Preface to the Second Edition

It is a short 13 years since the publishing of the Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. During this period of rapid technological change, especially with regard to nanomaterials, the Handbook has remained an excellent source for the fundamen- tals, with plenty of motivation for new developments. Indeed, the Handbook has survived the test of time. In updating and expanding the Handbook, our goal is largely the same as it was when it was ﬁrst edited by Professor Sumio Sakka. The original Handbook had a total of 85 chapters, divided into three volumes. Most of these chapters appear in the new Handbook, many of them updated by the original authors. What has changed since that time is that the scope and range of applications has increased. While several chapters have been added in the areas of processing and characterization, the number of chapters on applications has more than doubled. The applications are grouped in seven broad areas: mechanical, optical, electrical, electrochemical, preservation, organic-inorganic hybrids, and bio-related materials. The total number of chapters in this version is 125. With this updated and expanded Handbook, we now have the opportunity to make this a “living” Handbook, meaning that we can update and expand on a continuous basis. Nevertheless, we are staying true to the vision that Professor Sakka expressed so well in the Preface to the Handbook in 2005, included below.

Mario Aparicio Andrei Jitianu Lisa Klein

vii Preface to the First Edition

This three-volume Handbook “Sol-Gel Science and Technology” was planned with the purpose of providing those who are interested in processing, characterization and application of materials, with comprehensive knowledge on sol-gel science and technology. Around 1970, three different groups in the field of inorganic materials published research results on preparation of glass and ceramics via solution or sol-gel route. H. Dislich prepared a pyrex-type borosilicate glass lens by heating a compact of metal alkoxide derived powder at temperatures as low as 650 C. R. Roy prepared a millimeter-size small piece of silica glass via sol-gel route at temperatures around 1000 C. C. Mazdiyasni et al. showed that well-sintered, dense ferroelectric ceramics can be obtained at temperatures as low as 900 C, when sol-gel powders prepared from solutions of metal alkoxides are employed for sintering. Those works stimulated people’s interest in sol-gel preparation of inorganic materials, such as glasses and ceramics. Materials scientists and engineers paid attention to the possibility of this method in giving shaped materials directly from a solution without passing through the powder processing and the fact that the maximum temperature required for processing is very low compared with conven- tional technology for preparing glasses and ceramics. Thus, many efforts have been made in preparing bulk bodies, coating films, membranes, fibers and particles, and many commercial products were born. The significant characteristics unique to the sol-gel method became evident, when organic-inorganic hybrid materials were prepared by H. Schmidt and silica materials containing functional organic molecules were prepared by D. Avnir in the early 1980s. Such materials are produced at low temperatures near room temperature, where no decomposition of organic matter takes place. Low temperature synthesis and preparation of materials is the world of chemists. Therefore, the sol-gel method was propagated to the wide area including not only glasses and ceramics, but also organic and biomaterials. In 1990, an excellent book entitled “Sol-Gel Science” was written by Brinker and Scherer, obtaining a very high reputation. However, the remarkable scientific and technological development and broadening in the sol-gel field, together with an enormous increase in sol-gel population, appeared to demand publication of a new, comprehensive Handbook on sol-gel science and technology.

ix x Preface to the First Edition

Thus, it was planned to publish the present Handbook, which consists of the following three volumes:

• Volume 1: Sol-Gel Processing Volume editor: Prof. Hiromitsu Kozuka • Volume 2: Characterization and Properties of Sol-Gel Materials and Products Volume editor: Prof. Rui M. Almeida • Volume 3: Application of Sol-Gel Technology Volume editor: Prof. Sumio Sakka

Volume 1 compiles the articles describing various aspects of sol-gel processing. Considering that the sol-gel method is a method for preparing materials, the knowledge on sol-gel processing is of primary importance to all those who are interested in sol-gel science and technology. Articles describing processing of some particular property as well as general basics for sol-gel processing are collected. Volume 2 consists of the articles dealing with characterization and properties of sol-gel materials and products. Since materials exhibit their functional properties based on their microstructure, characterization of the structure is very important. We can produce useful materials only when processing-characterization-property rela- tionships are worked out. This indicates the importance of the articles collected in Vol. 2. The title of Vol. 3 is “Applications of Sol-Gel Technology”. The sol-gel technology is one of the methods for producing materials and so there are many other competitive methods, whenever a particular material is planned to be produced. Therefore, for the development of this excellent technology, it is important to know the sol-gel science and technology in producing new materials as well as already achieved applications. This is the purpose of Vol. 3. Sol-gel technology is a versatile technology, making it possible to produce a wide variety of materials and to provide existing materials with novel properties. I hope this three-volume Handbook will serve as an indispensable reference book for researchers, engineers, manufacturers and students working in the ﬁeld of materials. Finally, I would like to express my sincere thanks to all the authors of the articles included in the Handbook for their efforts in writing excellent articles by spending their precious time. As general editor I extend my thanks to Prof. H. Kozuka and Prof. R. Almeida for their difﬁcult work of editing each Volume. I have to confess that this Handbook would not have been realized without enthusiastic encouragement of Mr. Gregory Franklin, senior editor at Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Sumio Sakka Acknowledgments

During the course of this project, Lisa Klein and Andrei Jitianu were supported, in part, by NSF–DMR Award #1313544, Materials World Network, SusChEM: Hybrid Sol–Gel Route to Chromate-free Anticorrosive Coating. Mario Aparicio was supported in part by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain (PCIN- 2013-030). This support, which enabled several opportunities to visit each other in our respective laboratories and gave us the chance to discuss the scope of this Handbook in person, was greatly appreciated. We are grateful to the members of the Springer staff who worked with us over the course of the past 3 years. We thank Mike Luby for proposing this project, Lydia Mueller for getting this underway, and we especially thank Sylvia Blago for seeing this through to completion. We also thank Clifford Nwaeburu and Santhiya Rajarathinam for technical assistance. We want to express our gratitude to the members of our International Editorial Board:

Sumio Sakka, Editor Emeritus (Japan) Michel Aegerter, retired (Switzerland) Rui M. Almeida, Instituto Superior Técnico-Lisbon (Portugal) David Avnir, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Israel) Sara A. Bilmes, Universidad de Buenos Aires (Argentina) Mary K. Carroll, Union College (USA) Dibyendu Ganguli, Indian Ceramic Society (India) Massimo Guglielmi, University of Padova (Italy) Hiromitsu Kozuka, Kansai University (Japan) Jacques Livage, Collège de France (France) Gunnar Westin, Uppsala University (Sweden)

xi Contents

Volume 1

Part I Processing ...... 1

1 History of the Sol-Gel Chemistry and Technology ...... 3 Sumio Sakka 2 The Synthesis and Solution Stability of Alkoxide Precursors .... 31 Vadim G. Kessler 3 Chemistry and Applications of Polymeric Gel Precursors ...... 81 Valery Petrykin and Masato Kakihana 4 Reactions of Alkoxides Toward Nanostructured or Multicomponent Oxide Films ...... 113 Kazumi Kato 5 Sol-Gel Processing of Thin Films with Metal Salts ...... 133 Keishi Nishio and Toshio Tsuchiya 6 Aqueous Precursors ...... 155 Yutaka Ohya 7 Alkaline Silicate Solutions: An Overview of Their Structure, Reactivity, and Applications ...... 181 Laeticia Vidal, Ameni Gharzouni, and Sylvie Rossignol 8 Water-Dispersed Silicates and Water-Soluble Phosphates, and Their Use in Sol-Gel Synthesis of Silicate- and Phosphate-Based Materials ...... 205 Makoto Kobayashi, Hideki Kato, and Masato Kakihana 9 Sol-Gel Formation of Bulk Glasses ...... 233 Sumio Sakka 10 Processing of Fibers ...... 257 Kanichi Kamiya

xiii xiv Contents

11 Stress Evolution and Cracking in Sol-Gel-Derived Thin Films . . . 275 Hiromitsu Kozuka 12 Radiative Striations in Spin-Coating Films ...... 313 Hiromitsu Kozuka 13 Sol-Gel Processing of Fluoride and Oxyﬂuoride Materials ...... 333 Shinobu Fujihara 14 Fluorolytic Sol-Gel Processes ...... 361 Erhard Kemnitz 15 Sol-Gel Processing of Sulﬁde Materials ...... 403 Rui M. Almeida and Jian Xu 16 Ultrasonic Pulverization of an Aerosol: A Versatile Tool for the Deposition of Sol-Gel Thin Films ...... 429 M. Langlet 17 Microparticles Preparation Using Water-in-Oil Emulsion ...... 453 Masakazu Kawashita and Toshiki Miyazaki 18 Microwave-Assisted Sol-Gel Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanomaterials ...... 483 K. M. Garadkar, A. N. Kadam, and Jinsub Park 19 Electrophoretic Sol-Gel Deposition ...... 505 Atsunori Matsuda and Masahiro Tatsumisago 20 Electrochemical Deposition of Sol-Gel Films ...... 531 Liang Liu and Daniel Mandler 21 Ultraviolet (UV) Irradiation ...... 569 Hiroaki Imai 22 Low-Temperature Processing of Sol-Gel Thin Films in the SiO2–TiO2 Binary System ...... 585 M. Langlet 23 Borosilicates Obtained by Sol-Gel Method ...... 621 Weidong Xiang and Jiasong Zhong 24 Lead-Free Ferroelectric Thin Films ...... 667 Barbara Malič, Alja Kupec, Katarina Vojisavljević, and Tanja Pečnik 25 Ferrites Obtained by Sol-Gel Method ...... 695 Sagar E. Shirsath, Danyang Wang, Santosh S. Jadhav, M. L. Mane, and Sean Li Contents xv

26 Oxide (TiO2) Nanotubes Obtained Through Sol-Gel Method .... 737 Masahide Takahashi 27 Alumina Thin Films ...... 765 Marianne Nofz 28 Processing of High Performance Catalysts ...... 809 Akifumi Ueno 29 Macroporous Morphology Control by Phase Separation ...... 835 Kazuki Nakanishi 30 Hierarchical Organization in Monolithic Sol-Gel Materials ..... 867 Andrea Feinle, Michael S. Elsaesser, and Nicola Hüsing 31 Formation of Ordered Mesoporous Thin Films Through Templating ...... 917 Karen J. Edler

Volume 2

32 Aerogel Processing ...... 985 Thierry Woignier, Jean Phalippou, Florence Despetis, and Sylvie Calas-Etienne 33 Aerogels from Preceramic Polymers ...... 1013 Gian Domenico Sorarù, Emanuele Zera, and Renzo Campostrini 34 Nonhydrolytic Sol-Gel Technology ...... 1039 André Vioux and P. Hubert Mutin 35 Pechini Processes: An Alternate Approach of the Sol-Gel Method, Preparation, Properties, and Applications ...... 1067 Lucangelo Dimesso 36 Modiﬁed Pechini Synthesis of Oxide Powders and Thin Films . . . 1089 Tor Olav Løveng Sunde, Tor Grande, and Mari-Ann Einarsrud

Part II Characterization ...... 1119

37 Characterization of Sol-Gel Materials by Infrared Spectroscopy ...... 1121 Rui M. Almeida and Ana C. Marques 38 Characterization of Sol-Gel Materials by Raman and Brillouin Spectroscopies ...... 1153 Maurizio Montagna xvi Contents

39 Small-Angle X-ray Scattering by Nanostructured Materials ..... 1185 Aldo F. Craievich 40 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Studies on Materials Obtained by the Sol-Gel Route ...... 1231 Francesco d’Acapito 41 Surface Structure of Sol-Gel-Derived Materials Using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) ...... 1257 Diane Holland 42 Atomic-Scale Structure of Gel Materials by Solid-State NMR . . . . 1281 Mark E. Smith and Diane Holland 43 Synthesis of Non-siliceous Glasses and Their Structural Characterization by Solid-State NMR ...... 1323 Hellmut Eckert 44 Structural Characterization of Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Materials ...... 1375 Plinio Innocenzi, Giovanna Brusatin, Massimo Guglielmi, and Florence Babonneau 45 Porosity Measurement ...... 1399 Kazuki Nakanishi 46 Measurements of Gas Adsorption and Permeability of Sol-Gel Materials ...... 1411 Kiyoharu Tadanaga and Tsutomu Minami 47 Speciﬁc Behavior of Sol-Gel Materials in Mercury Porosimetry: Collapse and Intrusion ...... 1425 René Pirard, Christelle Alié, and Jean-Paul Pirard 48 Viscosity and Spinnability of Gelling Solutions ...... 1453 Sumio Sakka 49 Evolution of the Mechanical Properties During the Gel–Glass Process ...... 1487 Thierry Woignier, Florence Despetis, P. Etienne, Adil Alaoui, L. Duffours, and Jean Phalippou 50 Mechanical and Tribological Properties of the Oxide Thin Films Obtained by Sol-Gel Method ...... 1513 Carolina J. Diliegros-Godines, Francisco Javier Flores-Ruiz, Rebeca Castanedo-Pérez, Gerardo Torres-Delgado, and Esteban Broitman 51 Characterization of the Mechanical Properties of Sol-Gel Coatings ...... 1527 Michel A. Aegerter Contents xvii

52 Mechanical Properties of Organic–Inorganic Hybrids ...... 1547 John D. Mackenzie and Eric P. Bescher

53 Characterization of Sol-Gel Thin-Film Waveguides ...... 1565 Giancarlo C. Righini

54 Ellipsometry of Sol-Gel Films ...... 1595 Eric Yeatman

55 Active Sol-Gel Materials, Fluorescence Spectra, and Lifetimes . . . 1607 Anna Lukowiak, Alessandro Chiasera, Andrea Chiappini, Giancarlo C. Righini, and Maurizio Ferrari

56 Nonlinear Optical Properties of Materials Derived by Sol-Gel Technology ...... 1651 Hiroyuki Nasu

57 Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Properties ...... 1665 Yuhuan Xu and John D. Mackenzie

58 Characterization of Electrical Properties ...... 1697 Jörg Pütz, Sabine Heusing, and Michel A. Aegerter

59 Application of SVET/SIET Techniques to Study Healing Processes in Coated Metal Substrates ...... 1727 Alexandre Bastos

60 The Use of Electrochemical Techniques for the Characterization of the Corrosion Behavior of Sol-Gel-Coated Metals ...... 1783 Francesco Andreatta and Lorenzo Fedrizzi

61 Thermal Analysis on Gels, Glasses, and Powders ...... 1833 Maria Zaharescu, Luminita Predoana, and Jeanina Pandele-Cusu

62 Atomistic Simulation of Sol-Gel-Derived Hybrid Materials ...... 1869 Thomas S. Asche, Mirja Duderstaedt, Peter Behrens, and Andreas M. Schneider

Volume 3

Part III Applications: Mechanical, Optical, Electrical, and Electrochemical ...... 1903

63 The Outline of Applications of the Sol-Gel Method ...... 1905 Sumio Sakka

64 Monolithic Porous Silica for High-Speed HPLC ...... 1939 Kazuki Nakanishi xviii Contents

65 Aerogel Sintering: From Optical Glasses to Nuclear Waste Containment ...... 1949 Jean Phalippou, P. Dieudonné, A. Faivre, and Thierry Woignier 66 Sol-Gel Processed Membranes ...... 1971 Christian Guizard, Andre Ayral, Mihai Barboiu, and Anne Julbe 67 Silica Spherical Microparticles Applied as Spacers ...... 2019 Tatsuhiko Adachi 68 Sol-Gel Abrasive Grains: History, Precursor Properties, and Microstructural Control ...... 2031 Thomas E. Wood, Dwight D. Erickson, Mark G. Schwabel, and Chris J. Goodbrake 69 Sol-Gel-Prepared Glass and Ceramic Fibers ...... 2049 Kanichi Kamiya 70 Sol-Gel Materials for Optics and Electrooptics ...... 2065 Marcos Zayat, David Almendro, Virginia Vadillo, and David Levy 71 Sol-Gel Processed Lasers and Related Optical Materials ...... 2093 Renata Reisfeld 72 Photonic Crystals Fabricated by Sol-Gel Process ...... 2127 Makoto Kuwabara 73 Colored Coatings with Metal Colloids ...... 2161 Martin Mennig and Helmut Schmidt 74 Sol-Gel Nano-/Micropatterning Process ...... 2177 Atsunori Matsuda and Go Kawamura 75 Sol-Gel Preparation of Reﬂective Coatings ...... 2205 Kensuke Makita 76 Sol-Gel-Prepared Antireﬂective Coatings ...... 2223 Seiji Yamazaki 77 Sol-Gel Coatings Applied to Automotive Windows ...... 2239 Takashige Yoneda, Sanada Yasuhiro, and Take Morimoto 78 Sol-Gel Coating of the Panel of Cathode Ray Tube for Improving the Quality of Display ...... 2255 Takeo Ito 79 Sol-Gel-Doped Glasses for Scintillators ...... 2273 Masanori Koshimizu Contents xix

80 Sol-Gel-Derived SnO2-Based Photonic Systems ...... 2301 Lidia Zur, Lam Thi Ngoc Tran, Marcello Meneghetti, and Maurizio Ferrari

81 Sol-Gel Processing for Spectral Hole-Burning Materials ...... 2321 Masayuki Nogami

82 Graphene and Carbon Dots in Mesoporous Materials ...... 2339 Luca Malfatti, Davide Carboni, and Plinio Innocenzi

83 Sol-Gel Protective Coatings for Metals ...... 2369 Alicia Durán, Yolanda Castro, Ana Conde, and Juan José de Damborenea

84 Sol-Gel Coatings with Nanocontainers of Corrosion Inhibitors for Active Corrosion Protection of Metallic Materials ...... 2435 K. A. Yasakau, M. G. S. Ferreira, and Mikhail L. Zheludkevich

85 Corrosion Protection of Magnesium Alloys by Functional Coatings ...... 2473 Lénia M. Calado and M. F. Montemor

86 Metal Nanoparticle–Mesoporous Oxide Nanocomposite Thin Films ...... 2507 Paula C. Angelomé and M. Cecilia Fuertes

87 Xerogels, Aerogels, and Aerogel/Mineral Composites for CO2 Sequestration ...... 2535 Luis Esquivias, Víctor Morales-Flórez, and Alberto Santos

88 Solar Cells Based on Sol-Gel Films ...... 2555 Michael Grätzel

89 Sol-Gel Processing for Battery and Fuel Cell Applications ...... 2573 Lisa Klein, Mario Aparicio, and Francoise Damay

90 Lithium Intercalation Materials for Battery Prepared by Sol-Gel Method ...... 2595 Jadra Mosa and Mario Aparicio

91 Sol-Gel Processing of Solid Electrolytes for Li-Ion Batteries ..... 2631 Nataly Carolina Rosero-Navarro and Kiyoharu Tadanaga

92 Proton Conduction in Sol-Gel-Derived Glasses and Thin Films ... 2649 Yusuke Daiko and Yuji Iwamoto xx Contents

93 Sol-Gel-Derived Silicate-Based Composite Electrode ...... 2663 Ovadia Lev, D. Rizkov, S. Mizrahi, I. Ekeltchik, Z. G. Kipervaser, V. Gitis, A. Goifman, D. Tessema, A. Kamyshny Jr., A. D. Modestov, and J. Gun 94 Sol-Gel-Processed Photocatalytic Titania Films ...... 2695 Naoya Yoshida and Toshiya Watanabe 95 Coatings with Photocatalyst on Architectural Glass ...... 2729 Hirokazu Tanaka and Shigeki Obana 96 Sol-Gel Coatings for Electrochromic Devices ...... 2745 Sabine Heusing and Michel A. Aegerter

Volume 4

Part IV Applications: Preservation, Organic–Inorganic Hybrids, and Bio-related Materials ...... 2793

97 Sol-Gel Wood Preservation ...... 2795 Thomas Hübert and Muhammad Shabir Mahr 98 Sol-Gel Materials for Art Conservation ...... 2843 Eric P. Bescher and John D. Mackenzie 99 Sol-Gel Science and Cultural Heritage ...... 2859 George Wheeler 100 Sol-Gel Environmental Sensors for Preventive Conservation of Cultural Heritage ...... 2877 Maria-Angeles Villegas, Javier Peña-Poza, and Manuel Garcia-Heras 101 Encapsulation of Enzymes, Antibodies, and Bacteria ...... 2909 Jacques Livage and Thibaud Coradin 102 Entrapment of Organic Molecules ...... 2933 Kazunori Matsui, Hiromasa Nishikiori, and Tsuneo Fujii 103 Hybrid Materials for Molecular Sieves ...... 2973 Johan E. ten Elshof 104 Click Functionalization of Sol-Gel Materials ...... 3001 Shridevi Shenoi-Perdoor, Achraf Noureddine, Fabien Dubois, Michel Wong Chi Man, and Xavier Cattoën 105 Sol-Gel Nanocomposites ...... 3041 Massimo Guglielmi and Alessandro Martucci Contents xxi

106 Hybrid Materials for Micro- and Nanofabrication ...... 3065 Laura Brigo, Gioia Della Giustina, and Giovanna Brusatin 107 Architecture of Silsesquioxanes ...... 3119 Sandra Dirè, Evgeny Borovin, and François Ribot 108 Polyhedral Silsesquioxanes ...... 3153 Abby R. Jennings, Scott T. Iacono, and Joseph M. Mabry 109 Mesoporous Polysilsesquioxanes: Preparation, Properties, and Applications ...... 3177 Douglas A. Loy 110 Hybrid Nanocomposites Through Colloidal Interactions Between Crystalline Polysaccharide Nanoparticles and Oxide Precursors ...... 3213 Emmanuel Belamie and Bruno Alonso

111 Anti-soiling Effect of Porous SiO2 Coatings ...... 3253 Peer Löbmann 112 Sol-Gel Preparation of Crystalline Oxide Thin Films on Plastics ...... 3271 Hiromitsu Kozuka 113 Functional Barrier Coatings on the Basis of Hybrid Polymers ... 3295 Sabine Amberg-Schwab 114 Hybrid Aerogels ...... 3317 Kazuyoshi Kanamori 115 Carbon Aerogels ...... 3339 Marcus A. Worsley and Theodore F. Baumann 116 Mechanical Behavior of Nanocomposite Aerogels ...... 3375 Thierry Woignier, Juan Primera, Adil Alaoui, and Sylvie Calas-Etienne 117 The Development of Quantum Dot/Silica Particles for Fluorescence Imaging and Medical Diagnostics ...... 3393 Yoshio Kobayashi and Kohsuke Gonda 118 Hybrid Sol-Gels for DNA Arrays and Other Lab-on-a-Chip Applications ...... 3431 Caner Durucan and Carlo G. Pantano 119 Antimicrobial Coatings Obtained by Sol-Gel Method ...... 3461 Boris Mahltig, Thomas Grethe, and Hajo Haase xxii Contents

120 Bioactive Ceramic Porcelain/Glass for Dental Application ..... 3489 E. Kontonasaki, X. Chatzistavrou, K. M. Paraskevopoulos, and P. Koidis 121 Bioactive Silica-Based Coating on Stainless Steel Implants ..... 3505 Joseﬁna Ballarre and Silvia M. Ceré 122 Biomaterials Obtained by Gelation ...... 3555 Alain C. Pierre 123 Sol-Gel Silica-Based Biomaterials and Bone Tissue Regeneration ...... 3597 María Vallet-Regí and Antonio J. Salinas 124 Inorganic-Organic Hybrids for Biomedical Applications ...... 3619 Yuki Shirosaki, Yuri Nakamura, Tomohiko Yoshioka, and Akiyoshi Osaka 125 Enzymatic Sol-Gel Biosensors ...... 3705 Elena Casero, M. D. Petit-Domínguez, and Luis Vázquez Index ...... 3745 About the Editors

Dr. Lisa Klein obtained a BS in Metallurgy in 1973 and a Ph.D. in Ceramics in 1977 from the Material Science and Engineering Department at the Massachusetts Insti- tute of Technology. With Rutgers since 1977, she became a full Professor in 1987. In 1998, she received the Achievement Award of the Society of Women Engi- neers for “breakthrough contributions in sol-gel science and engineering, particularly sol-gel applications in electrolytes, electrochromics, membranes and nanocomposites.” Professor Klein’s areas of expertise are sol-gel processing of glasses, ceramics, and organic- inorganic hybrids. Her use of the sol-gel process ﬁnds applications in planar waveguides, ceramic membranes, solid electrolytes, and components for fuel cells. In 2017, she received the “Life Achievement Award” from the International Sol-Gel Society, in Liege, Bel- gium.

Dr. Mario Aparicio completed his Ph.D. in 1998 at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. He studied chemistry, mainly focusing on sol-gel processing and ceramic matrix composites. In 1999, he was awarded a 2-year fellowship from Ministerio de Educación y Cultura to study hybrid proton exchange membranes at Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ. Presently, he is a researcher in the Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, CSIC, Madrid, where he continues to develop PEM membranes, electrodes and electrolytes for batteries, and sol-gel corrosion protection coatings.

xxiii xxiv About the Editors

Dr. Andrei Jitianu completed his Ph.D. in 2001 at the University of Bucharest, Romania. He studied materials chemistry, mainly focusing on sol-gel processes. Since then, he has done postdoctoral research at the University of Orléans, France; Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY; and Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ. In 2008, he joined The City University of New York, Lehman Col- lege, Bronx, NY, where he became a full Professor in 2017. He has experience with sol-gel inorganic-organic hybrids for a variety of applications. In 2005, he received “Gh. Spacu” Award of the Romanian Academy for “Chemistry of the Sol-Gel Processes in Oxide and Hybrid Systems.” In 2010, he received the Feliks Gross Endowment Award, as one of only two junior faculties selected for their research excellence from the Graduate Center of the entire City University of New York. Pro- fessor Jitianu’s areas of expertise are sol-gel processing of oxide and hybrid systems, coatings, “melting gels,” protection against corrosion, nanomaterials for catalysis, and layer double hydroxides. Contributors

Tatsuhiko Adachi UBE EXSYMO Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Michel A. Aegerter Bottens, Switzerland INM – Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbruecken, Germany Adil Alaoui Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Tanger, Tanger, Morocco Christelle Alié Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium Rui M. Almeida Departamento de Engenharia Química / Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico / Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal David Almendro Sol-Gel Group – SGG, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM. CSIC, Madrid, Spain Bruno Alonso Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS/UM/ ENSCM, ENSCM, Montpellier, France Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, Paris, France Sabine Amberg-Schwab Fraunhofer-Institut für Silicatforschung ISC, Würzburg, Germany Francesco Andreatta Polytechnic Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Udine, Udine, Italy Paula C. Angelomé Gerencia Química, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, CONICET, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina Mario Aparicio Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientíﬁcas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain Thomas S. Asche Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hanno- ver, Hannover, Germany Andre Ayral Universite Montpellier 2, Institut Européen des Membranes, Mont- pellier, Cedex 5, France Florence Babonneau l’Institut des Matériaux de Paris-Centre, Paris, France xxv xxvi Contributors

Joseﬁna Ballarre Materials Science and Technology Research Institute (INTEMA), University of Mar del Plata – National Research and Technology Council (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina Mihai Barboiu Institut European des Membranes, IEM – CNRS 5635, Montpel- lier, France Alexandre Bastos DEMaC – Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal Theodore F. Baumann Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Liver- more National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA Peter Behrens Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany Emmanuel Belamie Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS/ UM/ENSCM, ENSCM, Montpellier, France Eric P. Bescher Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Evgeny Borovin Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Trento, Trento, Italy Laura Brigo Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy Center for Materials and Microsystems, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy Esteban Broitman Thin Film Physics Division, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden Giovanna Brusatin Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy Lénia M. Calado CQE, DEQ, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Sylvie Calas-Etienne Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier Cedex 5, France Renzo Campostrini Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy Davide Carboni Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, LMNT – D.A.D.U., University of Sassari and CR-INSTM, Alghero, Sassari, Italy Elena Casero Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Excelencia de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Contributors xxvii

Rebeca Castanedo-Pérez CINVESTAV-Unidad Querétaro, Querétaro, Qro, Mexico Yolanda Castro Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (CSIC), Madrid, Spain Xavier Cattoën University of Grenoble Alpes, Inst NEEL, Grenoble, France CNRS, Institut NEEL, Grenoble, France Silvia M. Ceré Materials Science and Technology Research Institute (INTEMA), University of Mar del Plata – National Research and Technology Council (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina X. Chatzistavrou Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Andrea Chiappini IFN-CNR CSMFO Lab, and FBK Photonics Unit, Trento, Italy Alessandro Chiasera IFN-CNR CSMFO Lab, and FBK Photonics Unit, Trento, Italy Ana Conde Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain Thibaud Coradin Chaire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée, Collège de France, Paris, France Aldo F. Craievich Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil Francesco d’Acapito CNR-IOM-OGG c/o European Synchrotron Radiation Facil- ity, LISA CRG, Grenoble, France Yusuke Daiko Department of Frontier Materials, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Francoise Damay Laboratoire Leon Brillouin, CEA-Saclay Bat. 563, Gif-sur- Yvette, France Juan José de Damborenea Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain Gioia Della Giustina Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy Florence Despetis Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université Montpellier 2, Mont- pellier Cedex 5, France P. Dieudonné Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier Cedex 5, France Carolina J. Diliegros-Godines CINVESTAV-Unidad Querétaro, Querétaro, Qro, Mexico CNyN-UNAM, Ensenada, BC, Mexico xxviii Contributors

Lucangelo Dimesso Earth and Material Sciences Department, Technische Universitaet Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany Sandra Dirè Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Trento, Trento, Italy Fabien Dubois University of Grenoble Alpes, Inst NEEL, Grenoble, France CNRS, Institut NEEL, Grenoble, France Mirja Duderstaedt Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hanno- ver, Hannover, Germany L. Duffours PRIME Verre, Montpellier, France Le Lamentin, Martinique, France Alicia Durán Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, Madrid, Spain Caner Durucan Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey Hellmut Eckert Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, Münster, Germany Instituto de Física, São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil Karen J. Edler Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK Mari-Ann Einarsrud Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway I. Ekeltchik The Casali Center of Applied Chemistry and the Harvey M. Kruger Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Michael S. Elsaesser Department Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria Johan E. ten Elshof MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands Dwight D. Erickson Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, Stillwater, MN, USA Luis Esquivias Departamento Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Sevilla, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla (CSIC-US), Sevilla, Spain P. Etienne Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Montpellier Université, Montpellier, France A. Faivre Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Montpellier, France Lorenzo Fedrizzi Polytechnic Department of Engineering and Architecture, Uni- versity of Udine, Udine, Italy Contributors xxix

Andrea Feinle Department Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria Maurizio Ferrari Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy CNR-IFN, CSMFO Lab. and FBK Photonics Unit, Trento, Italy M. G. S. Ferreira Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal Francisco Javier Flores-Ruiz CINVESTAV-Unidad Querétaro, Querétaro, Qro, Mexico CNyN-UNAM, Ensenada, BC, Mexico M. Cecilia Fuertes Gerencia Química, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, CONICET, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina Shinobu Fujihara Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan Tsuneo Fujii Nagano Prefectural Institute of Technology, Ueda, Japan K. M. Garadkar Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India Manuel Garcia-Heras Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientiﬁcas (CSIC), Instituto de Historia, CCHS, Madrid, Spain Ameni Gharzouni SPCTS, University of Limoges, Limoges, France V. Gitis The Casali Center of Applied Chemistry and the Harvey M. Kruger Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jeru- salem, Israel A. Goifman The Casali Center of Applied Chemistry and the Harvey M. Kruger Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Kohsuke Gonda Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Chris J. Goodbrake Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, Stillwater, MN, USA Tor Grande Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway Michael Grätzel Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lau- sanne, Switzerland xxx Contributors

Thomas Grethe Research Institute for Textile and Clothing, Niederrhein Univer- sity of Applied Sciences, Mönchengladbach, Germany Massimo Guglielmi Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy Christian Guizard L’Institut Européen des Membranes, Montpellier, France J. Gun The Casali Center of Applied Chemistry and the Harvey M. Kruger Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jeru- salem, Israel Hajo Haase Institut für Lebensmitteltechnologie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany Sabine Heusing Campus D2 2, INM – Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbruecken, Germany Diane Holland Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK P. Hubert Mutin Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France Thomas Hübert Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany Nicola Hüsing Department Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria Scott T. Iacono Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Research Center, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, USA Hiroaki Imai Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technol- ogy, Keio University, Yokohama, Turkey Plinio Innocenzi Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, LMNT – D.A.D.U., University of Sassari and CR-INSTM, Alghero, Sassari, Italy Takeo Ito Toshiba Corporation, Kumagaya-shi, Saitama, Japan Yuji Iwamoto Department of Frontier Materials, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Santosh S. Jadhav Department of Physics, Dnyanopasak Shikshan Mandal’s Arts, Commerce and Science College, Jintur, India Abby R. Jennings Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Research Center, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, USA Anne Julbe Universite Montpellier 2, Institut Européen des Membranes, Montpel- lier, Cedex 5, France A. N. Kadam Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Contributors xxxi

Masato Kakihana Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Kanichi Kamiya Department of Industrial Chemistry, Mie University, Tsu, Japan A. Kamyshny Jr. The Casali Center of Applied Chemistry and the Harvey M. Kruger Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Kazuyoshi Kanamori Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Kazumi Kato National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Inorganic Functional Materials Research Institute (IFMRI), Nagoya, Japan Hideki Kato Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Go Kawamura Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan Masakazu Kawashita Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku Uni- versity, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Erhard Kemnitz Chemistry Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany Vadim G. Kessler Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish Univer- sity of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden Z. G. Kipervaser The Casali Center of Applied Chemistry and the Harvey M. Kruger Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Lisa Klein Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA Makoto Kobayashi Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Mate- rials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Yoshio Kobayashi Department of Biomolecular Functional Engineering, College of Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi, Ibaraki, Japan P. Koidis Department of Fixed Prosthesis and Implant Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece E. Kontonasaki Department of Fixed Prosthesis and Implant Prosthodontics, Fac- ulty of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Masanori Koshimizu Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan xxxii Contributors

Hiromitsu Kozuka Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Osaka, Japan Alja Kupec Electronic Ceramics Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Laboratory for Tribology and Interface Nano- technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Makoto Kuwabara Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka, Japan M. Langlet Grenoble INP – Minatec, Grenoble, France Ovadia Lev The Casali Center of Applied Chemistry and the Harvey M. Kruger Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel The Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Chemistry Institute, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel David Levy Sol-Gel Group – SGG, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM. CSIC, Madrid, Spain Sean Li School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia Liang Liu Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l’Environnement, UMR 7564, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Villers-lès-Nancy, France Jacques Livage Chaire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée, Collège de France, Paris, France Peer Löbmann Optik und Elektronik, Fraunhofer-Institut für Silicatforschung ISC, Würzburg, Germany Douglas A. Loy Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA Anna Lukowiak Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research PAS, Wroclaw, Poland Joseph M. Mabry Aerospace Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Edwards AFB, CA, USA John D. Mackenzie Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Boris Mahltig Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Textile and Clothing Technology, Mönchengladbach, Germany Kensuke Makita Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nagoya Insti- tute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan Contributors xxxiii

Luca Malfatti Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, LMNT – D.A.D.U., University of Sassari and CR-INSTM, Alghero, Sassari, Italy Barbara Malič Electronic Ceramics Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia Daniel Mandler Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel M. L. Mane Department of Physics, SGRG Shinde Mahavidyalaya, Osmanabad, Maharashtra, India Ana C. Marques Departamento de Engenharia Química / Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment (CERENA), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal Alessandro Martucci Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy Atsunori Matsuda Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineer- ing, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan Kazunori Matsui Graduate School of Engineering, Kanto Gakuin University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan Marcello Meneghetti CNR-IFN, CSMFO Lab. and FBK Photonics Unit, Trento, Italy Department of Physics, University of Trento, Trento, Italy Martin Mennig Department of Glasses, Ceramics and Composites, Glass Group, Institut für Neue Materialien, Saarbrücken, Germany Tsutomu Minami Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan Toshiki Miyazaki Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka, Japan S. Mizrahi The Casali Center of Applied Chemistry and the Harvey M. Kruger Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel A. D. Modestov The Casali Center of Applied Chemistry and the Harvey M. Kruger Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Maurizio Montagna Disordered System Laboratory, Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy M. F. Montemor CQE, DEQ, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal xxxiv Contributors

Víctor Morales-Flórez Departamento Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain Take Morimoto Morimoto Co., Ltd., Fujimi-shi, Saitama, Japan Jadra Mosa Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientíﬁcas (CSIC), Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (ICV), Madrid, Spain Yuri Nakamura Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University, Okayama-shi, Japan Kazuki Nakanishi Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Hiroyuki Nasu Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineer- ing, Mie University, Tsu, Japan Hiromasa Nishikiori Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan Keishi Nishio Tokyo University of Science, Materials Science and Technology, Noda-shi, Japan Marianne Nofz Division 5.6 “Glas”, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und – prüfung, Berlin, Germany Masayuki Nogami Toyota Physical and Chemical Research Institute, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan Achraf Noureddine Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR-5253, CNRS, ENSCM, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France Shigeki Obana Nippon Sheet Glass Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan Yutaka Ohya Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Gifu Univer- sity, Gifu, Japan Akiyoshi Osaka Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University, Okayama-shi, Japan Jeanina Pandele-Cusu “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania Carlo G. Pantano Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA K. M. Paraskevopoulos Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Jinsub Park Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Tanja Pečnik Electronic Ceramics Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia Contributors xxxv

Javier Peña-Poza Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientiﬁcas (CSIC), Instituto de Historia, CCHS, Madrid, Spain M. D. Petit-Domínguez Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumen- tal, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Excelencia de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Valery Petrykin Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan

Jean Phalippou Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université Montpellier 2, Mont- pellier Cedex 5, France Alain C. Pierre Institut de recherches sur la Catalyse et l’Environnement de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5256, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France Jean-Paul Pirard Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Uni- versity of Liège, Liège, Belgium

René Pirard Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Institutde Chimie B6a, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

Luminita Predoana “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania Juan Primera Departamento de Fisica, FEC, LUZ, Maracaibo, Venezuela Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL) Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Departamento de Física, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Guayaquil, Ecuador Jörg Pütz Carl Zeiss Smart Optics GmbH, Aalen, Germany

Renata Reisfeld The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel François Ribot Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris (LCMCP), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, Paris, France Giancarlo C. Righini Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy Nello Carrara Institute of Applied Physics, CNR, Sesto Fiorentino – Firenze, Italy D. Rizkov The Casali Center of Applied Chemistry and the Harvey M. Kruger Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Alain C. Pierre has retired. xxxvi Contributors

Nataly Carolina Rosero-Navarro Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan Sylvie Rossignol Ecole Nationale Superieure de Ceramique Industrielle–Limoges, Limoges, France Sumio Sakka Sakka Laboratory, Kuzuha-Asahi, Hirakata, Osaka-fu, Japan Antonio J. Salinas Departamento de Quimica Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, Madrid, Spain Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain Alberto Santos Departamento Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain Helmut Schmidt HSM TechConsult GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany Andreas M. Schneider Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany Mark G. Schwabel Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, Stillwater, MN, USA Muhammad Shabir Mahr Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany Shridevi Shenoi-Perdoor University of Grenoble Alpes, Inst NEEL, Grenoble, France CNRS, Institut NEEL, Grenoble, France Yuki Shirosaki Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan Sagar E. Shirsath School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia Mark E. Smith Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK Gian Domenico Sorarù Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy Tor Olav Løveng Sunde Department of Sustainable Energy Technology, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Oslo, Norway Kiyoharu Tadanaga Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan Masahide Takahashi Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineer- ing, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan Hirokazu Tanaka Nippon Sheet Glass Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan Contributors xxxvii

Masahiro Tatsumisago Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture Uni- versity, Sakai, Osaka, Japan D. Tessema The Casali Center of Applied Chemistry and the Harvey M. Kruger Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Gerardo Torres-Delgado CINVESTAV-Unidad Querétaro, Querétaro, Qro, Mexico Lam Thi Ngoc Tran CNR-IFN, CSMFO Lab. and FBK Photonics Unit, Trento, Italy Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy Ho Chi Minh City University of Technical Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam Toshio Tsuchiya Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan Akifumi Ueno Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan Virginia Vadillo Sol-Gel Group – SGG, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM. CSIC, Madrid, Spain María Vallet-Regí Departamento de Quimica Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, Madrid, Spain Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain Luis Vázquez Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (CSIC), Campus de Excelencia de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Laeticia Vidal SPCTS, University of Limoges, Limoges, France Maria-Angeles Villegas Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientiﬁcas (CSIC), Instituto de Historia, CCHS, Madrid, Spain André Vioux Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France Katarina Vojisavljević Electronic Ceramics Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia Danyang Wang School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia Toshiya Watanabe Policy Alternatives Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan George Wheeler Columbia University, New York, NY, USA xxxviii Contributors

Thierry Woignier IMBE, CNRS, IRD, Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, Marseille, France IRD - Campus Agro Environnemental Caraïbes, Le Lamentin, Martinique, France Michel Wong Chi Man Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR-5253, CNRS, ENSCM, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France Thomas E. Wood Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, Stillwater, MN, USA Marcus A. Worsley Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA Weidong Xiang College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou Uni- versity, Wenzhou, China Jian Xu Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo Univer- sity, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China Yuhuan Xu Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Seiji Yamazaki Glass Research Center, Central Glass Co. Ltd., Matsusaka, Japan K. A. Yasakau Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal Sanada Yasuhiro Asahi Glass Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan Eric Yeatman Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK Takashige Yoneda Asahi Glass Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan Naoya Yoshida Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Advanced Engineer- ing, Kogakuin University, Hachioji City, Tokyo, Japan Tomohiko Yoshioka Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Oka- yama University, Okayama-shi, Japan Maria Zaharescu “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Roma- nian Academy, Bucharest, Romania Marcos Zayat Sol-Gel Group – SGG, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM. CSIC, Madrid, Spain Emanuele Zera Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy Mikhail L. Zheludkevich Magnesium Innovation Centre, MagIC at Helmholtz- Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany Contributors xxxix

Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany Jiasong Zhong College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China Lidia Zur Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy CNR-IFN, CSMFO Lab. and FBK Photonics Unit, Trento, Italy