DOCSLIB.ORG

Poverty and Reefs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

POVERTY AND REEFS VOLUME 2 CASE STUDIES IMM Ltd Edited by Emma Whittingham, Jock Campbell and Philip Townsley IMM Ltd Innovation Centre Rennes Drive Exeter University Campus Exeter EX4 4RN IMM Ltd United Kingdom http://www.ex.ac.uk/imm DFID Department for International Development 1 Palace Street London SW1E 5HE United Kingdom http://www.dfid.gov.uk/ IOC/UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO 1 Rue Miollis 75732 Paris Cedex 15 France http://www.ioc.unesco.org Kusi Limitada Rua Padre António Vieira 37 Caixa Postal 2873 Maputo Moçambique http://homepage.mac.com/kusimoz/kusi.html IDPPE Instituto Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Pesca de Pequena Escala Av. Marginal Parcela 141/8 Caixa Postal 2473 Maputo Moçambique SPEECH The Society for People’s Education and Economic Change 2/1060 Manoranjitham Street Ezhil Nagar Madurai 625 014 India http://www.speechtn.org/ ANET The Andaman & Nicobar Islands Environment Team Centre for Island Ecology Post Bag- 1 Junglighat Post Office Port Blair 744 103 Andaman Islands India CARESS The Centre for Action Research on Environment, Science & Society 160 Sivananda Road Gillnagar ext 2 Choolaimedu Chennai 600094 India POVERTY AND REEFS VOLUME 2: CASE STUDIES Edited by Emma Whittingham Jock Campbell Philip Townsley i © 2003 IMM Ltd, Exeter, UK Typeset by Exe Valley Dataset Ltd, Exeter, UK Project Management by Swales & Willis, Exeter, UK Printed in France. Reference number: IOC/UNESCO/INF-1188, Poverty and Reefs, Volume 1: Global Overview, Volume 2: Case Studies. 260pp. Citation: “Whittingham, E., Campbell, J. and Townsley, P. (2003). Poverty and Reefs, DFID–IMM–IOC/UNESCO, 260pp.” Printed and distributed free by: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO 1, Rue Miollis, 75015 Paris, France. Tel: +33 1 45 68 10 10, Fax: +33 1 45 68 58 12 Website: http://ioc.unesco.org, Email: [email protected] DISCLAIMER The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariats of UNESCO and IOC concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or its authorities, or concerning the elimination of the frontiers of any country or territory. This document is an output from a project funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID. COPYRIGHT All rights reserved. This information may be freely used and copied for educational and other non-commercial purposes, provided that any reproduction of data be accompanied by an acknowledgement of IMM as the source (© IMM). This does not apply to the pages and images with explicitly reserved reproduction right: © followed by the source and the year of first circulation. Reproduction of the latter requires prior authorization from the author. ii CONTENTS BACKGROUND . xiii A CASE STUDY FROM MOZAMBIQUE . 73 A CASE STUDY FROM THE GULF OF MANNAR . 113 A CASE STUDY FROM SOUTH ANDAMAN ISLAND . 147 A CASE STUDY FROM LAKSHADWEEP . 187 INDEX . 227 iii Cover photo credits Volume 2 AA AAAFH BCCGH BDEGG II A – Traditional boats and nets, Gulf of Mannar, India, Emma Whittingham, IMM Ltd B – Coconut fencing, Mozambique, James Wilson, Kusi Lda C – The shore line, Mozambique, James Wilson, Kusi Lda D – Fisherwoman, South Andaman Island, James Wilson, Kusi Lda E – Women reef gleaning, Lakshadweep Islands, Vineeta Hoon, CARESS F – Pole and line fishing, Lakshadweep Islands, Vineeta Hoon, CARESS G – Cast net fishing, Gulf of Mannar, India, Emma Whittingham, IMM Ltd H – Sorting the crab catch, Gulf of Mannar, India, Emma Whittingham, IMM Ltd I – Traditional boats, South Andaman Island, James Wilson, Kusi Lda iv CONTENTS TO THE MOZAMBIQUE CASE STUDY FIGURES, TABLES AND BOXES . ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 74 NOMENCLATURE . 75 BACKGROUND TO THE MOZAMBIQUE CASE STUDY . 76 1 STUDY AREA CONTEXT . 77 1.1 Social setting . 77 1.2 Ecological and geophysical setting . 78 1.3 Political and organisational setting . 79 1.4 Economic setting . 79 1.5 External factors controlling livelihood opportunities . 80 2 COMMUNITY CONTEXT . 81 2.1 Maueia . 81 2.2 Darumba . 84 2.3 Messano . 87 2.4 Summary . 90 3 POOR STAKEHOLDERS . 93 3.1 Overview of poverty . 93 3.2 Maueia . 93 3.3 Darumba . 94 3.4 Messano . 94 4 REEF LIVELIHOODS . 95 4.1 Resources . 95 4.2 Direct Influencing factors . 99 4.3 Indirect Influencing factors . 102 5 CHANGE, CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES . 104 5.1 Status of natural resources . 104 5.2 Fisheries . 104 5.3 Conservation . 104 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . 106 7 REFERENCES AND NOTES . 108 ANNEX 1 VARIATIONS TO FIELD METHODOLOGIES . 109 ANNEX 2 DIVERSITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES EXPLOITED FROM REEF AND NEAR-SHORE COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS . 111 v CONTENTS TO THE GULF OF MANNAR CASE STUDY FIGURES, TABLES AND BOXES . ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 114 NOMENCLATURE . ..
Recommended publications
  • Consequences of Green Turtle Herbivory on Seagrass Meadow Dynamics, Fish Communities and Subsistence Fishing in the Lakshadweep Islands, India

    Consequences of Green Turtle Herbivory on Seagrass Meadow Dynamics, Fish Communities and Subsistence Fishing in the Lakshadweep Islands, India

    Consequences of green turtle herbivory on seagrass meadow dynamics, fish communities and subsistence fishing in the Lakshadweep Islands, India RSG 41.08.09: Baselines of fish habitat use, recruitment and abundance across differentially grazed seagrass meadows and adjacent non- seagrass habitats of the Lakshadweep islands, India Final report submitted to the Rufford Small Grants Foundation by Nachiket Kelkar. Rohan Arthur. Nuria Marba. Teresa Alcoverro. Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore 570 002, India 1 Citation: Kelkar, N., Arthur, R., Marba, N., and Alcoverro, T. 2010. Consequences of green turtle herbivory on seagrass meadow dynamics, fish communities and subsistence fishing in the Lakshadweep Islands, India. Final report submitted to the Rufford Small Grants Foundation, U.K. 59 pp. Cover photograph: © Nachiket Kelkar Photograph on front page: © Jafer Hisham This work was conducted in the project funded by the Rufford Small Grants Foundation (RSG 41.08.09). The content is entirely original. Any external sources of information have been duly acknowledged. Nachiket Kelkar 30.11.2010 2 Project Summary Green turtles Chelonia mydas, although globally endangered, attain exceptionally high densities in the Lakshadweep coral atolls of the Indian Ocean, where they congregate for feeding on seagrasses in shallow lagoons. The herbivorous green turtles are thought to be important ecosystem modifiers of seagrass meadows. Recent studies estimated that the impact of sustained herbivory by green turtles in seagrass meadows in the Agatti lagoon, Lakshadweep Islands was highly significant, and led to declines in abundance, biomass, growth-rates and changes in species composition of seagrasses. Lagoon fishing in the seagrass meadows is an important activity for the Lakshadweep islanders depend on lagoon fish catch as a means of subsistence.
  • The Andaman Islands Penal Colony: Race, Class, Criminality, and the British Empire*

    The Andaman Islands Penal Colony: Race, Class, Criminality, and the British Empire*

    IRSH 63 (2018), Special Issue, pp. 25–43 doi:10.1017/S0020859018000202 © 2018 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Andaman Islands Penal Colony: Race, Class, Criminality, and the British Empire* C LARE A NDERSON School of History, Politics and International Relations University of Leicester University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: This article explores the British Empire’s configuration of imprisonment and transportation in the Andaman Islands penal colony. It shows that British governance in the Islands produced new modes of carcerality and coerced migration in which the relocation of convicts, prisoners, and criminal tribes underpinned imperial attempts at political dominance and economic development. The article focuses on the penal transportation of Eurasian convicts, the employment of free Eurasians and Anglo-Indians as convict overseers and administrators, the migration of “volunteer” Indian prisoners from the mainland, the free settlement of Anglo-Indians, and the forced resettlement of the Bhantu “criminal tribe”.It examines the issue from the periphery of British India, thus showing that class, race, and criminality combined to produce penal and social outcomes that were different from those of the imperial mainland. These were related to ideologies of imperial governmentality, including social discipline and penal practice, and the exigencies of political economy. INTRODUCTION Between 1858 and 1939, the British government of India transported around 83,000 Indian and Burmese convicts to the penal colony of the Andamans, an island archipelago situated in the Bay of Bengal (Figure 1).
  • Lakshadweep Action Plan on Climate Change 2012 2012 333333333333333333333333

    Lakshadweep Action Plan on Climate Change 2012 2012 333333333333333333333333

    Lakshadweep Action Plan on Climate Change 2012 2012 333333333333333333333333 LAKSHADWEEP ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE (LAPCC) UNION TERRITORY OF LAKSHADWEEP i SUPPORTED BY UNDP Lakshadweep Action Plan on Climate Change 2012 LAKSHADWEEP ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE (LAPCC) Department of Environment and Forestry Union Territory of Lakshadweep Supported by UNDP ii Lakshadweep Action Plan on Climate Change 2012 Foreword 2012 Climate Change (LAPCC) iii Lakshadweep Action Plan on Lakshadweep Action Plan on Climate Change 2012 Acknowledgements 2012 Climate Change (LAPCC) iv Lakshadweep Action Plan on Lakshadweep Action Plan on Climate Change 2012 CONTENTS FOREWORD .......................................................................................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... IV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. XIII PART A: CLIMATE PROFILE .............................................................................................................. 1 1 LAKSHADWEEP - AN OVERVIEW ............................................................................................. 2 1.1 Development Issues and Priorities .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.2 Baseline Scenario of Lakshadweep ............................................................................................................................
  • 6.02 Tamelander and Hoon 2008

    6.02 Tamelander and Hoon 2008

    The Artisanal Reef Fishery on Agatti Island, Union Territory of Lakshadweep, India J. TAMELANDER 1 & V. HOON 2 1IUCN – The World Conservation Union and Coastal Ocean Research and Development Indian Ocean (CORDIO), Dar es salaam, Tanzania Centre for Action Research on Environment Society and Science (CARESS), Chennai, India 2Centre for action research on Environment Science and Society, Chennai, India e-mail: [email protected] keywords: Artisanal / subsistence fishery, coral reef, participatory fish catch monitoring, fishing gear, gear selectivity, fisheries management ABSTRACT local population as a source of household income and food remains high, and growth in exploitation seems The main features and characteristics of the likely in view of the demographic structure of the subsistence reef fishery in Agatti island, Union island as well as a developing reef fishery for export Territory of Lakshadweep, India, are described based markets. Some recommendations are provided with on information obtained through participatory fish respect to the management challenge this poses. catch monitoring over one and a half years in 2006-7. The overall catch per unit effort (CPUE) recorded was INTRODUCTION 1.66±0.07 kg per person per day (± standard error of the mean), based on data from 3030 fishing events. Agatti island is the westernmost island in the Indian Considerable variation in CPUE was observed in Union Territory (UT) of Lakshadweep, located at 10º particular between gears, but also between landing 51’ N and 72º E (Dept. of Planning and Statistics zones and to some extent time of year. The total 2000). The island has an area of 2.7 km 2, and is annual catch from the reef fishery was estimated at surrounded by 12 km 2 of lagoon and 14.4 km 2 of reef over 56 metric tons, harvested from a lagoon area of flat (Bahuguna and Nayak 1994), lying in a roughly 12 km 2.
  • Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop

    Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop

    Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop February 6-8, 2008 Orlando, Florida Edited by Andrew W. Bruckner Glynnis G. Roberts U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-40 August 2008 This publication should be cited as: Bruckner, A.W. and G. Roberts (editors). 2008. Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-40, Silver Spring, MD 164 pp. Signifi cant support for the development of this document was provided by NOAA Fisheries, Offi ce of Habitat Conservation, and NOAA’s Coral Reef Conservation Program. The views expressed in this document are those of the authors and the participants of the workshop, and do not necessarily refl ect the offi cial views or policies of the U.S. Government, NOAA or DOS. Front Cover Images: (Top) James Cervino – A fi sher uses cyanide to catch marine ornamental fi sh; (Bottom) Stephen Why – Pens used in Micronesia to hold live reef food fi sh. Additional copies of this publication may be requested from: John Foulks National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service Offi ce of Habitat Conservation 1315 East West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910 [email protected] Proceedings of the Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop Edited by Andrew W. Bruckner and Glynnis G. Roberts Offi ce of Habitat Conservation Ecosystem Assessment Division NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service 1315 East-West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-40 August 2008 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos Gutierrez, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Vice Admiral Conrad C.
  • 0 Acknowledgements.Pmd

    0 Acknowledgements.Pmd

    Epidemiological and entomological aspects of an outbreak of chikungunya in Lakshadweep Islands, India, during 2007 R.S. Sharmaa#, M.K. Showkath Alib, G.P.S. Dhillona aNational Vector-Borne Disease Control Programme, Delhi – 110 054, India bNational Institute of Communicable Diseases, Kozhikode, Kerala, India Abstract Since 2006, the Indian state of Kerala has reported outbreaks of chikungunya (CHIK). During July- August 2007, an unusual increase in the incidence of fever was noticed in Kadmat, Amini and Kavaratti Islands in the Union Territory of Lakshwadeep, a group of Indian islands adjacent to the Kerala coast in the Arabian Sea. The populations affected as per the primary health centre (PHC) records of three islands, viz. Kadmat, Amini and Kavaratti, was 85%, 1.4% and 0.15% respectively. Entomological surveys revealed very high larval indices of Aedes albopictus only in the three surveyed islands. Aedes aegypti, the classical vector of dengue, was not detected. The maximum breeding of Ae. albopictus was found in coconut shells (57%), tyres (9%), metal containers (9%) and plastic containers (8%). The breeding was also detected in tree holes and rat-bitten coconuts on top of the trees. The House Index for Ae. albopictus ranged between 95.4% in Kavaratti to 79% in Amini. Kadmat island which was the worst affected, recording the maximum Container Index of 90%, compared with 40% in Amini island. The CHIK outbreak seemed to have been caused by importation of the virus from Kerala, because of heavy movement of the islanders to the mainland. Keywords: Chikungunya; Aedes albopictus; Lakshadweep Islands. Introduction Rajahmundry, Vishakpatnam and Kakinada in 1965.
  • (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, for the Year 2009

    (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, for the Year 2009

    REPORT U/s 21 (4) OF THE SCHEDULED CASTES AND THE SCHEDULED TRIBES (PREVENTION OF ATROCITIES) ACT, 1989, FOR THE YEAR 2009 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF SOCIAL JUSTICE AND EMPOWERMENT CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO. NO. 1 INTRODUCTION 1-4 2 STRUCTURE AND MECHANISM ESTABLISHED FOR 5-9 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SCHEDULED CASTES AND THE SCHEDULED TRIBES (PREVENTION OF ATROCITIES) ACT, 1989. 3 ACTION BY THE POLICE AND THE COURTS IN CASES 10-14 REGISTERED UNDER THE SCHEDULED CASTES AND THE SCHEDULED TRIBES (PREVENTION OF ATROCITIES) ACT, 1989. 4. MEASURES TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 15-19 5. MEASURES TAKEN BY STATE GOVERNMENTS AND UNION 20-87 TERRITORY ADMINISTRATIONS STATE GOVERNMENTS 5.1 ANDHRA PRADESH 20-27 5.2 ARUNACHAL PRADESH 28 5.3 ASSAM 29-30 5.4 BIHAR 31-33 5.5 CHHATTISGARH 35-36 5.6 GOA 37-38 5.7 GUJARAT 39-42 5.8 HARYANA 43-44 5.9. HIMACHAL PRADESH 45-46 5.10 KARNATAKA 47-49 5.11 KERALA 50-51 5.12 MADHYA PRADESH 52-56 5.13 MAHARASHTRA 57-60 5.14 MANIPUR 61 5.15 ODISHA 62-64 5.16 PUNJAB 65-66 5.17 RAJASTHAN 67-69 5.18 SIKKIM 70-71 5.19 TAMIL NADU 72-75 5.20 TRIPURA 76 5.21 UTTAR PRADESH 77-78 5.22 WEST BENGAL 79-80 UNION TERRITORY ADMINISTRATIONS 5.23 ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS 81 5.24 CHANDIGARH 82 5.25 DAMAN & DIU 83 5.26 NATIONAL CAPITAL TERRITORY OF DELHI 84 5.27 LAKSHADWEEP 85 5.28 PUDUCHERRY 86 5.29 OTHER STATE GOVERNMENTS/UNION TERRITORY 87 ADMINISTRATIONS ANNEXURES I EXTRACT OF SECTION 3 OF THE SCHEDULED CASTES AND 88-90 THE SCHEDULED TRIBES (PREVENTION OF ATROCITIES) ACT, 1989.
  • Estimation of Beach Carrying Capacity for Lakshadweep Islands South India

    Estimation of Beach Carrying Capacity for Lakshadweep Islands South India

    SJ IMPACT FACTOR: 2.912 CRDEEP Journals Global Journal of Current Research Vincy M.V et. al., Vol. 5 No. 3 ISSN: 2320-2920 Global Journal of Current Research Vol. 5 No. 3. 2017. Pp. 120-127 ©Copyright by CRDEEP. All Rights Reserved. Full Length Research Paper Estimation of Beach Carrying Capacity for Lakshadweep Islands South India Raheem, P.,1 Vincy M. V.,2* Brilliant R.3 and Jude, E. 3 1Rsearch Scholar, Research & Development centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. 2*Department of Zoology, St. Berchmans College, Changanacherry, Kerala, India. 3Department of Environmental Sciences, St. John’s College, Anchal, Kerala, India. Article history Abstract Received: 11-09-2017 Tourist activity has played an important role in global economic activity, and tourism industry has Revised: 16-09-2017 been the important industry that many countries make effort to develop. Lakshadweep group of islands Accepted: 17-09-2017 are unique for its natural landscape and scenic beauty. It has good tourism potential, which attracts both the domestic and international tourists each year. Increasing tourism pressures put forth negative Corresponding Author: impacts on social-cultural and natural environment of the island. So, better understanding regarding Vincy M. V tourism carrying capacity (TCC) as an environmental management tool is needed to maintain the Department of Zoology, exploitation and conservation ratio of the Island. In the present study estimation of beach carrying St. Berchmans College, capacity being the central objective of this research, has been highlighted in the light of the Changanacherry, Kerala, environmental management and planning of the island. Three main beaches namely Kavaratti, Agatti India.
  • Poisoned Waters

    Poisoned Waters

    POISONED WATERS How Cyanide Fishing and the Aquarium Trade Are Devastating Coral Reefs and Tropical Fish Center for Biological Diversity For the Fishes June 2016 Royal blue tang fish / H. Krisp Executive Summary mollusks, and other invertebrates are killed in the vicinity of the cyanide that’s squirted on the reefs to he release of Disney/Pixar’s Finding Dory stun fish so they can be captured for the pet trade. An is likely to fuel a rapid increase in sales of estimated square meter of corals dies for each fish Ttropical reef fish, including royal blue tangs, captured using cyanide.” the stars of this widely promoted new film. It is also Reef poisoning and destruction are expected to likely to drive a destructive increase in the illegal use become more severe and widespread following of cyanide to catch aquarium fish. Finding Dory. Previous movies such as Finding Nemo The problem is already widespread: A new Center and 101 Dalmatians triggered a demonstrable increase for Biological Diversity analysis finds that, on in consumer purchases of animals featured in those average, 6 million tropical marine fish imported films (orange clownfish and Dalmatians respectively). into the United States each year have been exposed In this report we detail the status of cyanide fishing to cyanide poisoning in places like the Philippines for the saltwater aquarium industry and its existing and Indonesia. An additional 14 million fish likely impacts on fish, coral and other reef inhabitants. We died after being poisoned in order to bring those also provide a series of recommendations, including 6 million fish to market, and even the survivors reiterating a call to the National Marine Fisheries are likely to die early because of their exposure to Service, U.S.
  • The Outlaw Ocean Report

    The Outlaw Ocean Report

    The Outlaw Ocean ii The Outlaw Ocean An Exploration of Policy Solutions to Address Illegal Fishing and Forced Labor in the Seafood Industry RESEARCH TEAMS IUU FISHING AND DATA POLICY Neil Nathan | MS Candidate, Earth Systems Hanna Payne | MA Candidate, Earth Systems Victor Xu | JD Candidate, Stanford Law School (SLS) IUU FISHING AND PORT ENTRY Laura Anderson | MA Candidate, Earth Systems Sadie Cwikiel | MS Candidate, Earth Systems Josheena Naggea | PhD Candidate, Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources FORCED LABOR IN FISHERIES Nahla Achi | MA Candidate, Earth Systems Natasha Batista | MS Candidate, Earth Systems Trudie Grattan | BS Candidate, Human Biology Katelyn Masket | JD Candidate, SLS RESEARCH ASSISTANTS Shalini Iyengar | JSM, Fellow in the Stanford Program in International Legal Studies, SLS Hai Jin Park | JSD Candidate, SLS, PH.D. Minor, Computer Science Xiao Wang | LLM, Stanford Law School TEACHING TEAM Janet Martinez | Senior Lecturer, Director of Gould Negotiation and Mediation Program, SLS Jim Leape | Co-Director, Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions (COS) Annie Brett | André Hoffmann Fellow, COS Kevin Chand | Early Career Law and Policy Fellow, COS; Lecturer, Stanford dschool Eric Hartge | Research Development Manager, COS PROJECT ADVISORS Luciana Herman | Lecturer & Policy Lab Program Director, SLS Proposed Citation: Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions (COS) and the Stanford Law School (SLS). “The Outlaw Ocean: An Exploration of Policy Solutions to Address Illegal Fishing and Forced Labor in the Seafood
  • Before the Madurai Bench of Madras High Court

    Before the Madurai Bench of Madras High Court

    1 BEFORE THE MADURAI BENCH OF MADRAS HIGH COURT DATED : 17.06.2019 CORAM : THE HONOURABLE MR.JUSTICE G.R.SWAMINATHAN WP(MD)No.5253 of 2009 1.P.Ulaganathan 2.U.Jegatheeswaran 3.U.Atheeswaran 4.Yogeswaran 5.M.Sarvapoosanam 6.Thanikkodi 7.V.Nagalingam 8.S.Thanneri 9.M.Nagamuthu 10.S.Jeganathan 11.K.Selvaraj 12.S.Sasikala 13.N.Chandrakumar 14.N.Raja 15.J.Vijayakumar 16.Annamalai 2 17.M.Natarajan 18.N.Suseela 19.J.Thavamani 20.W.Selladurai 21.P.Chithan 22.C.Santhakumar 23.T.Sevanthiselvan 24.S.Kamaleswaran 25.M.P.Kulasekarapandian 26.M.Subramanian 27.V.Selvaraj 28.Mariyappan 29.Manickam 30.R.Krishnasamy 31.D.Kamaldevi 32.Gunaseelan 33.Gopalakrishnan 34.Ramachandran 35.S.Balusamy 36.K.Muniyandi 3 37.R.Subbiah 38.R.Sarojadevi 39.R.Murugaiah 40.K.Rathinam 41.N.Ranjitham 42.M.Muthulingam 43.R.Selvaraj 44.M.Theivanai 45.Kasthuri 46.K.Naguleswaran 47.S.Prabaharan 48.P.Parvathy 49.Kayambu 50.Rengammal 51.Annalatchimi 52.R.Perumal 53.R.Sarasu 54.M.Balasubramanian 55.M.Mugundan 56.K.Muthukrishnan 57.T.Annamalai 4 58.R.Ravindrakumar 59.V.Pamiladevi 60.S.Mayilvaganam 61.M.Manoharan 62.M.Yogarasa 63.Sivakumar 64.Sukumar 65.Ilamaran ... Petitioners Vs. 1.The Government of India, rep.by its Secretary to Government, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, South Block, New Delhi – 1. 2.The Government of India, rep.by its Secretary to the Government, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, North Block, New Delhi – 1.
  • Seaweeds Ancestors of Land Plants with Rich Diversity

    Seaweeds Ancestors of Land Plants with Rich Diversity

    GENERAL ARTICLE Seaweeds Ancestors of Land Plants with Rich Diversity Felix Bast Seaweeds are taxonomically diverse group of marine plants from which the land plants diverged over fifty crore years ago. Traditionally having been classified based on plant color as green, brown and red, modern molecular systematic evi- dences suggest that these plants are extraordinarily diverse. A number of seaweeds are edible and have been projected as a future food source. Seaweeds are also important to humanity Felix Bast is DST- INSPIRE Assistant in a number of ways, including as a source of medicines, food Professor of Biological supplements, industrial chemicals, and as a potential candi- Sciences at Central date for biofuel research and CCS (carbon capture and University of Punjab, sequestration). This article introduces the readers to the Bathinda. His doctoral research was on molecular fascinating world of marine biology in general and seaweeds phylogeography of in particular, with an emphasis on Indian flora. green seaweeds of Japan. He is currently exploring Introduction the coasts of India, discovering endemic The word ‘seaweed’ is a misnomer; it is not a weed at all, but a seaweeds and enjoying plant with a multitude of uses. Etymology suggests that the word spectacular scenes from was in use since 1570s, in times when the world had little rocky intertidal habitats. knowledge of their myriad applications. May be a better alterna- tive is ‘sea-plant’ or ‘sea-vegetable’, but these terms are not quite as popular as theformer. Seaweeds are indeed marinemacroalgae– aquatic non-vascular plants (plants lacking xylem and phloem). Not all algae are seaweeds though; as a rule of thumb, micro- scopic algae (e.g., Euglena, Chlorella, blue-green algae) and freshwater algae are excluded from this group.