POVERTY AND REEFS VOLUME 2 CASE STUDIES IMM Ltd Edited by Emma Whittingham, Jock Campbell and Philip Townsley IMM Ltd Innovation Centre Rennes Drive Exeter University Campus Exeter EX4 4RN IMM Ltd United Kingdom http://www.ex.ac.uk/imm DFID Department for International Development 1 Palace Street London SW1E 5HE United Kingdom http://www.dfid.gov.uk/ IOC/UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO 1 Rue Miollis 75732 Paris Cedex 15 France http://www.ioc.unesco.org Kusi Limitada Rua Padre António Vieira 37 Caixa Postal 2873 Maputo Moçambique http://homepage.mac.com/kusimoz/kusi.html IDPPE Instituto Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Pesca de Pequena Escala Av. Marginal Parcela 141/8 Caixa Postal 2473 Maputo Moçambique SPEECH The Society for People’s Education and Economic Change 2/1060 Manoranjitham Street Ezhil Nagar Madurai 625 014 India http://www.speechtn.org/ ANET The Andaman & Nicobar Islands Environment Team Centre for Island Ecology Post Bag- 1 Junglighat Post Office Port Blair 744 103 Andaman Islands India CARESS The Centre for Action Research on Environment, Science & Society 160 Sivananda Road Gillnagar ext 2 Choolaimedu Chennai 600094 India POVERTY AND REEFS VOLUME 2: CASE STUDIES Edited by Emma Whittingham Jock Campbell Philip Townsley i © 2003 IMM Ltd, Exeter, UK Typeset by Exe Valley Dataset Ltd, Exeter, UK Project Management by Swales & Willis, Exeter, UK Printed in France. Reference number: IOC/UNESCO/INF-1188, Poverty and Reefs, Volume 1: Global Overview, Volume 2: Case Studies. 260pp. Citation: “Whittingham, E., Campbell, J. and Townsley, P. (2003). Poverty and Reefs, DFID–IMM–IOC/UNESCO, 260pp.” Printed and distributed free by: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO 1, Rue Miollis, 75015 Paris, France. Tel: +33 1 45 68 10 10, Fax: +33 1 45 68 58 12 Website: http://ioc.unesco.org, Email: [email protected] DISCLAIMER The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariats of UNESCO and IOC concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or its authorities, or concerning the elimination of the frontiers of any country or territory. This document is an output from a project funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID. COPYRIGHT All rights reserved. This information may be freely used and copied for educational and other non-commercial purposes, provided that any reproduction of data be accompanied by an acknowledgement of IMM as the source (© IMM). This does not apply to the pages and images with explicitly reserved reproduction right: © followed by the source and the year of first circulation. Reproduction of the latter requires prior authorization from the author. ii CONTENTS BACKGROUND . xiii A CASE STUDY FROM MOZAMBIQUE . 73 A CASE STUDY FROM THE GULF OF MANNAR . 113 A CASE STUDY FROM SOUTH ANDAMAN ISLAND . 147 A CASE STUDY FROM LAKSHADWEEP . 187 INDEX . 227 iii Cover photo credits Volume 2 AA AAAFH BCCGH BDEGG II A – Traditional boats and nets, Gulf of Mannar, India, Emma Whittingham, IMM Ltd B – Coconut fencing, Mozambique, James Wilson, Kusi Lda C – The shore line, Mozambique, James Wilson, Kusi Lda D – Fisherwoman, South Andaman Island, James Wilson, Kusi Lda E – Women reef gleaning, Lakshadweep Islands, Vineeta Hoon, CARESS F – Pole and line fishing, Lakshadweep Islands, Vineeta Hoon, CARESS G – Cast net fishing, Gulf of Mannar, India, Emma Whittingham, IMM Ltd H – Sorting the crab catch, Gulf of Mannar, India, Emma Whittingham, IMM Ltd I – Traditional boats, South Andaman Island, James Wilson, Kusi Lda iv CONTENTS TO THE MOZAMBIQUE CASE STUDY FIGURES, TABLES AND BOXES . ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 74 NOMENCLATURE . 75 BACKGROUND TO THE MOZAMBIQUE CASE STUDY . 76 1 STUDY AREA CONTEXT . 77 1.1 Social setting . 77 1.2 Ecological and geophysical setting . 78 1.3 Political and organisational setting . 79 1.4 Economic setting . 79 1.5 External factors controlling livelihood opportunities . 80 2 COMMUNITY CONTEXT . 81 2.1 Maueia . 81 2.2 Darumba . 84 2.3 Messano . 87 2.4 Summary . 90 3 POOR STAKEHOLDERS . 93 3.1 Overview of poverty . 93 3.2 Maueia . 93 3.3 Darumba . 94 3.4 Messano . 94 4 REEF LIVELIHOODS . 95 4.1 Resources . 95 4.2 Direct Influencing factors . 99 4.3 Indirect Influencing factors . 102 5 CHANGE, CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES . 104 5.1 Status of natural resources . 104 5.2 Fisheries . 104 5.3 Conservation . 104 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . 106 7 REFERENCES AND NOTES . 108 ANNEX 1 VARIATIONS TO FIELD METHODOLOGIES . 109 ANNEX 2 DIVERSITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES EXPLOITED FROM REEF AND NEAR-SHORE COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS . 111 v CONTENTS TO THE GULF OF MANNAR CASE STUDY FIGURES, TABLES AND BOXES . ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 114 NOMENCLATURE . ..