& THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY

HISTORY The Dominion of Canada was created in 1867 when the then separate colo­ nies, four in numbery united as "provinces" under one government. Of those which joined later., the far western province of British Columbia made it a condition of entering this confederation (which it did in 1871) that a transcontinental railway would be constructed linking the Pacific Coast with Eastern Canada

Such a railway was begun as a government project, but through various reasons the national government decided to turn it over to private enter­ prise, namely, a syndicate of Canadian, British and American railway buil­ ders and financial men. The Canadian Pacific Railway was incorporated in 1881, and commenced construction the same year;. under a contract to reach the Pacific Coast in ton years.

Construction was begun at many points simultaneously The "last spike" was driven at Craigellachie, in the Rocky Mountains on the 7th November 1885. The first transcontinental train left Montreal 28th June 1886 and arrived at Port Moody near what later became Vancouver, 4th July - five years ahead of the time limit.

MILEAGE The total Canadian Pacific track miles in 1886 was approximately 4,406; by 1950 this mileage had increased to 17,080, plus 3,795 miles owned and con­ trolled in the United States. Canada with a relatively small population of 14 million has about 43,000 miles of railway track. This mileage is exceeded only by the U.S.A., TJ-.S.S.R*, and India and Pakistan combined.

STANDARD When travelling in an easterly or westerly, direction for long distances TIME ' clocks have to be advanced or retarded in order to keep "Sun Time". A standardization of the countless local varieties into zones first suggested by a Canadian Pacific engiiieer Sandford yierning, was adopted In 1883 by all the railways of North America. In Canada there are six zones, each with a one-hour difference, as follows:

Atlantic Time covering the provinces of Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick Eastern Time area from New Brunswick to Fort William, Ont. Central Time ?T tt Fort William to Broadview, Sask Mountain Time ?! It ft. Broadview to Field B.C. Pacific Time ?t ?* Field westward Yukon Time whole of the Yukon Territory

TRACK The gauge is the same as British Railways 4 feet 8~|- inches. The transcon­ tinental line runs from Montreal to Vancouver 2,882 miles. To Saint John on the Atlantic seaboard is .a further 482 miles and to Halifax another 190 miles Leaving Montreal, the route is firstly that of the original explorers - * up the Ottawa River, with its pleasant farm lands, Its ever present lum­ bering industry, its nation's capital. Then a cut across to the denser — Krf —

forests that lie north of Lake Huron and Lake Superior we emerge on the shore of that latter magnificent inland ocean. After Fort William where east meets west there is.a plunge into the forests again until an en­ tirely different type of country begins with the Prairies and we roll across the Red River into Winnipeg. Then there are nine hundred miles across the prairies with their enormous grain crops? or here and there large herds of cattle.

EDCKY Just beyond Calgary the ascent is suddenly rapid. The Rockies have beguni MOUNTAINS He±e are Banff and Lake Louise, the Great Divide (where the track reaches its highest point, 5,337 feet) from which waters flow to the Pacific and Atlantic. The track then drops down into the narrow Kicking Horse Pass and through two remarkable tunnels known as the Spiral tunnels. The track . doubles back and passes under itself twice, forming roughly a figure eight. Before the tunnels were build (1908-9) four locomotives were re- • quired to haul trains over this section. For about 3 miles the gradient was 4.5j£ but the tunnels have reduced the gradient to 2.2$. Prom the east the track enters tunnel No. 1, 3,255 feet in length under Cathedral Mountain, passing under itself and emerging at the lower end 54 feet below. Tunnel No. 2, 2,922 feet long under Mt. Ogden lowers the track a further 45 feet. Two locomotives now handle most of the trains through this sec­ tion.

The 125-mile stretch between Field and Revelstoke is also famous for its magnificent scenery. This section includes the Connaught Tunnel built in 1916, through Mt. Macdonald to avoid the climb over Rogers Pass, lowering the summit attained by the track by 552 feet. The tunnel, 5 miles long, is double tracked, 29 feet wide, 21 ft. 6 ins. high and is equipped with special ventilating machinery.

The track emerges from the•western end of the Connaught tunnel at Glacier which lies at the summit of the Selkirk range., and begins the long descent to the Pacific Coast. 28 miles west of Revelstoke is Craigellachie. where an obelisk alongside the track commemorates the meeting of the rails from the east with those of the west in 1885. From Sicamous the line runs alongside the South Thompson river. At Lytton the Thompson joins the Frazer and they there begin their united course to the sea through the magnificent Fraser Canyon and then on through fruitlands and meadows to the Pacific Coast

PASSENGER The Canadian Pacific's most famous train is the DOMINION from Montreal and TRAINS Toronto to Vancouver daily and vice versa. The journey takes 3ir days.

CLASSES There are two ordinary classes of travel - first and coach. Then also OF there is another divis ion - into day and night travel. If your journey ; TRAVEL .is entirely by day, a coach class ticket would be sufficient, unless you prefer the additional comfort of a Parlour Car. But Canada is a country of such vast distances that a certain amount of overnight travel is e«en- tial, and is in fact a convenience. In that case, if you desire a berth in a sleeping car, the holders of first-class tickets book for the stan- dard sleepers as describe d below. Holders of coach class tickets can ~3~

SLEEPING There are several types of sleeping cars: CARS STANDARD SLEEPER is divided into sections on either side of the corridor each section having an upper and lower berth ranged longways down the car. During the day the upper berths are folded back into the roof of the car:and the lower berths become seats. '

COMPARTMENTS A private room with a lower and upper berth, private toilet and wash basin. In day-time the lower berth provides two seats.

DRAWING ROOMS A larger version of the compartment.

BEDROOM CARS Most like the British sleeper with beds instead of berths.

LOUNGE All important Canadian Pacific trains are well provided with lounge cars* CARS Known generally as TParlor Cars*, they-are available on payment of a supplement to holders of first class tickets, and free to those who have booked in the standard sleeping car. They have large windows, and comfort­ able arm chairs, magazines, a library, and refreshment service. Some have a .sight-seeing platform at the rear.

DINING All important trains have dining cars of cafe cars. CARS

STAFF In-charge of the locomotive is an * engineer* assisted by a !firemanl. In charge of the train is a !conductor1 assisted.by'trainmen*. In charge of the dining car is a Jsteward1 assisted by chefs and waiters. In charge of the sleeping car is a * sleeping car conductor1 assisted by !portersf who make up the beds and look after the linen. The man who carries your bags nt the station is a fRed Cap J, A * Sales Agentl passes up and down the train from time to time selling newspapers, magazines, candies and refresh­ ments. .. ' .'

Platforms are built at track level, not raised as in England, and steps are provided to allow passengers to enter and leave the coaches.

There are over 3*000 stations on the system

LOCO- These are not named as in this country and whilst the train consisting of. MOTIVES coaches, dining cars, sleepers etc., may travel complete across Canada the locomotives are changed five or six times.-

As a matter of interest, Canadian Pacific locomotive 2S50, a 4-6-4 Royal Hudson type, hauled the Royal train the entire 3>060 miles from Quebec to Vancouver when their Majesties, the King and Queen, visited Canada in May 1939.

All locomotives carry a bell, headlamp and whistle. The following are some of the more famous recent types: —4**

Type 4—4—4 4—6—2 4—6— 4 2-10-4 JT.IBTT.KR PACIFIC HUDSON SELKIRK Nos. 2910-29) 1200-71 ) 2800-64 5900-35 3000-4 2200-2717 ) Built 1936-8 1919-45 1928-40 1929-49 Driving Wheels 6' 8" 6' 3" 6» 3" 5' 3" Engine & tender 206 tons 274 tons 290 tons 534 tons Length 81' 2f» 87' 5|" 90' 10" 97' 10i" Tractive effort 26,600 lbs 45,300 lbs 45,300 lbs 77,200 lbs

The majority of Canadian Pacific locomotives are black in colour with letters and number in gold. Some of the Jubilee, Hudson and Selkirk types have polished steel boiler-jackets with tuscan red panels.

DIESEL Since 1943 the company has been operating diesel electric locomotives and LOCO­ these will eventually replace steam. The latest -units are 4*500 b.h.p MOTIVES and weigh \> over 359 tons.

FREIGHT About 7&$ of all freight cars are of the closed box car types. They are considerably larger than those used by the British Railways, over 70% of the box type having a capacity of 40 tons, whilst the remainder are most­ ly 50 tonnerst

In 1951 the Canadian Pacific carried 26,800,000 ton-miles (1 ton hauled 1 mile) and hauled each ton an average of 442 miles. The chief commodities were as follows:

Products of mines 20,700,000 tons Manufactured and miscellaneous products 15,600,000 l! Products of agriculture 14,S00,000 l! Products of forests 7,500,000 « Other commodities * 2,000,000 ,l

FREIGHT The Winnipeg marshalling yards with over 300 miles of track may handle YARDS as many as 7>000 cars a day when the movement of wheat is at its height in the fall of each year.

Further details of the history and development of the Company may be found in * Steel of Empire* by J. M. Gibbon, which can be borrowed from most public libraries.

December 1952 . p CANADIAN PACIFIC AltiLllMJib HISTORY Between 1930 an(^L 1941 the Canadian Pacific acquired several small air services, chiefly in the northern and western areas of Canada,, In 1942 Canadian Pacific Airlines was formed to co-ordinate these services. To­ day the Canadian Pacific operate external as well as internal services. CANADIAN From Vancouver the Canadian Pacific Empresses of the Air cross the Pacific PACIFIC to Sydney/ Australia, 8.,400 miles away via Honolulu., Canton Island and AIR* Fiji* The route between Vancouver and Honolulu will shortly be flown by SERVICES DC 6 B!s and from Honolulu to Sydney by Comets, Another service heads north from Vancouver by the Great Circle route to Tokyo and Hong Kong. with fuelling stops at Anchorage (Alaska) and Shemya in the Aleutians. Prevailing winds make it possible to eliminate the Anchorage stop on the return flight from Shemya to Vancouver,

In Canada, Canadian Pacific air services may be divided into two main divisions* The first over the heavily travelled Inter-cityroutes, Montreal to Quebec., Regina to Moose Jaw, Vancouver to Calgary, for example. The second to the widely scattered mining areas in Alaska,, the North West Ter­ ritories, Yukon, Northern Quebec and Labrador In 1951 the Canadian Pacific Airlines carried more than 1,900,000 pounds of airmail and more than 6,000,000 pounds of freight, consisting chiefly of explosives, drilling equipment, engines, furniture, fresh food, emergency supplies, etc. for the mining camps, returning with furs and precious metals. They also carried more than 187^000 passengers and flew over 8,000,000 miles to do this job.

Canadian Pacific fly closer to the Pole than any other airline. Branching out from Edmonton are the many lines which serve the radium country of Great Bear Lake, the oil fields at Norman Wells, the farming country of the Peace River, and the gold fields of Lake Athabasca, Yellowknife and Great Slave Lake, The route from Edmonton to Aklavik, on the shores of the Arctic Ocean, is 1,540 miles, longest in the domestic service. The new uranium centre of Beaverlodge is now a point of call en route to Yellowknife from Edmonton. From Vancouver C P.A.L. routes fan northward to Queen Charlotte Islands and Prince Rupert on the coast, to Fort St. John, connecting with another route from Edmonton, and on to Whitehorse, Dawson City and Fairbanks. Eastward from Vancouver a route to Calgary serves the Okanagan Valley and Kootenay district of British Columbia

In Saskatchewan, there is a passenger run from Regina to Moose Jaw, Saskatoon, Prince Albert, North Battleford, Lloydminster and Edmonton. Out of Winnipeg C .P.A.L. has a daily service north to Flin Flon, Dauphin and The Pas, and a new service from The Pas to Churchill, Manitoba's sea port on Hudson's Bay, In eastern Canada, Canadian Pacific air services are centred on Montreal. Several trips are made daily between Montreal and Quebec City, and the industrial and resort centres of Lake St.. John, Saguenay and north shore of the St. Lawrence are covered. The route leaving Montreal for the north has been extended recently, and travellers now call at Val d'Or, Rouyn-Noranda, Earlton and thence to Toronto.' . This new route is proving a most Important factor in the development of this rich mining ':•'.-. area. •

ALASKA Alaska and the Aleutian Islands were formally transferred to the U.S.A; on 18th October 186?, from Russia for $7,200,000. It consists of the extreme north west part of North America, including a vast number of islands covering more than 586,000 square miles, roughly one-fifth of the area of the United States, The chief industries are goldmining and salmon fishing. A year round coastal steamship service is operated by the Canadian Pacific from Vancouver to Skagway, which is connected to Whit ehors$\byvthe, White Pass Railway.

N.W. T. The North West Territories consist of the mainland part of Canada north of the 60° parallel of latitude between the Hudson Bay on the east and the Yukon territory on the west, together with the islands lying between the mainland and the North Pole. The territory covers more than one third of the total area of Canada

YUKON Until the Klondyke gold rush the Yukon was part of the N.W.T., but in 1898 it was made a separate judicial district. The chief exports are gold, silver and furs. Air services and the building of the Alaskan highway have greatly assisted the deveLopmoit of this region

MINERALS The economic characteristics of the N.W.T. have changed in two decades. Until 1920, furs were practically the only export. Between 1930 and 1935 radium, gold and silver were discovered. Mining on a commercial basis dates from the discovery by Gilbert La Bine and Charles St. Paul of radium and silver ores on the east side of the Great Bear Lake in 1930. Canada produces 40$ of the world's radium supplies. Gold was discovered in 1935? and is largely mined in the Yellowknife area. A hydro-electric generating station at Prosperous Lake and a petrol re­ fining plant at Norman Wells have been built to supply this area.

Platinum, lead, zinc, chromite, tungsten, nickel, iron ore, sapphires and some semi-precious gems have also been found in this area

LAND AND A branch of the Northern Alberta Railway runs for 300 miles north from WATER Edmonton to Waterway, Alta., from there the Mackenzie River with its TRANSPORT tributaries the Athabasca and.Slave rivers provide, during the summer season, an inland waterway of 1,700 miles, except for one unnavigable stretch of some 16 miles between. Fort Fitz£Jerald, Alta, and Fort Smith, :N,W.T. A dirt road and motorised equipment provide the link between these two points. An all weather highway 355 miles long has been built from Grimshaw, Alta0, to the Great Slave Lake

The absence of railways and roads through most:of the northern territory of Canada, -where surface transport is limited in many sections to boats in summer and dog sleds in winter, has made the airplane the only form of year-round transport available to many parts of Alaska^ Yukon, N.W.T. and Labrador January 1953 I \ CANADIAN PACIFIC STEAMSHIPS

HISTORY The Canadian Pacific first entered the steamship business in 1884 when they purchased the ALBERTA, ALGOMA, and ATHABASCA to operate on the Great Lakes and to assist in the construction of the railway across the continent, which was completed in 1886. These vessels were built in Scotland and had to be cut in sections at Montreal in order to pass through the Welland Canal.

Explorers and traders had searched for a North West passage from Europe to the East for many years without success. In 1886 the Canadian Pacific realised the commercial possibilities of such a route via its transcontin­ ental railway and started a service across the Pacific ocean by chartering the 800-ton barque W. B. FLINT. The first cargo from China was landed at Port Moody, B.C. on the 26th July 1886 and consisted of 17,430 half chests of tea addressed to cities in Canada, the United States and Europe. This was only three weeks after the first train had crossed the continent.

In 1887 the Company chartered three steamers, the ABYSSINIA, BATAVIA and PARTHIA to operate between Vancouver, Yokohama and Hongkong. This service proved so successful that in 1891 the Canadian Pacific had three new steamers built expressly for this service, the EMPRESS OF.CHINA, EMPRESS OF INDIA and EMPRESS OF JAPAN. They became known as the White Empresses of the Pacific, and were famous for their speed and beauty.

In 1903 the Canadian Pacific forged the third link in the North West route to the Orient by purchasing the Beaver Line from the Elder Dempster Company and operating these vessels from the U.K. to Canada thus establishing a Common­ wealth route from Great Britain to Japan and China, via Canada.

While continuing to build new ships from time to time, the Company streng­ thened its position on the Atlantic b^ purchasing the Allan Line in 1916. The Allan Line commenced operating from the Clyde to Canada with sailing ships in 1820.

HOUSE All ships fly the CompanyTs houseflag, the FLAG red and white * chequer-board!. Upper row, white to mast, red and white to fly.

Funnels are buff-coloured, with the houseflag painted on each side. Cargo liners have black hulls and the passenger liners white hulls with a green band.

CARGOES All vessels on the Atlantic service bring large cargoes from Canada consisting of food­ stuffs, (wheat, bacon, eggs and canned goods) timber, paper, asbestos, copper, aluminium.

On the return voyages to Canada they carry mostly manufactured goods, woollens, cottons, machinery, pottery, glassware, automobiles, chemicals, iron and steel (sheets, rods, tubes, wheels, and tinned plates). From Antwerp the chief cargoes consist of textiles, glassware, machinery and Dutch bulbs. t ATLANTIC EMPRESS OF SCOTLAND A twiIn screw geared turbine ship built on the Clyde in PASSENGER 1929 by the Fairfield Shipbuilding Co. 666 feet in length, 87! 9n in breadth. LINERS with a gross tonnage of 26,313 and a speed of 21 knots. She carries 660 passengers*

IMPRESS OF FRANCE Twin -screw geared turbine ship built on the Clyde in 1928 by Jc Brown & Co. 596 feet In length, 75 feet in breadth, with a gross tonnage « of 20,000 and a speed of 18 knots. She carries 700 passengers.

EMPRESS OF AUSTRALIA (ex De Grasse) Twin screw geared turbine built by Cammell Laird of Birkenhead in 1924. 571 feet in length, 71 feet in breadth with a gross tonnage of 20,000. She carries 700'passengers. This vessel itfas purchased from the French Line in February 1953 to replace the EMPRESS OF CANADA lost by fire in Liverpool January 1953•

These passenger liners operate a regular schedule from Liverpool to Quebec and Montreal in summer and from Liverpool to Saint John N.B.,'in winter. They carry first class and tourist passengers and-some cargo.

«. • , •• BEAVERBRAE A diesel-electric single screw vessel;*bi|ilt in 1939 of 9,000 tons, 490 feet long, 60 feet in breadth with a speed of 16 knots* At present engaged as an immigrant ship, taking passengers from Europe to Canada,, Cargo is also carried-, \ • i CARGO BEAVSRLAKE, BEAVERGLEN These single screw turbo-electric vessels built on the LINERS Clyde in 1945 by Lithgows are sister ships. 497 feet in length, 64 feet in •. breadth with a gross tonnage of 10,000 and a speed of 16 knotsc They operate a regular service from London to Montreal In summer and from London to West Saint John N.B. in winter0 Periodical calls are made at Antwerp,,

MAPLECOVE, MAPLEDELL Sister ships of the Beaverlake and Beavergleru Their / names were changed from Beavercove and Beaverdell in September 1952 when they were transferred from the North Atlantic to the Pacific;, They operate from Vancouver to Tacoma, Seattle, Yokohama, Kobe, Manila, Cebu, Hongkong and return

BEAVERBURN, BEAVERFORD These geared turbine'single screw vessels were built at Dundee in 1945 by Galadon-Jhipbuilding Co, as ^Empire8 ships. They are 465 feet In length 64 feet in breadth with a gross tonnage of 10,000 and a speed of 15 knots*

BEAVERL0DGE A geared turbine single screw vessel^ built by the Fumess Ship­ building Co. of Haverton Hill on Tees in 1943 as the Empire Regents She Is 497 feet in length, 64 feet in breadth, with a gross-tonnage of 9,900 and a speed of 15 knots*

In addition to cargo these three ships also carry 12 passengers,, They operate from the U.K. to Montreal in summer and to West Saint John N.B* in winter* •

OTHER The Company also operates steamship services in Canadian coastal waters, on SERVICES the Great Lakes and other inland waters.

February 1953<