LITHOFACIAL ANALYSIS OF KAMLIAL FORMATION KHUSHAL GARH, DISTRICT KOHAT, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHAWA, PAKISTAN
A thesis submitted to Bahria University Islamabad in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of BS in Geology
BY MUMTAZ ALI SHAH ABDUR RASHEED NAJUM IQBAL
DEPARTMENT OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES BAHRIA UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD 2019
ABSTRACT Middle to Late Miocene Kamlial Formationis exposed in the Khushalgarh area of district Kohat. The Kohat area is making the western extension of Himalayan Foreland Fold and thrust belt. The Kamlial Formation in the study area consists of sandstone, clay and interbedded conglomerate. The sandstone is showing greenish, greyish and maroon color. The sandstone beds have variable thickness. The conglomerate and clay beds are present at different intervals. Different Sedimentary structures i.e; ripple marks, clay balls, cross bedding, herring bone and rip up structure were also observed. The different lithofacies of the Kamlial Formations are identified, namely; Channel Conglomerates Facies, Cross-bedded Sandstone Facies, Interbedded Mudstone, Sandstone and Siltstone Facies and Mudstone Facies, these lithofacies and Sedimentary structures suggest the rivervine depositional environment for the Kamlial Formation.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to our supervisor Mr. Mumtaz Ali Khan, Senior Lecturer, E&ES, Bahria University, Islamabad for his endless support and encouragement during this study. We are also thankful to Mr. Mustafa Yar, Head of the Department, Department of Geology, FATA University. We are extremely thankful to him for sharing expertise and valuable guidance from time to time. We are also thankful to Prof. Dr. Tahseenullah Khan, Head of the Department E&ES, Bahria University Islamabad for support.
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CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...... i ACKNOWLEDGMENT...... ii CONTENTS ...... iii FIGURES ...... v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Location and accessibility ...... 1 1.2 Climate and vegetation ...... 2 1.3 General terrain ...... 3 1.4 Objectives ...... 3 1.5 Methodology ...... 3 1.6 Lithofacies...... 3 1.7 Equipments ...... 4 CHAPTER 2 TECTONICS 2.1 Introduction ...... 5 2.1.1 Karakorum Block ...... 5 2.1.2 Main Karakorum Thrust ...... 5 2.1.3 Kohistan Island Arc ...... 6 2.1.4 Main Mantle Thrust ...... 6 2.1.5 Northern Deformed Fold and Thrust Belt ...... 6 2.1.6 Main Boundary Thrust ...... 6 2.1.7 Southern Deformed Fold and Thrust Belt ...... 7 2.1.8 Salt Range and Trans Indus Ranges...... 7 2.1.9 Punjab Fore-deep ...... 7 2.2 Geology of the Study Area ...... 8 CHAPTER 3 STRATIGRAPHY 3.1 General Stratigraphy Of Kohat Plateau ...... 9 3.2 Stratigraphy of the Study Area ...... 11 3.2.1 Kuldana Formation ...... 11 3.2.2 Kohat Formation ...... 12
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3.2.3 Kamlial Formation ...... 12 3.2.4 Murree Formation ...... 12 CHAPTER 4 LITHOFACIES ANALYSIS 4.1 Introduction ...... 14 4.2 Lithofacies of the Kamlial Formation ...... 16 4.2.1 Conglomerate Facie ...... 18 4.2.1.1 Interpretation ...... 18 4.2.2 Cross-bedded Sandstone Facie ...... 19 4.2.2.1 Interpretation ...... 20 4.2.3 Interbedded Mudstone, Sandstone and Siltstone Facies ...... 21 4.2.3.1 Interpretation ...... 21 4.3 Sedimentary structures in Kamlial Formation ...... 22 4.3.1 Ripple Marks ...... 22 4.3.2 Cross bedding...... 24 4.3.3 Spheroidal weathering ...... 24 4.3.4 Differential weathering ...... 25 4.3.5 Rip up structures ...... 27 4.3.6 Pinch and swell structure ...... 28 4.3.7 Herring bone structure ...... 29 4.4 Depositional System of the Kamlial Formation ...... 30 4.5 Lithological log of Kamlial Formation ...... 35 CONCLUSIONS 36 REFERENCES ...... 37
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FIGURES
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Figure 1.1. Tools used in field 2
Figure 2.1. Tectonic map of northern Pakistan 4
Figure2.2 Map of the study area 8
Figure 4.1. Showing seasonal water channel 15
Figure 4.2. Cross bedding in Kamlial Formation 15
Figure 4.3. Showing parallel lamination in Sandstone of Kamlial Formation 16
Figure 4.4. Parallel bedding in Kamlial Formation 16
Figure 4.5. Conglomerate bed between Sandstone beds of Kamlial Formation 17
Figure 4.6. Showing variation in thickness of Conglomerate bed 18
Figure 4.7. Calcite veins in Sandstone of Kamlial Formation 19
Figure 4.8. Showing cluster of calcite in Conglomerate bed 19
Figure 4.9. Cross bedding in Sandston of Kamlial Formation 20
Figure 4.10. Contact of Sandstone with Clay beds of Kamlial Formation 22
Figure 4.11. Ripple marks in massive bed of Sandstone of Kamlial Formation 23
Figure 4.12. Showing Ripple marks in sandstone of Kamlial Formation 23
Figure 4.13. Showing cross bedding in sandstone of Kamlial Formation 24
Figure 4.14. Spheroidal weathering in Sandstone bed of Kamlial Formation 25
Figure 4.15. Showing Differential weathering in sandstone of Kamlial Formation 26
Figure 4.16. Differential weathering in sandstone of Kamlial Formation 26
Figure 4.17. Selective weathering in Sandstone of Kamlial Formation 27
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Figure 4.18. Showing clay ball along with Rip up structure in Sandstone 27
Figure 4.19. Rip up structure in sandstone of Kamlial Formation 28
Figure 4.20. Pinch and swell structure in Sandstone bed of Kamlial Formation 29
Figure 4.21. Showing Herring bone structure in Sandstone of Kamlial Formation 30
Figure 4.22. Contact between Kamlial and Murree Formation 31
Figure 4.23. Movement along fracture 32
Figure 4.24. Showing folding in Sandstone of Kamlial Formation 32
Figure 4.25. Contact between Sandstone and Clay beds of Kamlial Formation 33
Figure 4.26. Showing intense fracture in Sandstone of Kamlial Formation 33
Figure 4.27. Contact between Sandstone and Clay of Kamlial Formation 34
Figure 4.29. Fractures in Sandstone of Kamlial Formation 34
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