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LESSON PLAN 1 Station 37 by Ando Tokitaro Hiroshige Silk tapestry, China c1600 OBJECTIVES • Explain what led to European . Europeans Explore the East • Describe steps in Portugal’s discovery of a route to Asia.

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES • Explain the rivalry between Spain and Portugal and how the pope resolved it. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY European exploration was an • Bartolomeu • Treaty of Advances in sailing technology important step toward the Dias Tordesillas • Identify nations that set up trading enabled Europeans to explore global interaction existing in the • Prince Henry • Dutch East empires in eastern Asia. other parts of the world. world today. • Vasco da India Gama Company FOCUS & MOTIVATE SETTING THE STAGE By the early 1400s, Europeans were ready to venture beyond their borders. As Chapter 17 explained, the Renaissance encouraged, Explain that a spirit of adventure among other things, a new spirit of adventure and curiosity. This spirit of adven- motivated Europeans to cross oceans ture, along with several other important reasons, prompted Europeans to explore and face danger. Ask students what they the world around them. This chapter and the next one describe how these explo- do to satisfy their sense of adventure. rations began a long process that would bring together the peoples of many dif- (Possible Answers: travel to new places, ferent lands and permanently change the world. join in sports, learn new skills) For “God, Glory, and Gold” TAKING NOTES Following Chronological INSTRUCT Europeans had not been completely isolated from the rest of the world before the Order On a time line, 1400s. Beginning around 1100, European crusaders battled Muslims for control note the important events For “God, Glory, and Gold” of the Holy Lands in Southwest Asia. In 1275, the Italian trader Marco Polo in the European reached the court of Kublai Khan in China. For the most part, however, Europeans exploration of the East. had neither the interest nor the ability to explore foreign lands. That changed by Critical Thinking the early 1400s. The desire to grow rich and to spread Christianity, coupled with 1400 • Why were merchants able to sell spices ▼ advances in sailing technology, spurred an age of European exploration. at a high price? (Many people wanted This early 1800 globe depicts Europeans Seek New Trade Routes The desire for new sources of wealth was spices but supplies were limited, which the Europeans’ the main reason for European exploration. Through overseas exploration, mer- view of Europe drove up prices.) and Africa chants and traders hoped ultimately to benefit from what had become a profitable • How did the Muslims unintentionally around 1492. business in Europe: the trade of spices and other luxury goods from Asia. The help the Europeans take over trade people of Europe had been introduced to these items during with eastern Asia? (They didn’t keep the Crusades, the wars fought between Christians and Muslims from 1096 to 1270 (see Chapter 14). After the their sailing technology secret.) Crusades ended, Europeans continued to demand such In-Depth Resources: Unit 4 spices as nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, and pepper, all of • Guided Reading, p. 65 (also in Spanish) which added flavor to the bland foods of Europe. Because demand for these goods was greater than the supply, mer- chants could charge high prices and thus make great profits. TEST-TAKING RESOURCES The Muslims and the Italians controlled the trade Test Generator CD-ROM of goods from East to West. Muslims sold Asian goods to Italian merchants, who controlled trade across the Strategies for Test Preparation land routes of the Mediterranean region. The Italian mer- Test Practice Transparencies, TT68 chants resold the items at increased prices to merchants Online Test Practice An Age of and Isolation 529

SECTION 1 PROGRAM RESOURCES ALL STUDENTS STRUGGLING READERS In-Depth Resources: Unit 4 In-Depth Resources: Unit 4 eEdition CD-ROM • Guided Reading, p. 65 • Guided Reading, p. 65 Voices from the Past Audio CD • History Makers: , p. 79 • Building Vocabulary, p. 68 Power Presentations CD-ROM Formal Assessment • Reteaching Activity, p. 83 World Art and Cultures Transparencies • Section Quiz, p. 300 Reading Study Guide, p. 175 • AT41 The Tower of Belém Reading Study Guide Audio CD ENGLISH LEARNERS classzone.com In-Depth Resources in Spanish GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS • Guided Reading, p. 132 In-Depth Resources: Unit 4 Reading Study Guide (Spanish), p. 175 • Primary Sources: Exploration of , p. 72; Reading Study Guide Audio CD (Spanish) The Treaty of Tordesillas, p. 73 • Science and Technology: A Revolution in Cartography, p. 82 Teacher’s Edition 529 CHAPTER 19 • Section 1 throughout Europe. Other European traders did not like this arrangement. Paying such high prices to the Italians severely cut into their own profits. By the 1400s, European merchants—as well as the new monarchs of England, Spain, Portugal, and France—sought to bypass the Italian merchants. This meant finding a sea route History Makers directly to Asia. The Spread of Christianity The desire to spread Christianity also motivated Europeans to explore. The Crusades had left Europeans with a taste for spices, but Prince Henry more significantly with feelings of hostility between Christians and Muslims. Why do you think Prince Henry never European countries believed that they had a sacred duty not only to continue fight- went on a voyage of exploration himself? ing Muslims, but also to convert non-Christians throughout the world. (Possible Answers: He was the head of Europeans hoped to obtain popular goods directly from the peoples of Asia. state. His skills were in organizing and They also hoped to Christianize them. Bartolomeu Dias, an early Portuguese financing expeditions, not leading them. explorer, explained his motives: “To serve God and His Majesty, to give light to Summarizing those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do.” How might the He did not want to experience the phrase “God, glory, Technology Makes Exploration Possible While “God, glory, and gold” were the hardships of a long voyage.) and gold” summa- primary motives for exploration, advances in technology made the voyages of dis- rize the Europeans’ In 1415, Prince Henry led the invasion of covery possible. During the 1200s, it would have been nearly impossible for a motives for Ceuta in North Africa. One of the prizes European sea captain to cross 3,000 miles of ocean and exploration? from the victory were maps that were return again. The main problem was that European ships A. Possible Answer could not sail against the wind. In the 1400s, shipbuilders European explorers more accurate than any in Europe. Four wanted to spread designed a new vessel, the caravel. The caravel was sturdier years later, Henry established his naviga- Christianity, bring than earlier vessels. In addition, triangular sails adopted tion school at Sagres. It included libraries, fame to themselves from the Arabs allowed it to sail effectively against the wind. and their country, an observatory, and a shipbuilding Europeans also improved their navigational techniques. and become rich. facility. It was there that the first caravel To better determine their location at sea, sailors used the was developed. astrolabe, which the Muslims had perfected. The astrolabe In-Depth Resources: Unit 4 was a brass circle with carefully adjusted rings marked off • Primary Source: Exploration of Cape Verde, in degrees. Using the rings to sight the stars, a sea captain p. 72 could calculate latitude, or how far north or south of the equator the ship was. Explorers were also able to more Prince Henry 1394–1460 accurately track direction by using a magnetic compass, a For his role in promoting Portuguese Chinese invention. Portugal Leads the Way exploration, historians call Prince Henry “the Navigator.” Although he Portugal Leads the Way never went on voyages of discovery, Critical Thinking The leader in developing and applying these sailing innova- Henry was consumed by the quest • Why did Henry found a navigation to find new lands and to spread tions was Portugal. Located on the Atlantic Ocean at the school as a means to gain access to the Christianity. A devout Catholic, he southwest corner of Europe, Portugal was the first riches of East Asia? (Europeans had to wanted “to make increase in the European country to establish trading outposts along the faith of our lord Jesus Christ and learn how to sail great distances to west coast of Africa. Eventually, Portuguese explorers bring to him all the souls that pushed farther east into the Indian Ocean. reach East Asia and its wealth.) should be saved.” Portugal took the lead in • Why did the Portuguese have to explore To that end, Henry used his own The Portuguese Explore Africa fortune to organize more than 14 overseas exploration in part due to strong government sup- the coast of Africa so many times voyages along the western coast port. The nation’s most enthusiastic supporter of exploration before finally sailing around the tip into of Africa, which was previously was Prince Henry, the son of Portugal’s king. Henry’s unexplored by Europeans. As a result, the Indian Ocean? (They didn’t know dreams of overseas exploration began in 1415 when he Henry died in debt. The Portuguese where the tip of Africa was or how far crown spent more than 60 years helped conquer the Muslim city of Ceuta in North Africa. they had to travel to reach it.) paying off his debts. There, he had his first glimpse of the dazzling wealth that lay beyond Europe. In Ceuta, the Portuguese invaders found exotic stores filled with pepper, cinnamon, cloves, and other RESEARCH LINKS For more on Prince Henry, go to classzone.com spices. In addition, they encountered large supplies of gold, silver, and jewels. 530 Chapter 19

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CHAPTER 19 GUIDED READING Europeans Explore the East DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: STRUGGLING READERS Section 1

A. Following Chronological Order As you read about the age of exploration, take notes to answer questions about events listed in the time line. 1400 1. What technological advances made possible the age of exploration? 1419 Prince Henry starts a navigation Understanding Sequence of Events school. 2. What were some immediate and some long-term outcomes of Columbus’ voyage?

1487 Bartolomeu Dias rounds the Class Time 45 minutes and to complete their own time lines. Have them con- southern tip of Africa. 1492 reaches 3. What was the most important result of this the Caribbean. agreement? 1494 Spain and Portugal sign the tinue to add important events to the time line as they Treaty of Tordesillas. Task Creating a time line 1498 Vasco da Gama reaches the port of Calicut on the Indian Ocean. 4. How did Portugal benefit from his voyage? read the section. Tell them to answer the question “Why is 1500 Purpose To help students remember the order of events 1521 Ferdinand Magellan leads a Spanish expedition to the 5. Why did Spain set up trading posts in Asia? it important?” as they add each event to their diagram. Philippines. 1565 Spain begins settlements in Instructions Draw a time line on the chalkboard for the the Philippines. 6. How did the Dutch gain control of much of the When students reach the end of the section, have them Indian Ocean trade? period 1400 to 1800. Ask students to identify the first All rights reserved. 1600 1619 The Dutch establish a trading meet in a group to compare their time lines and discuss center on Java. 7. How did the European battles for Indian Ocean trade affect the peoples of Asia before the nine- teenth century?

event in this section that should be added to the time © McDougal Littell Inc. 1664 France sets ups up its own the significance of each event. Encourage students to add East India Company. B. Drawing Conclusions On the back of this paper, explain the role played by the line. (Prince Henry conquers Ceuta in North Africa.) Dutch East India Company in European exploration. additional dates that they may have missed. For more Add the event to the time line. Then ask, Why was this An Age of Explorations and Isolation 65 ideas and practice, have students use Guided Reading, event important? (It inspired Prince Henry to become In-Depth Resources: Unit 4, p. 65. In-Depth Resources: Unit 4 active in exploration.) Now ask students to work in pairs

530 Chapter 19 CHAPTER 19 • Section 1

The Tools of Exploration Science & Technology Out on the open , winds easily blew ships off course. With only the sun, moon, and stars to guide them, few sailors willingly ventured beyond the sight of land. In order to travel to OBJECTIVE distant places, European inventors and sailors experimented with new tools for navigation and new designs for sailing ships, • Explain technology breakthroughs that often borrowing from other cultures. Here, a French mariner uses an early navigation allowed early sailors to travel long instrument that he has brought ashore to fix his distances across the ocean. ship’s position. It was difficult to make accurate RESEARCH LINKS For more on the tools calculations aboard wave-tossed vessels. of exploration, go to classzone.com INSTRUCT

1 The average caravel was 65 Point out that early sailors never willingly feet long. This versatile ship sailed out of sight of land. However, had triangular sails for following the coast added many miles maneuverability and square sails for power. to a long journey. Have students look at the map on page 534. Ask why 2 The large cargo area could da Gama’s route was more efficient than hold the numerous supplies needed for long voyages. Dias’s route. Then discuss the inventions on this page. Have students tell how each invention helped sailors follow 3 Its shallow draft (depth of the ship’s keel below the water) da Gama’s route. allowed it to explore close to the shore. In-Depth Resources: Unit 4 • Science and Technology: A Revolution in Cartography, p. 82

Interactive This feature is available in an interactive format on the eEdition.

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The Sextant

The sextant replaced the The sextant incorporated a telescope, astrolabe in the mid-1700s as the instrument for measuring 1. Analyzing Motives Why did mirrors, and an arc of a circle calibrated the height of the stars above inventors and sailors develop better in degrees. With this device, a mariner the horizon—to determine tools for navigation? latitude and longitude. See Skillbuilder Handbook, page R16. could read the angle of elevation above This 17th-century the horizon of the moon, the sun, or compass is typical of 2. Summarizing What types of another star. With this information, plus those taken by navigational or other tools do sailors navigators on voyages of use today? Choose one type of tool the exact time of day and published exploration. The andRESEARC write a briefH LINKS explanation of what tables, the ship’s latitude could compass was invented it does.PUBLISHER.COM by the Chinese. be determined. 531 531

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1. Analyzing Motives 2. Summarizing Possible Answer: They wanted to sail into the wind and to cross large Rubric Summaries should bodies of water more efficiently. Often, this meant sailing far out of sight • be clear and concise. of land, so better navigation tools were needed. • list the specific functions of the tool. • explain the benefits of the tool.

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CHAPTER 19 • Section 1 Henry returned to Portugal determined to reach the source of these treasures in the East. The prince also wished to spread the Christian faith. In 1419, Henry founded a navigation school on the southwestern coast of Portugal. Mapmakers, instrument makers, shipbuilders, scientists, Historyin Depth and sea captains gathered there to perfect their trade. Within several years, Portuguese ships began sailing Sailors were often at sea for six months down the western coast of Africa. By the time Henry died in or more. Meat was salted to preserve it. 1460, the Portuguese had established a series of trading Biscuits, also called hardtack, were a hard posts along western Africa’s shores. There, they traded with bread baked to remove all moisture. Africans for such profitable items as gold and ivory. Water went bad in a few weeks, but beer Eventually, they traded for African captives to be used as and wine lasted much longer. Sailors slaves. Having established their presence along the African A Ship’s Rations coast, Portuguese explorers plotted their next move. They received daily rations of each. The captain of a 17th-century sailing would attempt to find a sea route to Asia. vessel, with a crew of 190 sailors, would normally order the following Portuguese Sailors Reach Asia The Portuguese believed food items for a three-month trip: that to reach Asia by sea, they would have to sail around the • 8,000 pounds of salt beef; 2,800 southern tip of Africa. In 1488, Portuguese captain Rubric Successful menus should pounds of salt pork; 600 pounds of Bartolomeu Dias ventured far down the coast of Africa until salt cod; a few beef tongues • include foods typical on warships. • 15,000 brown biscuits; 5,000 white he and his crew reached the tip. As they arrived, a huge • be balanced among different biscuits storm rose and battered the fleet for days. When the storm food groups. • 30 bushels of oatmeal; 40 bushels ended, Dias realized his ships had been blown around the tip of dried peas; 1 1/2 bushels of to the other side. Dias explored the southeast coast of Africa mustard seed and then considered sailing to India. However, his crew was • 1 barrel of salt; 1 barrel of flour exhausted and food supplies were low. As a result, the cap- • 11 small wooden casks of butter; More About . . . 1 large cask of vinegar tain returned home. • 10,500 gallons of beer; 3,500 With the tip of Africa finally rounded, the Portuguese Vasco da Gama gallons of water; 2 large casks continued pushing east. In 1497, Portuguese explorer In July 1497, da Gama sailed from Lisbon of cider Vasco da Gama began exploring the east African coast. In 1498, he reached the port of Calicut, on the southwestern with four ships. Ten months later, he ar- coast of India. Da Gama and his crew were amazed by the rived in Calicut. Da Gama announced that INTERNET ACTIVITY Research food spices, rare silks, and precious gems that filled Calicut’s he came seeking “Christians and spices.” services aboard a modern U.S. warship shops. The Portuguese sailors filled their ships with such He found spices but no Christians. and prepare a menu for a typical meal. Go to classzone.com for your research. spices as pepper and cinnamon and returned to Portugal in Instead, he found an ancient seagoing 1499. Their cargo was worth 60 times the cost of the voy- commerce run mainly by Muslims. age. Da Gama’s remarkable voyage of 27,000 miles had given Portugal a direct sea route to India. In-Depth Resources: Unit 4 • History Maker: Vasco da Gama, p. 79 Spain Also Makes Claims As the Portuguese were establishing trading posts along the west coast of Africa, Spain watched with increasing envy. The Spanish monarchs also desired a direct Spain Also Makes Claims sea route to Asia. In 1492, an Italian sea captain, Christopher Columbus, convinced Spain to Critical Thinking finance a bold plan: finding a route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic • How did Columbus expect to get to Ocean. In October of that year, Columbus reached an island in the Caribbean. He Asia by sailing west? (He believed the was mistaken in his thought that he had reached the East Indies. But his voyage would open the way for European colonization of the Americas—a process that world was round. By sailing west, he would forever change the world. The immediate impact of Columbus’s voyage, would eventually reach Asia.) however, was to increase tensions between Spain and Portugal. • How might Columbus have mistaken The Portuguese believed that Columbus had indeed reached Asia. Portugal sus- the Caribbean for the East Indies? (He pected that Columbus had claimed for Spain lands that Portuguese sailors might didn’t know another continent blocked 532 Chapter 19 the route to Asia.)

CT MCDOUGAL LITTELL Critical Thinking: 80 World History: Patterns of Interaction Charts (Horizontal and Vertical) DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: ENGLISH LEARNERS Chart (Horizontal)

Using Nouns as Adjectives Class Time 25 minutes used without a change in form, as in this example. At Chart (Vertical) Task Identifying and using nouns as adjectives other times, nouns are changed to the possessive form, Purpose To understand the use of nouns as adjectives as in the sentence “Da Gama and his crew were amazed by the spices, . . . that filled Calicut’s shops.” Now refer Instructions Write the following sentence on the chalk- students to the first two paragraphs on this page, and board: “The Portuguese believed that to reach Asia by sea, All rights reserved. have them identify nouns used as adjectives. Use the

they would have to sail around the southern tip of Africa.” © McDougal Littell Inc. horizontal chart on Critical Thinking Transparency CT80 Underline the word sea, and tell students that the word is and record students’ answers in the first column. Have a noun. Then write this sentence on the board: “They students provide sentences using the noun as a noun. would attempt to find a sea route to Asia.” Ask, What part Write their sentences in the second column. Have Critical Thinking Transparencies of speech is sea in this sentence? (adjective) Explain that students work on their own and create a similar chart nouns are sometimes used as adjectives. Often, nouns are for the remainder of the page. 532 Chapter 19 wh10te-041901-0529-0535 9/3/03 4:00 PM Page 533

B. Possible Answer It appeased both have reached first. The rivalry between Spain and Portugal grew more tense. In CHAPTER 19 • Section 1 nations by granting 1493, Pope Alexander VI stepped in to keep peace between the two nations. He them their own ter- suggested an imaginary dividing line, drawn north to south, through the Atlantic ritories to colonize. Ocean. All lands to the west of the line, known as the Line of Demarcation, would be Spain’s. These lands included most of the Americas. All lands to the east of the Analyzing Issues line would belong to Portugal. Trading Empires in the How did the Portugal complained that the line gave too much to Spain. So it was moved far- Indian Ocean Treaty of Tordesillas ther west to include parts of modern-day for the Portuguese. In 1494, Spain ease tensions between Spain and and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, in which they agreed to honor the Critical Thinking Portugal? line. The era of exploration and colonization was about to begin in earnest. • Why were the Portuguese determined to prevent Muslim traders from continu- Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean ing their spice trade? (The Portuguese With da Gama’s voyage, Europeans had finally opened direct sea trade with Asia. would make higher profits if they didn’t They also opened an era of violent conflict in the East. European nations scram- have any competitors.) bled to establish profitable trading outposts along the shores of South and Southeast Asia. And all the while they battled the region’s inhabitants, as well as • How was the Dutch East India each other. Company able to drive out the English Portugal’s Trading Empire In the years following da Gama’s voyage, Portugal and Portuguese? (It had ships, money, built a bustling trading empire throughout the Indian Ocean. As the Portuguese and armies.) moved into the region, they took control of the spice trade from Muslim merchants. • Why didn’t the Europeans have more In 1509, Portugal extended its control over the area when it defeated a Muslim fleet influence on the countries of southeast off the coast of India, a victory made possible by the cannons they had added Asia? (They controlled only port cities, aboard their ships. not inland areas.) Portugal strengthened its hold on the region by building a fort at Hormuz in 1514. It established control of the Straits of Hormuz, connecting the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea, and helped stop Muslim traders from reaching India. In 1510, the Portuguese captured Goa, a port city on India’s west coast. They made it the capital of their trading empire. They then sailed farther east to More About . . . Indonesia, also known as the East Indies. In 1511, a Portuguese fleet attacked the city of Malacca on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. In capturing the town, Afonso de Albuquerque the Portuguese seized control of the Strait of Malacca. Seizing this waterway gave Afonso de Albuquerque was more than them control of the Moluccas. These were islands so rich in spices that they became known as the Spice Islands. just a sea captain. He gained fame as In convincing his crew to attack Malacca, Portuguese sea captain Afonso de “the Portuguese Mars” (Mars was the Albuquerque stressed his country’s intense desire to crush the Muslim-Italian dom- Roman god of war) for his leadership of ination over Asian trade: the armed fleets that took Goa and the Strait of Malacca. Albuquerque also PRIMARY SOURCE served as the viceroy of India, governing Analyzing Primary If we deprive them [Muslims] of this their ancient market there, there Sources does not remain for them a single port in the whole of these parts, the Portuguese holdings there for six What did de where they can carry on their trade in these things. . . . I hold it as very years. He died at sea in 1515 while Albuquerque see as certain that if we take this trade of Malacca away out of their hands, returning to Portugal after the new the outcome of a Cairo and Mecca are entirely ruined, and to Venice will no spiceries . . . Portuguese victory [be] . . . conveyed except that which her merchants go and buy in king had replaced him and ordered at Malacca? Portugal. him home. C. Answer the end AFONSO DE ALBUQUERQUE, from The Commentaries of the to Muslim domina- Great Afonso Dalbuquerque tion of the Indian Ocean trade Portugal did break the old Muslim-Italian domination on trade from the East, much to the delight of European consumers. Portuguese merchants brought back goods from Asia at about one-fifth of what they cost when purchased through the Arabs and Italians. As a result, more Europeans could afford these items.

An Age of Explorations and Isolation 533

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CHAPTER PRIMARY SOURCE The Treaty of Tordesillas 19 In 1493, Pope Alexander VI tried to end the Portuguese and Spanish dispute over DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS land claims. He drew an imaginary dividing line, the Line of Demarcation, from Section 1 north to south through the Atlantic Ocean. Lands west of the line would belong to Spain; lands east of the line would belong to Portugal. King John of Portugal, however, was dissatisfied with this arrangement. To appease him, the line was moved further west, eventually giving Portugal a claim to Brazil. In 1494, Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, which settled the controversy once and for all. What did Portugal and Spain agree to in this portion of the treaty?

. . .Whereas a certain controversy exists said King and Queen of Castile, Aragon, etc.—for between the said lords, their constituents, as to the purpose of discovering and seeking any main- Understanding the Treaty of Tordesillas what lands, of all those discovered in the ocean sea lands or islands, or for the purpose of trade, barter, up to the present day, the date of this treaty, per- or conquest of any kind. But should it come to pass tain to each one of the said parts respectively; that the said ships of the said King and Queen of therefore, for the sake of peace and concord, and Castile . . . on sailing thus on this side of the said for the preservation of the relationship and love of bound, should discover any mainlands or islands in the said King of Portugal for the said King and the region pertaining, as abovesaid, to the said King Class Time 45 minutes Africa and decide where the Line of Demarcation Queen of Castile, Aragon, etc. it being the pleasure of Portugal, such mainlands or islands shall belong of their Highnesses, they . . . covenanted and forever to the said King of Portugal. . . . And if the agreed that a boundary or straight line be deter- said ships of the said King of Portugal discover any mined and drawn north and south from pole to islands or mainlands in the regions of the said King would be drawn. (Explain that a league is approxi- pole, on the said ocean sea, from the Arctic to the and Queen of Castile . . . all such lands shall belong Task Using primary sources and maps Antarctic pole. This boundary or line shall be to and remain forever in the possession of the said drawn straight, as aforesaid at a distant of three King and Queen of Castile. . . . hundred and seventy leagues west of the Cape And by this present agreement, they . . . entreat Verde Islands, being calculated by degrees. . . . And our most Holy Father that his Holiness be pleased mately 3 statute miles.) all lands, both islands and mainlands, found and to confirm and approve this said agreement, accord- Purpose To compare historic treaties with discovered already, or to be found and discovered ing to what is set forth therein; and that he order his hereafter, by the said King of Portugal and by his bulls in regard to it to be issued to the parties . . . vessels on this side of the said line and bound . . . and that he lay his censures upon those who shall in either north or south latitude, on the eastern violate or oppose it at any time whatsoever . . . . • Tell the group to discuss the significance of the treaty side of the said bound . . . shall belong to and from F. G. Davenport, ed., European Treaties bearing on present-day maps remain in the possession of and pertain forever to, the History of the United States and its Dependencies. the said King of Portugal and his successors. And Reprinted in Henry Steele Commager, ed., Documents of all other lands, both islands and mainlands, found American History (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, or to be found hereafter . . . by the said King and 1971), 4. to Spain and Portugal. Was the Line of Demarcation All rights reserved. Queen of Castile, Aragon, etc. and by their vessels, Instructions Have students work in a small group to on the western side of the said bound . . . in either Discussion Questions its north or south latitude, shall belong to . . . the Determining Main Ideas said King and Queen of Castile, Leon, etc. and to their successors. 1. Where was the imaginary Line of Demarcation fairly drawn? drawn? Item: the said representatives promise and affirm . . . that from this date no ships shall be dis- 2. According to the terms of the treaty, what would study the Treaty of Tordesillas and to explain it to © McDougal Littell Inc. patched—namely as follows: the said King and happen if Portuguese ships sailing on the Queen of Castile, Leon, Aragon, etc. for this part Spanish side of the boundary line discovered of the bound . . . which pertains to the said King of land, and vice versa? • Next, have the group explain the Treaty of Tordesillas Portugal . . . nor the said King of Portugal to the 3. Clarifying What purpose did this treaty serve? their class. other side of the said bound which pertains to the • Give students a copy of the primary source, The Treaty to the class. The group should explain the agreement An Age of Explorations and Isolation 73 of Tordesillas, in In-Depth Resources, Unit 4, page 73. and show where the Line of Demarcation would be In-Depth Resources: Unit 4 drawn on a modern map. Have students reach con- • Using a world map or globe, have students clusions about the fairness of the division to Portugal locate the Cape Verde Islands off the coast of west and to Spain. Teacher’s Edition 533 wh10te-041901-0529-0535 8/26/03 3:18 PM Page 534

CHAPTER 19 • Section 1 Europeans in the East, 1487–1700

European territories ENGLAND Dutch NETHERLANDS English EUROPE French History from Visuals FRANCE Portuguese ASIA Spanish PORTUGAL SPAIN Interpreting the Map Azores OTTOMAN Beijing European Lisbon Seville EMPIRE trading posts M JAPAN edite Dutch Melilla rranea Have students trace da Gama’s route on Madeira n Sea Kyoto English Ceuta CHINA Nagasaki Delhi French the map from Lisbon to Calicut. Using Canary Is. Hormuz INDIA FORMOSA Portuguese Tropic of Cancer Guangzhou the distance scale, ask them how far ARABIAN Calcutta (TAIWAN) Spanish Diu Daman St. Louis PENINSULA Macau da Gama traveled. (about 15,000 miles) Bombay P Dias's route AFRICA Arabian H I Goa L Aug. 1487– Feb. 1488 Goree Is. I Cape Sea Madras P Calicut Manila P Da Gama's route Extension Ask students to speculate Verde Is. Gambia I GOLD Pondicherry N Cochin E July 1497–May 1498 COAST SRI S about why so many European nations LANKA MALAYA Fernando Po Columbo Strait of Malacca established trading posts in India. Malacca MOLUCCAS PACIFIC 0° Equator BORNEO (SPICE IS.) (Possible Answers: India had spices Mombasa SUMATRA OCEAN EAST INDIES NEW and other goods for trade; India was Kilwa Batavia JAVA GUINEA INDIAN TIMOR ANGOLA a good central location for the Indian ATLANTIC OCEAN Ocean trade.) OCEAN Mozambique MADAGASCAR Mauritius Tropic of Capricorn Bourbon (Réunion) Ft. Dauphine 0 2,000 Miles

Cape 0 4,000 Kilometers Town Cape of 0 ° 80 ° E Good Hope 40 ° E 160 ° E Interactive This map is available in 120 ° E 40°S an interactive format on the eEdition. GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps 1. Place Why would a fort at Hormuz help the Portuguese to stop trade between the Students can view each route and follow Arabian Peninsula and India? it step by step. 2. Region Where was the Dutch influence the greatest?

SKILLBUILDER Answers In time, Portugal’s success in Asia attracted the attention of other European nations. As early as 1521, a Spanish expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan arrived 1. Place Hormuz is on the strait connect- in the Philippines. Spain claimed the islands and began settling them in 1565. By ing the Persian Gulf and the Arabian the early 1600s, the rest of Europe had begun to descend upon Asia. They wanted Sea. Any ship carrying goods to or to establish their own trade empires in the East. from the gulf would have to pass Other Nations Challenge the Portuguese Beginning around 1600, the English by Hormuz. and Dutch began to challenge Portugal’s dominance over the Indian Ocean trade. 2. Region East Indies The Dutch Republic, also known as the Netherlands, was a small country situated along the North Sea in northwestern Europe. Since the early , Spain had ruled the area. In 1581, the people of the region declared their independence from Spain and established the Dutch Republic. D. Answer The Dutch were a great Tip for Gifted and Talented In a short time, the Netherlands became a leading sea power. By 1600, the Dutch naval power; also, Students owned the largest fleet of ships in the world—20,000 vessels. Pressure from Dutch the Dutch East India The Spice Islands (now named Moluccas) and also English fleets eroded Portuguese control of the Asian region. The Dutch Company was and English then battled one another for dominance of the area. richer and more are a small group of islands in Indonesia Both countries had formed an East India Company to establish and direct trade powerful than that played a major role in the European England’s company. throughout Asia. These companies had the power to mint money, make treaties, and exploration of Asia. Have students learn even raise their own armies. The Dutch East India Company was richer and more about the spices grown there and the powerful than England’s company. As a result, the Dutch eventually drove out the Analyzing Issues colonial rule of the islands. English and established their dominance over the region. How were the Dutch able to domi- Dutch Trade Outposts In 1619, the Dutch established their trading headquarters nate the Indian at Batavia on the island of Java. From there, they expanded west to Ocean trade? 534 Chapter 19

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Understanding the Effect of Competition Class Time 20 minutes and 20 percent of the retail price. (They might find prices for such goods in Task Comparing prices of goods and analyzing the effects newspaper advertisements or department store fliers.) Have students meet Purpose To appreciate the effect of the Portuguese trading empire in a group to compare their charts and discuss the following questions: Instructions Remind students that as a result of Portugal’s success in • How would such a drop in prices affect what you bought? establishing a trading empire in Southeast Asia, the cost to consumers of • How would it affect U.S. companies? Asian goods fell to about a fifth of their former price. Have students make • How would it affect the people of Southeast Asia? a chart listing a variety of consumer goods that come from Southeast Asia • What would be the effects on the economies of countries in today. Examples might include automobiles, televisions, cameras, and com- Southeast Asia? puter games. Students should show the regular retail price of these items

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conquer several nearby islands. In addition, the Dutch CHAPTER 19 • Section 1 seized both the port of Malacca and the valuable Spice Islands from Portugal. Throughout the 1600s, the Netherlands increased its control over the Indian Ocean trade. With so many goods from the East traveling to the Netherlands, the nation’s capital, Amsterdam, became a Connect to Today leading commercial center. By 1700, the Dutch ruled much of Indonesia and had trading posts in several Asian coun- Trading Partners tries. They also controlled the Cape of Good Hope on the Trade with Asia is currently the fastest southern tip of Africa, which was used as a resupply stop. growing segment of U.S. foreign trade. It British and French Traders By 1700 also, Britain and has been growing by an average of 9.7 France had gained a foothold in the region. Having failed to percent per year since 1988. The United win control of the larger area, the English East India Company States is by far the world’s biggest focused much of its energy on establishing outposts in India. Trading Partners There, the English developed a successful business trading exporter of goods. In 2001, the United Global trade is important to the States exported $731 billion in goods. Indian cloth in Europe. In 1664, France also entered the Asia economies of Asian countries now trade with its own East India Company. It struggled at first, as just as it was when the region first However, Asian economies are expand- E. Answer It did not it faced continual attacks by the Dutch. Eventually, the French began to export spices, silks, and ing. In 2001, Japan exported $403 greatly affect them, company established an outpost in India in the 1720s. gems centuries ago. Today, a variety billion in goods, China, $266 billion, for European influ- However, it never showed much of a profit. of products, including automobiles and electronic goods, as well as tea and six other leading East Asian ence did not spread As the Europeans battled for a share of the profitable and textiles, are shipped around the countries exported a combined $568 much beyond port Indian Ocean trade, their influence inland in Southeast Asia cities of the East. world. (Hong Kong harbor is billion in goods. remained limited. European traders did take control of pictured.) many port cities in the region. But their impact rarely spread Regional trade organizations help Recognizing beyond the ports. From 1500 to about 1800, when to strengthen economic cooperation Effects Europeans began to conquer much of the region, the peo- among Asian nations and promote How did the international trade. They include the arrival of Europeans ples of Asia remained largely unaffected by European con- Association of Southeast Asian affect the peoples tact. As the next two sections explain, European traders who Nations (ASEAN) and the South Asian of the East in sailed farther east to seek riches in China and Japan had Association of Regional Co-operation general? even less success in spreading Western culture. (SAARC).

SECTION1 ASSESSMENT ASSESS TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. SECTION 1 ASSESSMENT • Bartolomeu Dias • Prince Henry • Vasco da Gama • Treaty of Tordesillas • Dutch East India Company Instruct students to work in pairs to USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING answer the questions. Have them 2. Which event in the European 3. What role did the Renaissance 6. MAKING INFERENCES What did the Treaty of Tordesillas find details in the text to support exploration of the East is the play in launching an age of reveal about Europeans’ attitudes toward non-European most significant? Explain with exploration? lands and peoples? their answers. references from the text. 4. What was Prince Henry’s goal 7. ANALYZING MOTIVES What were the motives behind Formal Assessment and who actually achieved it? European exploration in the 1400s? Explain. 5. What European countries were 8. RECOGNIZING EFFECTS In what ways did Europeans owe • Section Quiz, p. 300 1400 competing for Asian trade some of their sailing technology to other peoples? during the age of exploration? 9. WRITING ACTIVITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Review “The 1800 Tools of Exploration” on page 531. Write a one-paragraph RETEACH opinion piece on which technological advancement was Use the Reteaching Activity for Section 1 the most important for European exploration. to review the main ideas of the section.

CONNECT TO TODAY WRITING A DESCRIPTION In-Depth Resources: Unit 4 Research the Global Positioning System (GPS). Then write a brief description of • Reteaching Activity, p. 83 this modern navigation system.

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ANSWERS

1. Bartolomeu Dias, p. 530 • Prince Henry, p. 530 • Vasco da Gama, p. 532 • Treaty of Tordesillas, p. 533 • Dutch East India Company, p. 534 2. Sample Answer: 1419—Prince Henry founds 6. Europeans believed that non-European lands of exploration. navigation school; 1487—Dias sails around tip and peoples were fair game for conquest • clearly state the reasons for the of Africa; 1498—Da Gama reaches Calicut; and exploitation. technological advancement chosen. 1511—Portuguese gain control of Strait of 7. Possible Answer: Europeans wanted to • present supporting data for the selection. Malacca. Possible Answer: navigation school explore new lands to increase their wealth CONNECT TO TODAY because it made explorations possible and to spread the Christian faith. Rubric Descriptions should 3. The Renaissance encouraged a new spirit of 8. Possible Answer: Europeans adopted some • show evidence of adequate research. adventure and curiosity. technology from other peoples: triangular • demonstrate an understanding of the GPS. 4. Prince Henry wanted to explore new lands, sails of the Arabs, magnetic compass of the • present the information in a logical and find treasures, and spread the Christian faith; Chinese, and astrolabe of the Muslims. concise manner. Vasco da Gama. 9. Rubric Opinion pieces should 5. Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, • show an understanding of the connection England, France between sailing technology and voyages Teacher’s Edition 535