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LESSON PLAN 1 Station 37 by Ando Tokitaro Hiroshige Silk tapestry, China c1600 OBJECTIVES • Explain what led to European exploration. Europeans Explore the East • Describe steps in Portugal’s discovery of a sea route to Asia.
MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES • Explain the rivalry between Spain and Portugal and how the pope resolved it. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY European exploration was an • Bartolomeu • Treaty of Advances in sailing technology important step toward the Dias Tordesillas • Identify nations that set up trading enabled Europeans to explore global interaction existing in the • Prince Henry • Dutch East empires in eastern Asia. other parts of the world. world today. • Vasco da India Gama Company FOCUS & MOTIVATE SETTING THE STAGE By the early 1400s, Europeans were ready to venture beyond their borders. As Chapter 17 explained, the Renaissance encouraged, Explain that a spirit of adventure among other things, a new spirit of adventure and curiosity. This spirit of adven- motivated Europeans to cross oceans ture, along with several other important reasons, prompted Europeans to explore and face danger. Ask students what they the world around them. This chapter and the next one describe how these explo- do to satisfy their sense of adventure. rations began a long process that would bring together the peoples of many dif- (Possible Answers: travel to new places, ferent lands and permanently change the world. join in sports, learn new skills) For “God, Glory, and Gold” TAKING NOTES Following Chronological INSTRUCT Europeans had not been completely isolated from the rest of the world before the Order On a time line, 1400s. Beginning around 1100, European crusaders battled Muslims for control note the important events For “God, Glory, and Gold” of the Holy Lands in Southwest Asia. In 1275, the Italian trader Marco Polo in the European reached the court of Kublai Khan in China. For the most part, however, Europeans exploration of the East. had neither the interest nor the ability to explore foreign lands. That changed by Critical Thinking the early 1400s. The desire to grow rich and to spread Christianity, coupled with 1400 • Why were merchants able to sell spices ▼ advances in sailing technology, spurred an age of European exploration. at a high price? (Many people wanted This early 1800 globe depicts Europeans Seek New Trade Routes The desire for new sources of wealth was spices but supplies were limited, which the Europeans’ the main reason for European exploration. Through overseas exploration, mer- view of Europe drove up prices.) and Africa chants and traders hoped ultimately to benefit from what had become a profitable • How did the Muslims unintentionally around 1492. business in Europe: the trade of spices and other luxury goods from Asia. The help the Europeans take over trade people of Europe had been introduced to these items during with eastern Asia? (They didn’t keep the Crusades, the wars fought between Christians and Muslims from 1096 to 1270 (see Chapter 14). After the their sailing technology secret.) Crusades ended, Europeans continued to demand such In-Depth Resources: Unit 4 spices as nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, and pepper, all of • Guided Reading, p. 65 (also in Spanish) which added flavor to the bland foods of Europe. Because demand for these goods was greater than the supply, mer- chants could charge high prices and thus make great profits. TEST-TAKING RESOURCES The Muslims and the Italians controlled the trade Test Generator CD-ROM of goods from East to West. Muslims sold Asian goods to Italian merchants, who controlled trade across the Strategies for Test Preparation land routes of the Mediterranean region. The Italian mer- Test Practice Transparencies, TT68 chants resold the items at increased prices to merchants Online Test Practice An Age of Explorations and Isolation 529
SECTION 1 PROGRAM RESOURCES ALL STUDENTS STRUGGLING READERS In-Depth Resources: Unit 4 In-Depth Resources: Unit 4 eEdition CD-ROM • Guided Reading, p. 65 • Guided Reading, p. 65 Voices from the Past Audio CD • History Makers: Vasco da Gama, p. 79 • Building Vocabulary, p. 68 Power Presentations CD-ROM Formal Assessment • Reteaching Activity, p. 83 World Art and Cultures Transparencies • Section Quiz, p. 300 Reading Study Guide, p. 175 • AT41 The Tower of Belém Reading Study Guide Audio CD ENGLISH LEARNERS classzone.com In-Depth Resources in Spanish GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS • Guided Reading, p. 132 In-Depth Resources: Unit 4 Reading Study Guide (Spanish), p. 175 • Primary Sources: Exploration of Cape Verde, p. 72; Reading Study Guide Audio CD (Spanish) The Treaty of Tordesillas, p. 73 • Science and Technology: A Revolution in Cartography, p. 82 Teacher’s Edition 529 CHAPTER 19 • Section 1 throughout Europe. Other European traders did not like this arrangement. Paying such high prices to the Italians severely cut into their own profits. By the 1400s, European merchants—as well as the new monarchs of England, Spain, Portugal, and France—sought to bypass the Italian merchants. This meant finding a sea route History Makers directly to Asia. The Spread of Christianity The desire to spread Christianity also motivated Europeans to explore. The Crusades had left Europeans with a taste for spices, but Prince Henry more significantly with feelings of hostility between Christians and Muslims. Why do you think Prince Henry never European countries believed that they had a sacred duty not only to continue fight- went on a voyage of exploration himself? ing Muslims, but also to convert non-Christians throughout the world. (Possible Answers: He was the head of Europeans hoped to obtain popular goods directly from the peoples of Asia. state. His skills were in organizing and They also hoped to Christianize them. Bartolomeu Dias, an early Portuguese financing expeditions, not leading them. explorer, explained his motives: “To serve God and His Majesty, to give light to Summarizing those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do.” How might the He did not want to experience the phrase “God, glory, Technology Makes Exploration Possible While “God, glory, and gold” were the hardships of a long voyage.) and gold” summa- primary motives for exploration, advances in technology made the voyages of dis- rize the Europeans’ In 1415, Prince Henry led the invasion of covery possible. During the 1200s, it would have been nearly impossible for a motives for Ceuta in North Africa. One of the prizes European sea captain to cross 3,000 miles of ocean and exploration? from the victory were maps that were return again. The main problem was that European ships A. Possible Answer could not sail against the wind. In the 1400s, shipbuilders European explorers more accurate than any in Europe. Four wanted to spread designed a new vessel, the caravel. The caravel was sturdier years later, Henry established his naviga- Christianity, bring than earlier vessels. In addition, triangular sails adopted tion school at Sagres. It included libraries, fame to themselves from the Arabs allowed it to sail effectively against the wind. and their country, an observatory, and a shipbuilding Europeans also improved their navigational techniques. and become rich. facility. It was there that the first caravel To better determine their location at sea, sailors used the was developed. astrolabe, which the Muslims had perfected. The astrolabe In-Depth Resources: Unit 4 was a brass circle with carefully adjusted rings marked off • Primary Source: Exploration of Cape Verde, in degrees. Using the rings to sight the stars, a sea captain p. 72 could calculate latitude, or how far north or south of the equator the ship was. Explorers were also able to more Prince Henry 1394–1460 accurately track direction by using a magnetic compass, a For his role in promoting Portuguese Chinese invention. Portugal Leads the Way exploration, historians call Prince Henry “the Navigator.” Although he Portugal Leads the Way never went on voyages of discovery, Critical Thinking The leader in developing and applying these sailing innova- Henry was consumed by the quest • Why did Henry found a navigation to find new lands and to spread tions was Portugal. Located on the Atlantic Ocean at the school as a means to gain access to the Christianity. A devout Catholic, he southwest corner of Europe, Portugal was the first riches of East Asia? (Europeans had to wanted “to make increase in the European country to establish trading outposts along the faith of our lord Jesus Christ and learn how to sail great distances to west coast of Africa. Eventually, Portuguese explorers bring to him all the souls that pushed farther east into the Indian Ocean. reach East Asia and its wealth.) should be saved.” Portugal took the lead in • Why did the Portuguese have to explore To that end, Henry used his own The Portuguese Explore Africa fortune to organize more than 14 overseas exploration in part due to strong government sup- the coast of Africa so many times voyages along the western coast port. The nation’s most enthusiastic supporter of exploration before finally sailing around the tip into of Africa, which was previously was Prince Henry, the son of Portugal’s king. Henry’s unexplored by Europeans. As a result, the Indian Ocean? (They didn’t know dreams of overseas exploration began in 1415 when he Henry died in debt. The Portuguese where the tip of Africa was or how far crown spent more than 60 years helped conquer the Muslim city of Ceuta in North Africa. they had to travel to reach it.) paying off his debts. There, he had his first glimpse of the dazzling wealth that lay beyond Europe. In Ceuta, the Portuguese invaders found exotic stores filled with pepper, cinnamon, cloves, and other RESEARCH LINKS For more on Prince Henry, go to classzone.com spices. In addition, they encountered large supplies of gold, silver, and jewels. 530 Chapter 19
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CHAPTER 19 GUIDED READING Europeans Explore the East DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: STRUGGLING READERS Section 1
A. Following Chronological Order As you read about the age of exploration, take notes to answer questions about events listed in the time line. 1400 1. What technological advances made possible the age of exploration? 1419 Prince Henry starts a navigation Understanding Sequence of Events school. 2. What were some immediate and some long-term outcomes of Columbus’ voyage?
1487 Bartolomeu Dias rounds the Class Time 45 minutes and to complete their own time lines. Have them con- southern tip of Africa. 1492 Christopher Columbus reaches 3. What was the most important result of this the Caribbean. agreement? 1494 Spain and Portugal sign the tinue to add important events to the time line as they Treaty of Tordesillas. Task Creating a time line 1498 Vasco da Gama reaches the port of Calicut on the Indian Ocean. 4. How did Portugal benefit from his voyage? read the section. Tell them to answer the question “Why is 1500 Purpose To help students remember the order of events 1521 Ferdinand Magellan leads a Spanish expedition to the 5. Why did Spain set up trading posts in Asia? it important?” as they add each event to their diagram. Philippines. 1565 Spain begins settlements in Instructions Draw a time line on the chalkboard for the the Philippines. 6. How did the Dutch gain control of much of the When students reach the end of the section, have them Indian Ocean trade? period 1400 to 1800. Ask students to identify the first All rights reserved. 1600 1619 The Dutch establish a trading meet in a group to compare their time lines and discuss center on Java. 7. How did the European battles for Indian Ocean trade affect the peoples of Asia before the nine- teenth century?
event in this section that should be added to the time © McDougal Littell Inc. 1664 France sets ups up its own the significance of each event. Encourage students to add East India Company. B. Drawing Conclusions On the back of this paper, explain the role played by the line. (Prince Henry conquers Ceuta in North Africa.) Dutch East India Company in European exploration. additional dates that they may have missed. For more Add the event to the time line. Then ask, Why was this An Age of Explorations and Isolation 65 ideas and practice, have students use Guided Reading, event important? (It inspired Prince Henry to become In-Depth Resources: Unit 4, p. 65. In-Depth Resources: Unit 4 active in exploration.) Now ask students to work in pairs
530 Chapter 19 CHAPTER 19 • Section 1
The Tools of Exploration Science & Technology Out on the open seas, winds easily blew ships off course. With only the sun, moon, and stars to guide them, few sailors willingly ventured beyond the sight of land. In order to travel to OBJECTIVE distant places, European inventors and sailors experimented with new tools for navigation and new designs for sailing ships, • Explain technology breakthroughs that often borrowing from other cultures. Here, a French mariner uses an early navigation allowed early sailors to travel long instrument that he has brought ashore to fix his distances across the ocean. ship’s position. It was difficult to make accurate RESEARCH LINKS For more on the tools calculations aboard wave-tossed vessels. of exploration, go to classzone.com INSTRUCT
1 The average caravel was 65 Point out that early sailors never willingly feet long. This versatile ship sailed out of sight of land. However, had triangular sails for following the coast added many miles maneuverability and square sails for power. to a long journey. Have students look at the map on page 534. Ask why 2 The large cargo area could da Gama’s route was more efficient than hold the numerous supplies needed for long voyages. Dias’s route. Then discuss the inventions on this page. Have students tell how each invention helped sailors follow 3 Its shallow draft (depth of the ship’s keel below the water) da Gama’s route. allowed it to explore close to the shore. In-Depth Resources: Unit 4 • Science and Technology: A Revolution in Cartography, p. 82
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