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Impact Factor: 0.3397/ICV: 4.10 ISSN: 0976-7908 19 ALSTONIA Impact factor: 0.3397/ICV: 4.10 ISSN: 0976-7908 19 Pharma Science Monitor 11(1), Jan-Mar 2020 PHARMA SCIENCE MONITOR AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES Journal home page: http://www.pharmasm.com ALSTONIA SCHOLARIS: A POTENT ASIAN MEDICINAL PLANT (A COMPREHENSIVE PHYTOPHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW) Mittal Rudani, Yogesh Chhotala, Rakesh Prajapati*, Girish Sailor, Vineet Jain Department of Pharmacognosy, Bhagwan Mahavir College of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Surat, Gujarat, 395017, India. ABSTRACT Alsotnia scholaris (Family: Apocynaceae/ Araceae) (AS) is an annual herbaceous plant with a long history of traditional medicinal uses in many countries in the world, especially in the tropical and subtropical regions. Since, there are few articles on this plant, the present review is undertaken to summarize available data and compile all the updated information on its phytochemical and pharmacological activities. The herb has been known since ancient times for its curative properties and has been utilized for treatment of various ailments, treatment such as cancer, malaria, asthma, asthma, diarrhea, and skin problems. A wide range of chemical compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and tannins have been isolated from the plant. Extracts from this plant have been found to possess various pharmacological activities. This contribution provides a comprehensive review of its ethnomedical uses, chemical constituents and the pharmacological profile as a medicinal plant. Particular attention has been given to analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti- asthmatic, anxiolytic, antibacterial and other effects presented in this review such that the potential use of this plant in pharmaceutics can be evaluated. KEYWORDS: Traditional medicine, Alstonia scholaris, Araceae, Pharmacological activities, Ethno medical uses. INTRODUCTION Herbal medicines are being used by nearly about 80% of the world population, primarily in developing countries for primary health care [1]. Assessing the current status of health care system in adequacies of synthetic drugs are likely to be more glaring in the coming years. It has been reported that there has been an alarming increase in number of diseases and disorders caused by synthetic drugs prompting a switch over to traditional herbal medicine [2]. India has over 1,08,276 species of bacteria, fungi, animals and plants already identified and described [3]. Out of these about 84% species constitutes fungi (21.2%), flowering plants (13.9%) and insects (49.3%) [4]. It is a well-known fact that Traditional Systems of medicines always played important role in meeting the global health care needs. They are continuing to do so at present and shall play major role in future also. The system of medicines which are considered to be Indian in Rakesh et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 11(1), Jan-Mar 2020, 19-39 Impact factor: 0.3397/ICV: 4.10 ISSN: 0976-7908 20 origin or the systems of medicine, which have come to India from outside and got assimilated in to Indian culture are known as Indian Systems of Medicine. India has the unique distinction of having six recognized systems of medicine in this category. They are Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Yoga, naturopathy and homoeopathy [5]. Among them, Ayurveda is being practiced for thousands of years. Considerable research on pharmacognosy, chemistry, pharmacology, and clinical therapeutics has been carried out on Ayurvedic medicinal plants. Natural products, including plants, animals, and minerals have been the basis of treatment of human diseases. The current accepted modern medicine or allopathy has gradually developed over the years by scientific and observational efforts of scientists. However, the basis of its development remains rooted in traditional medicine and therapies [6]. Plants have played a significant role in maintaining human health and improving quality of human life for thousands of years and have served humans well as valuable components of medicines, seasoning, beverages, cosmetic and dyes. Herbal medicine is based on the premise that plants contain natural substances that can promote health and alleviate illness in recent times, focus on plant research has increased all over the world and large body of evidence has collected to show immense potential of medicinal plants used in various traditional system. There are many herbs which are predominantly used to treat cardiovascular problems, liver diseases, CNS disorders, digestive and metabolic disorders. Given their potential to produce significant therapeutic effect they can be useful as drug or supplement in the treatment/management of various diseases. Herbal drugs or medicinal plants, their extract and their isolated compounds have demonstrated spectrum of biological activities. Ethno pharmacological studies on such herbs or medicinally imported plants continue to interest investigators throughout the world [7]. Selection of scientific and systematic approach for the biological evaluation of plant products based on their use in the traditional systems of medicine forms the basis for an ideal approach in the development of new drugs from plants. One such plant is Alstonia scholaris, commonly known as Indian devil tree (Eng.) and kutaj kul (Sans.). It is a tall and perennial herbaceous plant growing throughout India. PLANT PROFILE Alstonia scholaris (Linn) R.B.r. (Fig. 1) belongs to family Apocynaceae. The Apocynaceae family is a family of flowering plants, which includes trees, shrubs, herbs, and lianas. The family, as currently recognized, pharmacological activities includes some 1500 species divided Rakesh et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 11(1), Jan-Mar 2020, 19-39 Impact factor: 0.3397/ICV: 4.10 ISSN: 0976-7908 21 in about 424 genera. Many species are tall trees found in tropical rainforests, and most are from the tropics and subtropics, but some grow in tropical dry, xeric environments [7, 8]. Synonyms [9] Latin: Echites scholaris L. Mant. and Pala scholaris L. Robert Eng.: Blackboard tree, Indian devil tree, white cheesewood Hindi: Chattiyan Saittan kajat Gujarati: Saptaparni Malayalam: Yaksippala Tamil: Elilappalai Geographical Source It is an evergreen, tropical tree native found in to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Fig.1. Whole plant of Alstonia scholaris It is also found in Nepal, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and Philippines [9]. Taxonomical classification [10] Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Gentianales Family: Apocynaceae Genus: Alstonia Species: scholaris Properties and actions of the plant mentioned in Ayurveda [11] Gunna (properties): laghu (small) and snigdha (slimy) Rasa (taste) : tickt (bitter) and kashya (astringent) Virya (potency) : ushna (hot) Vipaka : katu Karma : vishamjvaraghna Rakesh et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 11(1), Jan-Mar 2020, 19-39 Impact factor: 0.3397/ICV: 4.10 ISSN: 0976-7908 22 Botanical description Parts used: Bark, leaves and milky exudates [12]. Morphological description [13] Alstonia scholaris is a large evergreen tree up to 30 m in height with a straight often fluted and buttressed bole, about 110 cm in diameter. Leaves: The upper sides of the leaves are glossy, while the underside is grayish. Leaves occur in whorls of 3-10; the leathery leaves are narrowly obovate to very narrowly spathulate, lateral veins occur in 25-50 pairs. Base is tapering. Flower: Small greenish white numerous in umbellate panicles. Calyx 2.5-3 mm long pubescent, corolla tube is almost 8 mm long villous inside the mouth with a ring of hairs. Fruits: Very strongly scanted fruits follicles of 30-60 cm long. Seeds: 6 mm long, linear-oblong, flattened, rounded and with a fringe of hairs at both ends, the hairs longer than the seeds. Bark: Grayish brown, branchlets are copiously lenticellate rough, lenticellate abounding in bitter. It is also called as ‘dita bark’. Traditional uses The plant is used as a tonic, antiperiodic, anthelmintic, stimulant, carminative, stomachic and expectorant. It is a valuable remedy in chronic diarrhea and advanced stage of dysentery. The leaves roasted and pulverized and made into poutices, act as a use full local stimulant to unhealthy ulcers with four discharges. The juice of leaves with that of fresh ginger root or zedoary is administered to women after confinement. In the Konkan the bark is given in leprosy, an extract being prepared from the fresh bark and given in milk. The bark of AS in combination with other drug is prescribed for the snake bite (Sushruta, Yogaratnakara) and scorpion sting (Sushruta). The bark of the plant is traditionally used by many ethnic groups of North East India and other parts of the world as a source cure against bacterial infection, malarial fever, toothache, rheumatism, snakebite, dysentery, bowl disorder, etc. Also, the latex is used in treating coughs, sores and fever [13, 14]. PHYTOCHEMISTRY Alstonia scholaris contains alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and tannins as a major class of phytocomponents [9] PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS Mistry D et al, (2016) performed phytochemical investigations of entire plant of Alstonia scholaris and compared qualitatively and quantitatively phytochemical constituents present in Rakesh et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 11(1), Jan-Mar 2020, 19-39 Impact factor: 0.3397/ICV: 4.10 ISSN: 0976-7908 23 bark, stem and leaves of the plant. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of
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