Disney and the Domestication of Nature William Patrick Hightower
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Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2004 Disney and the Domestication of Nature William Patrick Hightower Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES DISNEY AND THE DOMESTICATION OF NATURE By WILLIAM PATRICK HIGHTOWER A Thesis submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2004 The members of the Committee approve the Thesis of William Patrick Hightower defended on November 1, 2004. ______________________ Frederick Davis Professor Directing Thesis ______________________ Robertson Herrera Committee Member ______________________ Neil Jumonville Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii To my parents for their love and support iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people that have helped me in this process, and are due more than can be expressed here. First and foremost, I must thank Fritz Davis who has always supported me in my work and given guidance and advice all along the process. Second, I must thank the Florida State University History Department staff. Debbie Perry, Chris Pignatiello and India Van Brunt all deserve special mention for their helping me move through the details of the process. I want to thank Travis Ritt for his friendship and editing services. Victoria Penziner was an endless source of motivation and support. I must thank my family especially; my parents for their constant love and support, and for instilling within me the importance of education. I would also like to thank my brother for inspiring me to continue my line of study. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .......................................................................................... Page vii 1. Introduction .................................................................................... Page 1 Thuroughly Modern Mickey ............................................................ Page 2 GIS and History.............................................................................. Page 4 GIS Methedology ........................................................................... Page 6 A Note on Names........................................................................... Page 7 Academia and Pop Culture ............................................................ Page 7 2. Social Construction of Nature............................................................ Page 8 Nature as Construct ....................................................................... Page 9 Disney the Company...................................................................... Page 12 Disney Media ................................................................................. Page 13 On Disney Property........................................................................ Page 14 3. Literature Review .............................................................................. Page 16 Biographies .................................................................................... Page 17 Disney as Theme Park................................................................... Page 18 Disney the Business....................................................................... Page 19 Disney as Art.................................................................................. Page 20 Disney as Social Institution ............................................................ Page 21 Synthesis .................................................................................... Page 22 Disney and the Environment .......................................................... Page 24 Emerging Scholarship .................................................................... Page 25 Conclusions.................................................................................... Page 25 4. Walt the Conservationist ................................................................... Page 27 The Conservationist Movement in America.................................... Page 27 Conservationist Created................................................................. Page 28 A Shift in Preservationist Thinking.................................................. Page 29 The Fight for Mineral King.............................................................. Page 30 5. Conservation Writ Large.................................................................... Page 33 v Orlando: Before and Since the Mouse ........................................... Page 33 The Birth of a U.S. City-State......................................................... Page 35 Buyer's Remorse............................................................................ Page 36 Walt Disney Conservation Corp ..................................................... Page 37 6. Geographies of Progress .................................................................. Page 43 Tomorrowland ................................................................................ Page 43 7. Geographies of Nostalgia.................................................................. Page 48 Mainstreet USA .............................................................................. Page 48 Fantasyland.................................................................................... Page 49 Adventureland ................................................................................ Page 50 Swiss Family Robinson Tree House............................................... Page 52 The Jungle Cruise .......................................................................... Page 56 Trains - Transportation of Nostalgia ............................................... Page 58 8. Between Time and Space ................................................................. Page 60 Frontierland .................................................................................... Page 60 The Significance of the Frontier in Disney History.......................... Page 61 Flora, Fauna, and Frontier on the Rocks........................................ Page 63 9. Conclusions .................................................................................... Page 67 APPENDICES .................................................................................... Page 70 A Maps .................................................................................... Page 70 B Pictures .................................................................................... Page 75 REFERENCES .................................................................................... Page 95 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .................................................................... Page 102 vi ABSTRACT The idea of nature in America is a socially constructed fantasy. Nowhere in America can this be seen more clearly than in Walt Disney World in Florida. Nature has been manipulated and domesticated into a completely passive experience within the Disney property in Florida. The nature presented within the park is derived from the lingering vision of Walter Elias Disney, and his singular control over his company. The Disney Company has physically shaped the environment of their property in Florida. Hydrology, flora, fauna, and in some instances geology, have all been altered to present the Disney version of nature. Walt Disney created the Disney version through his world view. However, this altered state is not confined to only the environment. Time, space, and history are all altered in order to present the version that Disney wants to portray. Through their position as a family entertainment leader, Disney creates a manipulated reality that is based on Walt’s worldview and consumers buy into. vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Walt Disney World (WDW) opened on October 1, 1971 on an area of land that is roughly twice the size of the island of Manhattan. Many names were attached to the project before its final incarnation. Project X, the Florida Project, Compass East, and Disney World were all names associated with the project until Roy O. Disney, Walt Disney’s older brother and business manager for the Disney Company, officially titled the themed resort area in honor of Walt, after his death. It is fitting that Disney World now carries Walt’s name, as the resort area is still defined by his singular vision. Walter Elias Disney was a man of his times. Born in 1901, he came of age in an America that was defining its role on the world stage. The Progressive and conservation movements were gaining popularity across the country. America was a land of rugged individuals, and Walt Disney grew up with the belief that his hard work and own abilities would lead to individual success. Further, he was a firm believer in progress, that the promise of tomorrow is far better than the world of today. His early cartoons were escapist humor for a world trapped in the depression.1 Walt optimistically welcomed technology that he believed would help further the human spirit. Even before President Kennedy declared that America would reach the moon by the end of the 1960s, Walt produced a series of television programs illustrating the gains that awaited humankind through space travel.2 Walt’s beliefs shaped him into a man who would entertain America for thirty years, and created the machinery that continues to entertain today. While alive he exacted complete