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Modernism: a Very Short Introduction VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS Are for Anyone Wanting a Stimulating and Accessible Way in to a New Subject Modernism: A Very Short Introduction VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS are for anyone wanting a stimulating and accessible way in to a new subject. They are written by experts, and have been published in more than 25 languages worldwide. The series began in 1995, and now represents a wide variety of topics in history, philosophy, religion, science, and the humanities. The VSI library now contains over 200 volumes—a Very Short Introduction to everything from ancient Egypt and Indian philosophy to conceptual art and cosmology—and will continue to grow to a library of around 300 titles. Very Short Introductions available now: ADVERTISING Winston Fletcher BIOGRAPHY Hermione Lee AFRICAN HISTORY John Parker and THE BOOK OF MORMON Richard Rathbone Terryl Givens AMERICAN POLITICAL PARTIES THE BRAIN Michael O’Shea AND ELECTIONS L. Sandy Maisel BRITISH POLITICS Anthony Wright THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCY BUDDHA Michael Carrithers Charles O. Jones BUDDHISM Damien Keown ANARCHISM Colin Ward BUDDHIST ETHICS Damien Keown ANCIENT EGYPT Ian Shaw CAPITALISM James Fulcher ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY CATHOLICISM Gerald O’Collins Julia Annas THE CELTS Barry Cunliffe ANCIENT WARFARE CHAOS Leonard Smith Harry Sidebottom CHOICE THEORY Michael Allingham ANGLICANISM Mark Chapman CHRISTIAN ART THE ANGLO-SAXON AGE Beth Williamson CHRISTIANITY John Blair Linda Woodhead CITIZENSHIP ANIMAL RIGHTS David DeGrazia Richard Bellamy CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY ANTISEMITISM Steven Beller THE APOCRYPHAL GOSPELS Helen Morales CLASSICS Paul Foster Mary Beard and John Henderson ARCHAEOLOGY Paul Bahn CLAUSEWITZ Michael Howard ARCHITECTURE Andrew Ballantyne THE COLD WAR Robert McMahon ARISTOTLE Jonathan Barnes COMMUNISM Leslie Holmes ART HISTORY Dana Arnold CONSCIOUSNESS Susan Blackmore ART THEORY Cynthia Freeland CONTEMPORARY ART ATHEISM Julian Baggini Julian Stallabrass AUGUSTINE Henry Chadwick CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY AUTISM Uta Frith Simon Critchley BARTHES Jonathan Culler COSMOLOGY Peter Coles BESTSELLERS John Sutherland THE CRUSADES THE BIBLE John Riches Christopher Tyerman BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGY CRYPTOGRAPHY Fred Piper and Eric H. Cline Sean Murphy DADA AND SURREALISM FRENCH LITERATURE John D. Lyons David Hopkins THE FRENCH REVOLUTION DARWIN Jonathan Howard William Doyle THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS FREUD Anthony Storr Timothy Lim FUNDAMENTALISM DEMOCRACY Bernard Crick Malise Ruthven DESCARTES Tom Sorell GALAXIES John Gribbin DESERTS Nick Middleton GALILEO Stillman Drake DESIGN John Heskett GAME THEORY Ken Binmore DINOSAURS David Norman GANDHI Bhikhu Parekh DOCUMENTARY FILM GEOGRAPHY John Matthews and Patricia Aufderheide David Herbert DREAMING J. Allan Hobson GEOPOLITICS Klaus Dodds DRUGS Leslie Iversen GERMAN LITERATURE DRUIDS Barry Cunliffe Nicholas Boyle THE EARTH Martin Redfern GERMAN PHILOSOPHY ECONOMICS Partha Dasgupta Andrew Bowie GLOBAL CATASTROPHES EGYPTIAN MYTH Geraldine Pinch EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY Bill McGuire GLOBAL WARMING BRITAIN Paul Langford Mark Maslin GLOBALIZATION THE ELEMENTS Philip Ball Manfred Steger THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND EMOTION Dylan Evans THE NEW DEAL Eric Rauchway EMPIRE Stephen Howe HABERMAS ENGELS Terrell Carver James Gordon Finlayson EPIDEMIOLOGY Roldolfo Saracci HEGEL Peter Singer ETHICS Simon Blackburn HEIDEGGER Michael Inwood THE EUROPEAN UNION HIEROGLYPHS Penelope Wilson John Pinder and Simon Usherwood HINDUISM EVOLUTION Kim Knott HISTORY Brian and Deborah Charlesworth John H. Arnold THE HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY EXISTENTIALISM Thomas Flynn Michael Hoskin FASCISM Kevin Passmore THE HISTORY OF LIFE FASHION Rebecca Arnold Michael Benton FEMINISM Margaret Walters THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE FILM MUSIC Kathryn Kalinak William Bynum THE FIRST WORLD WAR THE HISTORY OF TIME Michael Howard Leofranc Holford–Strevens FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY HIV/AIDS Alan Whiteside David Canter HOBBES Richard Tuck FORENSIC SCIENCE Jim Fraser HUMAN EVOLUTION FOSSILS Keith Thomson Bernard Wood FOUCAULT Gary Gutting HUMAN RIGHTS Andrew Clapham FREE SPEECH Nigel Warburton HUME A. J. Ayer FREE WILL Thomas Pink IDEOLOGY Michael Freeden INDIAN PHILOSOPHY MOLECULES Philip Ball Sue Hamilton MORMONISM INFORMATION Luciano Floridi Richard Lyman Bushman INNOVATION Mark Dodgson and MUSIC Nicholas Cook David Gann MYTH Robert A. Segal INTELLIGENCE Ian J. Deary NATIONALISM Steven Grosby INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION NELSON MANDELA Khalid Koser Elleke Boehmer INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS NEOLIBERALISM Manfred Steger Paul Wilkinson and Ravi Roy ISLAM Malise Ruthven THE NEW TESTAMENT ISLAMIC HISTORY Adam Silverstein Luke Timothy Johnson JOURNALISM Ian Hargreaves THE NEW TESTAMENT AS JUDAISM Norman Solomon LITERATURE Kyle Keefer JUNG Anthony Stevens NEWTON Robert Iliffe KABBALAH Joseph Dan NIETZSCHE Michael Tanner KAFKA Ritchie Robertson NINETEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN KANT Roger Scruton Christopher Harvie and H. C. G. Matthew KIERKEGAARD Patrick Gardiner THE NORMAN CONQUEST THE KORAN Michael Cook George Garnett LAW Raymond Wacks NORTHERN IRELAND THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS Marc Mulholland Peter Atkins NOTHING Frank Close LINCOLN Allen C. Guelzo NUCLEAR WEAPONS LINGUISTICS Peter Matthews Joseph M. Siracusa LITERARY THEORY Jonathan Culler THE OLD TESTAMENT LOCKE John Dunn Michael D. Coogan LOGIC Graham Priest PARTICLE PHYSICS Frank Close MACHIAVELLI Quentin Skinner PAUL E. P. Sanders THE MARQUIS DE SADE PHILOSOPHY Edward Craig John Phillips PHILOSOPHY OF LAW MARX Peter Singer Raymond Wacks MATHEMATICS Timothy Gowers PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE THE MEANING OF LIFE Samir Okasha Terry Eagleton PHOTOGRAPHY Steve Edwards MEDICAL ETHICS Tony Hope PLATO Julia Annas MEDIEVAL BRITAIN POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY John Gillingham and Ralph A. Griffiths David Miller MEMORY Jonathan K. Foster POLITICS Kenneth Minogue MODERN ART David Cottington POSTCOLONIALISM Robert Young MODERN CHINA Rana Mitter POSTMODERNISM MODERN IRELAND Senia Pasˇeta Christopher Butler MODERN JAPAN POSTSTRUCTURALISM Christopher Goto-Jones Catherine Belsey MODERNISM Christopher Butler PREHISTORY Chris Gosden PRESOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY SCOTLAND Rab Houston Catherine Osborne SEXUALITY Ve´ronique Mottier PRIVACY Raymond Wacks SHAKESPEARE Germaine Greer PROGRESSIVISM Walter Nugent SIKHISM Eleanor Nesbitt PSYCHIATRY Tom Burns SOCIAL AND CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY Gillian Butler and ANTHROPOLOGY Freda McManus John Monaghan and Peter Just PURITANISM Francis J. Bremer SOCIALISM Michael Newman THE QUAKERS Pink Dandelion SOCIOLOGY Steve Bruce QUANTUM THEORY SOCRATES C. C. W. Taylor John Polkinghorne THE SOVIET UNION Stephen Lovell RACISM Ali Rattansi THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR THE REAGAN REVOLUTION Helen Graham Gil Troy SPINOZA Roger Scruton THE REFORMATION Peter Marshall STATISTICS David J. Hand RELATIVITY Russell Stannard STUART BRITAIN John Morrill RELIGION IN AMERICA SUPERCONDUCTIVITY Timothy Beal Stephen Blundell THE RENAISSANCE Jerry Brotton TERRORISM Charles Townshend RENAISSANCE ART THEOLOGY David F. Ford Geraldine A. Johnson THOMAS AQUINAS Fergus Kerr ROMAN BRITAIN Peter Salway TRAGEDY Adrian Poole THE ROMAN EMPIRE THE TUDORS John Guy Christopher Kelly TWENTIETH-CENTURY ROUSSEAU Robert Wokler BRITAIN Kenneth O. Morgan RUSSELL A. C. Grayling THE UNITED NATIONS RUSSIAN LITERATURE Jussi M. Hanhima¨ki Catriona Kelly THE VIKINGS Julian Richards THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION WITCHCRAFT Malcolm Gaskill S. A. Smith WITTGENSTEIN A. C. Grayling SCHIZOPHRENIA Chris Frith and WORLD MUSIC Philip Bohlman Eve Johnstone THE WORLD TRADE SCHOPENHAUER ORGANIZATION Amrita Narlikar Christopher Janaway WRITING AND SCRIPT SCIENCE AND RELIGION Andrew Robinson Thomas Dixon Available soon: Christian Ethics Leadership Keith Grint D. Stephen Long Spanish Literature Landscapes and Jo Labanyi Geomorphology Tocqueville Andrew Goudie and Heather Viles Harvey C. Mansfield For more information visit our website www.oup.co.uk/general/vsi/ This page intentionally left blank Christopher Butler Modernism A Very Short Introduction 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX26DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York # Christopher Butler 2010 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain by Ashford Colour Press Ltd, Gosport, Hampshire ISBN 978–0–19–280441–9 13579108642
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