Association of Women Action and Research CEDAW Shadow Report May 2011
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Association of Women Action and Research CEDAW Shadow Report May 2011 ©AWARE 2011 Block 5 Dover Crescent #01-22 Singapore 130005 T: 6779-7137/F:6777-0318 Helpline: 1800-774 5935 Website: www.aware.org.sg email: [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of AWARE. AWARE CEDAW Shadow Report 2011 CONTENT PAGE Foreword pg.1 Introduction pg.2 Executive Summary pg.5 Article 1-4 pg.16 Definition of Discrimination, Law, Policy and Measures to Implement the Convention Areas of Concern pg.17 . Contradictory/Discriminatory Practices . Reservations . National Machinery for Women . Treaty Incorporation . Optional Protocol to the CEDAW Convention . Temporary Special Measures Recommendations pg.24 Article 2 pg.27 National and International Dimensions of State Obligation Areas of Concern pg.29 . Reservations . Article 2(f) . Article 2(a) . Article 2(b) . Article 2(c) . Article 2(d),(e),(g) Recommendations pg.32 Article 4 pg.34 Special Measures Areas of Concern pg.36 . Political Representation . Senior Management . Foreign Wives Recommendations pg.38 © AWARE 2011 AWARE CEDAW Shadow Report 2011 Article 5 pg.40 Sex Role Stereotyping and Prejudice Areas of Concern pg.42 . Common Responsibility of Men and Women in the Upbringing of Children . Giving Maternity Leave its Rightful Place . The Role of the Media . Foreign Women . Negative Self-Image . Eating Disorders . Aesthetic Procedures Recommendations pg.52 Article 6 pg.56 Trafficking and Exploitation of Women . Age of Consent Revised . Sex Tourism . International Treaties Areas of Concern pg.59 . Prosecution o Definition of Trafficking o Sex Trafficking o Migrant Workers Including Foreign Domestic Workers o Foreign Brides o Women Traffickers o Protection Measures in Place Recommendations pg.66 Article 7 pg.69 Women in Political and Public Life Areas of Concern pg.70 . Representation . Marginalisation of Women‘s Issues Recommendations pg.74 Article 9 pg.75 Nationality Areas of Concern pg.76 . Children Born Before 2004 . Citizenship and Marriage Recommendations pg.77 © AWARE 2011 AWARE CEDAW Shadow Report 2011 Article 11 pg.78 Employment Areas of Concern pg.80 . Reservations . The State‘s Rationale for the Reservation . Analysis of the Impact of the Reservation o Article 11(1)(a) o Article 11(1)(b) o Article 11(1)(c) o Article 11(1)(d) o Article 11(1)(e) o Article 11(1)(f) . Gender Imbalances in Labour and Employment o Labour Participation o Unemployment Rates among Women o Nature of Employment (‗Employment Status‘) o Employment of Older Women o Pregnant Mothers o Sexual Harassment in the Workplace . Support Structure and Services o Workforce Participation and Flexible Work Arrangements o Paid Family Care, Maternity and Paternity Leave o Care Centres for the Elderly and Young Children o Women Not Protected by Legislation o Foreign Domestic Workers o Casual and Contract Workers Recommendations pg.110 Article 12 pg.115 Health Areas of Concern pg.118 . Healthcare Costs . Women Growing Older . Mental Illness . Eating Disorders . Aesthetic Surgery Recommendations pg.129 Article 13 pg.131 Economic and Social Benefits Areas of Concern pg.132 . Access to Financial Security . Support for Families Recommendations pg.136 © AWARE 2011 AWARE CEDAW Shadow Report 2011 Article 16 pg.138 Marriage and Family Life Areas of Concern pg.142 . Issues in Article 16(2) . Child Marriages . Registration of Marriages . Muslim Marriages Contracted Outside Singapore . Issues in Article 16(1)(a), (c) . Maintenance of Wife . Maintenance of Children . Domestic Violence . Adoption of Children . Custody and Guardianship of Children . Division of Matrimonial Assets upon Divorce . Dialogue on Muslim Matters Recommendations pg.149 General Recommendation 19 pg.152 Violence Against Women Areas of Concern pg.153 . Data Collection . Inter-agency Platforms . Domestic Violence . Elder Abuse . Foreign Wives . Foreign Domestic Workers . Marital Rape . Rape . Sexual Harassment . Personal Protection Orders and Domestic Exclusion Orders . Mandatory Counselling Programme . Shelters . Public Education Recommendations pg.167 Conclusion pg.170 Appendix pg.172 © AWARE 2011 AWARE CEDAW Shadow Report 2011 GLOSSARY A ACMI Archdiocesan Commission on Migrant and Itinerant Workers AEAS Association of Employment Agencies Singapore AMLA Administration of Muslim Law Act AMP Association of Muslim Professionals ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nation AWARE Association of Women for Action and Research C CASE Consumer Association of Singapore CEDAW Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women CPF Central Provident Fund CPI Consumer Price Index CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child CSO Civil Society Organisation D DALYS Disability-adjusted life years DEO Domestic Exclusion Orders E EDE-Q Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire F FDW Foreign Domestic Worker FSC Family Service Centre FVDG Family Violence Dialogue Group FVWG Family Violence Working Group © AWARE 2011 AWARE CEDAW Shadow Report 2011 H HHF Holistic Health Framework HOME Humanitarian Organisation for Migration Economics HPB Health Promotion Board I ILO International Labour Organisation IMC Inter-Ministerial Committee INCB International Narcotics Control Board IVAWS International Violence against Women Survey M MCYS Ministry of Community Development, Youths and Sports MCP Mandatory Counselling Programme MHA Ministry of Home Affairs MOE Ministry of Education MOH Ministry of Health MOM Ministry of Manpower MP Member of Parliament MUIS Islamic Council of Muslim Affairs N NGO Non-governmental Organisation NIE National Institute of Education NTUC National Trades Union Congress P PA People‘s Association PAP People‘s Action Party PMETs Professionals, managers, executives and technicians PPIS Singapore Muslim Women Organisation © AWARE 2011 AWARE CEDAW Shadow Report 2011 PPO Personal Protection Order PQAC Pre-school Qualification Accreditation Committee PVHE Present Value of lifetime Healthcare Expenses R ROMM Registry of Muslim Marriage S SAFV Society Against Family Violence SAM Society of Aesthetic Medicine SCWO Singapore Council of Women‘s Organisations SGH Singapore General Hospital SHF Singapore Heart Foundation SMC Singapore Medical Council SME Small and medium Enterprises SMRT Singapore Mass Rapid Transit SPF Singapore Police Force SSCB Serious Sexual Crime Branch T TAF Trim and Fit TAFEP Tripartite Alliance for Fair Employment Practices TC Teacher Counsellors TFR Total Fertility Rate TIP Trafficking in Persons TWC2 Transient Workers Count 2 U UCCW Unit for Contract and Casual Worker UN United Nations UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes © AWARE 2011 AWARE CEDAW Shadow Report 2011 UNTOC United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime V VAW Violence Against Women VWO Voluntary Welfare Organisation W WC Women‘s Charter WHO World Health Organisation WINGS Women Initiative for Ageing Successfully WIS Workfare Income Supplement WoW! Work-Life Works WTS Workfare Training Support Scheme Y YLL Years of Life Lost © AWARE 2011 AWARE CEDAW Shadow Report 2011 FOREWORD It is with great honour that I present the third shadow report by the CEDAW Committee of the Association of Women and Action (AWARE) on the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women. Just a week ago, Singapore had her watershed general elections. It is the first time since 1972 that almost all the seats in Parliament were contested; and over 20% of the voters were first-time voters, most of them below 30. In the numerous rallies, political speeches, newspaper reports, and commentaries that consumed the nation for 9 days, gender and gender equality were not issues that ignite passionate public discourse. The burning issues were the rising cost of living; the increasing income gap; and the immigration policy within the fair shores of Singapore. Gender issues that grabbed headlines, though briefly, were whether Singapore is ready for a female prime minister; and whether Singapore is ready for a gay member of parliament. These hinted at the glass ceiling in political life for those who are not male and heterosexual. After the dust has settled, less than 10% of the members of parliament would be women. Gender and gender equality issues need to be mainstreamed and made part of the national discourse. Women do hold up half the sky! Whilst we acknowledge the progress Singapore had made since the last shadow report in 2007, CEDAW (and its process of state accountability) continues to be useful. It keeps the state focused on gender issues; and provide a framework within which civil society could advocate for change. Finally, with great pride and humility, I thank each member of the CEDAW Committee. They toiled tirelessly and without expectation of gratitude in preparing this report. They had remained steadfast volunteers through AWARE‘s recent turmoil of being ―steeplejacked‖ and had come back speaking more firmly and passionately. For their courage, commitment and compassion. Nicole TAN Siew Ping President, AWARE 15 May 2011 © AWARE 2011 1 AWARE CEDAW Shadow Report 2011 INTRODUCTION Singapore‘s achievements are many – high literacy and numeracy rates, majority are well-educated at least with 10 years of basic school years behind them, an economy that is robust and a political system that is stable and enabling. Against this backdrop it is hard to accept that