Notes and References

2 The Background

I. S/22627. of 20 May 1991, paragraph 3. 2. S/22627.

3 First Mission to

1. Ryszand Kapuscinski, Another Day of Life, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc. 1987. (originally published in Polish, 1976) 2. Report of the Secretary-General to Security Council on the Question of South Africa, para. 86, p. 23, A/48/845, S/1994/66 of 10 January 1994.

4 A Small and Manageable Operation

I. S/23671. 2. S/23671, para. 9. 3. Ibid., para. 31. 4. S/23671/Add. 1.

5 The Military Conundrum l. S/23191. 2. Ibid., para. 16. 3. S/24145. 4. S/24245, para. 19. 5. S/24249.

6 The Formation of the New Angolan Armed Forces

I. S/23556.

7 The Police Imbroglio

I. S/24556.

8 Alarms and Excursions

I. In a paper prepared for the Catholic Institute for International Relations in June 1993 ('One Hand Tied: Angola and the UN'), Alex Vines writes that 'Fubo' was com­ posed of units of government special forces, transferred to Malange to prevent UNIT A from infiltrating the city, and according to the same source they were under orders to encourage anti-UN sentiment in an attempt to depict the UN as pro-UNITA: 'This involved shouting anti-UN slogans during the day and firing gunshots at night. Most of the shots were exchanges between UNIT A and MPLA supporters but some

545 546 Notes and References

were directed towards the UN compound. If the MPLA fared badly in the elections it intended to blame the UN for helping UNIT A.'

10 The Registration of Voters and the Electoral Campaign

I. S/24145 of 24 June. 2. S/24556.

11 Politics, Pride and Personalities

1. Ryszard Kapuscinski, Another Day of Life. 2. S/24556.

12 Life in

1. Ryszard Kapuscinski, Another Day of Life, op. cit.

15 The Aftermath

1. Later Mr Hossi was among those UNITA members of parliament caught in Luanda when hostilities erupted. I hear he is now a highly successful and properous business­ man there.

20 ... And Let Slip the Dogs of War

I. S/25140 of21 January 1993. 2. S/25140 para. 33,21 January 1993. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid. (para. 34).

21 Peace Talks in Ethiopia

I. S/25140.

22 From Addis Ababa to Abidjan

1. Article 51 states 'Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self­ defence shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it seems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security'. 2. These extracts are taken from an English translation of a transcript of the Vorgan broadcast. 3. Paragraphs 10 and 11. Notes and References 547 4. Operative paragraph 10. 5. Paragraph 11.

24 Going the Last Mile

1. S/26060 of 12 July 1993. 2. Ibid., paragraph 2. 3. Ibid., paragraph 8. 4. Ibid., paragraph 18. Index

Note: MIA is used as an abbreviation for Margaret Joan Anstee.

Abidjan people 163 description 447 plight of 505-6, 507 living conditions 470-4 police situation 69-77 Abidjan meeting 427-32, 443-5, politics 127-34 447-65,466-70,474-90,536 recognition by US 395, 399,486, 510 AD Coligaciio 235 see also specific names and subjects administration e.g. ; UNIT A Angola 134-6, 252 Angola Appeal 503, 504-7 UN 539-40 Annan,Kofi 300,399,428,516 Africa: condemnation of UNIT A 521 Ethiopia peace talks 403, 404, 409 see also specific countries Luanda fighting 276, 281, 283, 284 Africa International 476 meetings in New York 428, 487, African National Council (ANC) 95-6 496-7 aid, humanitarian 433-9,445-6,465, Anson, Hugo 15, 22, 224, 236, 241, 508-9 381 Angola Appeal 503, 504-7 election aftermath 213 mission 405-6, 425 Ethiopia peace talks 407, 408 support of UN troops 494-8, 500-1, summit meetings 339 51~11, 524-5 Anstee, Margaret J. Aida Desta, Princess 380 official assumption of duties 34-44 air traffic controllers 191 preliminary mission to Angola 15-29 aircraft recreations 17~2 crashes 188-90 replacement rumours 477-9 election support 39, 42, 188, 1~2 successor 501-2, 512-13 for Ethiopia peace talks 403, 406 antiriot police see police supplied by US 52,56-7, 61-2,403 Apollo, Brigadier General 358, 361 UNAVEM 18,261 Argentina: election support 191 Albright, Madeleine 498, 522, 523 arms supplies: illicit 373 Albuquerque, Joao Lino 453 see also triple zero option Almeida, Afonso 380 Almeida, Dr 117, 118, 187,200,381, Baltazar, Manuel 439 388 Banana,Canaan 448-9 Almeyda, Lucinda Matos de 90 barracks: FAA 65 Alvor agreement (1975) 8 Barros, Antonio Moreira de 453 Aly, Hussein 15 BBC 170, 433, 479 Andrade, General 294 'Ben-Ben' General 372, 396 Andrade, Senhor (gardener) 171-2,517 appointed Joint Chief of General Staff Angola 67 background 7-14 ceasefire 278, 281 countryside 174-5 death feared 289, 290 military situation 47-63 description 179

548 Index 549 disappearance 154, 155, 209, 285, ceasefire 283,284-5 293,309 ceasefire consolidation attempts fighting in Huambo 367 320 leaves FAA 207 central administration 135 summit meeting commission 246, demobilization 49-51, 56,59-61 251 election support 102, 113 Uige and problem 330 electoral campaigns 125 Bender, Gerald xiii, 523-4 Ethiopia peace talks 376, 405 176, 513 FAA formation 65, 67 description 175 Luanda fighting 273, 274 fighting 283, 294 police 69-70, 76 Bereuter, Doug 113-14 proposed visit 140-1 Beye, Maitre 419, 543 relations with Dos Santos; letters as MJA's successor 501-2,512-13, 50-1, 320-1 520-1 talks 427-8 request for briefing 515-16 relations with MJA 30-1; Bicesse Peace Accords 4, 20, 22, 128 appointment 3-4, 5, 22; Abidjan meeting 457 reactions to attacks on 249, 251, dealing with breaches of 529-30 421, 443; resignation 520-1 effects of 532-5 relations with Savimbi: letters 50-1, police 69 208-9,210,211-12,213-14; provisions 10-14 phone calls 156-7, 230-1, 232, triple zero provision 10-11, 373, 522 249-50, 313; talks 427-8 troop assembly 47 summit meetings 339, 340, 344, birds 166, 167,513-14 352 Blue Helmets see UN troops troop assembly 48-9 Blyth, Hall 271 Uige and Negage problem 336, 342 Bock, General 282, 293 UNAVEM funding 37-8,40, 41-2 ceasefire 283,284-5,286,288,289 UNAVEM mandate 13-14,31-4 Goulding's visit 307, 309 use of UN troops 512 Boneo, Horacio 16, 33 BPV (People's Defence Organization) election organization 25, 38-9, 91-2, 390 94 Brazil: UNA VEM safety 257-8 Borel, Philippe 507 Brazzaville 314 Botha, Pik 95, 151, 233, 259 British Embassy: Luanda fighting description 224 269-90 on elections 247 Brito (chauffeur) 290 encounter with Salupeto Pena 234-5 Bula Matadi, General 297 future role of Savimbi 395 Buo, Sammy 194,236-7 intervention 221,224-7,229-30, appointed Chief Electoral Officer 232,244-7 106 relations with Savimbi 239-40, 242, Bush, George 111,113-14,239 243-4 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros Cabelly, Robert 486, 510 Abidjan meeting 452-3, 459-60, Abidjan meeting 454 481-3,484 7-8, 51, 60 Angolan criticisms of UNA VEM issue of 145-6 143-4 military observer kidnapped 406, 424 550 Index Caetano de Sousa, Antonio 101, 117, government administration 134-5 118, 197-8 Holden, Roberto on 131 appointment to National Electoral incidents 78-84, 124-5 Council 97, 98 Jamba issue 136-7 election aftermath 206, 207 loan of US aircraft 56-7 election results 200, 230 meetings 19,28-9,34,51-2,265-9 Cafunfo 330 police 71-2, 73, 77 183 registration of voters 117 . Caimbambo: refugees 439-42, 445 release of prisoners 134 Campino, Jose 453 role of 12-13 Canada second election proposals 255, 260 on election 205 soldier retraining schemes 54-5 election support 103 summit meeting 253-4 cantonment see troop assembly summit meeting commission 246 Capanda UNAVEM's budget 37 dam 83-4 cease fires fighting 295, 296 Abidjan meeting 455,457,459--61 hostages 295,297,298,299,300-1 attempts to consolidate 292-327 Castro, Norberta de 250, 255, 282, 286, Luanda 275-91 294,303 Centre for Strategic and International attacks on MJA 241-2, 247 Studies (CSIS) 111-13, 523-4 criticises UNIT A leaders 338 Chicoty, Jorge 99, 131, 337-8 National Assembly of Angola 422 Chilingutila, General Demostenes 207 cats 166, 449 meeting with Matos 358, 359, 360, Catumbo, Alfonso 78-9 362-3 Cavaco Silva, Prime Minister Anibal not in Ethiopian peace talks 382, 385 212,281,399 Uige and Negage problem 331, 333, Caxito 182, 296, 304 334,341-2 ceasefire 292 China: support for Roberto Holden 130 fighting 294, 298, 347, 509 Chingunji, Tito 132-3 UNIT A occupation 297, 332, Chipenda, Daniel 99 337 as presidential candidate 131 CCFA (Joint Commission for the Chitunda, Jeremiah 23, 147, 148 Formation of Angolan Armed death 293, 294, 305 Forces) 12, 19,64-5 election aftermath 216 CCPM (Joint Political Military election fraud 243 Commission) 529 Savimbi on 295--6, 308 buildings 21 summit meeting 245--6 Cabinda 145 at Uige 153, 155, 156 chairmanship 533 UNIT A plan of attack 302-3 custody of weapons 49, 55-6 Chivukuvuku, Abel 23 demobilization 35-7, 49, 51-2, 55-6, appointed 'Foreign Minister' of 61, 62-3 UNITA 35, 133 election aftermath 202-3, 208, 209, ceasefire 278 256-7 election aftermath 200, 206, 207, election fraud 217-19,222 210,211-13,214-15 elections 87, 92-4, 96-7 elections 88 F ALA hidden army 52-4 Luanda fighting 274 Index 551

UNIT A plan of attack 302-3 Daily Mail 169 wounded 288,293-4,305,405 Davidow, Jeffrey 115, 282, 315, 382-3, Christiano, Senhor 121 399 Christopher, Warren 427, 524 Abidjan meeting 427, 454 'Clark Amendment' 9 on elections 205 Clinton, Bill 524 Ethiopia peace talks 405 CMVF (Joint Ceasefire Verification and Luanda fighting 273, 275 Monitoring Commission) 12, 13, Davidson, Basil: In the Eye of the Storm 19,174,178,268 474 custody of weapons 55-6 Dayal, Virenda 3 demobilization figures 51 DeJarnette, Edmond 282, 377,478, hidden army of UNIT A 52, 53 486 incidents 79 Abidjan meeting 428-9,430,431, 357 454,463 police 74 appointment 246 troop monitoring 48 attacks on MJA 443 CNDA 99, 132, 235 ceasefire consolidation attempts coalition government: rejection of 149 298 Cohen, Herman (Hank) 41, 57, 59, 116 future role of Savimbi 395 air support 39, 52 government offensive 332-3 description 137 humanitarian aid 510 election aid 94-5, 96 Namibe II 351-2 on elections 205, 212 'Protocol of Abidjan' 477 Ethiopia peace talks 405 De Klerk, F.W. 151 FAA 64 De Me1o, Sergio Vieira 421,477,478, Luanda fighting 273, 282 536 meeting with Savimbi 239-40, 244 as MJA's proposed successor 512-13 police 74 De Moura, Venancio 35, 96, 116,203, see also Troika 284,359 communications: IMMARSAT sets 188 appointed Foreign Minister 334 Conrad, Joseph and UN 422,520, 521 Heart of Darkness 171 ceasefire consolidation attempts N ostromo 171 321 Conven~ao Naciona1 Democratica de Ethiopia peace talks 394 Angola 99, 132,235 humanitarian truce 396-7 Costa, Adilson: death 327, 328-9 Lubango fighting 353, 358 Cote d'Ivoire 215,414,415 Lusaka Protocol 543 UN troops 511 meeting 366 see also Abidjan; Houphotiet-Boigny Namibe II 351-2, 360 Coulson, Anita 193 reluctance to meet MJA 348 Council of Social Communication 124 South African aircraft 109-10 Council of the Republic 254 truce 415-16 crime: in Luanda 163 Uige and Negage problem 331, 332, Crocker, Chester 9, 112, 137 342-3 CSIS 111-13, 523-4 Dembo, General 348 Cuba: support for MPLA 8, 9-10, 127 FAA hostages 360 humanitarian aid 435, 436 da Silva, Manuel 465, 507, 508 security 503-4 552 Index Dembo, General continued relations with Boutros-Ghali Uige and Negage problem 341-2, letters 50-1, 320-1; talks 427-8 345 relations with Savimbi 146-8; see demobilization process 35-7,49-63, also summit meetings I55,534 second election proposals 255-6 democracy I27-8 spread of fighting 359-61 second class 5I9, 534 truce 416 Denmark: election support IOO, 10I Uige and Negage problem 336 diamond mining I8I-2 UN troops 5I0-11, 5I2, 519-20 Dias, Lazaro I22, 475-6, 53 I UNAVEM's role 360 Domingo, Francisco I90 on UNIT A 318-I9 Domingos, Colonel 358 US visit 345 donors war 420-1 election support 39-42, 92-4, dos Santos, Norberta 99-I03,535 Angola Appeal 506 humanitarian aid 506-7 humanitarian aid 438-9 soldier retraining schemes 54-5 and proposed truce 4I6 Dos Passos, Luis 99 Dos Santos, Onofre I 03-4 as presidential candidate 13I-2 appointment as Director-General dos Reis, Jose Julio 90 97-8 DosSantos, Jose Eduardo 35, I33 description 98 Abidjan meeting 443-5, 464 election fraud 22I Angola Appeal 504 election results 200 Cabinda I45-6 meeting with Botha 224 ceasefire 283,284,286 registration of voters 107-8, Il7-19 ceasefire consolidation attempts voter education 122 292-3,3II-I2,3I7-I8,323 dos Santos, Wilson 132-3 criticisms of UNA VEM I42, I44 double key system 49 demobilization 57, 63 Driggers, Mr 103, 114 description 50 181 election aftermath 2I5, 22I, 222-3, Duriio, Barroso Jose 10, 13, 59, 273 230,23I-2 description 137 elections 87-9 election aftermath 227 electoral campaign 123 meeting with Savimbi 244 Ethiopia peace talks 371, 394-5 UNAVEM funding 37,38 FAA formation 65, 66,67 FALA troop movements 58-60 EC Goulding's visit 301, 302-3 election support 95, 100, 101, Lusaka Protocol 543 Ill MJA's first meeting with 22,49-50 on elections 204-5, 247 MJA's last meeting with 5II-I3 Egar, Bill 83, 334, 346-7 and MJA's successor 512-13, Ethiopia peace talks 376, 380, 407, 520-I 408-9 peace process I 0 Egypt: election support 101 police 70 election fraud Pope's visit I39 alleged by UNIT A 201-38 propaganda 38I-2 investigations 209,217-18, 227; registration of voters 119, 120 results 233-4 Index 553 election results 205, 222, 227-8, 230, hostages 353, 358, 359--60, 361 233 return of UNIT A 350 announcement 227-8, 235--6 UNIT A participation in 444 delays 199, 213, 214, 215 Faisca, General 297 'Quick Count' 192, 205, 313 FALA 230 elections 527 Catumbo incident 78-9 aftermath 199-238 component in FAA 11 Bicesse Peace Accords provisions ll demobilization 35-7,47-8, 51-7,63, budget 90 155 campaigns 122--6 delays 57--60 declared 'generally free and fair' disbandment 66-8 236-8 field teams' relationship with 178 donorsupport for39-42,92-4, hidden army 52-4 99-103,535 leaves FAA 207, 225--6 logistics 24-5, 91-2 Quilenges incident 49 organisation 187-98 troop assembly 18-19, 25, 26-7, prelude 87-98 47-8, 178-9 registrationofvoters 99-121 troop movements 203-4, 256 role of UNA VEM 24-5 FAPLA 163 second round 254--6, 346 Catumbo incident 78-9 staff training 96 component in FAA 11-12 timetable 90-l, 534 demobilization 35-7,51-2,56--60, UNA VEM mandate 31-4, 90 63, 155, 183 Electoral Code of Conduct 121-2 disbandment 66-8 Electoral Law 89 FALA hidden army 52-3 Eliasson, Jan 405,435 incorporation into police 73-4, 75 Essam, Captain 365 M'banza Congo incident 61-2 Essy, Amara 443 Quilenges incident 49 Abidjan meeting 451-2,463-5, troop assembly 18-19, 25--6, 47-8, 469-70,482,489-90 50 description 447-8 FDA 99, 131 and Houphoiiet-Boigny 450-1, Fermor, Patrick Leigh: Three Letters 474-5 from the Andes 171 UN troops 511 Fernandes, Tony da Costa 23, 133 Ethiopia peace talks 366-7, 368, 375-7. defection 35, 89, 132 378-9,380-414 Ferreira G6mez, Pericles 14 evacuation Feyez, Shaidaft 406 plans for UN staff 258, 292, 294 Field Operations Division 43 UNA VEM camps 364, 369-70 field teams see UNA VEM camps finance: UN 539-40 FAA 353 Financial Times 225 Bicesse Peace Accord provisions FLEC (Frente de Liberta~ao del Enclave 11-12 de Carinda) 7-8, 60, 145--6 build up 401 Savimbi contacts 317 custody of weapons 56 F1ynn,John 27,93,140,248,265,271 departure of FALA 207, 225--6 Benguela 294 Ethiopia peace talks 390 election aftermath 200 formation 57, 59, 62, 63, 64-8 Luanda fighting 269-91 554 Index Flynn, John continued Gorbachev, President Mikhail 9 ceasefire negotiations with Savimbi Goulding, Marrack (Mig) 232 275-81 air traffic controllers 191 registration of voters 117 Angolan criticisms of UNAVEM 143 summit meetings 345 on Angola mission 3-4, 5, 6 FNLA (Frente Nacional de Liberta~iio de Angolan visit 294-5, 301 Angola) 97, 99, 182, 235 correspondence with Savimbi civil war and peace process 8 315-16 composition 7 custody of weapons 49 election results 236 election aftermath 208 Ethiopia peace talks 381 election support 102, 115 origins 129-30 Ethiopia peace talks 368, 371-2 Food and Agriculture Organization FAA 64 (FAO) 24, 170 N'dalu's absence 320 Foro Democratico Angolano (FDA) 99, police 73 131 transfer to Department of Political Fran~a. General Antonio dos Santos Affairs 399, 428 see N'dalu UN peace-keeping 42-3 France 12 UNA VEM funding 37-8, 39-40 French ambassador 30 l-2 Government Franco, Antonio 454 Abidjan meeting 427-32, 453-65, Frank, Rank 146 466--70,479-89 'Friends of the Secretary-General' Angola Appeal 506 426--7,414 attacks on MJA 528, 531-2 Fritz, Major 268, 285 ceasefire 283-4 Abidjan meeting 454 criticisms of UNAVEM 141-5 Fubu 142,545 deteriorating relationship with UNIT A Malange incidents 80 139-40 Futungo de, Belas 50, 97, 430 election aftermath 203, 213 election support 99-100, l 01 gallantry award 541 Ethiopia peace talks 372-3, 380-5, Gamba, Major General 521 387-413 'Gato', General (Ciel da Concepiio­ formation of new administration Government) 82, 140, 229, 260, 333-4,335-6 288 humanitarian aid 507 Abidjan meeting 453 illicit arms supplies 373 'Gato', General (Armindo Lucas Paulo incidents 78-84 - Unita) 140, 231, 260,288, 293, Lubango attack 357-9 382 Menongue Meeting 366 Geingob, Prime Minister Hage 519 military situation 400-2, 509-10 'George' (Savimbi's secretary) 293, MJA's successor 512-13 314,409,427 Namibe meetings 323-7, 351-2 Ethiopia peace talks 368, 370, 371, offensive 332-3 376 police 70-7 Germany 115 politics 127-8 Gharekhan, Mr 478-9,496--7, 498 pre-election clashes 150-2 global positioning systems (GPS) 191 pressure for international Gonzalez, Prime Minister Felipe 100-1 condemnationofUNITA 337-8 Index 555 propaganda 133,381-2 Abidjan meeting 452,459-61,469, release of prisoners 134 489 reluctance to meet MJA 344, 347-8, death 475 351,348 description 450-1 return to negotiation 508-9 relations with Savimbi 431, 443, 444, second election proposals 254-6 451,463-4,483,490 South African air support l 07 leaves for France 474-5 Uige and Negage problem 331-2, Huambo 176, 40 l 334-5,336,341-2,345 elections 124 UNA VEM extended role 339-40 fall of 417-19 UNIT A participation in 322,444-5, fighting 366, 367, 393, 395, 396,400 457-8,459-60,461 Goulding visit 305-11 see also Dos Santos, Jose government officers held 266-7, 299 Gra~a. Miguel da 24, 90 humanitarian aid 432, 437-9, 442-3, Griffiths, Bob 270, 272, 290 445-6,507,508 ceasefire 285 MJA's visits 215-17,252,255,256, Luanda attack 274, 282, 288-9 305-ll, 349 Grobler, Ambassador Gert J. 53, 95-6, plight of 505 109,234 refugees from 439-42 Grossi, Maria 105, 117, 121, 214, 218 UN Security Council Commission Hannay, Sir David 520, 523 visits 220-l Hassan II, King of Morocco 415-16,428 UNAVEM evacuation from 369-70 Hejny, Elisabeth see Sissy as UNIT A centre 252-3 Henderson, Andie 272 human rights 88-9, 529 Higino Carneiro, General 277, 278, seminar 122 285,289-90,348 Humanitarian Affairs, Department of Abidjan meeting 430-1,453,456, 436,465 458,460,468,470 humanitarian aid see aid, humanitarian ceasefire 281, 358 'humanitarian corridors' 504, 507 Ethiopia peace talks 372, 376, 381, Hurd, Douglas 273 408,410,411 FAA hostages 360 ICRC (International Committee of the Luanda fighting 283 Red Cross) truce 415 Catumbo incident 78-9 Uige and Negage problem 331, 335, Chivukuvuku's wound 405 351 humanitarian truce 400 Honest, Stephen 453 release of prisoners 134 Hornsby, Peter 16, 25, 28 Ilha 167 Hossi, Victor 233-4 Independent 225 appointed Minister of Culture 338 INMARSAT sets 188 hostages intelligence services: lack of in UN Capanda 295,297,298,299,300-l 537-8 FAA 358, 359-60, 361 international community Miramar 270-1,272-3,283 Angola 535-6 Hotel Turismo: evacuation 274, 280, condemnation of UNIT A 337-8 281 dos Santos on 243 Houphotiet-Boigny, Felix 415-16,428, election support 39-42, 92-4, 429-30 99-103, 535 556 Index international community continued Kapuscinski, Ryszard: Another Day of Savimbi on 241 Life 15, 130, 161-2 soldier retraining schemes 54-5 Karasin, Ambassador 59, 137 International Women's Day 418,531 description 138 Italy: election support lO 1 see also Troika Kassebaum, Nancy 112 Jamba,Jaka 378-9,392,396,398,399 Kassoma, Antonio Paulo 96-7, 99, 135 Jamba description 97 description 179 election support 101 issue of 136-7 registration of voters I I 7. 118, I 19 MJA visits 179-80, 181 Kassuwma, Joiio Batista 96 James, Henry: The Golden Bowl 474 Katu, Lt. Colonel 79 Jamwal, Col 15, 324 Kikongo 7 Lubango attack 357-8 Kilandamoko, Andre 132 Japan Kimbundo 7 election aid 95 Kinshasa: UNITA delegation in 396 electoral observers 187-8 'Kito'. Alexandre Rodriguez 333 Jesus, Ambassador Jose Luis 211, 240, Kossikov, Sergei 454 498,523 Kruger, Mr 109-10 humanitarian aid 499, 501 Kuito/Bie 176, 430 visit to Luanda 220, 222, 223, 224, evacuation of UNA VEM staff 364 226 humanitarian aid 439, 507-8 Jolio (gardener) 171 incidents 124-5, 150 Jolio, Paulino Pinto 99, 132 plight of 505 Jobarteh, Ebrima 44, 117, 242, 281, 284, 291, 292 324 leadership: political parties 129, 131-2 Abidjan meeting 453 Lehman, Christopher 114 election aftermath 214 Leitiio-Greene, Deolinda 453,471-2 election fairness 236-7 Liberation 419 Ethiopia peace talks 380 Lima, Victor 57, 241, 330 visit to Chivukuvuku 305 Abidjanmeeting 443 John Paul II, Pope: visit 138-9 complaints about UNITA 58, 143 Jonah,James 428,477,496-7 description 50 Jorge, Paulo 513 election aftermath 213 description 175 Ethiopia peace talks 394 lorna/ de Angola 133,241,314,382 summit meetings 339, 345 attacks on MJA 181,348-9,433, Lisbon: MJA contacted by UNITA 475,528 378-9 Lobi to Kabango, Mr 99 ceasefire 292 Kakumba, John Marques 449,481, fighting 275, 283, 284-5, 289 482 incidents 175-6 Abidjan meeting 454 UNIT A attack on UNA VEM team Kambandu, Mr 99 257 Kapralov, Yuri 21, 271 'Loy' 52, 109-10, 143, 151 Abidjan meeting 454, 459 demobilization 57-8 Capanda hostages 30 I election aftermath 213, 214, 232 description 20 supply of tents 65 Index 557

Uige and Negage problem 331,332, proposed meeting with Chilingutila 333 350,358,359,360,362-3 Lozinskiy, Valentin V. 211 179, 180--1, 191, 192 Luanda 191,192,195,200 Mbalu, Major 156-7 Boutros-Ghali's visit 141 M'banza Congo 182 election incident 198 incident 61-2 farewell to 513-17 UNITA occupation 332 fighting 130, 258-9, 265-91, 322 M'binda, Ambassador 249, 259 International Women's Day 418 Ethiopia peace talks 371-2, 376 life in 161-72 summit meetings 344 MJA arrival in 15-25, 34-44 McCormick, Shawn 111-12, 524-5 and UNAVEM 386-7,392 McCurdy, Dave 113-14 and UNITA 387 Mectecins Sans Frontieres Lubango 176,400 death of doctor 311 fighting 275, 352-3, 357-9 staff rescued 365 Luena 176, 181, 191, 192 media 528 demobilization 35-7 Abidjan meeting 455-6 humanitarian aid 508 criticisms ofMJA 475-6 registration of voters 121, 125 Ethiopia peace talks 370 Lumbala N'Guimbo 121 see also specific names, e.g. Vorgan Lunda Norte 266-7 radio Lusaka Protocol 543 Menongue 176,191,192,363,366,430 humanitarian aid 439, 507-8 Machado, Pedro Santis Fontes 454 Metelis, Mr 397,403 'Mackenzie', General 207, 255, 284, Miguel, Jose Manuel 99, 131 285 Miguel, Sebastian 99 Maier, Karl 225 Millington, Jeffrey 21, 56-7, 109, Mairov, Mikhail 454 115 Malange 155, 176, 191, 192,200 departure 245-6 antiriot police 73-4 description 20 fighting 294, 327 election aftermath 232 humanitarian aid 507-8 election support 100, Ill incidents 48, 80-4 elections 87, 205, 212 plight of 505 Jamba issue 136 Mango, Aliceres 206, 288, 289 police 74 disappearance 293 registration of voters 117 Manuvakola, General Eugenio 307, see also Troika 313-14,321,429,543 Mills, Christina (MJA's aunt) xiii, 341, Abidjan meeting 453, 468, 469, 480, 433,449,503 481 Miramar 246 Ethiopia peace talks 381-4, 388, hostages 270--1, 272-3, 283 391,398,402-8,411-12 incident 198, 200 Marcelino, Fernando 253 UNIT A leaders dash from 288, 305 Marker, Ambassador 523 Miranda, Joao de 426-7 Marshall, Alan 272 Moco, Marcolino 151, 206, 338, 509 Maseka, Mr 121 Abidjan meeting 427 Matos, Joao de 334,338,400--1,418 appointed Prime Minister 333-4 arms 509-10 proposed truce 416 558 Index Monteiro, Antonio 21, 27, 156,246, Mugabe, President Robert 333, 347, 385 268 Muteka, Fernando Faustino 380-1, 383, Abidjan meeting 454 384,453,460 ceasefire 267, 288 Abidjan meeting 462-3, 468, 470, ceasefire consolidation attempts 298 479,481,485 description 20 Ethiopia peace talks 388, 391,404, election aftermath 201, 227, 230, 407,408,410,411 232,254-5 elections 87, 94 N'dalatando 348, 358-9 FAA 66 evacuation of UNAVEM staff 364 Luanda fighting 271, 274, 275,280, fighting 275, 296, 347 281,282,293-4 UNIT A occupation 332, 337 in Luena 36-7 visitto 182-3 Miramar incident 198 N'dalu, General 37, 139-40, 156,265, 'Protocol of Abidjan' 477 283 see also Troika appointed Joint Chief of General Staff Monteiro, President Antonio 67 Mascarenhas 347 Capanda 295 Moose, George 524 ceasefire 281,284,286,287,288, UN troops 51 0-11 289,290 Morgado, Carlos 294, 338 ceasefire consolidation attempts Morris, Hank 102-3, 191 292-3,298-9,314,316-17 Mortlock, General Roger 78, 179,215, central administration 135-6 220,315,321 demobilisation 35, 52, 54 Goulding's visit 306, 307, 308 description 21 Huambo evacuation 369-70 election aftermath 203, 207, 209, Namibe meeting 325 212,213,230,232 and Savimbi 150 elections 87, 93, 94, 95 Moussoulu 167 FAA64 MOVCON (Movement Control) 163 Goulding's visit 301 Mozambique 341,534-5 leaves Angola 319-20 MPLA 99 Luanda fighting 275 Chipenda in 131 Lubango fighting 352 civil war and peace process 8-12 Malange incident 81-2 composition 7 military situation 256-7 criticisms of UNA VEM 141-5 no government post for 334 election aftermath 201-2, 206 police 73, 74-6 election campaign 122-3, 192-3 South African election support elections 87, 90 109 forms government 8 second election proposals 260 Holden, Roberto on 131 street shooting 218-19 Malange incident 81 summit meeting 242, 245-6 opposition to South African election N'Zau Puna, Miguel 35, 132, 133 support 108-10 Namibe 176, 400 politics 127 Namibe meeting 323-7 support for 8-11, 127 Namibe II meeting 351-2, 360 Muekalia, Jardo 112, 113, 524 Namibe 419, 534 Abidjan meeting 454, 481 elections 25, 38 Index 559 independence 9-10 Numa, General 298 MJA's visit to 517-20 disappearance 304 'Nando' 57, 75,76,268,338 Uige and Negage problem 330 appointed Vice Minister of the Interior Nyambuya, Michael (Colona!, then 334 Brigadier) 53, 62, 266, 268, 346, election aftermath 203 359 in place of N' datu 266, 267, 319 Abidjan meeting 453 Namibe meeting 324-5 appointed Acting CMO 337 summit meeting 242 Ethiopia peace talks 380, 408 Nascimento, Cardinal Alexandre do FAA 65 138, 150-1, 513 humanitarian aid 439 attack on 419 Lubango attack 358 Nascimento, Lopo de 23-4, 50, 96, 131, Namibe meeting 324, 327 146 security 387, 392 elections 88 Uige and Negage problem 343-4, meets Boutros-Ghali 320 349,351 no government post for 334 UN troops 487,511 National Assembly of Angola 422 Nzele, Gen 358 National Electoral Council 55, 87, 89, 99,223-4 ODP (People's Vigilance Brigades) 390 appointment of Director-General Ondjiva 176-7 96-8 Ongavi 518-19 election aftermath 201, 202, 206-7 Organiza~ao da Uniiio Nacional de election fraud investigations 209-l 0, Cabinda 146 217-18,233-4 Organization of African Unity (OAU) election results 199,200, 213 8, 13, 384-5, 509 Electoral Code of Conduct 121-2 Abidjan meeting 454 registration of voters l 06, Ill, delegation visit 34 7 117-19 summit 510,512 Ndaki, Gregoire 476 Ovimbundu people 7 Ndondo, Nevile 271, 272-3 Ozanne, Julian 225 Negage 25-6,348 problem 327-36, 341-5,347, PAJOCA 99 349-50,351,360,362 Pantale6n, Elizabeth 213, 325, 348-9, Netherlands: election support 100 376 Neto, Agostinho 7, 8, 131, 450 Abidjan meeting 453,471-2 Neto, Alberto 131, 155,236 Paris, Ambassador Rocha l 00 Neto, General Alberto 251 Parreira, Adriano 132 Neto, Pedro 66 Partido Angolano Independiente (PAl) Neto, Pitra 453 132 Newton, Tony 115 Partido Democnitico Angolano (PDA) NGOs 365 131, 235, 236 human rights 529 Partido Democnitico para o Progresso da humanitarian aid 434-5 Alianz~ Nacional Angolana (PDP­ Nicaud, M. 274, 280 ANA) 132, 235 Noakes, Stephen 272 Partido Liberal Democnitico 381 Norway: election aid 94, 115 Partido Nacional Democratico Angolano Nujoma, President Sam 519-20, 534 (PNDA) 131 560 Index Partido Renovador Democnitico (PRD) Bicesse Peace Accords I 0 99, 131 election aid 93-4, 100, 101, 191 Partido Social Democnitico (PSD) 131 supply of uniforms 66 Partido Social Democnitico Angolano Portugese citizens: incidents 79-80 (PSDA) 132, 235 Prat-Vincent, Christian 380 parties, political 87, 99, 108 PRD 99, 131 election fraud 206 Prime Minister: appointment 333-4 electoral campaign 124 prisoners, release of 134 Jamba issue 137 private sector: election support 100, leadership 131-2 101, 102, 112 meeting with UNIT A 235 'Protocol of Abidjan' 463, 464, 466, MJA's general meeting with 128-9 535 multiparty meeting 317, 318-19 versions of 477 presence at elections 92 PRS 381 Patricio, Ambassador Jose 112, 113, 114 PSDA 132, 235 Pavillard, Leo 121 public relations: UN 538 Payhama, Kundi 207 Puna, Miguel N'Zau General 89, 132, PDA 131, 235, 236 133 PDP-ANA 132,235 Peace Accords see Bicesse 'Quick Count' system: election results peace-keeping 192,205,313 MJA's views 341, 533 incident 49, 79 women in 5, 530--2 Quipedro 25, 26-7 Perez de Cuellar, Javier 5, 47 Perkins, Joseph E. 211, 223 radio 'Petroff',General 133,145,163,270, BBC World Service 170--l 290 propaganda 124, 133-4 appointed Minister of the Interior 334 see also Vorgan radio cease fire consolidation attempts 298 Rasoilo, General 453 election aftermath 200 recreation hall 168-9 Petukov, Vladimir 20, 21 Red Cross see ICRC illness 299 refugees see also Troika Caimbambo 439-42, 445 Pinheiro, Paulo Joao Lopes 454 in Luanda 162 Pitra, Santana Andre see 'Petroff' registration of voters 118 PLD 381 see also UNHCR Poland: election aid 94, 111 religion 138-9, 150--1 police retraining schemes: soldiers 54-5, 534 antiriot 58-9, 72-7, 154-5 Ribeiro, Major 134 Ethiopia peace talks 388, 390--1, 396, Rindel, Fred 53, 95 403-4 Roberto, Holden 7, 97 Bicess Peace Accords provisions 12 election results 236 issue of 69-72 leadership 129, 130 Political Commission: CCPM 12, 19 MJA meets 130--1 Portugal 419 Rocha Pinto 16 Abidjan meeting 454 Roque, Fatima 23, 271,282, 286, 530 Angolan elections 227 after cease fire 294 Angolan independence 7-8 election fraud 255 Index 561 Ross, Cameron 381, 400, 402, 465 Ethiopia peace talks 371,381,403-5, Ethiopia peace talks 403, 407, 408 408-9,410,411 safety of staff 364 sanctions: againt UNIT A 522 Roth, Richard: Abidjan meeting 454 Santa Clara 177-8 Rothwell, Ambassador Margaret 449, Santo, Armindo Espiritu 198 451,471-2 176, 181 Rufino, Gaspar 66 humanitarian aid 508 Savimbi, Jonas 7, 9, 132-3 Sabo, Martin Olav 113-14 Abidjan meeting 464, 469-70, Sachiambo, Paulo 481-3,484 Abidjan meeting 454 alleged plot to kill 140 Ethiopian peace talks 382 Angola Appeal 504 Salim Salim, Ambassador 347, 384, 385 antiriot police 60 Salupeto Pena, Engineer Elias 23, 75-6, armoured vehicles 150 100,148,156-7,265 Cabinda 146 attacks on MJA 250 ceasefire consolidation attempts Catumbo incident 78-9 295-7,298,299,321-3 ceasefire 283 control of UNIT A 330-l complaints 139, 266-8 demobilisation 54, 55, 57, 63 death 288,289,290,293,305 and democracy 127 demobilization 35, 52 description 23 description 21-2 disappearance 209 election aftermath 200, 202-4, 207, election aftermath 201-2 210,212,214-15,231 elections 89, 198, 240-1 elections 88, 93, 95 electoral campaign 123-4 FAA 57 Ethiopia peace talks 368-9, 370, 371, hostages 272-3 375-6,392 Jamba issue 136 FAA formation 66,67 Luanda fighting 275, 276, 280, 281, FAA hostages 361 282,285 in FNLA 130 Malange incident 81-2 on foreigners 80 outbursts 242, 254, 256-7, 260, 266, Holden, Roberto on 130-l 276 Huambo fighting 367,418-20 police 70, 71-2, 73 ignorance of public opinion 431 registration of voters 117 Jamba 136 Savimbi on 295-6, 308-9 Luanda fighting 275-81 second elections 251-2 Menongue meeting 366 soldier retraining schemes 54 MJA's proposed successor 477, treatment by Botha 234-5 520-1 UNA VEM funding 37 peace process l 0 UNITA plan of attack 302-3 police 72, 75, 76-7 Samakuva, Brigadier 411 Pope's visit 139 Abidjan meeting 454, 460 as presidential candidate 132 Ethi6pia peace talks 381,404,408-9, registration of voters ll 0-11, 410 119-20 Sambo 178 relations with Botha 239-40, 242, Samondo, Marcos 73, 276, 286, 363, 243-4 396 relations with Boutros-Ghali 562 Index

Savimbi, Jonas continued evacuation of nationals from Luanda letters 208-9,210, 211-12, 300 213-14 election support 95-6, 103, 107, phone calls 156-7, 230-l, 232, 108-10 249-50,313 FALA hidden army 53 talks 427-8 Savimbi's visit to 151 relations with DosSantos 146-8; see support for UNIT A 8, 9, 10, 127 also summit meetings withdrawn 259 relations with Goulding 301-2, 303, Soviet Union 315-16 Abidjan meeting 454 relations with Houphoiiet-Boigny Angola 533 431,443,444,451,463-4,483, Russians in UNAVEM 168 490 support for MPLA 8, 9, 10, 11, relations with MJA 127 attacks on 419, 421,443 see also Troika break in communications 530 Spain farewellletter 514 election support 100-1 meetings 22-3,51,57, 153-6, police equipment from 71-2 204,205-6 Stott, Patricia 43 return to negotiations 511 Strilchuk, Dennis 103, 163, 300, 327 role in government 334, 395, 444, Sukissa, General 417 458,460,461 176, 196,362-3 smuggled out of Luanda 212-13 summit meeting commissions 240, Uige and Negage problem 330, 332, 245-7,251-2 333,349-50 summit meetings between dos Santos and visit to South Africa 151 Savimbi: before elections 10, 59, Schuster, Bud 113-14 120, 148-50, 152-7 after elections Scott-Bowden, Peter 83, 465, 517 227-8, 229-35, 239-40, 243 pro­ Scowcroft, Brent 113, 114 posed by Boutros-Ghali 339, 340, Sebastiiio, Francisco 146 344-5,350,352,360-1 Senegal: on election 205 Sweden: election support 100, 101 Sigi (security guard) 228, 290 Switzerland 115 Sills, Joe 421,443,479 Simeiio, Analia Maria Caldeira de Vitoria Tadeu, General 274, 286 P.: as presidential candidate 132 Tanzania 522 Sinjela, A. Mpazi 106, 236-7 television Sissy (Austrian housekeeper) 27, 162, electoral campaign 124 163-4,228,291,301,347,517,518 propaganda 133-4 Smith, Judy 114 Tempelsman, Maurice 112 Snoussi, Ambassador Ahmed 211 tents: FAA 65 Soares, Mario 141,473 Terra Angolana 134, 250 social life: official 169 Tiago, N'Zita 146 Soderberg, Nancy 524 Tiburcio, Jose 146 soldiers: vocational training programmes Times 374-5 54-5,534 Titov, Dmitry 16, 399 Soto, Alvaro de 58, 143,498 Angolan visit 295, 301 South Africa training programmes: for soldiers 54-5, Angolan elections 227 534 Index 563

'triple zero option' 10-11, 373,415, UN 520,522 backing from 476-9 declared null and void 397 condemnation of attacks on MJA 424 Troika 12,20,28,59, 137-8,149,415, condemnation of UNIT A 385-6 416,509 internal operations 537-41 Abidjan meeting 431,458-9,493 MJA leaves 525-6 aid to government 520 observers 104-5 in CCPM 1 2, 28 role in peace-keeping 42-3, 533 ceasefire consolidation attempts 295 women in 5, 104, 530--2 composition 20, 137-8 UN agencies condemnation of attacks on MJA 443 humanitarian aid 434-9 confidence in UNAVEM 144 meetings 24, 170 demobilization 51 see also specific names, e.g. UNDP election aftermath 215 UN Economic Commission for Africa elections 96-7 453 Ethiopia peace talks 397, 399-400, UN Security Council 340, 520--3 405 Abidjan meeting 466, 467, 468-9 Goulding's visit 301 condemnation of attacks on MJA 443 meeting with Savimbi 244 condemnation of UNITA 377-8 second election proposals 254-6 resolutions on Angola 9, 14, 35, 259, summit meetings 239, 240, 331,378,385-6,422-5,499-501, 242-3 521-3 UN approach 377 role in truce 415 UN troops 51 0--11 spread of fighting 363-4 Trollope, Anthony: The Small House at staff 539, 540--1 Allington 171 triple zero provision 373 troop assembly 10, 18-19,47-8, 50, UN Security Council Commission 60, 178-9 210--11,212,219-27 troop movements: UNITA 203-4, 256 meeting with Botha 224-7 truce proposals reports 223,240,243 Ethiopian peace talks 409-11, 413 UN troops 58, 129, 316, 343-4 humanitarian 393, 395, 396-7, 398, Abidjan meeting 469, 486-8 399,400 constraints on deploying 538 Truman, John 33, 43, 98 support of humanitarian aid 494-8, 500--1,510--11,524-5 Uige 25 use of 339, 360, 422, 444 air crashes 188-90 UNAVEM 36 FAA hostages 353, 358, 359-60, attacks on 257-8, 267-8, 375, 386-7, 361 521 MJA's visits to 153-6, 182 Botha on 225 problem 327-36, 341-5, 347, campaign against 181 349-51,360,362 Capanda hostages 300--1 UK 12 Catumbo incident 78-9 barracks,_ 65 CCPM meetings 19 election aid 93, 100, 101 certification of elections 236-8 supply of tents 66 communication channels 435 , Jer6nimo: Ethiopian peace talks conditions 27-8 382 confidencein 19-20 564 Index

UNA VEM continued funding for project 100, 101 criticisms of 141-5, 382 humanitarian aid 438 death of military observer 327, meetings with 170 328-9 UNDTCD (UN Department of Technical dwindling presence 336-7 Cooperation for Development) 90 election support 102 UNFPA (UN Fund for Population establishment 9-10, 13-14 Activities) 170 FALA hidden army 53-4 UNHCR (UN High Commission for farewell party 515-16 Refugees) 24, 27, 170 funding 24-5, 32-3, 34-5, 37-43, emergency supplies 400 223-4 humanitarian aid 436, 438 humanitarian aid 434-42 UNICEF (UN Children's Fund) 24, 170 information gathering 537-8 Caimbambo refugees 439-40, 442 living conditons 164-9 emergency supplies 400 Lubango attack 357-9 humanitarian aid 438 M'banza Congo incident 61-2 uniforms: FAA 66 mandate Unimna, Edward Ushie 15, 21, 22, 28, Abidjan meeting 458,461-2 294,324 Bicesse Peace Accords 11, 342-3 appointment of 14 elections 13-14,31-5,58,92, 129 CCPM meetings 19 extensions 250-1,259,310-11, ceasefire consolidation attempts 292 374,377,385,386,422-3 demobilization 35-6, 66 government wishes 303 FAA 62 MJA's draft 345-6 FALA hidden army 53 Namibe 326 field trips 173 UNITA wishes 316 Goulding's visit 306 military observer kidnapped 406, 424 lack of communication with 285 Namibe meeting 323-7 Malange incident 81, 82, 83 peace-keeping medal ceremonies peace-keeping medal ceremonies 169-70 170 relations with Luanda 392 police 72 relief planes shot at 456, 465-6 relinquishes post 337, 338 role in elections 24-5, 90, 195, 197 Uige and Negage problem 333 role in police 69-70 UNIT A safety of staff 363, 364-6 Abidjan meeting 427-32, 4535, staff evacuation plans 292 466-70,474,479-89,494 staffing and conditions 16-18, 25, absence from multiparty meeting 33-4,43-4,104-5,527-8 318-19 troop monitoring 48 acceptance of first election results Uige and Negage problem 327, 312-16 328-9,334-5,341-4 admonished by US 463 UNA VEM camps 83 Angola Appeal 506 conditions 173-83 antiriot police 388 Huambo 367, 369-70 attacks on MJA 241-2, 247-50, 251, MJA's visits 104-5,513 252,257-8,259,280-1 UNDP 24, 39, 90, 121 apologies for 295, 296,449,456-7 election support 102, 103 attacks on UN agencies 257-8, emergency supplies 400 267-8,436,456,465-6,521 Index 565

Cabinda 145 Updike, John: The Coup 171 Catumbo incident 78-9 Urquhart, Sir Brian 43 civil war and peace process 8-12 us composition 7 Abidjan meeting 427, 428-31, 454 condemnation of 377-8, 385-6,521 admonishes UNIT A 463 control of 330-l, 361 election fairness 239 criticism by UN 499, 500 election fraud 205 defections 35, 89, 132 election support I 00, 10 l, lll-17, deteriorating relationship with 191 government 139-40 no military aid to Angola 315 election aftermath 200-38 recognition of Angola 395, 399, 486, election fraud 201-38 510 elections 87, 88, 89 and Savimbi 132-3 electoral campaign 122-4, 133 strategy for Angola 511-12,533 Ethiopia peace talks 366-9, 370-3, supply of aircraft 52, 56-7, 61-2, 375-7,378-9,380-5,387-400, 403 402-13 supply of tents 65-6 FAA hostages 353, 358, 359-60, 361 support for Holden Roberto 130 formation 130 support for UNIT A 8, 9, 10, ll, 127 Holden, Roberto on 130-l UNA VEM expansion 522 humanitarian aid 445-6, 507-8 UNIT A deadline 397-8, 399 illicit arms supplies 373 MJA's visits to 523-5 incidents 78-84 see also Troika Jamba issue 36-7 US compound: Luanda 271, 273, 275, military situation 372,381,401,509 282,286,287 Namibe meeting 323-7 politics 127 Vahekeni, Joao 454, 506 pre-election clashes 150-2 Valentim, Jorge 153,433,460,485-6 propaganda 133-4 Abidjan meeting 429, 453, 455-8, MJA's public statements against 530 462-4,467-9,474,479-84, release of prisoners 134 488-9 return to negotiation 508-9 election aftermath 216 role in government 334, 338, 457-8, Ethiopia peace talks 398 459-60,461 Goulding's visit 307, 308, 309 role of UN 13 humanitarian aid 438, 445-6 sanctions against 522 relief planes shot down 466 second election proposals 254, 259-60 Uige and Negage problem 331, 333 security for 316,317,318,320, Van Dunem, Prime Minister Fernando 322-3,328,340,425-6 J. de Frant;a Dias 143 support for 8-11, 127 Van Dunem Foreign Minister Pedro de UNAVEM evacuation from Huambo Castro, see 'Loy' 369-70 Viana 194 US deadline 397-8, 399 ceasefire 292 see also FALA; Savimbi; Vorgan radio Victor, Mfulupinga N'Landa 132 UNMO (UN Military Observer) Vienna 3,378,380 humanitarian aid 436 Vila Espa 29 staffing and conditions 17-18, 26 Christmas 346-7 UNPO (UN Police Observer) 17, 18 description 16 566 Index Vila Espa continued women explosions 228-9 Angolan 163-4 living conditions 164-9 in UN 5, 104, 530-2 vulnerability of 387 Woods, Jim 524 Voice of America 314-15 World Food Programme 24, 95, 115, Vorgan radio 133-4, 180 170 attacks on MJA 247, 248-9, 259, Caimbambo refugees 439-40, 432,442-3 442 ceasefire 286-7 emergency supplies 400 Vorontsov, Ambassador 498 humanitarian aid 435, 438, 465 voter education 122 World Health Organization 24, 170

Waldecir, Dr 166, 190, 305 Xangongo 177 Walker, Ambassador 399 Wambo, Gener111 207,287,294,405 Yaker, Layashi 380, 385,414 Ward, Ambassador Jennifer 524 Yamoussoukro 431-2 weapons: custody 48-9,55-6,61,62,63 MJA's visit to 472-3 Wenda, Brigadier 306,307, 321 WFP see World Food Programme Zacarias, General 207, 284, 285 White, Thomas 15, 18, 27,220,517 summit meeting commission 246 Ethiopian peace talks 403 Zaire evacuation plan 258 Savimbi's visit 314,317 Luanda fighting 270, 281 support for Roberto 130 WHO 24,170 support for UNIT A 8 Windhoek 518,519,520 Zimbabwe 333 Wiyo, Ge.neral 66, 321 on election 205 Goulding's visit 307, 308 UN troops 511