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The Pragmatism of JH Newman

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The Pragmatism of JH Newman UNIVERSIDAD DE NAVARRA FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Y LETRAS DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOSOFÍA THE PRAGMATISM OF J. H. NEWMAN: HIS CONTRIBUTIONS FOR A COMMITMENT TO TRUTH IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES Marial Corona Tesis dirigida por el Prof. Dr. D. Jaime Nubiola Chicago, 3 de mayo de 2020 Pamplona, 24 de julio de 2020 CONTENTS Abbreviations ..................................................................................... 1 Introduction........................................................................................ 5 PART I JOHN HENRY NEWMAN’S LIFE AND CONTEXT 1. Newman’s biographical profile .................................................. 15 1.1. Formative period (1801-1833) ........................................ 17 1.2. The Oxford Movement (1833-1841) ............................... 21 1.3. Crisis and conversion (1841-1847) ................................. 30 1.4. Projects in the Catholic Church (1847-1864) .................. 40 1.5. Gathering the fruits (1864-1890) ..................................... 48 2. Newman’s philosophical profile ................................................. 55 2.1. Aristotelian grounding ..................................................... 57 2.2. British philosophers with whom Newman dialogued ..... 66 2.3. Contemporary interlocutors ............................................. 83 2.4. Reception in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries ..... 95 Conclusion: J. H. Newman as a philosopher ................................... 112 PART II THE PRAGMATISM OF JOHN HENRY NEWMAN 3. Understanding of pragmatism ................................................. 119 3.1. Pragmatism as a way of thinking .................................. 123 3.2. Commitments of pragmatism to which Newman subscribes ...................................................................... 140 4. Affinities between Newman and pragmatism ......................... 155 4.1. Realism .......................................................................... 156 4.2. Concern for the unity of knowledge .............................. 163 4.3. Search for truth as a communal pursuit through time ... 175 4.4. Recognition of the crucial role doubt and error play in the pursuit of knowledge ........................................... 191 4.5. Illative sense and abductive reasoning .......................... 205 Conclusion: J. H. Newman as a forerunner of pragmatism ............. 220 PART III JOHN HENRY NEWMAN’S COMMITMENT TO TRUTH 5. Newman’s insights into reductionist philosophical positions ...................................................................................... 231 5.1. Rationalism .................................................................... 236 5.2. Liberalism ...................................................................... 245 5.3. Skepticism and fundamentalism .................................... 259 6. Newman’s contributions to strengthen our commitment to truth........................................................................................ 274 6.1. Liberal education ........................................................... 277 6.2. Sense of community ...................................................... 288 6.3. Personal influence ......................................................... 299 6.4. Conscience ..................................................................... 309 6.5. Fallibilism and pluralism ............................................... 321 Conclusion: J. H. Newman, a relevant author for our times ............ 331 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 341 Bibliography ................................................................................... 353 Works of J. H. Newman........................................................... 353 General Bibliography ............................................................... 356 ABBREVIATIONS FOR THE WORKS OF J. H. NEWMAN The abbreviations used for Newman’s works are those listed by Joseph Rickaby in the Index to the Works of John Henry Cardinal Newman (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1914) and followed by the Newman Studies Journal, with some additions. References to works included by Newman in his thirty-six volume uniform edition are always to that edition, begun in 1868 and concluded in 1881, the text of which is available in the Newman Reader (www.newmanreader.org). The first volume, or general introduction, of Newman’s Philosophical Notebook is not cited as one of Newman’s works, as it was written in full by Edward Sillem. Only the second volume, which corresponds to the actual text of Newman’s philosophical notebook, is cited as work of his and included in this list of abbreviations. Apo Apologia pro Vita Sua. Edited by Wilfrid Ward. London: Oxford University Press, 1913. AR Addresses to Cardinal Newman with His Replies (1879-81). Edited by William Neville. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1905. Ari The Arians of the Fourth Century. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1908. AW Autobiographical Writings. Edited by Henry Tristam. New York: Sheed & Ward, 1956. 1 THE PRAGMATISM OF J. H. NEWMAN Call Callista. London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1901. Camp My Campaign in Ireland. Aberdeen: A. King & Co., 1896. Cons On Consulting the Faithful in Matters of Doctrine. Edited by John Coulson. New York: Sheed & Ward, 1961. CR Articles published in “The Contemporary Review” in 1885. DA Discussions and Arguments on Various Subjects. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1907. Dev An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1909. Diff Certain Difficulties Felt by Anglicans in Catholic Teaching. 2 vols. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1900. Ess Essays Critical and Historical. 2 vols. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1907. GA An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1903. HS Historical Sketches. 3 vols. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1909. Idea The Idea of a University. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1907. Jfc Lectures on the Doctrine of Justification. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1908. LD Letters and Diaries. Edited by Charles Stephen Dessain, Ian Ker and Thomas Gornall. 32 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 19782009. 2 ABBREVIATIONS LG Loss and Gain: The Story of a Convert. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1906. MD Meditations and Devotions of the Late Cardinal Newman. Edited by William Neville. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1907. Mix Discourses Addressed to Mixed Congregations. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1906. OS Sermons Preached on Various Occasions. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1908. PN The Philosophical Notebook of John Henry Newman: The Text. Edited by Edward Sillem. Louvain: Nauwelaerts, 1970. Prepos Lectures on the Present Position of Catholics in England. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1908. PS Parochial and Plain Sermons. 8 vols. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 190708. SC Sermons 1824-1843. Edited by Clement McGrath, Placid Murray and Vincent Blehl. 5 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 19912012. SD Sermons Bearing on the Subjects of the Day. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1902. SE Stray Essays on Controversial Points. Privately printed, 1890. TP, i Theological Papers of John Henry Newman on Faith and Certainty. Edited by Hugo de Achaval and Derek Holmes. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976. 3 THE PRAGMATISM OF J. H. NEWMAN TP, ii Theological Papers of John Henry Newman on Biblical Inspiration and on Infallibility. Edited by Derek Holmes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979. US Fifteen Sermons Preached before the University of Oxford. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1909. VM The Via Media of the Anglican Church. 2 vols. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1901. VV Verses on Various Occasions. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1903. 4 INTRODUCTION John Henry Newman stands out as a courageous witness of what it means to search for the truth and be coherent with it; not only did he make of truth a vital option, he also reflected deeply on the way people can know the truth, assent to it and communicate it. Newman is widely known as an educator, a theologian, a philosopher, even a poet. He wrote on a wide variety of subjects, and his works show his concern for the real quandaries his contemporaries faced and his ability to connect with them. Although he did not consider himself a philosopher and did not subscribe to any philosophical tradition, he tackled the classical problems of truth, knowledge and belief in a novel and fruitful way. Truth could be identified as the focal point of his philosophical program. Newman’s life spanned for most of the nineteenth century, a time in which the illusions of modern philosophy with its ensuing rationalism and liberalism were quickly unfolding. He faced the growing skepticism he encountered not as a personal temptation, but as a searching contradiction for whose resolution he invested his heart and mind1. Along with his contemporaries, he reflected on the causes of the doubts that assailed them and developed his philosophy as an attempt to find a way forward. While Newman’s philosophical contributions have not received much attention in the past, this has changed in recent years2. However, philosophers who have studied Newman agree that, although he made 1 Cf. Michael Buckley, “The Winter of My Desolation: Conscience and the Contradictions of Atheism According to John Henry Newman,” in Newman and Truth (Louvain: Peeters, 2008), 71. 2 For example, the American Catholic Philosophical Association dedicated the Winter 2019 issue of their journal to Newman’s
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