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REPORT No 58 / 2020 Russia–China Dialogue: The 2020 Model Tel.: +7 (495) 225 6283 Fax: +7 (495) 225 6284 [email protected] 119049, Moscow, 8, 4th Dobryninsky pereulok russiancouncil.ru RUSSIAN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS COUNCIL INSTITUTE OF FAR EASTERN STUDIES OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES AT FUDAN UNIVERSITY MOSCOW 2020 Russian International Affairs Council Institute of Far Eastern Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of International Studies at Fudan University Authors: From Russia: S. Luzyanin, Dr. of History (Head); А. Kortunov, Ph.D. in History; A. Karneev, Ph.D. in History; V. Petrovsky, Dr. of Political Science; V. Kashin, Ph.D. in Political Science; A. Larionov, Ph.D. in Public Administration; I. Danilin, Ph.D. in Political Sci- ence; Y. Kulintsev; R. Mamedov; К. Kuzmina From China: Prof. Zhao Huasheng (Head); Liu Huaqin, Ph.D. in Economics; Prof. Shi Ze; Xing Guangcheng, Dr. of Law; Sun Wanhu; Feng Yujun, Dr. of Law; Yang Cheng, Dr. of Law; Li Yonghui, Dr. of Law; Song Niu, Ph.D. Copy Editors: I. Timofeev, Ph.D. in Political Science; E. Karpinskaya; K. Kuzmina; A. Larionova; D. Terkina Russia–China Dialogue: The 2020 Model: Report No. 58/2020 / [S.G. Luzyanin (Head) et al.; Zhao Huasheng (Head) et al.]; Russian International Affairs Council (RIAC). – Moscow: NPMP RIAC, 2020. –128 p. – The names of authors are listed on reverse of title page. ISBN 978-5-6044165-0-1 The 6th annual report by RIAC, RAS Institute of Far Eastern Studies and the Institute of International Studies at Fudan University presents the common views of leading Russian and Chinese international affairs experts on the development of Russia–China cooperation in 2019 and the first quarter of 2020. The authors assess the dynamics of bilateral interaction in the economic, military and technical fields, as well as in educa- tion, culture, media and tourism. The experts pay special attention to the global and regional contexts of Russia–China ties. Practical recommendations are formulated in order to bring the partnership to a new level. The 2020 report also focuses on new challenges and opportunities for Moscow and Beijing in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the Years of Scientific, Technical and Innovative Cooperation being held in 2020 and 2021, a special section of the paper is devoted to this area. RIAC thanks Alexis Legigand for his help in preparing this publication. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of RIAC. The full text is published on RIAC’s website. You can download the report or leave a comment via this direct link: russiancouncil.ru/en/report58 © Авторский коллектив, 2020 © Институт международных исследований Фуданьского университета, 2020 © Составление, оформление, дизайн обложки, текст. НП РСМД, 2020 © English edition, translation to English language. NPMP RIAC, 2020 Table of Contents Summary 5 Introduction 8 1. Russia and China: Trends in the Development of the Comprehensive Partnership and Assessments of the Global Situation 10 1.1. New Trends and Areas in Russia–China Relations in the International Context 10 1.2. Russia–China Cooperation in Combating the COVID-19 Pandemic 14 1.3. Russia–China Relations and the American Factor 17 1.4. Agenda of the SCO and BRICS during Russia’s Presidency 25 1.5. Russia–China Interaction on Security and Development Issues in Various Regions 32 2. Russia–China Cooperation in Eurasia 39 2.1. Co-Developing the EAEU and the BRI: Continuing Practical Cooperation 39 2.2. Prospects for Russia–China Cooperation in the Arctic 40 3. Military and Military-Technical Cooperation between Russia and China 43 3.1. Military-Technical Cooperation in 2019 43 3.2. Military Interaction in 2019 44 4. Developing Russia–China Economic Cooperation 47 4.1. General Trends 47 4.2. Dynamics of Bilateral Trade 48 4.3. Mutual Investment and Promising Joint Projects 54 4.4. Russia–China Financial Cooperation 59 4.5. Regional Interaction 60 5. Russia–China Relations in Science, Technology and Innovation 64 5.1. Development of Cooperation in Science, Technology and Innovation in 1992–2017 64 5.2. Current Stage of Development 66 5.3. Prospects for Russia–China Science, Technology and Innovation Collaboration 69 5.4. Potential Areas and Recommendations for Fostering Cooperation 71 6. Russia–China Cooperation in Education, Culture, Media and Tourism 75 www.russiancouncil.ru 3 RUSSIA–CHINA DIALOGUE: THE 2020 MODEL 6.1. The Context of the Collaboration in Education, Culture, Media and Tourism 75 6.2. Educational Cooperation between Russia and China in 2019 76 6.3. Russia–China Cultural Relations in 2019 78 6.4. Interaction of Russian and Chinese Media in 2019 79 6.5. Tourist Exchanges in Cooperation between Russia and China 81 Recommendations 84 Annex. Monitoring of the Key Events in Russia–China Relations in Q2–Q4 2019 and Q1 2020 92 About the Authors 122 4 Report 58 / 2020 RUSSIA–CHINA DIALOGUE: THE 2020 MODEL SUMMARY Summary The annual “Russia–China Dialogue” report is aimed at conducting a regular ana- lysis of the dynamics of Russia–China relations across a comprehensive range of areas as well as at providing expert recommendations on developing interac- tion between Moscow and Beijing. This report summarizes the results of bilateral cooperation in the 2nd–4th quarters of 2019 and the 1st quarter of 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic that broke out in early 2020 has posed a serious chal- lenge to Moscow–Beijing relations. The growing uncertainty in international relations, coupled with the global recession and the intensification of global and regional problems mean that Russia and China need to coordinate their stances and courses of action more closely. Additionally, COVID-19 has shown that Russia and China need to expand cooperation in combating non-conven- tional security threats and developing reliable mechanisms for joint action in emergencies. The epidemic has also put a halt to economic ties and educational, touristic and cultural exchanges between the two countries, with numerous interaction for- mats having been suspended. Under the new circumstances, Russia and China should make full use of the potential of new technologies and actively develop e-commerce and online payments, distance learning and other similar formats. It is vitally important to ensure that the pandemic does not have a negative impact on mutual trust and interest in cooperation. Russia–China relations are better than they have ever been, and there is still sig- nificant potential for advancing practical cooperation in a broad range of areas. While adhering to the principles of political equality and mutual respect, Moscow and Beijing should jointly formulate a long-term development strategy focused on specific goals and objectives in the key areas of cooperation. Russia–China relations are developing against the backdrop of a difficult interna- tional situation. The United States views Russia and China as its strategic rivals and uses instruments of geopolitical and economic containment against them. U.S.–China relations have been deteriorating rapidly in recent years, which cre- ates significant risks for the entire world and specific threats for Moscow. The strategic partnership between Russia and China has acquired new regional and global dimensions: the countries are taking on greater responsibility for main- taining international peace, reforming multilateral institutions, and creating a new world order. The joint efforts of the two powers have also proved vital in resolv- ing security and development issues in Afghanistan, the Middle East, Africa, the Korean Peninsula and other regions. While Moscow and Beijing may disagree on individual issues, they should maintain unity on the fundamental aspects of the world order and continue to contain destructive international trends. Creating a long-term strategic vision of the foundations of global development, formulating common conceptual stances in various regions, and developing joint security initiatives continue to be crucial tasks. www.russiancouncil.ru 5 RUSSIA–CHINA DIALOGUE: THE 2020 MODEL Collaboration within the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and BRICS remains a priority for Russia and China. Today, these groupings face similar stra- tegic objectives in terms of the need for reform and greater efficiency, the devel- opment of the economic component of both organizations and the creation of an expanded network of partnerships based on them. The COVID-19 pandemic has also highlighted the importance of developing cooperation in global healthcare within these two groups. Russia and China could use Russia’s dual presidency in the SCO and BRICS to eliminate problems and barriers that hinder the advance- ment of cooperation in principal areas, including trade, finance, innovations and others. The countries maintain a traditionally high level of military and military-technical cooperation, which is manifested in regular exchanges between military struc- tures, joint military exercises and, recently, joint air patrolling the Asia Pacific. Russia and China are working together to develop missile attack warning sys- tems, which indicates a high degree of mutual trust in sensitive areas. It is impor- tant to note the heightened level of secrecy in a number of areas, which is a result of the increasingly complicated global military and political situation. Russia and China continued to develop trade and economic cooperation in 2019, with mutual trade growing by 3.4 per cent,
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