The Puyallup River Watershed: An Ecological Economic Characterization May 2011

Authors:ĂǀŝĚĂƚŬĞƌ͕ZŽǁĂŶ^ĐŚŵŝĚƚ͕:ĞŶŶŝĨĞƌ,ĂƌƌŝƐŽŶͲŽdž͕ĂĐŚĂƌLJŚƌŝƐƟŶ

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Acknowledgments dŚŝƐƐƚƵĚLJǁĂƐĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŐĞŶĞƌŽƵƐƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞEŽƌĐůŝīĞ&ŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞ dĂĐŽŵĂ'ƌĞĂƚĞƌŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ&ŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞ^ĞƋƵŽŝĂ&ŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶ͘

Earth Economics would like to thank David Seabrook, Melissa Paulson, Russ Ladley, dŽŶLJtĂƌĮĞůĚ͕ĂǀŝĚ^ĞĂŐŽĂŶĚ>ĞĂŚDŝƚĐŚĞůůĨŽƌƌĞǀŝĞǁŝŶŐƚŚŝƐƌĞƉŽƌƚ͘dŚĂŶŬLJŽƵƚŽ Bill Sullivan, Roy Huberd and Lorin Reinelt for providing input to the project design. Thanks also to our Board of Directors, Joshua Reyneveld, Ingrid Rasch, David Cosman ĂŶĚ:ŽƐŚƵĂ&ĂƌůĞLJ͘

Earth Economics project team members for this study included David Batker, Rowan ^ĐŚŵŝĚƚ͕:ĞŶŶŝĨĞƌ,ĂƌƌŝƐŽŶͲŽdž͕ĂĐŚĂƌLJŚƌŝƐƟŶ͕DĂLJĂ<ŽĐŝĂŶ͕dĞĚŝŝĐŬŝŶƐŽŶ͕:ĞŶŶŝĨĞƌ DĐ&ĂĚĚĞŶ͕'ƌĞŐŽƌLJ>ƵŶĚ͕<ĞůůĞŶ,ĂǁůĞLJĂŶĚzǀŽŶŶĞ^ŶLJĚĞƌ͘

Special thanks go to Pierce County, the Puyallup River Watershed Council, the Puyallup Tribe of Indians, the Muckleshoot Indian Tribe, and the Port of Tacoma for their ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉĂŶĚĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŽĨƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶĐĞͲďĂƐĞĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚŽĨĂƌƚŚ Economics in studying the Puyallup River Watershed. The authors are responsible for the content of this report.

Cover photo by Don Briggs

©2011 by Earth Economics. All rights reserved. The contents of this report may be freely reproduced ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƐŽƵƌĐĞŝƐĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĚ͘tĞǁŽƵůĚĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƚĞLJŽƵƌŶŽƟĮĐĂƟŽŶǁŚĞŶŽƵƌǁŽƌŬŝƐĐŝƚĞĚ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: ii ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Abstract: dŚŝƐĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐĂŶĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͕ůŽĐĂƚĞĚŝŶ tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ^ƚĂƚĞ͕h^͘dŚĞƉƌŝŵĂƌLJŐŽĂůŽĨƐƵĐŚĂĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶŝƐƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŶĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞŚƵŵĂŶ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJĂƐĂƐŝŶŐůĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘/ĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐĂŶĚǀĂůƵŝŶŐŶĂƚƵƌĞ͛ƐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵLJĞŶĂďůĞƐďĞƩĞƌ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐƚŚĂƚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞůŽĐĂůĂŶĚƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞ͘dŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͕ŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ and other relevant features. Ecological economics is a recent advancement in economics and provides an ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŽŵĂŶĂŐŝŶŐĂǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͛ƐĞĐŽŶŽŵLJĂŶĚĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͘hƐŝŶŐďĞŶĞĮƚƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐLJ ĂŶĚ'ĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ^LJƐƚĞŵƐ;'/^ͿĚĂƚĂ͕ƚŚĞĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚĂƌĞ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĂŶĚǀĂůƵĞĚ͘EŽƚĂůůĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĐĂŶďĞǀĂůƵĞĚ͖ϭϵĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐǁĞƌĞǀĂůƵĞĚ in this study. Results show that ecosystems in the Puyallup River Watershed provide $526 million to $5 billion ŝŶďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵLJĞǀĞƌLJLJĞĂƌ͘dŚŝƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ƐĂůŵŽŶŚĂďŝƚĂƚ͕ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐ ǀĂůƵĞ͕ďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚƌŽůĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚĐLJĐůŝŶŐ͘ƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐĂŶĚĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ ǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶĂƌĞĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞĚ͘^ƉĞĐŝĮĐƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞŽīĞƌĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: iii ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ The Puyallup River Watershed: iv ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Table of ContentsTable of Contents džĞĐƵƟǀĞ^ƵŵŵĂƌLJ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭ DĂũŽƌ&ŝŶĚŝŶŐƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌ/ŵƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯ Next Steps ...... 3 ^ƚƵĚLJKďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰ ZĞƉŽƌƚKƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰ WĂƌƚ/͗dŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϱ Geography ...... 5 The Watershed Economy ...... 8 People ...... 8 Infrastructure ...... 8  >ĂŶĚŽǀĞƌĂŶĚ>ĂŶĚhƐĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϵ Regional Biodiversity ...... 12 WĂƌƚ//͗<ĞLJĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϱ tŚĂƚ͛ƐĂŶĐŽŶŽŵLJĨŽƌ͕ŶLJǁĂLJ͍͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϱ  dŚĞdŚƌĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐYƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϱ ^ŚŝŌŝŶ^ĐĂƌĐŝƚLJ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϳ tŚLJŚĂƐƚŚĞ͞^ŚŝŌŝŶ^ĐĂƌĐŝƚLJ͟ďĞĞŶKǀĞƌůŽŽŬĞĚ͍͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϴ The Whole Economy Model ...... 18  ĞƐŝƌĞĚŶĚƐ͕^ĐĂƌĐĞZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚ'ƵŝĚŝŶŐWƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϵ Addressing Inherent Complexity ...... 21 /ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƚŽĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ'ŽŽĚƐĂŶĚServices ...... 21 Ecosystem Goods ...... 23 Ecosystem Services ...... 23 ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞsĂůƵĂƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϯ WĂƌƚ///͗ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϱ Categories of Ecosystem Services ...... 25 ĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϳ  ŝƐƚƵƌďĂŶĐĞWƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϳ  ZĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϴ  ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϯϬ Water Supply ...... 31  EƵƚƌŝĞŶƚZĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϯϮ  tĂƚĞƌZĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϯϯ Spiritual and Religious Experience ...... 35  ^Žŝů&ŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϯϱ  ^ŽŝůZĞƚĞŶƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϯϱ Water Quality and Waste Treatment ...... 35  WƌŝŵĂƌLJWƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϯϲ Biological Control ...... 36 Habitat and Biodiversity ...... 36

The Puyallup River Watershed: v ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ  'ĂƐĂŶĚůŝŵĂƚĞZĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϯϳ  WŽůůŝŶĂƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϯϳ  &ŽŽĚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϯϳ  ĞƐƚŚĞƟĐ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϯϳ WĂƌƚ/s͗sĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϯϵ KǀĞƌǀŝĞǁ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϯϵ YƵĂŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ>ĂŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƐƐĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϯϵ /ĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚsĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽĨ>ĂŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƐƐĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϭ  /ĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϭ  >ĂŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƐƐsĂůƵĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϮ sĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϴ  ŶŶƵĂů&ůŽǁŽĨsĂůƵĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϴ  EĞƚWƌĞƐĞŶƚsĂůƵĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϵ Results ...... 50 WĂƌƚs͗ƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ^ƚƵĚLJ&ŝŶĚŝŶŐƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϱϭ /ŶǀĞƐƟŶŐŝŶƚŚĞ&ƵƚƵƌĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϱϭ  &ůŽŽĚZŝƐŬZĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϱϮ Decision Support ...... 52  tĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϱϮ  ŽƐƚͲĞŶĞĮƚŶĂůLJƐŝƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϱϯ  WƌŽũĞĐƚWƌŝŽƌŝƟnjĂƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϱϯ  ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů/ŵƉĂĐƚ^ƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϱϰ  >ĂŶĚhƐĞWŽůŝĐLJĂŶĚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϱϰ  /ŶƚĞƌŶĂůWŽůŝĐLJĂŶĚWƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞZĞǀĂŵƉ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϱϰ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨ&ƵŶĚŝŶŐ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϱϱ Green Jobs Analysis ...... 55 Watershed Investment Districts ...... 55 dŽǁĂƌĚƐĂ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĂŶĚĞƐŝƌĂďůĞ&ƵƚƵƌĞ ...... 56 ŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϱϳ

Appendix A: Report References ...... 61 ƉƉĞŶĚŝdž͘sĂůƵĞdƌĂŶƐĨĞƌ^ƚƵĚŝĞƐhƐĞĚ͗&ƵůůZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϲϵ ƉƉĞŶĚŝdž͘sĂůƵĞdƌĂŶƐĨĞƌ^ƚƵĚŝĞƐhƐĞĚďLJ>ĂŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƐƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϳϲ ƉƉĞŶĚŝdž͘^ƚƵĚLJ>ŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϴϰ

The Puyallup River Watershed: vi ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ List of Figures &ŝŐƵƌĞϭͲWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚďŽƵŶĚĂƌLJ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϲ &ŝŐƵƌĞϮͲWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϳ &ŝŐƵƌĞϯͲdŚĞWĂƌƟĂůĐŽŶŽŵLJDŽĚĞů͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϲ &ŝŐƵƌĞϰͲWƌĞǀŝŽƵƐŵƉƚLJtŽƌůĚ^ŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϳ &ŝŐƵƌĞϱͲdŽĚĂLJ͛Ɛ&ƵůůtŽƌůĚ^ŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϳ &ŝŐƵƌĞϲͲdŚĞtŚŽůĞĐŽŶŽŵLJDŽĚĞů͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϵ &ŝŐƵƌĞϳͲdŚĞ>ŝŶŬďĞƚǁĞĞŶEĂƚƵƌĂů/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ'ŽŽĚƐĂŶĚ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϮϮ &ŝŐƵƌĞϴͲdŚĞDŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨtĂƚĞƌŝŶĂĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϯϰ &ŝŐƵƌĞϵͲdŚĞDŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨtĂƚĞƌŝŶĂ&ŽƌĞƐƚĞĚtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϯϰ &ŝŐƵƌĞϭϬͲ>ĂŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƐƐĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϬ &ŝŐƵƌĞϭϭͲdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨŝīĞƌĞŶƚ^ƵŝƚĞƐŽĨĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐWƌŽǀŝĚĞĚďLJsĂƌŝŽƵƐ>ĂŶĚŽǀĞƌƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϮ

List of Tables Table 1 - List of 23 Ecosystem Services ...... 26 dĂďůĞϮͲE>>ĂŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƐƐĞƐhƐĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐ^ƚƵĚLJ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϬ dĂďůĞϯͲdŽƚĂůĐƌĞĂŐĞƐďLJ>ĂŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƐƐŝŶƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϭ dĂďůĞϰͲsĂůƵĂƟŽŶDĞƚŚŽĚƐhƐĞĚƚŽsĂůƵĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝŶWƌŝŵĂƌLJ^ƚƵĚŝĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϯ dĂďůĞϱͲĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐsĂůƵĞĚĂŶĚͬŽƌ/ĚĞŶƟĮĞĚŝŶƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϰ dĂďůĞϲͲ,ŝŐŚĂŶĚ>ŽǁŽůůĂƌƉĞƌĐƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐĨŽƌƐƚƵĂƌLJ͕&ŽƌĞƐƚůůŐĞƐ͕ĂŶĚZŝǀĞƌƐĂŶĚ>ĂŬĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϱ dĂďůĞϳͲ,ŝŐŚ>ŽǁŽůůĂƌƉĞƌĐƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐĨŽƌWĂƐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚhƌďĂŶ'ƌĞĞŶ^ƉĂĐĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϲ dĂďůĞϴͲ,ŝŐŚĂŶĚ>ŽǁŽůůĂƌƉĞƌĐƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐĨŽƌ'ƌĂƐƐůĂŶĚƐĂŶĚ^ŚƌƵď͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϲ dĂďůĞϵͲ,ŝŐŚĂŶĚ>ŽǁŽůůĂƌƉĞƌĐƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐĨŽƌZŝƉĂƌŝĂŶ&ŽƌĞƐƚĂŶĚŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů>ĂŶĚƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϳ dĂďůĞϭϬͲ,ŝŐŚĂŶĚ>ŽǁŽůůĂƌƉĞƌĐƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐĨŽƌŵĞƌŐĞŶƚ,ĞƌďĂĐĞŽƵƐtĞƚůĂŶĚƐĂŶĚtŽŽĚLJtĞƚůĂŶĚƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϳ dĂďůĞϭϭͲ&ŝŶĂůŶŶƵĂůsĂůƵĞŽĨĂůůĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐWƌŽǀŝĚĞĚďLJƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϴ

The Puyallup River Watershed: vii ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ The Puyallup River Watershed: viii ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ džĞĐƵƟǀĞ^ƵŵŵĂƌLJ

dŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚĞĐŽŶŽŵLJŝƐĂƵŶŝƋƵĞ ĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂů͕ďƵŝůƚ͕ŚƵŵĂŶ͕ƐŽĐŝĂůĂŶĚ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂů͘/ƚŝƐƚŚĞŽƵƚĐŽŵĞŽĨĐĞŶƚƵƌŝĞƐŽĨ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚʹĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĮƌƐƚŽĂƐƚ^ĂůŝƐŚƉĞŽƉůĞƐ ƚŽŽƵƌŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJĨĂĐĞƐƵŶŝƋƵĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐĞŶƚĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞϮϭƐƚ Century. Investments made today will determine its physical appearance and regional economic vitality ƚŽŵŽƌƌŽǁ͘tŝƐĞŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĂŶĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ŵŽĚĞůĞƋƵŝƉƉĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞƐĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞ ƉƌŽƐƉĞƌŝƚLJĂŶĚĂŚŝŐŚƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞƚŽĚĂLJĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞ future.

In the 20th century, our economy was primarily ůŝŵŝƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨďƵŝůƚĐĂƉŝƚĂů͘dŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ĮƐŚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŵŽƌĞ boats and nets. Conversely, in the 21st century, our economy is limited by natural capital. Boats ĂŶĚŶĞƚƐĂƌĞĂďƵŶĚĂŶƚǁŚŝůĞĮƐŚĂƌĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJ ƐĐĂƌĐĞ͘/ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐĮƐŚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ habitat: natural capital. Some of the most pressing challenges facing the Puyallup River Watershed ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂůŽƐƐŽƌĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂů͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬŵŝƟŐĂƟŽŶ͕ĨŽŽĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ƐƵŵŵĞƌǁĂƚĞƌĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ƌĞĐŽǀĞƌLJŽĨ ƐĂůŵŽŶƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͘^ĐĂƌĐŝƚLJĂŶĚ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐĐŽƐƚƐƚŽƌĞƐƚŽƌĞ͞ŐƌĞĞŶŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͟ are addressed with the Whole Economy model introduced in this report.

This report illuminates reasons for decision-makers in the Puyallup River Watershed to choose to advance

The Puyallup River Watershed: 1 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ džĞĐƵƟǀĞ^ƵŵŵĂƌLJ

the economy for a sustainable future through wise ƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͛ƐŶĂƚƵƌĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂů͕ƐŝŵŝůĂƌ investment decisions. These choices will provide to a house or business appraisal. Though wide, it ƚŚĞŽƉƟŵĂůďĂůĂŶĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ ŝƐĂďĞƩĞƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƚŚĂŶnjĞƌŽ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŚĂƐďĞĞŶƚŚĞ ďƵŝůƚĂŶĚŐƌĞĞŶŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ;ďƵŝůƚĂŶĚŶĂƚƵƌĂů default value of ecosystems for too long. As further ĐĂƉŝƚĂůͿ͘/ŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƐŽĐŝĂů͕ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůĂŶĚŚƵŵĂŶ studies are added to the Earth Economics database, ĐĂƉŝƚĂůǁŝůůĂůƐŽŇŽǁĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐĞŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƐ͘hƐĞ ĂŶĚĂƐƐƉĂƟĂůŵĂƉƉŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͛ƐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ of the Whole Economy model will lower costs, services is completed, this range in values will ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞũƵƐƟĐĞ͕ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJ͕ĂŶĚĂĚǀĂŶĐĞ narrow. A limited range of the known ecosystem the Puyallup River Watershed economy. It will also services were valued in this study, so the low end of ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĐƌƵĐŝĂůĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬ the range can be considered a baseline value. ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ƐĂůŵŽŶŚĂďŝƚĂƚ͕ĐůŝŵĂƚĞƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ freshwater supply. Ecosystem services may also be treated like ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂƐƐĞƚƐ͖ƚŚĞLJƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĂƐƚƌĞĂŵŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐ DĂũŽƌ&ŝŶĚŝŶŐƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌ/ŵƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ͕ĂƐĚŽďƌŝĚŐĞƐŽƌŽƚŚĞƌďƵŝůƚŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘ Valued as such, a discount rate may be applied Ecosystem services in the Puyallup River Watershed ƚŽƚŚĞƐĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĨŽƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ĐĂŶďĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ͘dŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨƐŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ present value of these systems. If treated like an ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĐĂŶďĞĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚŝŶĚŽůůĂƌƐ asset with a lifespan of 100 years,ƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚǀĂůƵĞ ďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞŝŐŚƚǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŽĨƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚŝƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶΨϭϯ market value and cost avoidance. The results are ďŝůůŝŽŶĂŶĚΨϭϮϬďŝůůŝŽŶ;ϰ͘ϭϮϱйĚŝƐĐŽƵŶƚƌĂƚĞͿ͘ ĐŽŵƉĞůůŝŶŐ͘LJƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJĂŶĚƐĞǀĞƌŝƚLJ dŚŝƐŝƐƚƌĞŵĞŶĚŽƵƐĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀĂůƵĞ͕ƌĞƋƵŝƌŝŶŐƐŽŵĞ ŽĨŇŽŽĚƐ͕ƐƵƉƉůLJŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌ͕ďƵīĞƌŝŶŐĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͗ ŝŶƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĮƐŚĞƌŝĞƐĂŶĚĨŽŽĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐĐƌŝƟĐĂůŚĂďŝƚĂƚ͕ĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ ͻ Recognizing this value presents an opportunity for ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ͕ĂŵŽŶŐŽƚŚĞƌďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͕ advancement of the whole Puyallup River Watershed theWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ economy. ďĞƚǁĞĞŶΨϱϮϲŵŝůůŝŽŶĂŶĚΨϱďŝůůŝŽŶŝŶďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽ ͻ Allowing ecosystems to be further degraded will create ƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵLJĞǀĞƌLJLJĞĂƌ͘ ƌĞĂůĂŶĚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůLJƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ƚƌĂĚĞŽīƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘ sĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝƐŶĞǁ͕ĂŶĚĂƐŝŶ ͻ To ensure a healthy, resilient Puyallup River Watershed most economic analysis, uncertainty exists. The ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJĂŶĚĂƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĨƵƚƵƌĞ͕ŶĂƚƵƌĞ͛ƐĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ůĂƌŐĞƌĂŶŐĞŝŶǀĂůƵĞƐƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐĂŶ͞ĂƉƉƌĂŝƐĂů͟ŽĨ value should be incorporated into decision-making.

The Puyallup River Watershed: 2 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ scale to taking an integrated approach that develops /ŶĞǀĂůƵĂƟŶŐŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƐ͕ƚŚĞƐĞĨŽƵƌŐƵŝĚŝŶŐ ĂĐŽƐƚͲĞĸĐŝĞŶƚ͕ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĂŶĚǁŚŽůĞĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ principles should be considered: in which green infrastructure is an asset with ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝnjĞĚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚǀĂůƵĞ͘ ϭ͘ ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ. Ecosystems can be managed sustainably ƚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐďĞŶĞĮƚƚŽĐƵƌƌĞŶƚĂŶĚĨƵƚƵƌĞ tŚŝůĞƚŚŝƐƌĞƉŽƌƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐʹŽƌŵŝƐŵĂŶĂŐĞĚĂƚŐƌĞĂƚĐŽƐƚ͘ services in the Puyallup River Watershed and a whole ǀŝĞǁŽĨƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ͕ŝƚŝƐŽŶůLJĂĮƌƐƚƐƚĞƉ͘dŚĞƌĞ Ϯ͘ :ƵƐƟĐĞ͘&ĂŝƌĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨƉƵďůŝĐĂŶĚƉƌŝǀĂƚĞŐĂŝŶƐĨƌŽŵ is also a need to further develop goals, policies, ŶĂƚƵƌĂů͕ďƵŝůƚ͕ŚƵŵĂŶ͕ƐŽĐŝĂů͕ĂŶĚĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚ and measures that support discussions about the ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĞŶƐƵƌĞƐŵĂdžŝŵƵŵďĞŶĞĮƚĨŽƌůŽǁĞƐƚƉƵďůŝĐ ƚƌĂĚĞŽīƐŝŶƉƵďůŝĐĂŶĚƉƌŝǀĂƚĞŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚ investment. ƵůƟŵĂƚĞůLJƐŚĂƉĞƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵLJĨŽƌƚŚĞ ϯ͘ ĸĐŝĞŶĐLJ. Careful decision-making regarding how and ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĐŽŵĞ͘ZĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚŶĞdžƚƐƚĞƉƐ where resources are moved or invested is necessary to include: ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƵŝƚĞƐŽĨŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘ ϰ͘ 'ŽŽĚ'ŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͘dŚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞŽĨ ϭ͘ DĂƉĂŶĚǀĂůƵĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐ͘ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŐƌŽƵƉƐ͕ƉŽůŝĐLJŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ͕ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͕ ŶĂůLJƐŝƐǁŽƵůĚĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŇŽŽĚƉůĂŝŶƐĂůŽŶŐƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉ markets and measures are necessary for prudent ZŝǀĞƌĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌǀĂůƵĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƚŽůĂŶĚƉƌŝĐĞƐ͘^ĐĞŶĂƌŝŽ decision-making. ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐĐŽƵůĚĂůƐŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐďĞLJŽŶĚŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚďĞ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞĚďLJƌĞƐƚŽƌŝŶŐƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůŇŽǁƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŝǀĞƌ͘ EĞdžƚ^ƚĞƉƐ Ϯ͘ ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞŵĂƉƉŝŶŐŽĨƐĞƌǀŝĐĞďĞŶĞĮĐŝĂƌŝĞƐ ĂŶĚƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶĞƌƐ͘ Hydrological models and GIS data dŚĞƋƵĂŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚƌĂĚĞŽīƐĂŵŽŶŐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ĐĂŶĚĞƉŝĐƚůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŽŶ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ ƚŚĞůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽƌƐĂůŵŽŶ and human well-being should now be a high priority ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ͕ĂŶĚǁŚŽďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨƌŽŵƚŚŽƐĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘DĂƉƉŝŶŐ in local decision-making. This report can be used to can also show impairments to ecosystem services, such ďĞŐŝŶŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƟŶŐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŝŶƚŽ as features on the landscape that impact salmon habitat. agency goals, metrics, indicators, assessment and ŐĞŶĞƌĂůŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͘ ϯ͘ &ƵŶĚŝŶŐŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƌĞǀŝĞǁ͘ŌĞƌŵŽĚĞůŝŶŐƚŚĞŇŽǁ ŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚŝŵƉĂŝƌŵĞŶƚƐĂĐƌŽƐƐ Ecosystem service values could also be considered the landscape, funding mechanisms can be designed for when developing budgets, program plans, and grant green infrastructure investments. These investments ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͖ĞdžĂŵŝŶŝŶŐƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐĂŶĚĂĐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐ ƚLJƉŝĐĂůůLJƌĞĚƵĐĞƚĂdžƐƉĞŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚƚŽ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͖ƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐĂŶĚĂůŝŐŶŝŶŐƚŽWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĂƐŝŶŐůĞƉƌŽďůĞŵƐƵĐŚĂƐŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ ŚĞĂůƚŚŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ͖ĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐƌĞǀŝĞǁĂŶĚ because they invest in a suite of ecosystem services for ƉĞƌŵŝƫŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐŝŶƌƵƌĂůĂƌĞĂƐ͘WƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌ maximum economic returns. Watershed decision-makers have the opportunity ƚŽƐŚŝŌĨƌŽŵĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐĂƚĂƐŝŶŐůĞͲŝƐƐƵĞ

The Puyallup River Watershed: 3 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ ^ƚƵĚLJKďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ ZĞƉŽƌƚKƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ

ͻ /ůůƵŵŝŶĂƚĞƚŚĞĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ͻ WĂƌƚ/͗dŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚintroduces and the economy of the Puyallup River ƚŚĞŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ͕ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJĂŶĚ Watershed. ecology of the Puyallup River Watershed. ͻ Introduce the discipline of ecological economics ͻ WĂƌƚ//͗<ĞLJĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ ĂŶĚĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞŝƚƐďĂƐŝĐƚŽŽůƐĂŶĚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ĚĞĮŶĞƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐ including ecosystem services. necessary to understanding the Puyallup River ͻ Provide a conceptual model for aligning Watershed. ŵƵůƟƉůĞŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚŐŽĂůƐŝŶƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌ ͻ WĂƌƚ///͗ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉ Watershed, including economic advancement, ZŝǀĞƌtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ describes ecosystem services ƐĂůŵŽŶƌĞĐŽǀĞƌLJ͕ĂŶĚŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘ ǀĂůƵĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƌĞƉŽƌƚ͕ǁŝƚŚƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐ ͻ /ĚĞŶƟĨLJĂŶĚĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƚŚĞŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ from within the Puyallup River Watershed. sustained by ecosystems in the Puyallup River ͻ WĂƌƚ/s͗sĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌ  Watershed. tĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ determines a range of dollar values ͻ Calculate the dollar-value of the natural goods for some goods and services provided by and services provided in the Puyallup River ecosystems of the Puyallup River Watershed. Watershed. ͻ WĂƌƚs͗ƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ^ƚƵĚLJ&ŝŶĚŝŶŐƐdiscusses ͻ Discuss how this value could be included in local ŝŶǀĞƐƟŶŐŝŶŐƌĞĞŶŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚǁŚŽůĞ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐĂŶĚĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬŝŶŐ͕ďŽƚŚƉƵďůŝĐĂŶĚ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ͕ǁŝƚŚƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ private, to improve prosperity for all. ƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬĞƌƐ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 4 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part I The Puyallup River Watershed

^ĞĐƟŽŶ^ƵŵŵĂƌLJ͗The Puyallup River Watershed is rich in geographic, cultural and biological diversity. It ŚŽƵƐĞƐĂŶĂĚǀĂŶĐĞĚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ͕ĂŶĂƟŽŶĂůƉĂƌŬ͕ĂůĂƌŐĞƉŽƌƚ͕ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌĂƐƐĞƚƐ ŶĞƐƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶŝŶƚĞƌĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĨƌŽŵŐůĂĐŝĞƌƐƚŽŵĂƌŝŶĞǁĂƚĞƌƐ͘dƌĂĚĞŽīƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚďƵŝůƚ ĂƌĞĂƐĂŶĚĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĂƌĞĚĞŐƌĂĚŝŶŐĂŶĚĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƟŶŐĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝŶƚƵƌŶŚĂƐ ĐĂƵƐĞĚŐƌĞĂƚĞƌŇŽŽĚŝŶŐ͕ůŽƐƐŽĨďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ͘

'ĞŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ

The Puyallup River Watershed is located in ƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ͘ƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJϱ͕ϲϬϬLJĞĂƌƐĂŐŽĂŶĚϱϲϬ Washington State, largely within Pierce County LJĞĂƌƐĂŐŽ͕ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ͕ƚŚĞKƐĐĞŽůĂĂŶĚůĞĐƚƌŽŶ ĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂƐŵĂůůĂƌĞĂŝŶ<ŝŶŐŽƵŶƚLJ͘1 It is DƵĚŇŽǁƐ;ůĂŚĂƌƐͿŽƌŝŐŝŶĂƚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞŇĂŶŬƐŽĨDŽƵŶƚ ŽŌĞŶŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĂƐtĂƚĞƌZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ/ŶǀĞŶƚŽƌLJƌĞĂ ZĂŝŶŝĞƌ;^ŚĂƌĞĚ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJĨŽƌWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚ͕ϮϬϬϳ͖ ϭϬ;tZ/ϭϬͿ͕ĂƐƐĂůŵŽŶƌĞĐŽǀĞƌLJƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƵŶŝƚ ĐŽůŽŐLJ͕ϭϵϴϬͿ͘3 at the watershed scale.2 The Puyallup Watershed ƐŚĂƌĞƐŵĂũŽƌďŽƌĚĞƌƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞEŝƐƋƵĂůůLJZŝǀĞƌ dŚĞKƐĐĞŽůĂDƵĚŇŽǁŝƐŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƌŐĞƐƚŬŶŽǁŶ tĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ;tZ/ϭϭͿƚŽƚŚĞƐŽƵƚŚ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞ'ƌĞĞŶͬ ůĂŚĂƌƐŝŶƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͕ĐŽǀĞƌŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJϭϮϰ͕ϴϬϬ ƵǁĂŵŝƐŚtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ;tZ/ϵͿƚŽƚŚĞŶŽƌƚŚ͘dŚĞ ĂĐƌĞƐ;ϭϵϱƐƋƵĂƌĞŵŝůĞƐͿĂůŽŶŐƚŚĞtŚŝƚĞZŝǀĞƌ ŶĂŵĞ͞WƵLJĂůůƵƉ͟ŝƐĚĞƌŝǀĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ^ĂůŝƐŚǁŽƌĚ Valley at an average depth of 25 feet. The Electron S’Puyalupubsh, which translates as “generous and DƵĚŇŽǁŝƐĂƐŵĂůůĞƌůĂŚĂƌ͕ĐŽŶĮŶĞĚƚŽƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉ ǁĞůĐŽŵŝŶŐ͕͟ƌĞĨĞƌƌŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉdƌŝďĞŽĨ ZŝǀĞƌŇŽŽĚƉůĂŝŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĂĐŚŝŶŐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŵŝůĞƐ /ŶĚŝĂŶƐ͛ƌĞƉƵƚĂƟŽŶĨŽƌŐĞŶĞƌŽƵƐĚĞĂůŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĨƌŝĞŶĚƐ ĚŽǁŶƐƚƌĞĂŵŽĨƉƌĞƐĞŶƚͲĚĂLJKƌƟŶŐ͘^ŝŶĐĞƚŚĞŵŽƐƚ ĂŶĚƐƚƌĂŶŐĞƌƐ;WƵLJĂůůƵƉdƌŝďĞŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂŶƐ͕ϮϬϭϬͿ͘ ƌĞĐĞŶƚŐůĂĐŝĂƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉĂŶĚtŚŝƚĞZŝǀĞƌƐ and their tributaries have cut through the various The Puyallup Watershed has recent volcanic and ŐůĂĐŝĂůĚĞƉŽƐŝƚƐĂŶĚŵƵĚŇŽǁƐ͘dŚĞƌŝǀĞƌƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ ƐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚĂƌLJďĞĚƌŽĐŬďĞŶĞĂƚŚƚŚĞĞŶƟƌĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘ ƚŽƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂŶĚĚĞƉŽƐŝƚůĂƌŐĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŽĨĂůůƵǀŝĂů dŚĞŵŽƐƚƌĞĐĞŶƚƉĞƌŝŽĚŽĨĐŽŶƟŶĞŶƚĂůŐůĂĐŝĂƟŽŶ͕ ƐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƌŝǀĞƌďĞĚƐĂŶĚŇŽŽĚƉůĂŝŶƐʹ ƚŚĞsĂƐŚŽŶ'ůĂĐŝĂƟŽŶ͕ďĞŐĂŶŝŶƚŚĞWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚ up to 500,000 tons per year in the Upper White lowlands approximately 15,000 years ago and ended ZŝǀĞƌĂůŽŶĞ;tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ^ƚĂƚĞĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨ ϭϯ͕ϱϬϬLJĞĂƌƐĂŐŽ͘dŚĞsĂƐŚŽŶ'ůĂĐŝĂƟŽŶĚĞƉŽƐŝƚĞĚĂ ĐŽůŽŐLJ͕ϭϵϴϬ͖'ĞŽŶŐŝŶĞĞƌƐ͕ϮϬϬϯ͖hƉƉĞƌWƵLJĂůůƵƉ ϮϬϬͲƚŽϰϬϬͲĨŽŽƚůĂLJĞƌŽĨŵŝdžĞĚŐůĂĐŝĂůŽƵƚǁĂƐŚĂŶĚ tĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ͕ϮϬϬϮͿ͘ ŐůĂĐŝĂůƟůů͕ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůůLJƚŽƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉ tĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͛ƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚͲĚĂLJƚŽƉŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚĚƌĂŝŶĂŐĞ

ϭ ,ĞŶĐĞĨŽƌƚŚƌĞĨĞƌƌĞĚƚŽĂƐ͞WƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘͟ Ϯ tĂƚĞƌZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ/ŶǀĞŶƚŽƌLJƌĞĂƐ;tZ/ƐͿǁĞƌĞĨŽƌŵĂůŝnjĞĚƵŶĚĞƌtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞŽĚĞ;tͿϭϳϯͲϱϬϬͲϬϰϬĂŶĚ ĂƵƚŚŽƌŝnjĞĚƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞtĂƚĞƌZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĐƚŽĨϭϵϳϭ͕ZĞǀŝƐĞĚŽĚĞŽĨtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ;ZtͿϵϬ͘ϱϰ͘ ϯ ŝƚĞĚŝŶhƉƉĞƌWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ͕ϮϬϬϮ

The Puyallup River Watershed: 5 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 1

dŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͛ƐďŽƵŶĚĂƌLJƐƚƌĞƚĐŚĞƐĨƌŽŵ the crest of the Cascade Mountains and the summit ŽĨDŽƵŶƚZĂŝŶŝĞƌ͕Ăƚϭϰ͕ϰϭϬĨĞĞƚ͕ƚŽŽŵŵĞŶĐĞŵĞŶƚ Bay and the City of Tacoma at sea level, drains an area ŽĨĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJϲϳϬ͕ϬϬϬĂĐƌĞƐ;ϭ͕ϬϱϯƐƋƵĂƌĞŵŝůĞƐͿ͕ϰ ǁŝƚŚŽǀĞƌϳϮϴŵŝůĞƐŽĨƐƚƌĞĂŵƐ͘dŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌŝƐ the largest river in the watershed, beginning at the WƵLJĂůůƵƉĂŶĚdĂŚŽŵĂŐůĂĐŝĞƌƐĂŶĚŇŽǁŝŶŐĂďŽƵƚϰϲ miles northwestward to Commencement Bay. The two principal tributaries of the Puyallup River are the tŚŝƚĞĂŶĚĂƌďŽŶZŝǀĞƌƐ͕ďŽƚŚĂůƐŽŽƌŝŐŝŶĂƟŶŐŽŶƚŚĞ slopes of Mount Rainier.

The White River was historically a tributary to the 'ƌĞĞŶZŝǀĞƌƵŶƟůϭϵϬϲ͕ǁŚĞŶĂŵĂũŽƌŇŽŽĚĚŝǀĞƌƚĞĚ ƚŚĞŇŽǁŝŶƚŽƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌ͘dŚĞĚŝǀĞƌƐŝŽŶǁĂƐ later replaced with a permanent diversion wall, ůŽĐĂƚĞĚĂƚƚŚĞ'ĂŵĞ&ĂƌŵWĂƌŬŝŶƵďƵƌŶ͘KƚŚĞƌ rivers in the Puyallup Watershed include the Mowich, Greenwater, Clearwater Rivers and South Prairie Creek. The Puyallup River and its tributaries together ĚƌĂŝŶϲϬйŽĨDŽƵŶƚZĂŝŶŝĞƌ͘ŶŶƵĂůƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶŝŶ ƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚƌĂŶŐĞƐĨƌŽŵϰϬŝŶĐŚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞůŽǁůĂŶĚƐ ƚŽϭϮϬŝŶĐŚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĞůĞǀĂƟŽŶƐ͕ǁŝƚŚϳϱйĨĂůůŝŶŐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶKĐƚŽďĞƌĂŶĚDĂƌĐŚ;'ĞŽŶŐŝŶĞĞƌƐ͕ϮϬϬϯ͖ ĐŽůŽŐLJ͕ϭϵϴϬͿ͘DĂƉƐŽĨƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚĂƌĞ &ŝŐƵƌĞϭͲWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚďŽƵŶĚĂƌLJ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚŝŶ&ŝŐƵƌĞƐϭĂŶĚϮ͘

ϰ ĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĚŽŶƌĐ'/^ƐŽŌǁĂƌĞƵƐŝŶŐtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ^ƚĂƚĞĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽůŽŐLJ͛ƐtZ/'/^ĚĂƚĂ͘^ŚĂƉĞĮůĞŝƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂƚ͗ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬ ǁǁǁ͘ĞĐLJ͘ǁĂ͘ŐŽǀͬƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐͬŐŝƐͬĚĂƚĂͬĚĂƚĂ͘Śƚŵηǁ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘KƚŚĞƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐĨŽƌtZ/ϭϬ͛ƐĚƌĂŝŶĂŐĞĂƌĞĂŚĂǀĞ ƌĂŶŐĞĚĨƌŽŵϲϮϮ͕ϬϬϬĂĐƌĞƐ;ϵϳϮƐƋƵĂƌĞŵŝůĞƐͿ;ĐŽůŽŐLJ͕ϭϵϴϬͿƚŽϲϰϬ͕ϬϬϬĂĐƌĞƐ;ϭϬϬϬƐƋƵĂƌĞŵŝůĞƐͿ;tŝůůŝĂŵƐĞƚĂů͘ϭϵϳϱ͖ŵďƌĞLJ ϭϵϵϭ͕ďŽƚŚĐŝƚĞĚŝŶhƉƉĞƌWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ͕ϮϬϬϮͿ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 6 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 1

&ĞĚĞƌĂůtĂLJ

Tacoma &ŝĨĞ

Puyallup

&ŝŐƵƌĞϮͲWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ

The Puyallup River Watershed: 7 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 1 dŚĞtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚĐŽŶŽŵLJ

People The Puyallup Watershed has sustained a human ƐŽŝů;^ŚĂƌĞĚ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJĨŽƌWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚ͕ϮϬϬϳͿ͘ economy for thousands of years. The Muckleshoot Today approximately 280,000 people live within Indian Tribe and the Puyallup Tribe of Indians, both ƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͕ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐĚŝǀĞƌƐĞĐƵůƚƵƌĞƐĂŶĚ descended from the Coast Salish peoples, have backgrounds.6DŽƐƚƌĞƐŝĚĞŝŶŽŶĞŽĨϭϳŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞĚ ďĞĞŶƚŚĞƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůƐƚĞǁĂƌĚƐĂŶĚŝŶŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐŽĨ areas: Algona, Auburn, Bonney Lake, Buckley, the Puyallup Watershed and its surrounds, perhaps ĂƌďŽŶĂĚŽ͕ĚŐĞǁŽŽĚ͕ŶƵŵĐůĂǁ͕&ĞĚĞƌĂůtĂLJ͕ ƐŝŶĐĞƚŚĞůĂƐƚŐůĂĐŝĂůƌĞƚƌĞĂƚ;tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ &ŝĨĞ͕DŝůƚŽŶ͕KƌƟŶŐ͕WĂĐŝĮĐ͕WƵLJĂůůƵƉ͕^ŽƵƚŚWƌĂŝƌŝĞ͕ ŽƵŶĐŝů͕ϮϬϬϳͿ͘ ^ƵŵŶĞƌ͕dĂĐŽŵĂ͕ĂŶĚtŝůŬĞƐŽŶ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽ ƚƌŝďĂůůĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŝƟĞƐ͕ŽƚŚĞƌũƵƌŝƐĚŝĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞ The Muckleshoot Indian Tribe was signatory to both watershed include the Port of Tacoma, Pierce County, the Treaty of Point Elliot and the Treaty of Medicine Washington State and the federal government. ƌĞĞŬ͕ĂŶĚǁĂƐŶĂŵĞĚĂŌĞƌDƵĐŬůĞƐŚŽŽƚWƌĂŝƌŝĞ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞDƵĐŬůĞƐŚŽŽƚZĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŝƐůŽĐĂƚĞĚ͘dƌŝďĞƐ Infrastructure and bands now part of the Muckleshoot Tribe include The natural capital, or green infrastructure, of the those of the Green, White, and Puyallup Rivers Puyallup River Watershed has historically provided ;ĞŶƚĞƌĨŽƌŽůƵŵďŝĂZŝǀĞƌ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ͕ϮϬϭϬͿ͘dŽĚĂLJ͕ƚŚĞ ƚŚĞďĂƐŝƐĨŽƌŝƚƐĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ͘/ƚĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐƚŽƉůĂLJĂĐƌŝƟĐĂů ƚƌŝďĞŽĐĐƵƉŝĞƐĂϯ͕ϲϬϬͲĂĐƌĞƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞ<ŝŶŐ role through the provisioning of at least 23 ecosystem ŽƵŶƚLJƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌƐƵƉƉůLJ͕ƟŵďĞƌ͕ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐ The Puyallup Tribe of Indians is the present-day ĂŶĚƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂůǀĂůƵĞ͕ĂŶĚŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘dŚĞ successor to the tribes and bands of the Puyallup ƚƌŝďĞƐĂŶĚďĂŶĚƐǁŚŽŽƌŝŐŝŶĂůůLJƐĞƩůĞĚƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ River and its tributaries, as well as those of Vashon established an economy based on these natural Island, who were all signatories to the Treaty of ĂƐƐĞƚƐ͘dŚĞLJĐŽŶƐƵŵĞĚƐĂůŵŽŶ͕ǁŝůĚŐĂŵĞ͕ƐŚĞůůĮƐŚ͕ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞƌĞĞŬ;ĞŶƚĞƌĨŽƌŽůƵŵďŝĂZŝǀĞƌ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ͕ roots and berries. They built homes, clothing, utensils ϮϬϭϬͿ͘dŽĚĂLJ͕ƚŚĞƚƌŝďĞŽĐĐƵƉŝĞƐĂƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨ ĂŶĚĐĂŶŽĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞĮďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞǁĞƐƚĞƌŶƌĞĚͲĐĞĚĂƌ approximately 18,000 acres. Both the Puyallup and ƚƌĞĞƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶ;WƵLJĂůůƵƉdƌŝďĞŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂŶƐ͕ DƵĐŬůĞƐŚŽŽƚdƌŝďĞƐƌĞƚĂŝŶƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĮƐŚŝŶƚŚĞŝƌ ϮϬϭϬͿ͘ usual and accustomed areas and catch up to 50% of ŚĂƌǀĞƐƚĂďůĞĮƐŚ͕ƉƵƌƐƵĂŶƚƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĂŐƌĞĞŵĞŶƚƐǁŝƚŚ Today, the natural capital of the Puyallup Watershed ƚŚĞhŶŝƚĞĚ^ƚĂƚĞƐŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĐŽŶĮƌŵĞĚďLJƚŚĞ economy comprises evergreen and deciduous ůĂŶĚŵĂƌŬ͞ŽůĚƚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶ͟ŝŶϭϵϳϰ͘5 ĨŽƌĞƐƚƐ;хϯϱϬ͕ϬϬϬĂĐƌĞƐͿ͕ŵŽƵŶƚĂŝŶƐĂŶĚƐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐ͕ŇŽŽĚƉůĂŝŶƐ͕ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ƌŝǀĞƌƐ͕ůĂŬĞƐ͕ dŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚǁĂƐŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂƌĞĂƐ ĂƋƵŝĨĞƌƐĂŶĚƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌĞƐƚƵĂƌLJ͘dŚĞ ƚŽďĞƐĞƩůĞĚďLJƵƌŽƉĞĂŶƐŝŶƚŚĞWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚ͘ ǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͛ƐďƵŝůƚĐĂƉŝƚĂůŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂůŚŽŵĞƐ ĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞϭϴϱϬƐ͕ŚŽŵĞƐƚĞĂĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͖ƌŽĂĚƐ͖/ŶƚĞƌƐƚĂƚĞϱ͖ ďĞŐĂŶƚŽĂƉƉĞĂƌŝŶƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚĂƐƐĞƩůĞƌƐǁĞƌĞ ƌĂŝůǁĂLJƐĂŶĚďƌŝĚŐĞƐ͖ĂŶĞdžƚĞŶƐŝǀĞƐLJƐƚĞŵŽĨůĞǀĞĞƐ ĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚƚŽĂďƵŶĚĂŶƚŶĂƚƵƌĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐ ƌĞǀĞƚŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚĚŝŬĞƐ͖ϳ and a major U.S. port that ĨŽƌĞƐƚƐ͕ĚĞŶƐĞƐĂůŵŽŶƌƵŶƐĂŶĚĨĞƌƟůĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů handles more than $25 billion in goods annually.

5 ĐŽƵƌƚĐĂƐĞŝŶϭϵϳϰƚŚĂƚƌĞĂĸƌŵĞĚƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚŽĨŵŽƐƚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝďĞƐŝŶtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ^ƚĂƚĞƚŽĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŽŚĂƌǀĞƐƚƐĂůŵŽŶ͘ĂƐĞƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͗ hŶŝƚĞĚ^ƚĂƚĞƐǀ͘tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͕ϯϴϰ&͘^ƵƉƉ͘ϯϭϮ;t͘͘tĂƐŚ͘ϭϵϳϰͿ͘ 6 ĂƐĞĚŽŶƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐĐŝƚĞĚŝŶhƉƉĞƌWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐƟŽŶWůĂŶ;hƉƉĞƌWƵLJĂůůƵƉ  tĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ͕ϮϬϬϮͿĂŶĚ>ŽǁĞƌWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚĐƟŽŶWůĂŶ;>ŽǁĞƌWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ͕ ϭϵϵϱͿ͘EƵŵďĞƌƐǁĞƌĞĂĚũƵƐƚĞĚĨŽƌƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŐƌŽǁƚŚƵƐŝŶŐWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚZĞŐŝŽŶĂůŽƵŶĐŝůƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĨŽƌWŝĞƌĐĞŽƵŶƚLJ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 8 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 1

/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞƌĞŝƐŽŶĞŚLJĚƌŽĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĚĂŵŝŶƚŚĞ ŝƐŶŽǁŵĂŶĂŐĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůƟƉůĞƵƐĞƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƟŵďĞƌ Puyallup Watershed, the Electron Dam on the Upper ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌĨŽƌĞƐƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͕ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ǁŝůĚůŝĨĞŚĂďŝƚĂƚ WƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌ͕ĂŶĚŽŶĞůĂƌŐĞŇŽŽĚĐŽŶƚƌŽůĨĂĐŝůŝƚLJŽŶ ĂŶĚǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͘&ŽƌĞƐƚƐƌĞŵĂŝŶĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ the White River, Mud Mountain Dam. source of revenue and jobs within the watershed and ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůƉƵďůŝĐĂŶĚƉƌŝǀĂƚĞŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚ Land Cover and Land Use services to the local economy. Agricultural lands also /ŶƚŚĞůŽǁĞƌƌĞĂĐŚĞƐŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ƐĞƌǀĞƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐďLJŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŶŐĂƐƵŝƚĞŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ is more intensive. Land use in the Lower Puyallup ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ƌĂŶŐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵĨŽŽĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƚŽŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬ tĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚŝƐĚŽŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďLJĂĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĨŽƌƵƌďĂŶĂƌĞĂƐ͕ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐǀĂůƵĞ͕ĂŶĚŚĂďŝƚĂƚ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů͕ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů͕ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů͕ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů͕ for wildlife. Some of the main features of forest lands ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶ͕ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚƵƟůŝƚLJůĂŶĚĐŽǀĞƌƐ and agricultural lands in the Puyallup Watershed are ;>ŽǁĞƌWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ͕ outlined below. ϭϵϵϱͿ͘8 The more expansive Upper Puyallup Watershed is predominantly commercial forestland ǁŝƚŚƐŽŵĞĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂƌĞĂƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐDŽƵŶƚ ZĂŝŶŝĞƌEĂƟŽŶĂůƉĂƌŬ;hƉƉĞƌWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ ŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ͕ϮϬϬϮͿ͘ϵ

Historically, two important land covers in the watershed have been forest lands and agricultural ůĂŶĚƐ͘ŽƚŚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶĨŽƌ ůŽĐĂůƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞ͘&ŽƌĞƐƚůĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ

ϳ The Puyallup, White and Carbon Rivers are all contained within a revetment and levee system for their lower 26, 8 and 5 miles ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ;<ĞƌǁŝŶ͕ϭϵϵϵͿ͘ 8 Lower Puyallup WatershedƌĞĨĞƌƐƚŽƐĞǀĞƌĂůƐƵďͲǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚƐĂƐĚĞĮŶĞĚŝŶWŝĞƌĐĞŽƵŶƚLJ͛ƐďĂƐŝŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͕ĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐƚŚĞ Hylebos, Commencement Bay, Clarks/Clear Creek, Lower White, and Middle Puyallup sub-watersheds. See the Pierce County website ĨŽƌŵŽƌĞĚĞƚĂŝůƐ͗ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƉŝĞƌĐĞĐŽƵŶƚLJƚǀ͘ŽƌŐͬƉĐͬƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐͬŚŽŵĞͬĞŶǀŝƌŽŶͬǁĂƚĞƌͬƉƐͬďĂƐŝŶƉůĂŶƐͬďƉŵĂŝŶ͘Śƚŵ ϵ Upper Puyallup WatershedƌĞĨĞƌƐƚŽƐĞǀĞƌĂůƐƵďͲǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚƐĂƐĚĞĮŶĞĚŝŶWŝĞƌĐĞŽƵŶƚLJ͛ƐďĂƐŝŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͕ĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐƚŚĞ Upper Puyallup, Upper White, Upper Carbon, Lower Carbon, and South Praire Creek sub-watersheds. See the Pierce County website ĨŽƌŵŽƌĞĚĞƚĂŝůƐ͗ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƉŝĞƌĐĞĐŽƵŶƚLJƚǀ͘ŽƌŐͬƉĐͬƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐͬŚŽŵĞͬĞŶǀŝƌŽŶͬǁĂƚĞƌͬƉƐͬďĂƐŝŶƉůĂŶƐͬďƉŵĂŝŶ͘Śƚŵ

The Puyallup River Watershed: 9 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 1

&ŽƌĞƐƚ>ĂŶĚƐ dŚĞƌĞĂĚLJƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨƟŵďĞƌǁĂƐĂŵĂũŽƌƌĞĂƐŽŶĨŽƌ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘ Tacoma, for instance, the largest city in the watershed and the third-largest city in Washington State, was ĨŽƵŶĚĞĚĂƐĂƟŵďĞƌƚŽǁŶŝŶϭϴϲϵǁŚĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƚŽƌƐ ĨƌŽŵ^ĂŶ&ƌĂŶĐŝƐĐŽďƵŝůƚƚŚĞ,ĂŶƐŽŶΘĐŬĞƌŵĂŶDŝůů ;ŝƚLJĂƚĂ͘ĐŽŵ͕ϮϬϭϬͿ͘dŚĞǀĂƐƚŵĂũŽƌŝƚLJŽĨĨŽƌĞƐƚůĂŶĚ today is located in the Upper Puyallup sub-watershed, where about half is in private ownership and much of the remaining half is owned and managed by the ĨĞĚĞƌĂůŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ;hƉƉĞƌWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ ŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ͕ϮϬϬϮͿ͘

Of the public forestland, about 130,000 acres is ůŽĐĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶDŽƵŶƚZĂŝŶŝĞƌEĂƟŽŶĂůWĂƌŬĂŶĚ ϵϱ͕ϬϬϬĂĐƌĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞDŽƵŶƚĂŬĞƌͲ^ŶŽƋƵĂůŵŝĞ EĂƟŽŶĂů&ŽƌĞƐƚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ;hƉƉĞƌWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ ŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ͕ϮϬϬϮͿ͘&ŽƌĞƐƚůĂŶĚƐŝŶƚŚĞůŽǁĞƌƉŽƌƟŽŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚĂƌĞůĞƐƐŽŌĞŶŵĂŶĂŐĞĚ ĨŽƌƟŵďĞƌ͕ďƵƚĂƌĞŶŽŶĞƚŚĞůĞƐƐĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůĨŽƌŵĂŶLJŽĨ the natural services they provide. Urban forests are ŽŌĞŶǀĂůƵĞĚŵŽƌĞŚŝŐŚůLJƚŚĂŶƌĞŵŽƚĞĨŽƌĞƐƚƐďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ƚŚĞLJĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJďĞŶĞĮƚŵŽƌĞƉŽƉƵůŽƵƐƵƌďĂŶĂƌĞĂƐ͘ hƌďĂŶĨŽƌĞƐƚƐŽŌĞŶĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞŐƌĞĂƚĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ pressure as well.

ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů>ĂŶĚƐͬ&ůŽŽĚƉůĂŝŶƐ Agricultural lands in Puyallup Watershed make up ŶĞĂƌůLJϯϬйŽĨWŝĞƌĐĞŽƵŶƚLJ͛ƐƚŽƚĂůĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůůĂŶĚƐ͘ dŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉsĂůůĞLJ;ĂŶĂƌĞĂǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉ tĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚͿĂŶĚƚŚĞŽŶŶĞLJ>ĂŬĞͲƵĐŬůĞLJWůĂƚĞĂƵĂƌĞ two of the most concentrated areas of agricultural ĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘dŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉsĂůůĞLJŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ ƚŚĞŇŽŽĚƉůĂŝŶĞdžƚĞŶĚŝŶŐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŵŝůĞƐŽŶĞŝƚŚĞƌƐŝĚĞ ŽĨƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌĨƌŽŵŶĞĂƌƚŚĞŝƚLJŽĨKƌƟŶŐƚŽ Commencement Bay. Today the valley supports about ϰ͕ϵϬϬĂĐƌĞƐŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚ͘dŚĞŽŶŶĞLJ Lake-Buckley Plateau agricultural area lies roughly between Buckley, Bonney Lake, Carbonado and the DƵĐŬůĞƐŚŽŽƚZĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͘ďŽƵƚϯ͕ϳϬϬĂĐƌĞƐŽĨƚŚŝƐ area is used for agriculture, including cropland and ƉĂƐƚƵƌĞ;ĂƌŶĞLJΘtŽƌƚŚĂŶĚ'ůŽďĂůǁŝƐĞ͕ϮϬϬϲͿ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 10 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 1

The Puyallup Valley has long been a regional center can range from $50,000 to $1 million per acre, well ĨŽƌĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ͕ƚŚĂŶŬƐƚŽƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĮŶĞ above the economic value of most agricultural land. soils comprised of silt and sand that were deposited &ŽƌƚƵŶĂƚĞůLJ͕ƚŚĞůŽĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĂƚƵƌĞŽĨĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐŵĞĂŶĚĞƌŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞŐƵůĂƌŇŽŽĚŝŶŐŽĨ lands in the watershed also presents many the Puyallup River. Today, the valley leads Washington ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌůŽĐĂůĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͘ŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞ ^ƚĂƚĞŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĐĂďďĂŐĞ͕ůĞƩƵĐĞ͕ŐƌĞĞŶ ŇŽŽĚƉůĂŝŶƐĂƌĞĞdžĐĞůůĞŶƚĨŽƌŐƌŽǁŝŶŐƉƌŽĚƵĐĞ͕ĂŶĚ onion, radishes and many other vegetables, berry many farmers have been able to capitalize on their ĨƌƵŝƚƐĂŶĚŶƵƌƐĞƌLJƉůĂŶƚƐ;ĂƌŶĞLJΘtŽƌƚŚĂŶĚ proximity to the large, urban Puget Sound market 'ůŽďĂůǁŝƐĞ͕ϮϬϬϲͿ͘ ;ĂƌŶĞLJΘtŽƌƚŚĂŶĚ'ůŽďĂůǁŝƐĞ͕ϮϬϬϲͿ͘

Like many other regions in the United States, agricultural land in the Puyallup Watershed today faces a number of challenges, notably a decline in the number and size of commercial farms and ĨŽŽĚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽƌƐ͕ĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞĚďLJĂƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĨĂƌŵ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ͘&ůŽŽĚŝŶŐƌĞŵĂŝŶƐĂŵĂũŽƌĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĨŽƌ WƵLJĂůůƵƉsĂůůĞLJĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽĂ ƌĞĐĞŶƚƌĞƉŽƌƚ͕ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƉƌŝĐĞƐŽĨĐĂƉŝƚĂů;ůĂŶĚ͕ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͕ ĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ͕ŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐĞdžƉĞŶƐĞƐĞƚĐ͘ͿƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚďĂƌƌŝĞƌƚŽŶĞǁĨĂƌŵĞƌƐŝŶWŝĞƌĐĞŽƵŶƚLJ͘ In the Puyallup Valley, for example, the price of land

The Puyallup River Watershed: 11 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 1

Regional Biodiversity In plain terms, biodiversity is the variety of life in a ŐŝǀĞŶĂƌĞĂ͘ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŝƐĐƌŝƟĐĂůƚŽƚŚĞŚĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚ resilience of most ecosystems that humans rely on for ƐƵƌǀŝǀĂů;ƐĞĞtŽƌŵĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϬϲĨŽƌĂŵĂƌŝŶĞĞdžĂŵƉůĞͿ͘ ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŝƐŵŽƌĞƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůůLJĚĞĮŶĞĚĂƐƚŚĞ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞůĞǀĞůƐŽĨďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ĂƚŵƵůƟƉůĞƐĐĂůĞƐŽĨƐƉĂĐĞĂŶĚƟŵĞ;DĂƌĐŽƚ͕ϮϬϬϲͿ͘ /ŶϮϬϬϱ͕ƚŚĞĞŶƚĞƌĨŽƌŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ;ͿĂŶĚ &ƌŝĞŶĚƐŽĨƚŚĞ^ĂŶ:ƵĂŶƐ;&^:ͿĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚĂŶĞdžƚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚĂƐŝŶ͛ƐďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂƚůĞĂƐƚϳ͕ϬϭϯƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐϰ͕ϮϰϴĂŶŝŵĂůƐ͕ϭ͕ϱϬϰƉůĂŶƚƐ͕ϴϱϭĨƵŶŐŝĂŶĚ ϯϵϮĂůŐĂĞ͘dŚĞWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚǁĂƐƚŚƵƐĐŽŶĮƌŵĞĚ as a hotspot for biological diversity in the United States, containing more species than 31 other states ĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚ;ĂŶĚ&^:͕ϮϬϬϱͿ͘

tŚŝůĞŶŽƚĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĞĚƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂůůLJŝŶƚŚĞƌĞƉŽƌƚ͕ the Puyallup Watershed is part of the Puget Sound ĂŶĚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐŬĞLJŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐĂƐŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚďLJƚŚĞ ƚŚĂƚƐƵƐƚĂŝŶƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘dŚĞŬĞLJŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐ include old growth forest, rivers and streams, alpine meadows, freshwater wetlands, and coasts and ĞƐƚƵĂƌŝĞƐ͘/ŶϮϬϬϰ͕ƚŚĞWŝĞƌĐĞŽƵŶƚLJŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ EĞƚǁŽƌŬŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚϭϲďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůůLJƌŝĐŚĂƌĞĂƐŝŶWŝĞƌĐĞ ŽƵŶƚLJ;ĐĂůůĞĚ͞ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƌĞĂƐ͟Ϳ͕ 8 of which lie within the Puyallup Watershed. One ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƐƉĞĐƚŽĨƚŚĞEĞƚǁŽƌŬ͛ƐƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĞīŽƌƚƐŝƐ ŬŶŽǁŶĂƐĂ͞ŝŽůŝƚnj͕͟ĂƌĂƉŝĚďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŝŶǀĞŶƚŽƌLJŽĨ the plant and animal diversity found in a designated ĂƌĞĂĚƵƌŝŶŐĂϮϰͲŚŽƵƌƟŵĞĨƌĂŵĞ͘dŚĞƉƵƌƉŽƐĞŽĨ a BioBlitz is to monitor biodiversity levels in these areas and to build enthusiasm around biodiversity. During a 2006 BioBlitz held in the Lower White River ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƌĞĂ͕ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚ ϴϭƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŽĨďŝƌĚƐ͕ϮϳƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŽĨŵĂŵŵĂůƐ͕ϳƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ŽĨĂŵƉŚŝďŝĂŶƐĂŶĚϮϮϵƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŽĨƉůĂŶƚƐ͘10

10 The Lower White River Biodiversity Management Area is 1,560 acres in size. It consists of deciduous/conifer forest running along ďŽƚŚƐŝĚĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŝǀĞƌďŝƐĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĐŝƟĞƐŽĨƵĐŬůĞLJ͕ƵďƵƌŶ͕WĂĐŝĮĐ͕^ƵŵŶĞƌ͕ĂŶĚDƵĐŬůĞƐŚŽŽƚůĂŶĚƐ͕ŝŵŵĞƌƐĞĚǁŝƚŚǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐ͕ĂŶĚ ůŽǁĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂůĂƌĞĂƐ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 12 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 1

Today, despite their size, Puget Sound and the Groups in the watershed, including tribes, Pierce Puyallup Watershed are ecologically fragile, and ŽƵŶƚLJ͕ĐŝƟĞƐ͕ĐŝƟnjĞŶŐƌŽƵƉƐĂŶĚŵĂŶLJŽƚŚĞƌƐ͕ŚĂǀĞ ƚŚĞŝƌƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŝƐƚŽĚĂLJƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚďLJ ƚŚƵƐĨŽĐƵƐĞĚƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJŽŶŚĂďŝƚĂƚƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ a number of factors. To illustrate, as of 2010 more ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶĂƐĂŵĞĂŶƐƚŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚŚĞĂůƚŚ͕ than 21 species in the Puget Sound have been listed ĂŶĚďLJĞdžƚĞŶƐŝŽŶŚƵŵĂŶǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐ;^ŚĂƌĞĚ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ as threatened or endangered under the Endangered ĨŽƌWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚ͕ϮϬϭϬ͖WƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚWĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ͕ ^ƉĞĐŝĞƐĐƚ;^ͿŽĨϭϵϳϯ;WƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚWĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ͕ ϮϬϬϵͿ͘ ϮϬϬϵͿ͘dŚĞϮϬϬϱƌĞƉŽƌƚďLJĂŶĚ&^:͕ŽīĞƌŝŶŐ ƉĞƌŚĂƉƐĂǁŝĚĞƌƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞŽŶƐƉĞĐŝĞƐƚŚƌĞĂƚƐ͕ ƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƐƚŚĂƚŝŶƚŚĞWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϵϱϳ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞŝŵƉĞƌŝůĞĚ͕ŽĨǁŚŝĐŚϮϴϱĂƌĞĐƌŝƟĐĂůůLJ ŝŵƉĞƌŝůĞĚ;ĂŶĚ&^:͕ϮϬϬϱͿ͘

/ƚŝƐŐĞŶĞƌĂůůLJĂŐƌĞĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŵŽƐƚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚƚŚƌĞĂƚ ƚŽďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŝƐƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽƌĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶŽĨŚĂďŝƚĂƚ due to urban and suburban development, logging, ĂŶĚƐŚŽƌĞůŝŶĞĂƌŵŽƌŝŶŐ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJ ϳϬйŽĨƚŚĞϯϱϳŬŶŽǁŶĐƵůǀĞƌƚƐŝŶƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉ tĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚĂƌĞƉĂƌƟĂůŽƌĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐƚŽƐĂůŵŽŶ͕ ƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽƵƉƐƚƌĞĂŵŚĂďŝƚĂƚ;^ŚĂƌĞĚ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ ĨŽƌWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚ͕ϮϬϭϬ͖ĂŶĚ&^:͕ϮϬϬϱ͖WƵŐĞƚ ^ŽƵŶĚWĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ͕ϮϬϬϵͿ͘,ĂďŝƚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞďŝŽƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů ƐƉĂĐĞĨŽƌŵĞĚďLJ;ƚLJƉŝĐĂůůLJŶĂƚƵƌĂůͿƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐŝŶ which species meet their needs. A healthy ecosystem ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞĨŽŽĚĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ appropriate chemical and temperature regimes, ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƉƌĞĚĂƚŽƌƐĂŶĚŶƵƌƐĞƌLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 13 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 1

The Puyallup River Watershed: 14 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part II Key Ecological Economics Concepts

^ĞĐƟŽŶ^ƵŵŵĂƌLJ͗,ƵŵĂŶǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶŚĂǀĞĂůǁĂLJƐďĞĞŶƟĞĚƚŽĂŚĞĂůƚŚLJƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĞ͛ƐŐŽŽĚƐ ĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘ĂƌůLJĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŵŽĚĞůƐǁĞƌĞĐƌĞĂƚĞĚŝŶĂƟŵĞŽĨĂďƵŶĚĂŶƚŶĂƚƵƌĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘/ŶƚŚĂƚĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͕ŽŶůLJďƵŝůƚ͕ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůĂŶĚŚƵŵĂŶĐĂƉŝƚĂů;ůĂďŽƌͿǁĞƌĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĂƐĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘dŽĚĂLJ͛ƐĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŝƐǀĞƌLJ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ͘KƵƌƉůĂŶĞƚŚĂƐďĞĐŽŵĞ͞ĨƵůů͟ŽĨďƵŝůƚĐĂƉŝƚĂů͕ĂŶĚŶĂƚƵƌĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂůŝƐŶŽǁƐĐĂƌĐĞ͕ĂůŝŵŝƟŶŐĨĂĐƚŽƌŝŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘ ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐĞdžƚĞŶĚƐďĂƐŝĐĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐĂŶĚƌĞŇĞĐƚƐƚŽĚĂLJ͛ƐĞĐŽŶŽŵLJŵŽƌĞĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůLJ͘dŚĞ͞ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌ- ǀŝĐĞƐ͟ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬŝƐĂŶŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůǁĂLJŽĨŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶĂƚƵƌĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂůŝŶĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ and embracing an integrated approach to managing a watershed economy.

tŚĂƚ͛ƐĂŶĐŽŶŽŵLJĨŽƌ͕ŶLJǁĂLJ͍

ĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐƉƌĞĐĞĚĞĚǁƌŝƩĞŶůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ͘ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ progress has been instrumental in raising global standards of living and comfort. In the late 18th century, Adam Smith, David Ricardo and others ĂƌƟĐƵůĂƚĞĚŵĂŶLJŽĨƚŚĞďĂƐŝĐŵĂƌŬĞƚĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƚŚĂƚ guide economic policy today. When Smith and Ricardo ůŝǀĞĚ͕ǁŽƌůĚƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶǁĂƐůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶŽŶĞďŝůůŝŽŶ ƉĞŽƉůĞ͕ƚŚĞ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůZĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶǁĂƐũƵƐƚďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐ͕ the science of ecology did not exist, and natural goods ĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐǁĞƌĞƉůĞŶƟĨƵůƌĞůĂƟǀĞƚŽŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĞĚ ĂŶĚďƵŝůƚĐĂƉŝƚĂů;EŽƌŐĂĂƌĚĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϬϳͿ͘dŚƵƐ͕ƚŚĞ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJĨŽĐƵƐĞĚŽŶŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ďƵŝůƚĐĂƉŝƚĂů͕ĂůůŽĐĂƟŶŐƉůĞŶƟĨƵůŶĂƚƵƌĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƚŽ build and distribute these built goods. dŚĞdŚƌĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐYƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐŝƐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨƚŚĞĂůůŽĐĂƟŽŶŽĨůŝŵŝƚĞĚ͕Žƌ ƐĐĂƌĐĞ͕ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ĂŵŽŶŐĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞ͕ĐŽŵƉĞƟŶŐĞŶĚƐ͘ dŚŝƐĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĐĂŶďĞƐƚĂƚĞĚĂƐƚŚƌĞĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ;ĂůLJ ĂŶĚ&ĂƌůĞLJ͕ϮϬϬϰͿ͕ŝŶĂƉƌŝŽƌŝƟnjĞĚŽƌĚĞƌ͗

1. tŚĂƚĞŶĚƐĚŽǁĞĚĞƐŝƌĞ͍ 2. tŚĂƚƐĐĂƌĐĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĚŽǁĞŶĞĞĚƚŽĂƩĂŝŶƚŚĞƐĞ ĞŶĚƐ͍ 3. What ends receive priority, and to what extent do ǁĞĂůůŽĐĂƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞŵ͍

The Puyallup River Watershed: 15 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ PartPart 22 dƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůůLJ͕ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝƐƚƐŚĂǀĞĂŶƐǁĞƌĞĚ͞ƵƟůŝƚLJ͟Žƌ ĚĞƐŝƌĞĚĞŶĚƐ;ŽƌŵŽƌĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂůůLJ͕ƉƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐƚŚĂƚ ͞ŚƵŵĂŶǁĞůĨĂƌĞ͟ƚŽƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͘,ƵŵĂŶǁĞůĨĂƌĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞƌĞǀĞĂůĨŽƌŵĂƌŬĞƚŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐͿ͘'W was thought to depend on what people wanted, ŝƐŽŌĞŶŝŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞůLJƵƐĞĚĂƐĂŚƵŵĂŶǁĞůĨĂƌĞ ƌĞǀĞĂůĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŵĂƌŬĞƚƚƌĂŶƐĂĐƟŽŶƐ͕ŝ͘Ğ͘ŐŽŽĚƐ measure, a purpose for which it was never intended.12 and services they bought and sold on a market. Early economics assumed that markets revealed most Because built capital was the primary goal of desired ends, and that most scarce resources were ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐůŝŬĞƚŚĞ'WĨŽĐƵƐ ŵĂƌŬĞƚŐŽŽĚƐ͘^ŽŝƚŐĂǀĞƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĂƩĞŶƟŽŶƚŽŽŶĞ on goods and services sold in markets. Natural, ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵĨŽƌĂůůŽĐĂƟŶŐĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƚŽ ƐŽĐŝĂů;ƐƵĐŚĂƐĐƵůƚƵƌĞͿ͕ĂŶĚŚƵŵĂŶĐĂƉŝƚĂů;ƐƵĐŚĂƐ ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞĞŶĚƐ͗ƚŚĞŵĂƌŬĞƚ͘ĂƌůLJĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐĨŽĐƵƐĞĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶͿ͕ŽŶƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌŚĂŶĚ͕ŚĂǀĞŝŶĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚůLJďĞĞŶ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌŝůLJŽŶŚŽǁƚŚĞĮŶĂůŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ included in economic analysis.13dŚĞĮŐƵƌĞďĞůŽǁ ǁĞƌĞĚŝǀŝĚĞĚƵƉ;ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶͿ͕ĂŶĚŶŽƚĂƚĂůů ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂƐŬĞƚĐŚŽĨƚŚĞ͞WĂƌƟĂůĐŽŶŽŵLJ͟ŵŽĚĞů͕ ŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽďůĞŵŽĨĂŶĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ͛ƐƐŝnjĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƚŽƚŚĞ ǁŚŝĐŚŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŚĞƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů͞ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͟ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚŝƚĞdžŝƐƚĞĚ;ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ƐĐĂůĞͿ͘ and the GDP measure.

ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝƐƚƌĂĐŬĞĚƵƐŝŶŐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐ ƚŚĞ'ƌŽƐƐŽŵĞƐƟĐWƌŽĚƵĐƚ;'WͿ͘'WĂĚĚƐƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ďŽƚŚĮŶĂůŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ;ƐĂůŵŽŶ͕ƚŚĞĂƚĞƌǀŝƐŝƚƐ͕ ĞƚĐ͘ͿĂŶĚ͞ďĂĚƐ͟;ŽŝůƐƉŝůůĐůĞĂŶƵƉĐŽƐƚƐ͕ƉŽůŝĐŝŶŐĐŽƐƚƐ͕ ĞƚĐ͘ͿƚŽĂƌƌŝǀĞĂƚĂŶŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ͛ƐƚŽƚĂů throughput.11 Today, GDP is used to measure total output, assuming the market supplies most of our

&ŝŐƵƌĞϯͲdŚĞWĂƌƟĂůĐŽŶŽŵLJDŽĚĞů

Labor

WƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ Human-made Individual &ŝŶĂŶĐŝĂů Investment Process GDP 'ŽŽĚƐΘ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ hƟůŝƚLJ Capital Built Capital Land

11 Throughput is rate at which material and energy resources are used by an economy. 12 dŚĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐŽĨƚŚĞ'W͕:ŽŚŶDĂLJŶĂƌĚ<ĞLJŶĞƐĂŶĚ^ŝŵŽŶ<ƵnjŶĞƚƐ͕ĐĂƵƟŽŶĞĚĂŐĂŝŶƐƚƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞ'WĂƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞǁĞůĨĂƌĞŽĨĂ ŶĂƟŽŶ͘/ŶϭϵϲϮ͕<ƵnjŶĞƚƐůĂŵĞŶƚĞĚƚŚĂƚ͕͙͞ƚŚĞǁĞůĨĂƌĞŽĨĂŶĂƟŽŶĐĂŶƐĐĂƌĐĞůLJďĞŝŶĨĞƌƌĞĚĨƌŽŵĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŶĂƟŽŶĂůŝŶĐŽŵĞĂƐ ĚĞĮŶĞĚďLJƚŚĞ'W͙ŐŽĂůƐĨŽƌ͚ŵŽƌĞ͛ŐƌŽǁƚŚƐŚŽƵůĚƐƉĞĐŝĨLJŽĨǁŚĂƚĂŶĚĨŽƌǁŚĂƚ͘͟;ŶŝĞůƐŬŝ͕ϭϵϵϵͿ 13 ŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĐĂǀĞĂƚŝƐƚŚĂƚŵĂŶLJŽĨƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůŝƐƐƵĞƐŚƵŵĂŶƐĨĂĐĞƚŽĚĂLJĂƌĞĚƵĞƚŽŝŶƐƵĸĐŝĞŶƚĂƩĞŶƟŽŶƚŽ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐŝŶĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬŝŶŐ͘^ƵďƐŝĚŝnjĞĚƉƌŝĐĞƐĨŽƌŶĂƚƵƌĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ŶĞŐůĞĐƚŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐŽƐƚƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͕ĂŶĚ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂůƵŶǁŝůůŝŶŐŶĞƐƐƚŽƌĞƐƉĞĐƚƚŚĞďĂƐŝĐŶŽƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĐĂƌĐŝƚLJĂŶĚŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJĐŽƐƚĂƌĞĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞƵŶĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞŽŌĞŶ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞĚŝŶƚŽĚĂLJ͛ƐĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ;ĂůLJĂŶĚ&ĂƌůĞLJ͕ϮϬϬϰͿ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 16 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ PartPart 22

^ŚŝŌŝŶ^ĐĂƌĐŝƚLJ Over the past 50 years, humans have altered ĐĂƉŝƚĂůƚŚĂƚƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚŝƐŇŽǁ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ŝƚŚĂƐ ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than in any ďĞĞŶĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚƚŚĂƚŚƵŵĂŶƐŶŽǁĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJŽƌŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĂďůĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝŶŚƵŵĂŶŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ;hŶŝƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶƐ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƵƉƚŽϰϬйŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ͛ƐŶŶƵĂůEĞƚ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚWƌŽŐƌĂŵ͕ϮϬϬϱͿ͘dŚĞƌĞŝƐĂŵƉůĞĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ WƌŝŵĂƌLJWƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ;sŝƚŽƵƐĞŬĞƚĂů͕͘ϭϵϴϲ͖,ĂďĞƌůĞƚ ƚŚĂƚƐĐĂƌĐŝƚLJŚĂƐƐŚŝŌĞĚĨƌŽŵďƵŝůƚĐĂƉŝƚĂůƚŽŶĂƚƵƌĂů Ăů͕͘ϮϬϬϳͿ͕ĚƌĂŵĂƟĐĂůůLJƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ capital. This is true for many resources within the for other species, including those that support Puget Sound. Our ability to lay asphalt outweighs our ŚƵŵĂŶƐ;ƐƵĐŚĂƐĮƐŚĞƌŝĞƐͿ͘EĞƚWƌŝŵĂƌLJWƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ ĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘ is the total biomass that is produced by ecosystems ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƉŚŽƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ͖ŝƚŝƐƚŚĞĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶĨŽƌůŝĨĞ ^ŝŵŝůĂƌůLJ͕ŽŶĐĞͲĞdžƚƌĂǀĂŐĂŶƚƟŵďĞƌŚĂƌǀĞƐƚƐĂƌĞŶŽǁ on Earth. Other measures present a similar picture: limited by land availability and tree growth, rather dŚĞtŽƌůĚtŝůĚůŝĨĞ&ƵŶĚƌĞĐĞŶƚůLJĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĚƚŚĞ ƚŚĂŶĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞůŽŐŐŝŶŐĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ͘ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĂƚŝŶ ͞ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů&ŽŽƚƉƌŝŶƚ͟ŽĨŚƵŵĂŶŝƚLJ͕ŽƌƚŚĞůĂŶĚ ϭϵϬϬ͕ƚŚĞǁĞůůͲŬŶŽǁŶƟŵďĞƌŵĂŐŶĂƚĞ&ƌĞĚĞƌŝĐŬ and sea area that would be needed to sustainably tĞLJĞƌŚĂĞƵƐĞƌƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞĚϵϬϬ͕ϬϬϬĂĐƌĞƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĞ regenerate the resources that humans consume and tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶĨŽƌĞƐƚůĂŶĚĨŽƌũƵƐƚΨϭϯϳŵŝůůŝŽŶ;ŝŶϮϬϬϵ the waste they produce annually. It was found that ĚŽůůĂƌƐͿ͕ŽƌĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJΨϭϱϬƉĞƌĂĐƌĞ;&ŝĐŬĞŶĂŶĚ ƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƌĂƚĞŽĨŚƵŵĂŶƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶĂŶĚ >ĞtĂƌŶĞ͕ϭϵϴϴͿ͘ϭϰ Compare this value with a more ǁĂƐƚĞĚŝƐƉŽƐĂůƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐϭ͘ϯƉůĂŶĞƚĂƌƚŚƐʹĂŶĚƚŚŝƐ ƌĞĐĞŶƚĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚŽĨĨŽƌĞƐƚůĂŶĚĂŵŽŶŐϯϴĐŽƵŶƟĞƐ ͞ĨŽŽƚƉƌŝŶƚ͟ŝƐŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ;tŽƌůĚtŝůĚůŝĨĞ&ƵŶĚ͕ϮϬϬϴͿ͘ in western Washington and Oregon, which found ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨΨϭ͕ϰϴϯƉĞƌĂĐƌĞ;ůŝŐĂŶĚWůĂŶƟŶŐĂ͕ ŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƌĞĂƐŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƐŚŝŌŝŶƐĐĂƌĐŝƚLJŝƐƚŚĂƚ ϮϬϬϰͿ͘15 in the past century alone, the per-capita economic ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĂƌŬĞƚŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŚĂƐ On a global scale, many expert studies now show that ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚŶŝŶĞĨŽůĚ;&ĂƌůĞLJ͕ϮϬϬϵ͕ĐŝƟŶŐĞůŽŶŐ͕ϮϬϬϮͿ͘ ŚƵŵĂŶƐĂƌĞĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐĂƌƚŚ͛ƐŇŽǁŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůŐŽŽĚƐ dŚĞŶĞdžƚƚǁŽĮŐƵƌĞƐŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞƚŚĞŚƵŵĂŶĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ͛Ɛ ĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĨĂƐƚĞƌƚŚĂŶƚŚĞŇŽǁĐĂŶďĞƌĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ͕ ŵŽǀĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ͞ŵƉƚLJtŽƌůĚ͟ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƐƚƚŽ ĂŶĚŝŶŵĂŶLJĂƌĞĂƐŚƵŵĂŶƐĂƌĞĚĞƉůĞƟŶŐƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƚŚĞ͞&ƵůůtŽƌůĚ͟ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŚƵŵĂŶƐůŝǀĞŝŶƚŽĚĂLJ͘

&ŝŐƵƌĞϰͲWƌĞǀŝŽƵƐŵƉƚLJtŽƌůĚ^ŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ &ŝŐƵƌĞϱͲdŽĚĂLJ͛Ɛ&ƵůůtŽƌůĚ^ŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ

ϭϰ tĞLJĞƌŚĂĞƵƐĞƌ͛ƐƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞĐŽƐƚŚŝŵΨϱ͘ϰŵŝůůŝŽŶŝŶϭϵϬϬ͖ƚŚŝƐǀĂůƵĞǁĂƐĐŽŶǀĞƌƚĞĚƚŽϮϬϬϵĚŽůůĂƌƐƵƐŝŶŐŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ǁĞƐƚĞŐŐ͘ĐŽŵͬ ŝŶŇĂƟŽŶͬ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ 15 KƌŝŐŝŶĂůǀĂůƵĞŝŶƚŚŝƐϮϬϬϰƐƚƵĚLJǁĂƐΨϭ͕ϰϴϯ͘dŚŝƐǀĂůƵĞŚĂƐĂůƐŽďĞĞŶĐŽŶǀĞƌƚĞĚƚŽϮϬϬϵĚŽůůĂƌƐƵƐŝŶŐŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ǁĞƐƚĞŐŐ͘ĐŽŵͬ ŝŶŇĂƟŽŶͬ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 17 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 2 PartPart 22 tŚLJŚĂƐƚŚĞ͞^ŚŝŌŝŶ^ĐĂƌĐŝƚLJ͟ďĞĞŶKǀĞƌůŽŽŬĞĚ͍ dŚĞƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŽĨƚŚĞŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƌĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶŚĂƐŐƌĞĂƚůLJ If natural capital is thought of as a complement reduced the scarcity of market goods for much of the ƚŽďƵŝůƚĐĂƉŝƚĂů;ĂŶĚŚƵŵĂŶ͕ƐŽĐŝĂůĂŶĚĮŶĂŶĐŝĂů ǁŽƌůĚ͛ƐƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞƐŚŝŌŝŶƐĐĂƌĐŝƚLJ͕ĨƌŽŵďƵŝůƚ ĐĂƉŝƚĂůͿŝŶƚŚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶŽĨŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ĂƐŝƚ ĐĂƉŝƚĂůƚŽŶĂƚƵƌĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂů͕ŚŽůĚƐŵĂũŽƌŝŵƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌ always must be to varying degrees, then its scarcity the way the economy is structured and understood. ĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƐƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌĐĂƉŝƚĂůƐďLJĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ͘^ŽŵĞ zĞƚŝƚŝŵƉůŝĞƐƌĞďĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐŶĂƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚďƵŝůƚĐĂƉŝƚĂů͘ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐŽdžLJŐĞŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ tŚLJŚĂƐƚŚŝƐĐŚĂŶŐĞďĞĞŶŽǀĞƌůŽŽŬĞĚ͍,ĞƌĞĂƌĞƚǁŽ ĂŶĚĐĂƌďŽŶƐĞƋƵĞƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ͕ĐĂŶďĞƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŽĨĂƐ reasons. complements to all types of built capital, because ƚŚĞƌĞŝƐŶŽƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůďƵŝůƚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞ;ŝ͘Ğ͘ĂůůďƵŝůƚ ͻ džƉŽŶĞŶƟĂů'ƌŽǁƚŚŽĨ,ƵŵĂŶWŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͘tŝƚŚ ĐĂƉŝƚĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶǁŽƵůĚĐĞĂƐĞŝŶƚŚĞĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨ ĂĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƌĂƚĞŽĨƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŐƌŽǁƚŚ͕ƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ ŽdžLJŐĞŶͿ͘EĂƚƵƌĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂůŝƐĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůƚŽďƵŝůƚĐĂƉŝƚĂů͖ would be expected to grow from 50% full to 100% indeed, all built capital is derived from natural capital. full in one doubling period – the same period it ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽŐƌŽǁĨƌŽŵϭйĨƵůůƚŽϮйĨƵůů͘tŝƚŚ dŚĞtŚŽůĞĐŽŶŽŵLJDŽĚĞů improvements in technology and general living Ecological economics grounds economic thinking in ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ͕ƚŚĞŚƵŵĂŶƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŚĂƐ͕ŝŶƌĞĂůŝƚLJ͕ ƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƌĞĂůŝƚLJŽĨƚŽĚĂLJ͛Ɛ͞ĨƵůůǁŽƌůĚ͕͟ĂŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJ ŐƌŽǁŶĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůůLJĂŶĚĚŽƵďůŝŶŐƉĞƌŝŽĚƐŚĂǀĞ advancement of economic thought. Ecological ƐŚŽƌƚĞŶĞĚ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ŝƚƚŽŽŬĂďŽƵƚϭϮϯLJĞĂƌƐ economics is built upon supply and demand, and ;ϭϴϬϰʹϭϵϮϳͿĨŽƌƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ͛ƐƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƚŽŐƌŽǁ ŽŶƚŚĞŵĂƌŬĞƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐŽĨĞĸĐŝĞŶƚĂůůŽĐĂƟŽŶ͘/ƚ ĨƌŽŵŽŶĞďŝůůŝŽŶƚŽƚǁŽďŝůůŝŽŶ͕ĂŶĚũƵƐƚϰϳLJĞĂƌƐ adds the constraints of shrinking oil supplies and ;ϭϵϮϳʹϭϵϳϱͿƚŽŐƌŽǁĨƌŽŵƚǁŽďŝůůŝŽŶƚŽĨŽƵƌ other physical constraints, and the problem of scale ďŝůůŝŽŶ;hŶŝƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶƐ͕ϮϬϬϬͿ͘EŽƚŽŶůLJŚĂǀĞ ;ŝ͘Ğ͘ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJͿ͘hŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉ ŚƵŵĂŶƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐŐƌŽǁŶĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůůLJ͕ďƵƚƐŽ between ecosystems, the economy, and human ŚĂƐĞĂĐŚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů͛ƐĂďƐŽůƵƚĞƵƐĞŽĨƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘ ǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐŝƐĐƌŝƟĐĂůƚŽĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŶƚŚĞϮϭƐƚ dŚĞƐŚŝŌĨƌŽŵĂŶ͞ĞŵƉƚLJǁŽƌůĚ͟ƚŽĂ͞ĨƵůůǁŽƌůĚ͟ ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ;ĂůLJĂŶĚ&ĂƌůĞLJ͕ϮϬϬϰͿ͘ ŚĂƐŽĐĐƵƌƌĞĚŵŽƌĞƋƵŝĐŬůLJƚŚĂŶĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŵŽĚĞůƐ have been able to acknowledge. dŚĞ͞tŚŽůĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ͟ŵŽĚĞů͕ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚŝŶ&ŝŐƵƌĞϲ͕ ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ͻ ŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƌLJǀĞƌƐƵƐ^ƵďƐƟƚƵƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ͘/ĨƚǁŽ ŝƐƟĞĚƚŽĮǀĞĨŽƌŵƐŽĨĐĂƉŝƚĂů;ŶĂƚƵƌĂů͕ďƵŝůƚ͕ŚƵŵĂŶ͕ ŐŽŽĚƐŽƌƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂƌĞƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŽĨĂƐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞƐŝŶ ƐŽĐŝĂů͕ĂŶĚĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůͿĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚ an economic model, then a shortage of one does services contribute to human well-being, both directly ŶŽƚůŝŵŝƚƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ͘ZĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶ ĂŶĚďLJƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐŶĂƚƵƌĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂůĨŽƌƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞƐ͕ǁĂƚĞƌĂŶĚƉŝƉĞƐĂƌĞĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘dŚĞŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĨĞĞĚďĂĐŬůŽŽƉƐĨƌŽŵƉŽůůƵƟŽŶ for delivering water to the tap. By default, the ĂŶĚĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶĂƌĞĂůƐŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞƌĞ WĂƌƟĂůĐŽŶŽŵLJŵŽĚĞůŚĂƐƚĞŶĚĞĚƚŽǀŝĞǁŶĂƚƵƌĂů are four guiding principles for a healthy economy: ĐĂƉŝƚĂůĂƐĞdžƉĞŶĚĂďůĞ͕ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĂƐƐƵŵƉƟŽŶƚŚĂƚ ŐŽŽĚŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͕ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJ͕ĂŶĚũƵƐƟĐĞ͕ ďƵŝůƚĐĂƉŝƚĂůĐĂŶďĞĂƉĞƌĨĞĐƚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞ͘dŚŝƐ which are displayed in blue. would also avoid the problem of scarcity. The false ĂƐƐƵŵƉƟŽŶƚŚĂƚďƵŝůƚĐĂƉŝƚĂůĂŶĚŶĂƚƵƌĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂů ĂƌĞƉĞƌĨĞĐƚƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞƐĐĂŶďĞůĂƌŐĞůLJĂƩƌŝďƵƚĞĚ ƚŽƚŚĞĨĂŝůƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞWĂƌƟĂůĐŽŶŽŵLJŵŽĚĞůƚŽ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂůĞdžƉůŝĐŝƚůLJĂƐĂŶĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů ĨĂĐƚŽƌŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ;ůŝŬĞůLJďĞĐĂƵƐĞƚŚĞŵŽĚĞů ǁĂƐĚĞǀŝƐĞĚǁŚŝůĞƚŚĞĂƌƚŚǁĂƐƐƟůů͞ĞŵƉƚLJ͟Ϳ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 18 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ PartPart 22

&ŝŐƵƌĞϲͲdŚĞtŚŽůĞĐŽŶŽŵLJDŽĚĞů

Desired Ends, Scarce Resources and Guiding Principles

ĂƌůŝĞƌŝŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶ͕ƚŚƌĞĞĐŽƌĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐŽĨ family, health and social bonds such as friendship. ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐǁĞƌĞƉŽƐĞĚ͘ŶƐǁĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĮƌƐƚŐƵŝĚĞƐƚŚĞ DĞĞƟŶŐƚŚĞƐƵŝƚĞŽĨŚƵŵĂŶŶĞĞĚƐ͕ŶŽǁĂŶĚŝŶƚŽ ƌĞƐƚ͘tŚĂƚĞŶĚƐĚŽǁĞĚĞƐŝƌĞ͍ the future, largely depends on understanding the ĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͛ƐƐĐĂƌĐĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚŚŽǁƚŚĞLJĂƌĞ ĞƐŝƌĞĚŶĚƐ͗,ƵŵĂŶtĞůůͲĞŝŶŐ ĂůůŽĐĂƚĞĚƚŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĞŶĚƐ͘ ,ƵŵĂŶǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐŝƐŶŽƚĂƌŝŐŝĚůLJĚĞĮŶĞĚƐƚĂƚĞďƵƚ ĂĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĂďƐƚƌĂĐƚŚƵŵĂŶĞŶĚƐ ĂŶĚŶĞĞĚƐƚŚĂƚĚŝīĞƌĂŵŽŶŐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐĂŶĚƉůĂĐĞƐ͘16 Many of these ends can be met on the market, but ŵĂŶLJĐĂŶŶŽƚ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ƐŽŵĞďĂƐŝĐƐŚĂƌĞĚŶĞĞĚƐ may include a dependable supply of food and clean ĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌ͕ĂŶĚƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůƐĞĐƵƌŝƚLJ͕

16 WƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝƐƚďƌĂŚĂŵDĂƐůŽǁ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚĂŶŽŌĞŶͲƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞĚĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬĨŽƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨŚƵŵĂŶ ŶĞĞĚƐ͕ƌĞĨĞƌƌĞĚƚŽĂƐ͞DĂƐůŽǁ͛ƐŚŝĞƌĂƌĐŚLJŽĨŶĞĞĚƐ͟;DĂƐůŽǁ͕ϭϵϰϯͿ͘ƚƚŚĞďĂƐĞŽĨƚŚĞŚŝĞƌĂƌĐŚLJĂƌĞ͞ƉŚLJƐŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂů͟ŶĞĞĚƐƐƵĐŚĂƐ Ăŝƌ͕ĨŽŽĚ͕ĂŶĚǁĂƚĞƌ͘KŶĐĞƚŚĞďĂƐŝĐƉŚLJƐŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŶĞĞĚƐĂƌĞŵĞƚ͕͞ƐĂĨĞƚLJ͟ŶĞĞĚƐ;ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐĂĨĞƚLJ͕ŚĞĂůƚŚ͕ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůƐĞĐƵƌŝƚLJĞƚĐ͘ͿĐĂŶďĞ ĂƩĞŶĚĞĚ͘dŚĞĮŶĂůƚŚƌĞĞĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐŽĨŶĞĞĚƐĂƌĞ͞ůŽǀĞĂŶĚďĞůŽŶŐŝŶŐ͕͟͞ĞƐƚĞĞŵ͟ĂŶĚ͞ƐĞůĨͲĂĐƚƵĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ͟;ƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƐƚŚƵŵĂŶŶĞĞĚͿ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 19 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 2 PartPart 22

^ĐĂƌĐĞZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͗dŚĞ&ŝǀĞĂƉŝƚĂůƐ ƩĂŝŶŝŶŐĞƐŝƌĞĚŶĚƐ͗dŚĞ&ŽƵƌ'ƵŝĚŝŶŐWƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ &ŝǀĞĂƉŝƚĂůƐƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƐĐĂƌĐĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƚŚĂƚ dŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŽĨĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐŝƐƚŚĞůĞĂƐƚ ƵůƟŵĂƚĞůLJŐŽƚŽǁĂƌĚƐŚƵŵĂŶŶĞĞĚƐĂŶĚŚƵŵĂŶ ƐƚƌĂŝŐŚƞŽƌǁĂƌĚ͕ŶĂŵĞůLJ͗What ends get priority, and ǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐ͕ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůƚŽĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ͘dŚĞLJĂƌĞ͗ to what extent do we allocate resources to them? ŶĂƚƵƌĂů͕ďƵŝůƚ͕ŚƵŵĂŶ͕ƐŽĐŝĂůĂŶĚĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂů͘ tŚŝůĞƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶĐĂŶŶŽƚďĞĂŶƐǁĞƌĞĚĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ͕ Natural capital underlies all others, which in turn &ŽƵƌ'ƵŝĚŝŶŐWƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŚĞůƉƚŽĂĚĚƌĞƐƐƚŚĞůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵ ĐƌĞĂƚĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂŚĞĂůƚŚLJĂŶĚƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ĂƩĂŝŶŵĞŶƚŽĨŚƵŵĂŶǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐ͘ economy:

ͻ EĂƚƵƌĂůĂƉŝƚĂů͘The stock of minerals, energy, ͻ ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ͘ Living within a physical scale plants, animals and ecosystems found on earth that does not destroy the basic ecosystems that ƚŚĂƚLJŝĞůĚƐĂŇŽǁŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘ maintain the economy. Ecosystems are part of When taken as one whole system, natural capital ƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ͛Ɛ͞ĐŽŵŵŽŶǁĞĂůƚŚ͕͟ǁŚŝĐŚĐĂŶďĞ provides the total biophysical context for the ŵĂŶĂŐĞĚƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůLJƚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐďĞŶĞĮƚ human economy. ƚŽĐƵƌƌĞŶƚĂŶĚĨƵƚƵƌĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͕ŽƌŵŝƐŵĂŶĂŐĞĚ at great cost. ͻ ,ƵŵĂŶĂƉŝƚĂů͘The self-esteem and knowledge ĂĐƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůĂŶĚ ͻ :ƵƐƟĐĞ͘&ĂŝƌĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨƉƵďůŝĐĂŶĚƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůƐŬŝůůƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ͕ gains from natural, built, human, social, and ůŝƐƚĞŶŝŶŐ͕ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŵŽƟǀĂƟŽŶ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ ƚŽďĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůůLJƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞ͘ ďĞŶĞĮƚĨŽƌƚŚĞůŽǁĞƐƚƉƵďůŝĐŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ͘ /ŶƚĞƌŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŝƐĞƋƵĂůůLJ ͻ ^ŽĐŝĂůĂƉŝƚĂů͘dŚĞŝŶǀĞŶƚŽƌLJŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ͖ŽƵƌĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ŐƌĂŶĚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂŶĚĨƵƚƵƌĞ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ͕ůĂǁƐ͕ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůƐŽĐŝĂůŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ͕ĂŶĚ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŐŝǀĞŶĨĂŝƌĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽƚŚĞ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐŽĨƚƌƵƐƚƚŚĂƚŵĂŬĞƵƉŽƌƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĨŽƌ ĂƌƚŚ͛ƐƐƚŽĐŬŽĨŵŝŶĞƌĂůĂŶĚĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘ ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ͘ ͻ ĸĐŝĞŶĐLJ͘Careful decision-making regarding how ͻ ƵŝůƚĂƉŝƚĂů͘The infrastructure of technologies, and where resources are moved or invested to machines, tools and transport that humans ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƵŝƚĞƐŽĨŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ďƵŝůĚĂŶĚƵƐĞĨŽƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐ͘ WĞŽƉůĞŵƵƐƚĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĞĸĐŝĞŶƚďĂůĂŶĐĞ ŽƵƉůĞĚǁŝƚŚůĞĂƌŶĞĚƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚĐĂƉĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ͕ƚŚĞ ŽĨďƵŝůƚ͕ŶĂƚƵƌĂů͕ŚƵŵĂŶ͕ƐŽĐŝĂůĂŶĚĮŶĂŶĐŝĂů ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ͛ƐďƵŝůƚƚĞĐŚŶŽͲŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŝƐǁŚĂƚ capital for the types of goods and services they ĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĂůůŽǁƐƌĂǁŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ;ŝ͘Ğ͘ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂůͿ ǁŝƐŚƚŽĞŶũŽLJ͕ĂŶĚǁŚĞƚŚĞƌŽƌŶŽƚĂƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ƚŽďĞĐŽŶǀĞƌƚĞĚŝŶƚŽĂŇŽǁŽĨĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŐŽŽĚƐ balance is detrimental to the goal of long-term and services, the products that are typically found sustainability. in markets. ͻ 'ŽŽĚ'ŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͘This principle consists of two ͻ &ŝŶĂŶĐŝĂůĂƉŝƚĂů͘The shares, bonds, banknotes, elements: ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƉĂƉĞƌĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůĂƐƐĞƚƐ that play an important role in the economy, Ͳ ƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞŽĨďŽƚŚƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ĞŶĂďůŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƉŝƚĂů;Ğ͘Ő͘ ĂŶĚƉƵďůŝĐŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŐƌŽƵƉƐ͕ƉŽůŝĐLJ ŚĞĂůƚŚĐĂƌĞ͕ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶͿƚŽďĞŽǁŶĞĚ͕ƚƌĂĚĞĚĂŶĚ instruments, systems, and markets that ĂůůŽĐĂƚĞĚ͘&ŝŶĂŶĐŝĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂůŝƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚƌƵƐƚĂŶĚ ĞŶƐƵƌĞƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ũƵƐƟĐĞĂŶĚĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJĂƌĞ represents a promise that it will eventually be achieved. ŚŽŶŽƌĞĚǁŝƚŚŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌƚLJƉĞƐŽĨ͞ƌĞĂů͟ capital. - Employing measurements that give an accurate ŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞtŚŽůĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ͛ƐŚĞĂůƚŚ͕ measuring what our scarce resources are and whether desired ends are being met.

The Puyallup River Watershed: 20 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 2 PartPart 22

/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƚŽĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ'ŽŽĚƐĂŶĚ ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ Ecosystems provide economically valuable goods and services. Ecosystem services were recently given higher prominence in the Millennium Ecosystem ƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͕ĂƉƌŽũĞĐƚŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚŝŶϮϬϬϬďLJƚŚĞŶͲ hŶŝƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶƐ^ĞĐƌĞƚĂƌLJͲ'ĞŶĞƌĂů<ŽĮŶŶĂŶĂŶĚ completed in 2005. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment examined the worldwide changes in ecosystems, their impacts on human well-being, and ŽƉƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽŚƵŵĂŶǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐ͘dŚĞ project, involving over 1,360 experts worldwide ĂŶĚĂŵƵůƟͲƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌďŽĂƌĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐ Addressing Inherent Complexity governments, businesses, NGOs, indigenous peoples The economy is a complex system. Complex systems ĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ͕ƵƟůŝnjĞĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨ ĂƌĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĞĚďLJƐƚƌŽŶŐ;ƵƐƵĂůůLJŶŽŶͲůŝŶĞĂƌͿ ͞ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͟ƚŽďĞƐƚƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŶŬĂŐĞƐ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƉĂƌƚƐ͕ĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůŝĐĂƚĞĚ between ecosystems and human well-being. Today, ĨĞĞĚďĂĐŬůŽŽƉƐƚŚĂƚŵĂŬĞŝƚĚŝĸĐƵůƚƚŽĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚ a number of federal agencies in the United States, ĐĂƵƐĞĨƌŽŵĞīĞĐƚ͕ǁŝƚŚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚƟŵĞĂŶĚƐƉĂĐĞůĂŐƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůWƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶŐĞŶĐLJ͕ ĚŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƟĞƐ͕ƚŚƌĞƐŚŽůĚƐ͕ĂŶĚůŝŵŝƚƐ;ŽƐƚĂŶnjĂĞƚĂů͕͘ ƚŚĞhŶŝƚĞĚ^ƚĂƚĞƐ&ŽƌĞƐƚ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ͕ƚŚĞhŶŝƚĞĚ^ƚĂƚĞƐ ϭϵϵϯ͕ĐŝƟŶŐZĂƐƚĞƩĞƌĞƚĂů͕͘ϭϵϵϮĂŶĚǀŽŶĞƌƚĂůĂŶīLJ͕ Geological Service, and the United States Department ϭϵϲϴͿ͘ of Agriculture, house dedicated ecosystem services departments to advance understanding of how ZĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞŝŵƉůŝĞƐƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŽĨĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŽƌĞƚƵƌŶ ecosystem services can be promoted to improve long- ƚŽĂƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐƐƚĂƚĞĂŌĞƌĂĚŝƐƚƵƌďĂŶĐĞ͘ƐLJƐƚĞŵŝƐ ƚĞƌŵĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƉƌŽƐƉĞƌŝƚLJĨŽƌƚŚĞŶĂƟŽŶ͘ϭϳ ĂƐƐƵŵĞĚƚŽďĞĨƌĂŐŝůĞǁŚĞŶƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞŝƐůŽǁ͘&ƌĂŐŝůĞ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐƚĞŶĚƚŽďĞƌĞƉůĂĐĞĚǁŚĞŶĚŝƐƚƵƌďĞĚ͖ĨŽƌ The natural environment provides many of the things example, wetlands that are converted to open water humans need for survival, including breathable produce reduced amounts of ecosystem services and air, drinkable water, food for nourishment, and ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞůĞƐƐĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀĂůƵĞ;'ƵŶĚĞƌƐŽŶĂŶĚ,ŽůůŝŶŐ͕ ƐƚĂďůĞĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕ƚŽŶĂŵĞĂĨĞǁ͘ ϮϬϬϮͿ͘tŝƚŚŽƵƚƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞ͕ĂŶĞŶƟƌĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐLJƐƚĞŵ dŚĞƐĞ͞ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕͟ĂƌĞĚĞƌŝǀĞĚ ĐĂŶĂůƐŽĐŽůůĂƉƐĞĂŶĚƌĞǀĞƌƚƚŽĂůĞƐƐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞŽŶĞ͘ ĨƌŽŵĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĂŶĚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƚŽŚƵŵĂŶƐ͘ Economic goals are more surely reached building in ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐƉĞƌĨŽƌŵŵĂŶLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͕ďƵƚŽŶůLJ ƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞ͕ƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĂŵŽƌĞďƌŝƩůĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͕ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞŚƵŵĂŶďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ĂƐƚŚĞƌĞĐĞŶƚĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůĐƌŝƐŝƐĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĚ͘ ecosystem goods or services. Every ecosystem produces a suite of ecosystem services.

ϭϳ dŚĞĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ͛ǁĞďƐŝƚĞƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŵŽƌĞĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƐĞĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͗ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĨƐ͘ĨĞĚ͘ƵƐͬ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐͬ;h^&^Ϳ͖ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĨƐ͘ĨĞĚ͘ƵƐͬĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐͬKDͬŝŶĚĞdž͘ƐŚƚŵů;h^Ϳ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 21 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 2 PartPart 22

Healthy, resilient, natural infrastructure, referred to ĂƐ͞ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂů͕͟ŝƐĐƌŝƟĐĂůƚŽƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ ecosystem goods and services. The natural capital of an ecosystem consists of its individual structural ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ;ƚƌĞĞƐ͕ĨŽƌĞƐƚƐ͕ƐŽŝů͕ŚŝůůƐůŽƉĞƐ͕ĞƚĐ͘ͿƚŚĂƚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚLJŶĂŵŝĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ;ǁĂƚĞƌŇŽǁƐ͕ŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚ ĐLJĐůŝŶŐ͕ĂŶŝŵĂůůŝĨĞĐLJĐůĞƐ͕ĞƚĐ͘ͿǁŚŝĐŚŝŶƚƵƌŶĐƌĞĂƚĞ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ;ǁĂƚĞƌĐĂƚĐŚŵĞŶƚ͕ƐŽŝůĂĐĐƵŵƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ĞƚĐ͘ͿƚŚĂƚŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŐŽŽĚƐ ĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ;ƐĂůŵŽŶ͕ƟŵďĞƌ͕ŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ĞƚĐ͘Ϳ͘/ƚŵŝŐŚƚďĞůŝŬĞŶĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨĐĂƌƐŝŶĂĨĂĐƚŽƌLJ͘ƵŝůĚŝŶŐĂĐĂƌ;Ă͞ďƵŝůƚ͟ŐŽŽĚͿ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐŚŝŐŚƋƵĂůŝƚLJďƵŝůƚĐĂƉŝƚĂů;Ğ͘Ő͘ƚŚĞĨĂĐƚŽƌLJ͕ ŵĂĐŚŝŶĞƐĂŶĚĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƚŽĂƉŽǁĞƌƉůĂŶƚͿ͕ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĐĂƉŝƚĂů;Ğ͘Ő͘ƚŚĞĞdžƚƌĂĐƚĞĚŵĞƚĂů͕ƌƵďďĞƌ͕ĨŽŽĚĨŽƌ ƚŚĞǁŽƌŬĞƌƐͿ͕ŚƵŵĂŶĐĂƉŝƚĂů;ƚŚĞǁŽƌŬĞƌƐͿ͕ĂŶĚ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂů;ĞƋƵŝƚLJƚŽďƵLJƚŚĞƌĂǁŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐͿĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂů;ůĂďŽƌůĂǁƐĂŶĚĂŐƌĞĞŵĞŶƚƐĞƚĐ͘Ϳ͘dŚŝƐ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉŝƐƐƵŵŵĂƌŝnjĞĚŝŶĮŐƵƌĞϳ͘

dŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂƌĞ ƐŝŵŝůĂƌƚŽƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐďĞŶĞĮƚƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚďLJůĂďŽƌ and capital that are typically valued in the economy, LJĞƚƚŚĞLJĂƌĞůĞƐƐŽŌĞŶŶŽƟĐĞĚŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚ͘&Žƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ;ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐͿ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƚŚĞŵĂũŽƌŝƚLJŽĨŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶ

&ŝŐƵƌĞϳͲdŚĞ>ŝŶŬďĞƚǁĞĞŶEĂƚƵƌĂů/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ'ŽŽĚƐĂŶĚ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ tĂƚĞƌ^ƵƉƉůLJ &ŽƌĞƐƚƐĂƉƚƵƌĞĂŶĚ &ŝůƚĞƌƐtĂƚĞƌ ƌŝŶŬŝŶŐtĂƚĞƌ

Ecosystem Ecosystem ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ /ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞΘ &ƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ 'ŽŽĚƐΘ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ Processses

The Puyallup River Watershed: 22 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 2 PartPart 22 watersheds. If a levee is valued as an economic asset ƚƌĞŵĞŶĚŽƵƐĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀĂůƵĞĂŶĚĂƌĞĐƌŝƟĐĂůďŽƚŚĨŽƌ ;ĂƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚďLJƚŚĞŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ŽƵƌƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ;ŽƐƚĂŶnjĂ͕ ĂŶĚĐŽƐƚƐŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͛ƟŵĞ͕ĨƵĞů͕ĂŶĚĞĂƌƚŚŵŽǀŝŶŐ ϭϵϵϳ͖ĂŝůLJ͕ϭϵϵϳͿ͘ ĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚͿďƵƚĚŽŶŽƚŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨŇŽŽĚ tĂƚĞƌĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶŝƐĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨĂĐƌŝƟĐĂůĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚďLJĨŽƌĞƐƚƐ͕ǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐ͕ĂŶĚ service. A standing forest may be cut down once every ůĂŬĞƐ͕ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŝƐĚĞĞƉůLJŇĂǁĞĚ͘ ĨĞǁĚĞĐĂĚĞƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĂŶĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵŐŽŽĚ;ƟŵďĞƌͿ dŚĞƐĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůĂƐƐĞƚƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĂƐŵƵĐŚ͕ŽƌŽŌĞŶŵŽƌĞ͕ with revenue generated from the harvest and sales of ŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶƚŚĂŶďƵŝůƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐĂŶĚĐĂŶ ƚŚĞǁŽŽĚ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŝĨůĞŌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ͕ƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨŽƌĞƐƚ ĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚůLJďĞŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚǁŝƚŚůŝƩůĞŽƌŶŽĐĂƉŝƚĂů might purify the drinking water for a nearby city for cost and low maintenance costs. Many built structures ĐĞŶƚƵƌŝĞƐ͕ƐĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƐƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŶŐĂĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚƉĞŽƉůĞƌĞůLJŽŶĨŽƌŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐ ƉůĂŶƚĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĐŽƐƚƐŽĨŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐƚŚĞƉůĂŶƚ levees and dams, were installed decades ago, when ĞĂĐŚLJĞĂƌĂƐŝƚďĞŐŝŶƐƚŽĚĞŐƌĂĚĞ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨůĂŶĚƵƐĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐǁĂƐůĞƐƐƌĞĮŶĞĚ͘ ĨŽƌĞƐƚŵĂLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ƐŽŝůĞƌŽƐŝŽŶ This has led to expensive cycles of loss and repair in control, and many other services. ŵĂŶLJtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚƐ͕ŵŽƐƚŽŌĞŶĨƵŶĚĞĚďLJ WƵďůŝĐƵƟůŝƟĞƐĨŽƌŵĂŶLJEŽƌƚŚŵĞƌŝĐĂŶĐŝƟĞƐ͕ taxpayers. Once lost, ecosystem goods and services ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ^ĞĂƩůĞ͕ǀĞƌĞƩ͕dĂĐŽŵĂ͕WŽƌƚůĂŶĚ͕^ĂŶ are expensive to recover or may not be recoverable &ƌĂŶĐŝƐĐŽ͕sĂŶĐŽƵǀĞƌ;͘͘Ϳ͕EĞǁzŽƌŬĂŶĚŽƐƚŽŶ at all. If ecosystems are valued as assets however, the ŚĂǀĞĂůƌĞĂĚLJĚĞĐŝĚĞĚƚŚĂƚŶĂƚƵƌĂůǁĂƚĞƌƉƵƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ŵŽƐƚǀĂůƵĂďůĞĂŶĚĐŽƐƚͲĞīĞĐƟǀĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐǁŝůůŶŽƚďĞ ŝƐĨĂƌŵŽƌĞĐŽƐƚͲĞīĞĐƟǀĞƚŚĂŶŽƚŚĞƌĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐ͘ lost. ĂĐŚŚĂƐƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞĚĂůůŽƌƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨĨŽƌĞƐƚƐŶĞĂƌ ƚŚĞŝƌǁĂƚĞƌƐƵƉƉůLJĂƌĞĂƐƚŽƉƵƌŝĨLJƚŚĞŝƌǁĂƚĞƌ͘^ĞĂƩůĞ WƵďůŝĐhƟůŝƟĞƐ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞĚĂůĂƌŐĞƉŽƌƟŽŶ Ecosystem Goods of the Cedar River Watershed over 100 years ago. ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵŐŽŽĚƐĂƌĞƚLJƉŝĐĂůůLJƚĂŶŐŝďůĞ͕ƋƵĂŶƟĮĂďůĞ dŚƌŽƵŐŚĐĂƌĞĨƵůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŝƚƐĨŽƌĞƐƚƐƚŚĞƵƟůŝƚLJ ŝƚĞŵƐŽƌŇŽǁƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌ͕ƚƌĞĞƐĨŽƌ ŚĂƐĂǀŽŝĚĞĚĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŶŐĂǁĂƚĞƌĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶƉůĂŶƚĂŶĚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚƌLJ͕ĮƐŚ͕ĂŶĚĨŽŽĚ͘DŽƐƚŐŽŽĚƐĂƌĞĞdžĐůƵĚĂďůĞ͕ ƵƉĨƌŽŶƚĐŽƐƚƐŽĨΨϮϬϬŵŝůůŝŽŶ;ĂƚŬĞƌĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϭϬ͖ which means that if one individual owns or uses a ,ϮD,/>>͕ϮϬϬϮͿ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ŽƚŚĞƌĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌŐŽŽĚ͕ƚŚĂƚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĐĂŶĞdžĐůƵĚĞŽƚŚĞƌƐ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐĐĂƌďŽŶƐĞƋƵĞƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ͕ǁŝůĚůŝĨĞŚĂďŝƚĂƚ͕ ĨƌŽŵŽǁŶŝŶŐŽƌƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞŐŽŽĚ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ŝĨ ƐŽŝůĞƌŽƐŝŽŶĐŽŶƚƌŽů͕ĂŶĚŵĂŶLJŵŽƌĞǁŝůůďĞŶĞĮƚĨƌŽŵ one person eats an apple, another person cannot eat this management approach. that same apple. Excludable goods can be traded and ǀĂůƵĞĚŝŶŵĂƌŬĞƚƐ͘dŚĞƋƵĂŶƟƚLJŽĨǁĂƚĞƌƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚƉĞƌ ƐĞĐŽŶĚŽƌƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨƟŵďĞƌďŽĂƌĚĨĞĞƚƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞsĂůƵĂƟŽŶ ŝŶĂϰϬͲLJĞĂƌƌŽƚĂƟŽŶĐĂŶďĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚďLJƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů ƋƵĂŶƟƚLJĂŶĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ͘dŚĞ ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶĂƐƐŝŐŶƐĂĚŽůůĂƌǀĂůƵĞƚŽ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŐŽŽĚƐĐĂŶďĞǀĂůƵĞĚƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJ goods and services provided by a given ecosystem. ĞĂƐŝůLJ͕ďLJŵƵůƟƉůLJŝŶŐƚŚĞƋƵĂŶƟƚLJƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚďLJƚŚĞ This allows for proposed management policies to current market price. be considered in terms of their ability to improve ecological processes that produce valuable ecosystem Ecosystem Services goods and services. The full array of ecosystem goods ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂƌĞĚĞĮŶĞĚĂƐ͞ƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĂŶĚ and services produced in the Puyallup Watershed are processes through which natural ecosystems, and the valued in Part IV of this report. ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐƚŚĂƚŵĂŬĞƚŚĞŵƵƉ͕ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂŶĚĨƵůĮůůŚƵŵĂŶ ůŝĨĞ͟;ĂŝůLJϭϵϵϳͿ͘hŶůŝŬĞĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵŐŽŽĚƐ͕ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ services are generally not tangible items that one ĐĂŶƐĞĞŽƌŚŽůĚ͘&ůŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂů ǀĂůƵĞ͕ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐǀĂůƵĞ͕ĂŶĚƐƚŽƌŵͲĚĂŵĂŐĞƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶ are a few of the services that ecosystems may ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ͘dŚŽƵŐŚŽŌĞŶŵŽƌĞĚŝĸĐƵůƚƚŽǀĂůƵĞďĞĐĂƵƐĞ market values rarely exist, ecosystems services have

The Puyallup River Watershed: 23 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ PartPartPart 2 22

The Puyallup River Watershed: 24 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 2 Part 2

Ecosystem Services in the Puyallup Part III River Watershed

^ĞĐƟŽŶ^ƵŵŵĂƌLJ͗ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĐĂŶďĞĚŝǀŝĚĞĚŝŶƚŽĨŽƵƌĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ͗ZĞŐƵůĂƟŶŐ͕,ĂďŝƚĂƚ͕WƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŝŶŐĂŶĚ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘/ŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶ͕ĂƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝƐĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚŝŶĚĞƚĂŝů͘/ŶĐůƵĚĞĚĂƌĞƐĞǀĞƌĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ecosystem services provided in the Puyallup Watershed.

ĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐŽĨĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĐĂŶďĞĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝnjĞĚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ways. This study follows the approach developed ďLJĚĞ'ƌŽŽƚĞƚĂů͘;ϮϬϬϮͿ͕ĚŝǀŝĚŝŶŐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝŶƚŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ͘dŚŝƐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚŝƐ consistent with the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment completed in 2005, as well as much of the ecosystem ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͘ĐŽŶŽŵŝƐƚƐŚĂǀĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůůLJ accepted these categories.

ͻ ZĞŐƵůĂƟŶŐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂƌĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵ the natural control of ecosystem processes. Intact ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͕ǁĂƚĞƌ͕ƐŽŝů͕ ŇŽŽĚĂŶĚƐƚŽƌŵƐ͕ĂŶĚŬĞĞƉĚŝƐĞĂƐĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƐŝŶ check.

ͻ WƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŝŶŐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐprovide basic goods including ĨŽŽĚ͕ǁĂƚĞƌĂŶĚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͘&ŽƌĞƐƚƐŐƌŽǁƚƌĞĞƐ that can be used for lumber and paper, wild and ĐƵůƟǀĂƚĞĚĐƌŽƉƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĨŽŽĚ͕ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƉůĂŶƚƐŵĂLJ be used for medicinal purposes. Rivers provide fresh ǁĂƚĞƌĨŽƌĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐĂŶĚĮƐŚĨŽƌĨŽŽĚ͘dŚĞĐŽĂƐƚĂů ǁĂƚĞƌƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĮƐŚ͕ƐŚĞůůĮƐŚĂŶĚƐĞĂǁĞĞĚ͘

ͻ /ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ provide humans with ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵůŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŶĂƚƵƌĞ͘dŚĞƐĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƉŝƌŝƚƵĂůůLJƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂŶĚŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ƉůĂĐĞƐĨŽƌƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƐĐŝĞŶĐĞ͘

ͻ ,ĂďŝƚĂƚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌĞĨƵŐĞĂŶĚƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ habitat to wild plants and animals and thereby ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞ;ŝŶƐŝƚƵͿĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĂŶĚŐĞŶĞƟĐĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJĂŶĚĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶĂƌLJƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 25 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 3

^ƉĞĐŝĮĐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĞdžŝƐƚǁŝƚŚŝŶĞĂĐŚĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ͕ĂƐŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƚĂďůĞ͘

Table 1 - List of 23 Ecosystem Services

     


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Adapted from de Groot et al., 2002

The Puyallup River Watershed: 26 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 2 Part 3

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ

ŝƐƚƵƌďĂŶĐĞWƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶ ,ĞĂůƚŚLJĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐŽŌĞŶƌĞĚƵĐĞƚŚĞŝŵƉĂĐƚ ĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͕ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŚLJĚƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĂŶĚŐĞŽůŽŐŝĐĂů of natural disturbances on humans. Natural dynamics within the watershed. In the Puget Sound ĚŝƐƚƵƌďĂŶĐĞƐĐĂŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞŇŽŽĚƐ͕ƐƚŽƌŵƐ͕ƚƐƵŶĂŵŝƐ͕ region, impermeable surface area, such as parking ĂŶĚĮƌĞƐ͘&ůŽŽĚĂŶĚƐƚŽƌŵƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͕ŝŶƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ͕ lots, roads and roofs, has increased by over 10% ĂƌĞĐƌŝƟĐĂůƚŽŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐĞĐƵƌŝƚLJĨŽƌ in the past 15 years. The U.S. Geological Survey ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͕ƐƚĂƚĞƐĂŶĚŶĂƟŽŶƐ͕ĂƐ,ƵƌƌŝĐĂŶĞ ĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚŝŶƐŽŵĞƌŝǀĞƌƐ͕ƵƌďĂŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ <ĂƚƌŝŶĂĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĚŝŶEĞǁKƌůĞĂŶƐ͘ƐƚƵĂƌŝĞƐ ŵĂLJůĞĂĚƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐŝŶŇŽŽĚͲƉĞĂŬĚŝƐĐŚĂƌŐĞŇŽǁƐ ĂŶĚďĂLJƐ͕ĐŽĂƐƚĂůǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐ͕ŚĞĂĚůĂŶĚƐ͕ŝŶƚĞƌƟĚĂů of 100% to 600% for 2-year storm events, 20% to ŵƵĚŇĂƚƐ͕ƐĞĂͲŐƌĂƐƐďĞĚƐ͕ƌŽĐŬƌĞĞĨƐ͕ĂŶĚŬĞůƉĨŽƌĞƐƚƐ 300% for 10-year events, and 10% to 250% for 100- ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐƚŽƌŵƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶĂůŽŶŐŵĂƌŝŶĞƐŚŽƌĞůŝŶĞƐ͘ LJĞĂƌĞǀĞŶƚƐ;<ŽŶƌĂĚ͕ϮϬϬϯͿ͘ These areas are able to absorb and store large ĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨƌĂŝŶǁĂƚĞƌŽƌǁĂƚĞƌƌƵŶŽīĚƵƌŝŶŐĂƐƚŽƌŵ͕ ZĞƚĞŶƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƌĞƐƚĐŽǀĞƌĂŶĚƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ ŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐĂďƵīĞƌĨŽƌĐŽĂƐƚĂůǁĂǀĞƐ ŇŽŽĚƉůĂŝŶƐĂŶĚǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƚĂŶŐŝďůĞĂŶĚ ;ĂƚŬĞƌĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϭϬ͖hEW͕ϮϬϬϱͿ͘tĞƚůĂŶĚƐĂŶĚ valuable ecosystem services: reduced damage from ŇŽŽĚƉůĂŝŶƐĂƌĞƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĨŽƌĂďƐŽƌďŝŶŐ ŇŽŽĚƐƚŽƉƌŽƉĞƌƚLJ͕ůŽƐƚǁŽƌŬƟŵĞ͕ŝŶũƵƌLJ͕ĂŶĚůŽƐƐ ǁĂƚĞƌƐĚƵƌŝŶŐƌŝǀĞƌŇŽŽĚŝŶŐ͘ ŽĨůŝĨĞ͘dŽĚĂLJ͕ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶůĂŶĚƵƐĞ;ƐƵĐŚĂƐƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚͿ͕ĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĨŽƌĂ KŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵŽƐƚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŝŶĂŶĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ͛Ɛ ŚŝŐŚĞƌƌĞƚƵƌŶĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJĨŽƌƐƚŽƌŵĞǀĞŶƚƐĚƵĞƚŽ ĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŽĂƩĞŶƵĂƚĞŇŽŽĚŝŶŐŝƐƚŚĞĂďƐŽƌƉƟŽŶ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞ͕ŵĂŬĞĚŝƐƚƵƌďĂŶĐĞƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶŚŝŐŚůLJ capacity of the land. This is a factor of land cover important for the future of economic development ƚLJƉĞ;ĨŽƌĞƐƚǀƐ͘ƉĂǀĞŵĞŶƚ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞͿ͕ƐŽŝůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ in the Puyallup Watershed.

The Puyallup River Watershed: 27 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 3

>ŽĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐ͗ &ůŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝƐĂŶĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ͕ĂƌŐƵĂďůLJ ƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůƌĞƚƵƌŶƐŽŶŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞƌĞƚƵƌŶƐǁŝůůďĞ ƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŬŝŶĚŽĨĚŝƐƚƵƌďĂŶĐĞƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ measured in ecosystem services, dollars, health, and in the Puyallup Watershed. Headwater forests to ƐŽĐŝĂůďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞƌĞŝƐŶŽƐŝŶŐůĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƚŽ ůŽǁůĂŶĚǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĂƋƵŝĨĞƌƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĐƌŝƟĐĂůǁĂƚĞƌ ŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘ĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨďƵŝůƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƐƚŽƌĂŐĞƚŚĂƚƌĞĚƵĐĞŇŽŽĚǁĂƚĞƌƐĨŽƌ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůĂĐƟŽŶƐ;ƐƵĐŚĂƐǁĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĚŽǁŶƐƚƌĞĂŵƵƌďĂŶĂŶĚƌƵƌĂůƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ͘&ůŽŽĚƐŚĂǀĞ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĂŶĚůĂŶĚƵƐĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐͿĂƌĞƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĞĸĐŝĞŶƚ occurred for thousands of years along the rivers of ĂŶĚĞīĞĐƟǀĞǁĂLJƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ the Puyallup Watershed. They are generated by the and build a healthy and prosperous economy. It is ƋƵĂŶƟƚLJ͕ůŽĐĂƟŽŶ͕ƚLJƉĞĂŶĚĚƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶ͕ important to determine the right level of investment ĂŶĚďLJĨĂĐƚŽƌƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƟĚĞƐ͕ƚĞƌƌĂŝŶ͕ǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶ͕ and balance between built structures and green ƐŽŝůƚLJƉĞ͕ŇŽŽĚƉůĂŝŶĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ͕ĐŚĂŶŶĞůƐŚĂƉĞ infrastructure. In many cases it is possible to design ĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƚƌŝĐƟŽŶƐ͕ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŚLJĚƌŽůŽŐLJ͘ ďƵŝůƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƚŚĂƚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶůŝŬĞŐƌĞĞŶŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘ &ůŽŽĚĚĂŵĂŐĞŽĐĐƵƌƐŝĨƉĞŽƉůĞ͕ŚŽƵƐĞƐ͕ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ͕ An example is a city stormwater system that retains ĨĂƌŵƐ͕ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌĂƐƐĞƚƐĂƌĞŝŶƵŶĚĂƚĞĚ͘^ƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂů ǁĂƚĞƌĨŽƌůŽŶŐĞƌ;ĚŝƌĞĐƟŶŐŝƚƚŽĂƋƵŝĨĞƌƐŽƌǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐͿ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƉĂǀĞŵĞŶƚŚĂǀĞĐĂƵƐĞĚŵŽƌĞƌƵŶŽī ƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶŚLJƉĞƌͲĞĸĐŝĞŶƚůLJƉƵŵƉŝŶŐŝƚďĂĐŬŝŶƚŽƚŚĞ in the Puyallup Watershed, spurring stormwater ƌŝǀĞƌ;ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůLJŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐŇŽŽĚǁĂƚĞƌƐĚŽǁŶƐƚƌĞĂŵͿ͘ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƐ͕ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐƚŽŐƌĞĂƚĞƌŇŽŽĚŝŶŐĂŶĚ ƌĞƋƵŝƌŝŶŐŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƐŝŶŚŝŐŚĞƌůĞǀĞĞƐĚŽǁŶƐƚƌĞĂŵ͘ ZĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ DŝŶŝŵŝnjŝŶŐƌŝƐŬƐĨƌŽŵŇŽŽĚŝŶŐŝƐĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůƚŽ ZĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶŝƐƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽ͕ďƵƚŶŽƚƚŽƚĂůůLJĞŶĐŽŵƉĂƐƐĞĚ ƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞŝŶƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉ ďLJ͕ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐǀĂůƵĞƐ͘WĞŽƉůĞƚƌĂǀĞůƚŽďĞĂƵƟĨƵů tĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘^ŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚŇŽŽĚƐŝŶEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϭϵϵϱĂŶĚ ƉůĂĐĞƐĨŽƌǀĂĐĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚĞŶŐĂŐĞŝŶĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐ &ĞďƌƵĂƌLJϭϵϵϲ͕ĂŶĚƐĞǀĞƌĂůƌĞĐĞŶƚŇŽŽĚƐ;EŽǀĞŵďĞƌ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂůĮƐŚŝŶŐ͕ƐĐƵďĂĚŝǀŝŶŐ͕ƐƵƌĮŶŐ͕ŬĂLJĂŬŝŶŐ͕ ϮϬϬϲ͕EŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϬϴ͕ĂŶĚ:ĂŶƵĂƌLJϮϬϬϵͿŚĂǀĞ whale and bird watching, and enjoying local seafood ĐĂƵƐĞĚĞdžƚĞŶƐŝǀĞŇŽŽĚĚĂŵĂŐĞŝŶƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉ and wines. tĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘ƌĞĐĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ;Ŷƚƌŝdž͕ϮϬϭϬͿĨŽĐƵƐĞĚ ŽŶWŝĞƌĐĞŽƵŶƚLJ͛ƐϭϬϬͲLJĞĂƌŇŽŽĚƉůĂŝŶĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚƚŚĂƚ ƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂůĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ƐƵĐŚ ǁŝĚĞƐƉƌĞĂĚŇŽŽĚŝŶŐŵĂLJĐŽƐƚƵƉƚŽΨϳϮϱŵŝůůŝŽŶŝŶ ĂƐǁŝůĚůŝĨĞͲǁĂƚĐŚŝŶŐĂŶĚĮƐŚŝŶŐ͕ĚĞƉĞŶĚƵƉŽŶŚĞĂůƚŚLJ ŇŽŽĚͲƌĞůĂƚĞĚĚĂŵĂŐĞƚŽƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƚLJ͕ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͘DĂŶLJŽƚŚĞƌƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂůĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐǁŽƵůĚ ŽƵƚƉƵƚ͕ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌ͕ ďĞůĞƐƐĞŶũŽLJĂďůĞĂŶĚĂƩƌĂĐƚĨĞǁĞƌƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐ ƚŚĞǀĂƐƚŵĂũŽƌŝƚLJŽĨĚŝƐƌƵƉƟŽŶŝƐůŝŬĞůLJƚŽŽĐĐƵƌ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚŚĞĂůƚŚLJĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͘^ƚŽƌŵƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͕ ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͗KĨƚŚĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ƐŚŽƌĞůŝŶĞƐƚĂďŝůŝnjĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚǁĂƐƚĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂƌĞ ĂŶĚƉƌŽƉĞƌƚLJǀĂůƵĞĨŽƵŶĚǁŝƚŚŝŶWŝĞƌĐĞŽƵŶƚLJ͛Ɛ also important ecological services associated with ŇŽŽĚƉůĂŝŶƐ͕ĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJϵϵйŝƐůŽĐĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŽƵƌŝƐŵďĞĐĂƵƐĞƚŚĞLJŚĞůƉŬĞĞƉ WƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ͕ tourists safe as well as protect both private and public ŇŽŽĚŝŶŐŵĂLJŚĂǀĞƐĞǀĞƌĞŚĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚƐĂĨĞƚLJŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ͘ infrastructure needed for the tourist industry. &ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ƚŚƌĞĞŽĨWŝĞƌĐĞŽƵŶƚLJ͛ƐǁĂƐƚĞǁĂƚĞƌ treatment plants are located within the 100-year ŇŽŽĚƉůĂŝŶŽĨƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌ͕ŝŶƚŚĞĐŝƟĞƐŽĨ Puyallup, Sumner and Tacoma. Wastewater treatment ƉůĂŶƚƐĐĂŶƌĞůĞĂƐĞƵŶƚƌĞĂƚĞĚƐĞǁĂŐĞŝĨŇŽŽĚŝŶŐ ĚĂŵĂŐĞƐƚŚĞŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ;Ŷƚƌŝdž͕ϮϬϭϬͿ͘

Greater investments in natural capital in the lower reaches of the Puyallup Watershed, where both ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬŝƐŐƌĞĂƚĞƐƚ͕ĐŽƵůĚƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶ

The Puyallup River Watershed: 28 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 3

>ŽĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͗ dŚĞƐŽƵƚŚĞĂƐƚĞƌŶƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ The 80 acres of Lake Tapps are popular for swimming, is dominated by Mount Rainier. Mount Rainier is boat launching and park trails, while the Puyallup ůŽĐĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶDŽƵŶƚZĂŝŶŝĞƌEĂƟŽŶĂůWĂƌŬ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂŶĚtŚŝƚĞZŝǀĞƌƐĂƩƌĂĐƚŬĂLJĂŬŝŶŐĂŶĚĮƐŚŝŶŐ;WƵŐĞƚ draws more than two million visitors each year, ^ŽƵŶĚWĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ͕ϮϬϬϵ͖WŝĞƌĐĞŽƵŶƚLJWĂƌŬƐĂŶĚ ŵĂŬŝŶŐŝƚƚŚĞŵŽƐƚǀŝƐŝƚĞĚĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶŝŶtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ ZĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ϮϬϭϬͿ͘dŽƵƌŝƐŵŝƐĂΨϭϯ͘ϴďŝůůŝŽŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ ^ƚĂƚĞ͘dŚĞƉĂƌŬŽīĞƌƐĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨLJĞĂƌͲƌŽƵŶĚĂŶĚ in Washington State and close to 80% of this revenue ƐĞĂƐŽŶĂůƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂůŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƐŬŝŝŶŐ ŝƐŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚƌĞŐŝŽŶ;WƵŐĞƚ and snowboarding, hiking, mountain climbing, ^ŽƵŶĚWĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĞŶƚĞƌ͕ϮϬϭϬͿ͘ ĐĂŵƉŝŶŐ͕ďŝĐLJĐůŝŶŐ͕ĮƐŚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐĐĞŶŝĐĚƌŝǀĞƐ͘ ZĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂůŽĨDŽƵŶƚ ZĂŝŶŝĞƌEĂƟŽŶĂůWĂƌŬŝƐĂƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĚƌŝǀĞƌĨŽƌƚŚĞ local watershed economy and in general promotes ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞũŽďƐƚŚĂƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞůĞƐƐŝŶƚĞŶƐŝǀĞďƵŝůƚ capital inputs than other economic sectors. Mount ZĂŝŶŝĞƌĂůƐŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂůƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ to the lower reaches of the Puyallup Watershed by ƐƵƉƉůLJŝŶŐůĂƌŐĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐŽĨǁĂƚĞƌƚŽŵĂũŽƌƐƚƌĞĂŵƐ͕ including the Puyallup, White and Carbon Rivers.

The Puyallup River Watershed: 29 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 3

^ĐŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ dŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůĂŶĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ devoted to studying marine and terrestrial ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐƐŚŽǁƐƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů importance of ecosystems. Government, academic, and private resources are devoted to formal study of ecosystems in the Puget Sound Basin. Study of the natural environment produces human, social ĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͘^ĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐĚĞǀŽƚĞĚƚŽďŽƚŚŵĂƌŝŶĞĂŶĚƚĞƌƌĞƐƚƌŝĂů environments also provide local employment.

>ŽĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞ: The Center for Urban Waters, located in Tacoma, ŚŽƵƐĞƐƚŚĞŝƚLJŽĨdĂĐŽŵĂ͛ƐŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ͕ƚŚĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶdĂĐŽŵĂ͛Ɛ environmental sciences research program, and the WƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚWĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ͛ƐŽĸĐĞƐ͘dŚĞĞŶƚĞƌ ͙͞ďƌŝŶŐƐƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƌLJ missions and individuals with diverse skills to develop ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐƚŽĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŽƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞƵƌďĂŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘͟;hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͕ϮϬϭϬͿ͘ dŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŝƐůŽĐĂƚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞdŚĞĂ&ŽƐƐtĂƚĞƌǁĂLJ͕ a body of water in Commencement Bay widely ƐĞĞŶĂƐĂŵŽĚĞůĨŽƌƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĐŚŝĞǀĞƐďŽƚŚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͘dŚĞĐĞŶƚĞƌ ŚŽƵƐĞƐƚĞĂŵƐŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟƐƚƐĚŽŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůĂŶĚ applied research and modern laboratories where ƐĐŝĞŶƟƐƚƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůƐƚĂīĐĂŶŵŽŶŝƚŽƌůĞǀĞůƐŽĨ pollutants in water, soils, sediment, biota and air throughout the Puget Sound region. The common ůŽĐĂƟŽŶĂůůŽǁƐĂŶĂůLJƐƚƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůƐƚĂī ĨƌŽŵƚŚƌĞĞŵĂũŽƌĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐƚŽĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚĞŝŶƌĞĂůƟŵĞ͕ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŐŶĂƚƵƌĂůƐLJŶĞƌŐŝĞƐ͘dŚĞĐĞŶƚĞƌŝƐďĞŝŶŐƵƐĞĚƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐŽŶǁŚŝĐŚƉŽůŝĐLJŵĂŬĞƌƐ can base important decisions. Also, undergraduate and graduate students at the University of Washington Tacoma have the opportunity to work ĂůŽŶŐƐŝĚĞƐƚĂīĂƚƚŚĞĞŶƚĞƌ͕ĞdžƉŽƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐƚŽ a world-class research facility and disciplinary experts.

The Puyallup River Watershed: 30 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 3

Water Supply As water moves through a watershed, it can be ;dĂĐŽŵĂtĂƚĞƌ͕ϮϬϬϴͿ͘dŚĞŝƚLJŽĨWƵLJĂůůƵƉĚƌĂǁƐϲϮй extracted as surface water or ground water for the use of its water from the Salmon and Maplewood Springs, of large metropolitan areas, industry and agriculture. ďŽƚŚŽĨǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚďLJƚŚĞŵĞůƟŶŐƐŶŽǁƉĂĐŬŽĨ dŚĞŚLJĚƌŽůŽŐŝĐĐLJĐůĞŝƐĂīĞĐƚĞĚďLJƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ DŽƵŶƚZĂŝŶŝĞƌĂŶĚůŽĐĂůƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶ;ŝƚLJŽĨWƵLJĂůůƵƉ͕ of a watershed, such as forests, wetlands and geology, ϮϬϬϴͿ͕ǁŝƚŚŵƵĐŚŽĨƚŚĞƌĞŵĂŝŶĚĞƌƐŽƵƌĐĞĚĨƌŽŵŽŶĞ ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐďLJƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐĞǀĂƉŽƚƌĂŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨĮǀĞůŽĐĂůǁĞůůƐ͘ZĂƉŝĚŐƌŽǁƚŚŽĨƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞ ĂŶĚĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͘DŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϲϬйŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͛ƐƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ Tacoma-Puyallup area has placed increasing demands gets its drinking water from forested watersheds on groundwater resources, and some concerns have ;hEW͕ϮϬϬϱͿ͘/ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůŽƐƐŽĨĨŽƌĞƐƚĐŽǀĞƌĂƌŽƵŶĚ been raised that land development may impede the world has decreased water supply, due to lower ŝŶĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶĚŽǁŶǁĂƌĚŝŶƚŽƚŚĞŐƌŽƵŶĚ͕ ŐƌŽƵŶĚǁĂƚĞƌƌĞĐŚĂƌŐĞĂŶĚůŽǁĞƌŇŽǁƌĞůŝĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŚƵƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƐƵƌĨĂĐĞǁĂƚĞƌƌƵŶŽī;ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐƚŽ ;^LJǀŝƚƐŬŝ͕ϮϬϬϱͿ͘ ŇŽŽĚŝŶŐͿĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞŐƌŽƵŶĚǁĂƚĞƌ;:ŽŶĞƐ ĞƚĂů͕͘ϭϵϵϵͿ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ƐŽŵĞůĂŶĚƵƐĞƐĐĂŶŝŵƉĂĐƚ >ŽĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐ: ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJĂŶĚƐĂĨĞƚLJŽĨŐƌŽƵŶĚǁĂƚĞƌ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ In the Puget Sound region, snowpack performs a ƐŚĂůůŽǁĂƋƵŝĨĞƌƐƵŶĚĞƌůLJŝŶŐĂƌĞĂƐŽĨŚŝŐŚƵƌďĂŶĂŶĚ ĐƌŝƟĐĂůǁĂƚĞƌƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚƐƵƉƉůLJƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ͘^ŶŽǁŵĞůƚ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂƌĞĂƚƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƐƚƌŝƐŬŽĨ ŝŶƚŚĞWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂƌŽƵŶĚϳϬйŽĨĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐ ŶŝƚƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ;dĞƐŽƌŝĞƌŽĂŶĚsŽƐƐ͕ϭϵϵϳ͕ ǁĂƚĞƌĂŶŶƵĂůůLJ;ŚĂŶŐĞƚĂů͕͘ϭϵϴϳͿ͘ƵƌƌĞŶƚƌĞƐĞƌǀŽŝƌ ĐŝƚĞĚŝŶ:ŽŶĞƐĞƚĂů͕͘ϭϵϵϵͿ͕ĂŶĚƚƌĂĐĞƐŽĨŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů systems in the region largely depend on snowpack pollutants have previously been found in two wells in to supplement water storage: almost all of the major ^ŽƵƚŚdĂĐŽŵĂ;,ŝƐƚŽƌLJůŝŶŬ͕ϮϬϭϬͿ͘ municipal water systems west of the Cascades have ƐƚŽƌĂŐĞͲƚŽͲŝŶƐƚƌĞĂŵŇŽǁƌĂƟŽƐŽĨůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϭϬй ;,ĂŵůĞƚĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϬϭͿ͘^ŶŽǁƉĂĐŬŝŶƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶŵĂLJŝŶ ƚŚŝƐǁĂLJďĞǀŝĞǁĞĚĂƐĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůůLJĂůĂƌŐĞ͕ŝŶĞdžƉĞŶƐŝǀĞ system of reservoirs. The economic value of snowpack ƚŽƚŚĞWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶĐĂŶďĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚďLJ ĞdžƉůŽƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚĐŽƐƚĨŽƌĂŶĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞ storage system, such as a surface water reservoir. /ĨƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽƐƚƐŽĨŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐŵĂŶͲ made reservoir systems were included – such as ĚŝƐƌƵƉƟŽŶŽĨƐĂůŵŽŶƌƵŶƐĂŶĚůŽƐƐŽĨǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶʹƚŚĞ ƌĞƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚĐŽƐƚŽĨƐŶŽǁƉĂĐŬŵŝŐŚƚďĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůůLJ higher.

dŚĞĚĞůŝǀĞƌLJĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨŐƌŽƵŶĚǁĂƚĞƌƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ watershed processes is vital to many residents of the WƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘DŽƐƚĚŽŵĞƐƟĐǁĂƚĞƌŶĞĞĚƐ are met by wells reaching several hundred feet deep into glacial deposits that underlie the area. Tacoma WƵďůŝĐhƟůŝƟĞƐ͛ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐŐƌŽƵŶĚǁĂƚĞƌƐŽƵƌĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ϮϰǁĞůůƐůŽĐĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŝƚLJ͛ƐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞĂƌĞĂĂŶĚ the Green River, located in the Green-Duwamish tĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ;tĂƚĞƌ^ƵƉƉůLJ&ŽƌƵŵ͕ϮϬϭϬͿ͘dŚĞƐĞǁĂƚĞƌ sources help supply water to more than 310,000 people, including residents of the City of Tacoma

The Puyallup River Watershed: 31 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 3

EƵƚƌŝĞŶƚZĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ The transfer of nutrients from one place to another >ŽĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞ: ĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĐƌŝƟĐĂůŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐĨƌŽŵƵŶƵƐĂďůĞ Salmon enhance local ecosystems in the Puyallup ƚŽƵƐĂďůĞĨŽƌŵƐŝƐĂŶĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ͘ůů Watershed by moving nutrients into creeks and rivers living things depend on the nutrient cycles of carbon, such as South Prairie Creek. Salmon spend most ŽdžLJŐĞŶ͕ŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶ͕ƉŚŽƐƉŚŽƌŽƵƐ͕ĂŶĚƐƵůĨƵƌŝŶƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJ ŽĨƚŚĞŝƌůŝǀĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚͲƌŝĐŚŶŽƌƚŚĞƌŶWĂĐŝĮĐ ůĂƌŐĞƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ͘dŚĞƐĞĂƌĞĂůƐŽƚŚĞŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚĐLJĐůĞƐ Ocean, where they accumulate carbon, nitrogen, ƚŚĂƚŚƵŵĂŶƐŚĂǀĞŵŽƐƚĂīĞĐƚĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞďƵƌŶŝŶŐ phosphorous and other micronutrients in their ŽĨĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐ͕ĚĞĨŽƌĞƐƚĂƟŽŶ͕ŚĞĂǀLJƵƐĞŽĨĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ďŽĚLJƟƐƐƵĞ͘tŚĞŶƚŚĞLJƌĞƚƵƌŶƚŽƐƉĂǁŶĂŶĚĚŝĞ͕ ĨĞƌƟůŝnjĞƌƐ͕ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘^ŝůŝĐŽŶĂŶĚŝƌŽŶĂƌĞ these marine-derived nutrients are released into important elements in oceanic nutrient cycles because the freshwater river system, providing an important ƚŚĞLJĂīĞĐƚƉŚLJƚŽƉůĂŶŬƚŽŶĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ͞ĞŶĞƌŐLJƐƵďƐŝĚLJ͟ƚŽŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚͲƉŽŽƌƌŝǀĞƌƐĂŶĚƐƚƌĞĂŵƐ ĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ͘EĂƚƵƌĂůƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞ ;DĞƌnjĂŶĚDŽLJůĞϮϬϬϲ͖tŝůůƐŽŶĂŶĚ,ĂůƵƉŬĂϭϵϵϱͿ͘ the movement of nutrients and turn them from dŚŝƐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐǀŝƚĂůƚŽƚŚĞďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ biologically unavailable forms, such as rocks or gases ĂŶĚŚĞĂůƚŚŽĨŝŶůĂŶĚƐƚƌĞĂŵƐĂŶĚƌŝƉĂƌŝĂŶǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶ in the atmosphere, into forms that can be used by ;tŝƉŇŝĞƚĂů͕͘ϭϵϵϵ͖ŝůďLJĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϬϯ͖<ůŝŶĞĞƚĂů͕͘ other living things. Nutrient cycling is a fundamental ϭϵϵϬͿ͘/ƚŚĂƐĂůƐŽďĞĞŶĨŽƵŶĚƚŽĞůĞǀĂƚĞƚŚĞŐƌŽǁƚŚ ƉƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƌƚŽĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ͖ ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨLJŽƵŶŐƐĂůŵŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚĮƐŚ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶŝŶŐŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚĐLJĐůĞƐ͕ůŝĨĞŽŶƚŚĞƉůĂŶĞƚ ƚƌŽƵƚ͕ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚƐƵƌǀŝǀĂůƌĂƚĞƐ͕ĂŶĚŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ would cease to exist. ĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐĞŽĨĮƐŚŝŶĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐLJĞĂƌƐ;tŝƉŇŝĞƚĂů͕͘ ϮϬϬϯͿ͘^ĂůŵŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞƉůĂLJĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƌŽůĞŝŶ >ŝǀŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƐŵĞĚŝĂƚĞŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ͘KŶůĂŶĚ͕ ĐLJĐůŝŶŐŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐďĂĐŬŝŶƚŽƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͕ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ plants depend on biologically mediated breakdown the health of their habitat and, in turn, the health of ŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵĂƩĞƌƚŽŵĂŬĞƚŚĞŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐƚŚĞLJŶĞĞĚ ƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͘ for growth available. As plants and plant parts decompose, they contribute to the pool of organic ŵĂƩĞƌƚŚĂƚĨĞĞĚƐƚŚĞŵŝĐƌŽďŝĂů͕ĨƵŶŐĂůĂŶĚŵŝĐƌŽͲ ŝŶǀĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐŝŶƐŽŝůƐ͘hŶĚĞƌŐƌŽƵŶĚĨƵŶŐĂů structures can also provide support to living plants. &ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕LJŽƵŶŐƚƌĞĞƐŵĂLJŶŽƚƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĞŶŽƵŐŚ ůŝŐŚƚ;ĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐͿďĞĐĂƵƐĞŵĂƚƵƌĞƚƌĞĞƐ block sunlight, but they can draw nutrients from ĨƵŶŐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŚƵŶĚƌĞĚƐŽĨLJĂƌĚƐĂǁĂLJ;^ƚĂŵĞƚƐ͕ ϮϬϬϱͿ͘^ƵĐŚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ of nutrients from one form to another. Larger animals play a crucial role in nutrient cycles by moving nutrients from one place to another in the form of ĞdžĐƌĞŵĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌ ďŽĚŝĞƐĂŌĞƌƚŚĞLJĚŝĞ͘ŶŝŵĂůƐĂůƐŽƉůĂLJĂƌŽůĞŝŶ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƟŶŐŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚĞƌƌĞƐƚƌŝĂůĂŶĚĂƋƵĂƟĐ environments. Salmon and marine birds bring marine nutrients into terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, ĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƐĞǀĞƌĂůůĂLJĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽŽĚǁĞď;WŽůŝƐĞƚĂů͕͘ ϭϵϵϳͿ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 32 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 3

tĂƚĞƌZĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ dŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚĂŶĚƟŵŝŶŐŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŇŽǁŝŶƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉ >ŽĐĂůĞdžĂŵƉůĞ: Watershed is important for many reasons: The supply The Climate Impacts Group, a research group based ŽĨĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĐŽŽůǁĂƚĞƌĂƚĐƌŝƟĐĂůƟŵĞƐŝƐ at the University of Washington, recently published ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĨŽƌƐĂůŵŽŶŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ ĂƌĞƉŽƌƚŽŶƚŚĞůŝŬĞůLJĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƚŚĞ water allows for clean drinking water. Also important WĂĐŝĮĐEŽƌƚŚǁĞƐƚƌĞŐŝŽŶ;DĂŶƚƵĂ͕dŽŚǀĞƌĂŶĚ,ĂŵůĞƚ͕ ŝŶtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ^ƚĂƚĞ͕ƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞƐĞƌǀŽŝƌƐĂŶĚ ϮϬϬϵͿ͘dŚĞŝƌƐŝŵƵůĂƟŽŶƐƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƚŚĂƚĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞ ĚĂŵƐĨŽƌƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚLJĚƌŽĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚLJŝƐƚƵŶĞĚ ǁŝůůŚĂǀĞĂŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞƟŵŝŶŐĂŶĚŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞ ƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĂƐŽŶĂůƟŵŝŶŐĂŶĚǀŽůƵŵĞŽĨƐƚƌĞĂŵŇŽǁ͘ ŽĨĂŶŶƵĂůƌŝǀĞƌĂŶĚƐƚƌĞĂŵŇŽǁƐ͘dŚŝƐŵĞĂŶƐƚŚĂƚ Recent analysis suggests that a lengthened summer in the Puget Sound region, salmon with an ocean- ůŽǁͲŇŽǁƉĞƌŝŽĚŵĂLJŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶŽǀĞƌ ƚLJƉĞůŝĨĞŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ;ǁŝƚŚĂƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJďƌŝĞĨĨƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌ ǁĂƚĞƌƵƐĞĨŽƌŚLJĚƌŽĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ͕ŝƌƌŝŐĂƟŽŶ͕ ƌĞĂƌŝŶŐƉĞƌŝŽĚͿĂƌĞůŝŬĞůLJƚŽĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĂƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚŝŶͲƐƚƌĞĂŵŇŽǁƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶĨŽƌƐĂůŵŽŶ;ĂƐŽůĂĞƚ ŝŶĨƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌƐƵƌǀŝǀĂůĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJďĞĐĂƵƐĞĂ Ăů͕͘ϮϬϬϱͿ͘tĂƚĞƌƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨ ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJĂŶĚŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞŽĨǁŝŶƚĞƌŇŽŽĚŝŶŐ ǁĂƚĞƌŇŽǁƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞŐƌŽƵŶĚĂŶĚĂůŽŶŐƚĞƌƌĞƐƚƌŝĂů ǁŝůůĂīĞĐƚĞŐŐͲƚŽͲĨƌLJƐƵƌǀŝǀĂůƌĂƚĞƐ͘ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƐ͕ĂŶĚƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͕ĚŝƐƐŽůǀĞĚ approach that acknowledges changes in future water minerals and oxygen. Many ecosystems absorb water ŇŽǁƌĞŐŝŵĞƐĂŶĚďƵŝůĚƐƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŽĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ĚƵƌŝŶŐƌĂŝŶƐĂŶĚƌĞůĞĂƐĞŝƚŝŶĚƌLJƟŵĞƐ͕ĂŶĚĂůƐŽ ŝƐƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůƚŽƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůƐĂůŵŽŶƌĞĐŽǀĞƌLJ ƌĞŐƵůĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŇŽǁĨŽƌƉůĂŶƚĂŶĚ ĞīŽƌƚƐ͘ ĂŶŝŵĂůƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͘&ŽƌĞƐƚĐŽǀĞƌ͕ƌŝƉĂƌŝĂŶǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐĂůůĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽŵŽĚƵůĂƟŶŐƚŚĞŇŽǁ ŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĨƌŽŵƵƉƉĞƌƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ to streams and rivers in the lower watershed. In undeveloped areas of a watershed, typically less ƚŚĂŶϭϱйŽĨƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶƌĞĂĐŚĞƐƐƚƌĞĂŵƐŽƌƌŝǀĞƌƐ ĂƐƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƌƵŶŽī͕ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚϱϱƚŽϳϬйŝŶĂ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘^ĞĞ&ŝŐƵƌĞƐϴĂŶĚϵĨŽƌĂ ŐƌĂƉŚŝĐŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ͘

When forested basins are heavily harvested the ŐƌŽƵŶĚ͛ƐĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJƚŽĂďƐŽƌďǁĂƚĞƌŝƐƌĞĚƵĐĞĚ͕ĂŶĚ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞǁĂƚĞƌƌƵŶŽīŝƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŶǀĞLJĞĚŝŶƚŽ ƐƚƌĞĂŵƐĂŶĚƌŝǀĞƌƐ͕ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐƚŽŚŝŐŚĞƌƉĞĂŬŇŽǁƐ͕ ŵŽƌĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚŇŽŽĚĞǀĞŶƚƐ͕ĞƌŽƐŝŽŶĂŶĚůĂŶĚƐůŝĚĞ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ͘ŶŽƚŚĞƌƌĞƐƵůƚŵĂLJďĞůŽǁĞƌůŽǁŇŽǁƐŝŶ summer months, because the water is not retained in ƐŽŝůƐĂŶĚĂƋƵŝĨĞƌƐ;DŽŽƌĞĂŶĚtŽŶĚnjĞůů͕ϮϬϬϱͿ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 33 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 3

&ŝŐƵƌĞϴͲdŚĞDŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨtĂƚĞƌŝŶĂĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ

^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗<ŝŶŐŽƵŶƚLJ

&ŝŐƵƌĞϵͲdŚĞDŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨtĂƚĞƌŝŶĂ&ŽƌĞƐƚĞĚtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ

^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗<ŝŶŐŽƵŶƚLJ

The Puyallup River Watershed: 34 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 3

Spiritual and Religious Experience Many natural areas have special importance to dŚĞƐŽŝůƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ ƚƌŝďĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƐƉŝƌŝƚƵĂůƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ͕ĂƐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĚ ƚŚĞƐŽŝů͛ƐƌĂƚĞŽĨĞƌŽƐŝŽŶ͘dŚĞƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂŐŝǀĞŶ ďLJŝŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƐƚŽƌŝĞƐĂŶĚĂƌƚ slope to erosion is determined by factors such as grain ĚĞƉŝĐƟŶŐƐĂůŵŽŶ͕ŽƚŚĞƌŵĂƌŝŶĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƐĂŶĚ ƐŝnjĞ͕ƐŽŝůĐŽŚĞƐŝŽŶ͕ƐůŽƉĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ͕ƌĂŝŶĨĂůůĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ watershed residents. Non-tribal people also tend ĂŶĚŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚLJ͕ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶĂŶĚƉĞƌŵĞĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ ƚŽĨĞĞůĂŶĞŵŽƟŽŶĂůŽƌƐƉŝƌŝƚƵĂůĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞ ĂŶĚƚLJƉĞŽĨůĂŶĚĐŽǀĞƌ͘^ŽŝůƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶŝƐĐůŽƐĞůLJůŝŶŬĞĚ landscape in which they live. Spiritual and religious ǁŝƚŚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶŽĨĚŝƐƚƵƌďĂŶĐĞƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐůĂŶĚƐůŝĚĞƐ͕ ǀĂůƵĞƐĂƌĞĚŝĸĐƵůƚƚŽĂƐƐĞƐƐŵŽŶĞƚĂƌŝůLJ͕ĂƐƚŚĞƌĞŝƐ ǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞŽŌĞŶĐĂƵƐĞĚďLJĞdžĐĞƐƐŝǀĞĞƌŽƐŝŽŶĂŶĚ ŶŽƌĞĂůǁĂLJƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƚŚĞŝƌƋƵĂŶƟƚLJŽƌŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ĐĂŶĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚůLJďĞĂƩƌŝďƵƚĞĚƚŽŚƵŵĂŶůĂŶĚƵƐĞ͘ across individuals. One way to gain insight is to ask ŚĞĂůƚŚLJĨŽƌĞƐƚ͛ƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐůĂLJĞƌƐĂĐƚĂƐĂŶĂƚƵƌĂůƐƉŽŶŐĞ͕ people how much they would be willing to pay to ĂďƐŽƌďŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌĚƵƌŝŶŐƉĞƌŝŽĚƐŽĨŚĞĂǀLJƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƟŽŶ protect a given species or area. ĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐĞƌŽƐŝŽŶ͘/ŶĂƌĞĂƐǁŚĞƌĞĂĐƟǀĞĨŽƌĞƐƚƌLJ ŽĐĐƵƌƐ͕ƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌůĂLJĞƌƐŽĨƐŽŝůĂƌĞŽŌĞŶƌĞŵŽǀĞĚŽƌ ^Žŝů&ŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ degraded. ^ŽŝůƐĞƌǀĞƐĂǀŝƚĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶŝŶŶĂƚƵƌĞ͕ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐĂ medium for plant growth as well as nutrients for Water Quality and Waste Treatment plants, and habitat for millions of micro- and macro- DŝĐƌŽŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƐŝŶƐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚŵƵĚŇĂƚƐŽĨ organisms. Healthy soils are able to store water estuaries, bays, and nearshore submerged lands break ĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐ͕ƌĞŐƵůĂƚĞǁĂƚĞƌŇŽǁ͕ĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝnjĞ ĚŽǁŶŚƵŵĂŶĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌĂŶŝŵĂůǁĂƐƚĞƐ;tĞƐůĂǁƐŬŝĞƚ ƉŽůůƵƚĂŶƚƐŵŽƌĞĞĸĐŝĞŶƚůLJƚŚĂŶĚĞŐƌĂĚĞĚƐŽŝůƐ;DĂƌdž Ăů͕͘ϮϬϬϰͿ͘dŚĞLJĐĂŶĂůƐŽĚĞƚŽdžŝĨLJƉĞƚƌŽůĞƵŵƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͘ ĞƚĂů͕͘ϭϵϵϵͿ͘^ŽŝůƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐƚŽĂŶƵŵďĞƌ dŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĚĞƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚĂďŝƚĂƚ͕ĂůƚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĨŽŽĚ of other ecosystem services, including disturbance webs, or overload of nutrients or waste products ƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶ͕ƐĂůŵŽŶŚĂďŝƚĂƚ͕ĂŶĚƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŝŶŐŽĨƌĂǁ ĚŝƐƌƵƉƚƐĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƟŵďĞƌ͘^ŽŝůƋƵĂůŝƚLJĂŶĚĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐĞ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘ůƚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽĐƌĞĂƚĞ ŝƐĐƌŝƟĐĂůĨŽƌŚƵŵĂŶƐƵƌǀŝǀĂů͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŵĂŶLJŚƵŵĂŶ breeding sites for disease vectors where they were ĂĐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶŶĞŐĂƟǀĞůLJĂīĞĐƚŶĂƚƵƌĂůĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨ once nonexistent. People can be exposed to disease ŚŝŐŚͲƋƵĂůŝƚLJƐŽŝůƐ͘^ŽŝůŝƐĨŽƌŵĞĚŽǀĞƌƚŚŽƵƐĂŶĚƐŽĨ in coastal areas through direct contact with bacterial years through a process that involves parent material, or viral agents while swimming or washing in fresh or ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͕ƚŽƉŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ͕ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƐ͕ĂŶĚƟŵĞ;hŶŝƚĞĚ ƐĂůƚǁĂƚĞƌ͕ĂŶĚďLJŝŶŐĞƐƟŶŐĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚĮƐŚ͕ƐĞĂĨŽŽĚ͕ ^ƚĂƚĞƐĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ^ŽŝůŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ or water. ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ͕ϭϵϴϯͿ͘ tĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚLJŝƐĞdžƚƌĞŵĞůLJŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŽŚĞĂůƚŚLJŶĂƟǀĞ ^ŽŝůZĞƚĞŶƟŽŶ ĮƐŚĂŶĚǁŝůĚůŝĨĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͘ĞĐĂƵƐĞŵŽƐƚĂƋƵĂƟĐ dŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉůĂLJďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐŽŝůƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĂƚƵƌĂů biological processes are limited by nitrogen and ƌĂƚĞƐŽĨƐŽŝůĞƌŽƐŝŽŶŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŽWĂĐŝĮĐEŽƌƚŚǁĞƐƚ phosphorous, changes in these nutrient levels may ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĨĞƌƟůĞƐŽŝůƐƚŽďĞ ŚĂǀĞƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ĚĞƉŽƐŝƚĞĚŽŶŇŽŽĚƉůĂŝŶƐĂŶĚƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŐƌĂǀĞů increases in nutrient loading in Hood Canal due to ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌƐĂůŵŽŶƐƉĂǁŶŝŶŐ͘ŽĂƐƚĂůĞƌŽƐŝŽŶŝƐ ĨĂŝůŝŶŐƐĞƉƟĐƐLJƐƚĞŵƐŚĂƐĐĂƵƐĞĚůŽǁĚŝƐƐŽůǀĞĚŽdžLJŐĞŶ͕ ĂŶĂƚƵƌĂůƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂůŽŶŐWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚ͛ƐƐŚŽƌĞůŝŶĞƐ͕ Žƌ͞ĚĞĂĚnjŽŶĞƐ͕͟ǁŚĞƌĞĮƐŚĂƌĞƵŶĂďůĞƚŽůŝǀĞ͘>ĂŶĚͲ building, maintaining and moving shorelines naturally ƵƐĞƉĂƩĞƌŶƐĂůƐŽƉůĂLJĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƌŽůĞ͘ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨǁĂǀĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚƐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚ ŚĂǀĞĨŽƵŶĚƚŚĂƚŵŽƌĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůůLJĂĐƟǀĞĂŶĚŚĞĂǀŝůLJ ĚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ͘ƌŽƐŝŽŶĂůƐŽĐƌĞĂƚĞƐƌĂǁŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĨŽƌ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĞĚǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚƐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŚƌĞĞƟŵĞƐƚŚĞ human use: Historic gravel deposits are mined in nitrogen and phosphorous loads to Puget Sound ƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ;>ŽǁĞƌWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ waters than the forested watersheds in the Olympic DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ͕ϭϵϵϱͿ͘ DŽƵŶƚĂŝŶƐ;ŵďƌĞLJĂŶĚ/ŶŬƉĞŶ͕ϭϵϵϴͿ͘tĞƚůĂŶĚƐ͕

The Puyallup River Watershed: 35 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 3

,ĂďŝƚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞďŝŽƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƉĂĐĞĨŽƌŵĞĚďLJ;ƚLJƉŝĐĂůůLJ estuarine macroalgae and nearshore sedimentary ŶĂƚƵƌĂůͿƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŵĞĞƚƚŚĞŝƌŶĞĞĚƐ͘ organisms play a crucial role in removing nitrogen A healthy ecosystem provides physical structure, ĂŶĚƉŚŽƐƉŚŽƌŽƵƐĨƌŽŵǁĂƚĞƌ;'ĂƌďĞƌĞƚĂů͕͘ϭϵϵϮ͖ ĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞĨŽŽĚĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĂŶĚ tĞƐůĂǁƐŬŝĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϬϰͿ͘ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƌĞŐŝŵĞƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƉƌĞĚĂƚŽƌƐ͘ /ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚƚŽ Biological Control ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ĨŽŽĚǁĞďƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐĂƌĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ,ĞĂůƚŚLJĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐůŝŵŝƚƚŚĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶǀĂƐŝǀĞ components of habitats. ƉůĂŶƚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ƉĞƐƚƐĂŶĚĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ͕ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐŚƵŵĂŶ health, crops and livestock. A number of natural One recent meta-analysis of marine data and predators exist for pest species, which can contribute ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐĞdžĂŵŝŶŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽŶ to control of damages. Natural predators can also play ecosystem services found strong evidence that loss of ĂƌŽůĞŝŶƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐĨŽƌĞƐƚƐĨƌŽŵƉĞƐƚƐ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJůĞĂĚƐƚŽĮƐŚĞƌŝĞƐĐŽůůĂƉƐĞ͕ůŽǁĞƌƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů birds consume insects that may prey on trees. ĨŽƌƐƉĞĐŝĞƐƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƐLJƐƚĞŵƌĞĐŽǀĞƌLJ͕ůŽƐƐŽĨ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ĂŶĚĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞĚǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͘dŚĞ DĂŶLJĞdžŽƟĐƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŚĂǀĞŝŶŵŽĚĞƌŶƟŵĞƐďĞĞŶ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉŝƐŽŶĞŽĨĂŶĞdžƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůůŽƐƐŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ introduced to areas beyond their natural range, and ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐǁŝƚŚĚĞĐůŝŶŝŶŐĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ;tŽƌŵĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϬϲͿ͘ ƐŽŵĞŚĂǀĞĐĂƵƐĞĚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĐƌŽƉĚĂŵĂŐĞ͖ĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐ dŚĞƐƚƵĚLJĂůƐŽĨŽƵŶĚƚŚĂƚƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶŽĨďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ for this damage in the United States range from $1.1 through such mechanisms as the establishment of ďŝůůŝŽŶƚŽΨϭϯϳďŝůůŝŽŶĂŶŶƵĂůůLJ;ŚĂƉŝŶĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϬϬͿ͘ ŵĂƌŝŶĞƌĞƐĞƌǀĞƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚĨƌŽŵĮƐŚŝŶŐƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞƐ͕ ŶŽƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨŵĂũŽƌĐƌŽƉƐ ŵĂLJůĞĂĚƚŽĂĨŽƵƌĨŽůĚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶƐLJƐƚĞŵƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ ;ǁŚĞĂƚ͕ŵĂŝnjĞĂŶĚĐŽƩŽŶͿĚƵĞƚŽǁĞĞĚƐ͕ƉĞƐƚƐĂŶĚ ĂŶĚĂϮϭйĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶǀĂƌŝĂďŝůŝƚLJ;ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ĂŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ disease was at least 28% for the years 2001-2003. The ŝŶƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞͿ͘dŚŝƐƐƚƵĚLJƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐƚŚĞďĞƐƚĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ ƐƚƵĚLJĂůƐŽĨŽƵŶĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨĐƌŽƉůŽƐƐĞƐ ƚŽĚĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞĚŝƌĞĐƚƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ŚĂǀĞŶŽƚĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞĚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJŽǀĞƌƚŚĞůĂƐƚϰϬ diversity and ecosystem services in the marine LJĞĂƌƐ͕ĚĞƐƉŝƚĞĂĐůĞĂƌŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨƉĞƐƟĐŝĚĞƐ environment. ;KĞƌŬĞ͕ϮϬϬϲͿ͘ WƌŝŵĂƌLJWƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ dŚĞĞǀŽůǀŝŶŐĮĞůĚŽĨŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚƉĞƐƚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ has shown that pests are best managed naturally and WƌŝŵĂƌLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝƐĂŶŽƚŚĞƌƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ ƚƌĞĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚƉĞƐƟĐŝĚĞƐŽŶůLJĂƐĂůĂƐƚƌĞƐŽƌƚ͘dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞ upon which all other ecosystem services depend. also ways to manage crops so as to enhance biological It refers to the conversion of energy from sunlight ĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘dŚĞƐĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐƌŽƉ ŝŶƚŽĨŽƌŵƐƚŚĂƚůŝǀŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƐƵƐĞ͘ƋƵĂƟĐĂŶĚ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŐĞŶĞƟĐĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ĐƌŽƉƌŽƚĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚ ƵƉůĂŶĚƉůĂŶƚƐƉĞƌĨŽƌŵƚŚŝƐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶŝŶĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐĂŶĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐŵĂůůĞƌƉĂƚĐŚĞƐŽĨĮĞůĚƐ ŚĂďŝƚĂƚƐ͘,ƵŵĂŶůŝĨĞĚĞƉĞŶĚƐŽŶƉƌŝŵĂƌLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ ;>ŝĐŚƞŽƵƐĞĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϬϵ͖ZŝƐĐŚĞƚĂů͕͘ϭϵϴϯͿ͘ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶŽĨĨŽŽĚƐƵĐŚĂƐĐƌŽƉƐ͕ǁŝůĚ plants, seaweed, seafood, and livestock, and use of Habitat and Biodiversity photosynthesis-dependent materials such as wood, ĐŽƩŽŶ͕ŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĞƐĂŶĚƉĞƚƌŽůĞƵŵ͘ ŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŝƐĚĞĮŶĞĚĂƐƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌĂŶĚƚLJƉĞƐ ,ƵŵĂŶƐĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞŽǀĞƌϰϬйŽĨƚŚĞƉůĂŶĞƚ͛Ɛ of species as well as the ecosystems they comprise. It ƚĞƌƌĞƐƚƌŝĂůƉƌŝŵĂƌLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ͕ĂŶĚƚŚŝƐƐŚĂƌĞŝƐ ŝƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚĂƚŐĞŶĞ͕ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ͕ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐʹǁŝƚŚƚƌĞŵĞŶĚŽƵƐĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŝŵƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůůĞǀĞůƐ;DĂŐƵƌƌĂŶ͕ϭϵϴϴͿ͘ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĨŽƌƚŚĞƌĞƐƚŽĨƚŚĞƉůĂŶĞƚ͛ƐŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƐĂŶĚĞŶĞƌŐLJ ŵƵƐƚĞdžŝƐƚĨŽƌƚŚĞŇŽǁŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ĂŶĚ ďƵĚŐĞƚ;sŝƚŽƵƐĞŬĞƚĂů͕͘ϭϵϴϲ͖Wŝŵŵ͕ϮϬϬϭͿ͘KŶĞ can also be considered an ecosystem service in itself ůŝŬĞůLJŽƵƚĐŽŵĞŽĨŐƌĞĂƚĞƌĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ;hEW͕ϮϬϬϱͿ͘ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐǁŝƚŚĂĚŝǀĞƌƐĞĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝƐƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ͕ ŽĨŶĂƟǀĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐƚĞŶĚƚŽďĞŵŽƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞĂŶĚ ĂƐĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞĚĂďŽǀĞ͕ǁŽƵůĚŚĂǀĞƐĞǀĞƌĞĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐ more resilient to change despite environmental on the delivery of many other ecosystem services. ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽƌĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůƐŚŽĐŬƐ͘ Loss of forests to development also decreases primary ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 36 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 3

DĂƌŝŶĞƉƌŝŵĂƌLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJĐŽŵĞƐĨƌŽŵǁĞƚůĂŶĚ WŽůůŝŶĂƟŽŶ plants, macro-algae, and sea grasses in the coastal WŽůůŝŶĂƟŽŶŝƐĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůƚŽĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĐƌŽƉƐ͕ƚƌĞĞƐ and nearshore environment, as well as from ĂŶĚŇŽǁĞƌƐ͘/ŶƐĞĐƚƐ͕ďŝƌĚƐ͕ŵĂŵŵĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞǁŝŶĚ ƉŚLJƚŽƉůĂŶŬƚŽŶŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƟŶĞŶƚĂůƐŚĞůĨĂŶĚĚĞĞƉͲƐĞĂ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚƉŽůůĞŶŐƌĂŝŶƐƚŽĨĞƌƟůŝnjĞƉůĂŶƚƐ͘WĞŽƉůĞ ǁĂƚĞƌƐ͘DŽƐƚŵĂƌŝŶĞƉƌŝŵĂƌLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĐĐƵƌƐ ĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶƉŽůůŝŶĂƟŽŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨŽƌĨŽŽĚĂŶĚĮďĞƌ in the coastal zone out to the farthest extent of ;ƐƵĐŚĂƐǁŽŽĚ͕ƉĂƉĞƌĂŶĚĐůŽƚŚͿ͕ĂŶĚŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĂƐ ƚŚĞĐŽŶƟŶĞŶƚĂůƐŚĞůĨ͘ďŽƵƚϴйŽĨƚŽƚĂůƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ƉĂƌƚŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ͘DĂŶLJƉůĂŶƚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨŽĐĞĂŶĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐĮƐŚĞƌŝĞƐ͘ ǁŽƵůĚŐŽĞdžƟŶĐƚǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĂŶŝŵĂůͲĂŶĚŝŶƐĞĐƚͲŵĞĚŝĂƚĞĚ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ǁŚĞŶƚŚĞĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŝƐĐŽŶĮŶĞĚƚŽƉĂƌƚƐ ƉŽůůŝŶĂƟŽŶ͘WŽůůŝŶĂƟŽŶƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐďLJǁŝůĚĂŶŝŵĂůƐĂƌĞ ŽĨƚŚĞŽĐĞĂŶǁŚĞƌĞŵŽƐƚƉƌŝŵĂƌLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJĂŶĚ ĂůƐŽĐƌƵĐŝĂůĨŽƌĐƌŽƉƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJĨŽƌŵĂŶLJƚLJƉĞƐŽĨ ĮƐŚĐĂƚĐŚĞƐŽĐĐƵƌ͕ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐƚŚĞ ĐƵůƟǀĂƚĞĚĨŽŽĚƐ͕ĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞďĂƐŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚĞƌƌĞƐƚƌŝĂůƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͕ŽƌϮϱƚŽϯϬй;WĂƵůLJ ĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀĂůƵĞŽĨĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ;EĂďŚĂŶĂŶĚ ĂŶĚŚƌŝƐƚĞŶƐĞŶϭϵϵϱ͕Wŝŵŵ͕ϮϬϬϭͿ͘ ƵĐŚŵĂŶŶ͕ϭϵϵϳͿ͘EŽƚĂďůLJ͕ƐŽŵĞƉůĂŶƚƐŚĂǀĞŽŶůLJ a single species pollinator. The importance of wild When humans consume most ocean primary pollinators to food crops means that wild habitats ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ͕ůĞƐƐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJǁŝůůďĞůĞŌƚŽĨƵĞůƚŚĞ near croplands are necessary in order to provide remainder of the food web and all the ecological ƐƵĸĐŝĞŶƚŚĂďŝƚĂƚƚŽŬĞĞƉƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽůůŝŶĂƚŽƌƐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƚŚĂƚŝƚĚƌŝǀĞƐ;Wŝŵŵ͕ϮϬϬϭͿ͘tŚĞƌĞĂƐĮƐŚ intact. harvests in the past were focused primarily on the top-level food-web species such as cod, as demand &ŽŽĚ ŚĂƐŐƌŽǁŶĂŶĚŵĂŶLJĮƐŚĞƌŝĞƐŚĂǀĞĐŽůůĂƉƐĞĚ͕ĮƐŚŝŶŐ pressure has been increased on smaller species like WƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐĨŽŽĚŝƐŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ ŵĂĐŬĞƌĞů͕ŚĞƌƌŝŶŐĂŶĚĂŶĐŚŽǀŝĞƐ͘dŚŝƐƐŚŝŌŝŶƚĂƌŐĞƚ of ecosystems. Agricultural lands are the primary ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ŽŌĞŶĐĂůůĞĚ͞ĮƐŚŝŶŐĚŽǁŶƚŚĞĨŽŽĚĐŚĂŝŶ͕͟ ƐŽƵƌĐĞŽĨĨŽŽĚĨŽƌŚƵŵĂŶƐ͘&ĂƌŵƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ƉůĂĐĞĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽŶƚŽƉƉƌĞĚĂƚŽƌĮƐŚďLJ ŵŽĚŝĮĞĚĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͕ĂŶĚĨŽŽĚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂŶ ƌĞŵŽǀŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƌĨŽŽĚƐƵƉƉůLJ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ ecosystem good with labor and built capital inputs. ĐŚĂŶŐĞŚĂƐůĂƌŐĞŝŵƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽĐĞĂŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ /ŶƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐĞƐ͕ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůǀĂůƵĞ due to changes in currents, upwelling, and changes in is measured by the total market value of crops ǁĂƚĞƌĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ;KƌƌĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϬϱͿ͘ produced. While this measure is useful, market ǀĂůƵĞŝƐŽŶůLJĂƐŵĂůůƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůǀĂůƵĞ 'ĂƐĂŶĚůŝŵĂƚĞZĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůůĂŶĚƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƉŽůůŝŶĂƟŽŶ͕ĐĂƌďŽŶ ƐĞƋƵĞƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ͕ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐǀĂůƵĞ͕ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘ 'ĂƐƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐůŝŵĂƚĞƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƌĞĨĞƌƚŽƚŚĞ Marine ecosystems are the largest sources of food ƌŽůĞƐƚŚĂƚĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐƉůĂLJŝŶƌĞŐƵůĂƟŶŐƚŚĞŐĂƐĞŽƵƐ ĨƌŽŵǁŝůĚĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͘'ůŽďĂůůLJ͕ĮƐŚĂŶĚƐĞĂĨŽŽĚĂƌĞ ƉŚĂƐĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŶĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐƚŚĂƚĂīĞĐƚ the primary source of protein for one billion people, ĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ͕ĂŝƌƋƵĂůŝƚLJĂŶĚĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͘ ǁŝƚŚĮƐŚŝŶŐĂŶĚĮƐŚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐĚŝƌĞĐƚ Atmospheric oxygen is a product of photosynthesis ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚƚŽƐŽŵĞϯϴŵŝůůŝŽŶƉĞŽƉůĞ;hEW͕ϮϬϬϱͿ͘ from marine plankton and terrestrial plants. Removal of pollutants is another important aspect of gas ĞƐƚŚĞƟĐ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚĐůŝŵĂƚĞƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ͘ŵĞƌŝĐĂŶ&ŽƌĞƐƚƐ;ϭϵϵϴͿ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĚƚŚĂƚƵƌďĂŶĨŽƌĞƐƚƐƌĞŵŽǀĞϳϴŵŝůůŝŽŶ ĞƐƚŚĞƟĐǀĂůƵĞ͕ĂƐĂŶĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ͕ƌĞĨĞƌƐƚŽ pounds of pollutants per year in the Puget Sound ƚŚĞĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĚĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶƚŽďĞĂƵƟĨƵůŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĂƌĞĂ͘>ŽǁĂŝƌƋƵĂůŝƚLJĐĂŶĐĂƵƐĞŚĞĂůƚŚĐĂƌĞĐŽƐƚƐƚŽ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐĂŶĚƐĞĂƐĐĂƉĞƐ͘dŚĞĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŶĂƟŽŶĂů ƐƉŝŬĞĂƐƌĞƐƉŝƌĂƚŽƌLJĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉ͘dŚĞƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ ƐĞĂƐŚŽƌĞƐ͕ƐƚĂƚĞĂŶĚŶĂƟŽŶĂůƉĂƌŬƐ͕ƐĐĞŶŝĐĂƌĞĂƐ͕ĂŶĚ ŽĨĐůŝŵĂƚĞŝƐĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚŽŶƚŚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ŽĸĐŝĂůůLJĚĞƐŝŐŶĂƚĞĚƐĐĞŶŝĐƌŽĂĚƐĂŶĚƉƵůůŽƵƚƐĂƩĞƐƚ ĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞ͘͞'ƌĞĞŶŚŽƵƐĞŐĂƐĞƐ͟ƐƵĐŚĂƐKϮĂƌĞ to the social importance of this service. There is also transparent to light, but trap heat, warming the planet ƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƟŶŐƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ like a greenhouse. Carbon dioxide is removed through ǀĂůƵĞŽĨĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ĐĂƌďŽŶƐĞƋƵĞƐƚƌĂƟŽŶĂƐƉůĂŶƚƐĂďƐŽƌďKϮƚŽŐƌŽǁ͘ ŽĨĚĂƚĂŽŶŚŽƵƐŝŶŐŵĂƌŬĞƚƐ͕ǁĂŐĞƐ͕ĂŶĚƌĞůŽĐĂƟŽŶ

The Puyallup River Watershed: 37 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 3

ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ;WĂůŵƋƵŝƐƚ͕ϮϬϬϮĂŶĚƐĞĞƐƚƵĚŝĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚŝŶ ǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƌĞƐƵůƚƐͿ͘ĞŐƌĂĚĞĚůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐĂƌĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚůLJ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĚĞĐůŝŶĞĂŶĚƐƚĂŐŶĂƟŽŶ ;WŽǁĞƌ͕ϭϵϵϲͿ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 38 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Valuation of the Part IV Puyallup River Watershed

^ĞĐƟŽŶ^ƵŵŵĂƌLJ͗dŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀĂůƵĞŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚǁĂƐĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚƵƐŝŶŐ ďĞŶĞĮƚƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐLJ͘dŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐƐŚŽǁƚŚĂƚĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞ at least ΨϱϮϲŵŝůůŝŽŶƚŽΨϱďŝůůŝŽŶŝŶĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀĂůƵĞĂŶŶƵĂůůLJ͘/ĨƚƌĞĂƚĞĚůŝŬĞĂƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂƐƐĞƚ͕ƚŚĞƐĞĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ services would have a value of between ΨϭϯďŝůůŝŽŶĂŶĚΨϭϮϬďŝůůŝŽŶ͕ĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂϰ͘ϭϮϱйĚŝƐĐŽƵŶƚƌĂƚĞŽǀĞƌϭϬϬ LJĞĂƌƐ͘

KǀĞƌǀŝĞǁ dŚĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉ Watershed can be divided into the following steps:

ͻ YƵĂŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ>ĂŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƐƐĞƐ͗'ĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐ ͻ sĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͗dŚĞƚŽƚĂůŚŝŐŚ /ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ^LJƐƚĞŵƐ;'/^ͿĚĂƚĂŝƐƵƐĞĚƚŽĂƐƐĞƐƐ and low annual value of ecosystem services for the acreage of each land cover class within the ĞĂĐŚůĂŶĚĐŽǀĞƌĐůĂƐƐŝƐŵƵůƟƉůŝĞĚďLJƚŚĞĂĐƌĞĂŐĞ watershed. Examples of land cover classes include of that land cover class within the watershed to pasture, estuary, urban green space and riparian ĂƌƌŝǀĞĂƚƚŽƚĂůŚŝŐŚĂŶĚůŽǁĂŶŶƵĂůǀĂůƵĞĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐ͘ forest. Land cover classes were chosen based on the Land cover class values are summed to arrive at a ĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŽĚĞƌŝǀĞĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶĚĂƚĂĨŽƌƚŚĂƚ total annual value for the Puyallup Watershed. Net type of class. present values are calculated for the watershed over ϭϬϬLJĞĂƌƐĂƚƚǁŽĚŝƐĐŽƵŶƚƌĂƚĞƐ͗njĞƌŽ;ŶŽĚŝƐĐŽƵŶƚͿ ĂŶĚϰ͘ϭϮϱй;ƚŚĞh͘^͘ƌŵLJŽƌƉƐŽĨŶŐŝŶĞĞƌƐϮϬϭϭ ĚŝƐĐŽƵŶƚƌĂƚĞͿ͘ ͻ /ĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚsĂůƵĂƟŽŶ of Land Cover Classes: The ecosystem services ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚĂƌĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ͘hƐŝŶŐ YƵĂŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ>ĂŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƐƐĞƐ a database of peer reviewed ecosystem service ǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ͕ĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨƐƚƵĚŝĞƐĨŽƌĞĂĐŚƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ 'ĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ^LJƐƚĞŵƐ;'/^ͿĚĂƚĂŝƐƵƐĞĚƚŽ land cover class is selected depending on the assess and categorize the land cover in the Puyallup geographic and land-cover match to the site. These Watershed. The GIS data is gathered through aerial are like comparables used in a house or business ĂŶĚͬŽƌƐĂƚĞůůŝƚĞƉŚŽƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚĐĂŶďĞĐůĂƐƐŝĮĞĚ appraisal. Each land cover class is assigned a total ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƐĞǀĞƌĂůĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵƐŽƌ͞ůĂLJĞƌƐ͘͟ high and low annual per-acre value for its ecosystem Earth Economics maintains a database of peer- services. ƌĞǀŝĞǁĞĚǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƐƚƵĚŝĞƐŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĞĚďLJůĂŶĚĐŽǀĞƌ

The Puyallup River Watershed: 39 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 4

Table 2 - NLCD Land Cover Classes used in this Study ĐůĂƐƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƚLJƉŝĐĂůůLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐ'/^ĚĂƚĂĨƌŽŵƐĞǀĞƌĂů 
  
  ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘&ŽƌƚŚŝƐǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉ ++ 
 Watershed was divided into 13 land cover classes. +, 
( # ,+ "'

 dŚĞhŶŝƚĞĚ^ƚĂƚĞƐ'ĞŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ƵƌǀĞLJϮϬϬϭEĂƟŽŶĂů ,, "'
#
% >ĂŶĚŽǀĞƌĂƚĂďĂƐĞ;E>ͿǁĂƐƵƐĞĚĂƐƚŚĞ ,- "'
!
% ĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶĂů'/^ůĂLJĞƌ͘E>ůĂŶĚĐŽǀĞƌƚLJƉĞƐĨŽƵŶĚ ,. "'

% in the Puyallup Watershed are listed in Table 2, and -+ 
 ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞĚďLJdĂďůĞϯ͘KŶĞŽƚŚĞƌůĂLJĞƌ͕ĐŽŶƐŝƐƟŶŐ .+ !!
 ŽĨƚŚĞWŝĞƌĐĞĂŶĚ<ŝŶŐŽƵŶƚLJhƌďĂŶ'ƌŽǁƚŚƌĞĂ ., "
 boundaries, was then combined with the NLCD .- $
 ůĂLJĞƌƵƐŝŶŐƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƌƵůĞƐƚŽLJŝĞůĚϭϯĮŶĂůůĂŶĚĐŽǀĞƌ /, !( ! ĐůĂƐƐĞƐ͘dĂďůĞϯƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐƚŚĞĮŶĂůůĂŶĚĐŽǀĞƌĐůĂƐƐĞƐ 0+ ! and acreages that comprise the Puyallup Watershed, 1+ %( ! ĂƐĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝnjĞĚĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĞƉŽƌƚ͕ĂĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ 1, ! "
 ůĂLJĞƌ;ƐͿ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĞĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚƚŽŽďƚĂŝŶ 2* %
 ƚŚĞĂĐƌĞĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞƐ͘&ŝŐƵƌĞϭϬŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůůLJĚĞƉŝĐƚƐ 2/ 
!
 ƚŚĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨůĂŶĚĐŽǀĞƌǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉ Watershed. &ŝŐƵƌĞϭϬͲ>ĂŶĚŽǀĞƌůĂƐƐĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ

Agricultural land Pasture &ŽƌĞƐƚ Urban Area Grassland Shrub/Scrub Estuary Rivers/Lakes Wetlands Perennial Snow/Ice Map by Greg Lund

The Puyallup River Watershed: 40 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 4

Table 3 - Total Acreages by Land Cover Class in the Puyallup River Watershed

/ĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚsĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽĨ>ĂŶĚŽǀĞƌ

/ĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ dŚĞƐƉĂƟĂůĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƐŽŝůĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘ĞůŐƌĂƐƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĂƌĞŐŝŽŶ͛ƐĞĐŽŶŽŵLJĐĂŶďĞŵĂƉƉĞĚĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƐŚŽƌĞůŝŶĞƐƚĂďŝůŝnjĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐůŝŵĂƚĞƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ďƵƚŶŽƚ the landscape. Mapping goods and services provided ƐŽŝůĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘&ŝŐƵƌĞϭϭŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŚŽǁĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ by factories, restaurants, schools and businesses ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂƌĞ͞ƐƚĂĐŬĞĚ͟ƵƉŽŶƚŚĞůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͕ŝŶƚŚĞ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂǀŝĞǁŽĨƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵLJŽĨƚŚĂƚƌĞŐŝŽŶ͘&Žƌ tŝůůĂŵĞƩĞĂƐŝŶŝŶKƌĞŐŽŶ͘dŚĞĮƌƐƚůĂLJĞƌ͕͞ůĂŶĚ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ƌĞƚĂŝů͕ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂůĂŶĚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůĂƌĞĂƐŽĐĐƵƌ ĐŽǀĞƌ͕͟ĚĞƉŝĐƚƐƚŚĞůĂŶĚĐŽǀĞƌĐůĂƐƐĞƐƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƚŚĞůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͘dŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ecosystem services. Some land cover classes produce value of these goods, services, housing and industry ďŽƚŚŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂƌďŽŶƐĞƋƵĞƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ͕ ĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚĨƌŽŵŵĂƌŬĞƚŽƌĂƉƉƌĂŝƐĂůǀĂůƵĞƐ͘ ǁŚŝůĞŽƚŚĞƌƐƉƌŽĚƵĐĞŽŶůLJŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘EŽƚĞ that biodiversity is concentrated in one half of the dŚĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞ ďĂƐŝŶ͕ƐŽƚŚĞƐĞĂƌĞĂƐĂƌĞĐƌŝƟĐĂůƚŽĂďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ Puyallup Watershed is similar. Each land cover class, strategy. ĨƌŽŵǁĞƚůĂŶĚƚŽŵĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌĞƐƚƚŽĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĮĞůĚ͕ provides economically valuable goods and services. &ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ĂǁĞƚůĂŶĚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ƐƵĐŚĂƐŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ĐůŝŵĂƚĞ

The Puyallup River Watershed: 41 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 4

Land Cover Class Values Natural capital in the Puyallup Watershed generates ĂŇŽǁŽĨǀĂůƵĞ͕ĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽĂŶĂŶŶƵĂůƐƚƌĞĂŵŽĨ &ŝŐƵƌĞϭϭͲdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ^ƵŝƚĞƐŽĨĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ Provided by Various Land Covers income. As long as this natural infrastructure of the ǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚŝƐŶŽƚĚĞŐƌĂĚĞĚŽƌĚĞƉůĞƚĞĚ͕ƚŚŝƐŇŽǁ ŽĨǀĂůƵĞǁŝůůůŝŬĞůLJĐŽŶƟŶƵĞŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĚŝƐƚĂŶƚĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘ dŚŝƐŇŽǁŽĨǀĂůƵĞŝƐĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚŝŶΨͬĂĐƌĞͬLJĞĂƌ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ represents the dollar value generated by a single ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞŽŶĂƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůĂŶĚĐŽǀĞƌĐůĂƐƐ͘&Žƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ďĂƐĞĚŽŶĂƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƉĞĞƌͲƌĞǀŝĞǁĞĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐ report, urban wetlands in Western Washington were ƐŚŽǁŶƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƵƉƚŽΨϱϭ͕ϬϬϬͬĂĐƌĞͬLJĞĂƌŝŶŇŽŽĚ ƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶďĞŶĞĮƚƐ;>ĞƐĐŚŝŶĞĞƚĂů͕͘ϭϵϵϳͿ͘

The full suite of ecosystem services produced by a ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůĂŶĚĐŽǀĞƌĐůĂƐƐLJŝĞůĚĂƚŽƚĂůŇŽǁŽĨǀĂůƵĞ for that land cover class. In the case of wetlands, this means summing all of its known ecosystem service ǀĂůƵĞƐ;ŝ͘Ğ͘ǁĂƚĞƌƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ŚĂďŝƚĂƚ͕ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ĞƚĐ͘Ϳ͕ ĨŽƌǁŚŝĐŚǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƐƚƵĚŝĞƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚ͘ dŚŝƐŶƵŵďĞƌĐĂŶƚŚĞŶďĞŵƵůƟƉůŝĞĚďLJƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌ of acres of wetlands in the Puyallup Watershed for a value in $/year.

LJ͞ƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌƌŝŶŐ͟ǀĂůƵĞƐĨƌŽŵĂĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞŽĨƉĞĞƌͲ ƌĞǀŝĞǁĞĚĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐƐƚƵĚŝĞƐĂŶĚũŽƵƌŶĂůĂƌƟĐůĞƐ͕ƚŚĞ appraisal of ecosystem service values is accomplished. dŚŝƐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚŝƐŬŶŽǁŶĂƐ͞ďĞŶĞĮƚƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌ͘͟dŚŝƐŝƐ an appraisal, rather than a precise measure, because ŽŌĞŶƚŚĞůŽĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁĞƚůĂŶĚŽƌŽƚŚĞƌůĂŶĚĐŽǀĞƌ ŝƐĐƌŝƟĐĂůƚŽƚŚĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞĂǁĞƚůĂŶĚ ƌŝŐŚƚƵƉƐƚƌĞĂŵĨƌŽŵĂƚŽǁŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐŐƌĞĂƚĞƌŇŽŽĚ ƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞƚŚĂŶĂǁĞƚůĂŶĚĚŽǁŶƐƚƌĞĂŵ͘ dŚĞŶĞdžƚƐƚĞƉŽĨƐƉĂƟĂůǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ depending on proximity has been the subject of a Source: Erik Nelson and Heather Tallis, Stanford EĂƟŽŶĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ&ŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶŐƌĂŶƚƚŽĂƌƚŚĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐ University, Palo Alto, California and academic partners. See Appendix B for the list of primary studies applied to the Puyallup Watershed ǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞƐĞƉƌŝŵĂƌLJƐƚƵĚŝĞƐƵƟůŝnjĞĚŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞ ĞŝŐŚƚǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐƐŚŽǁŶŝŶdĂďůĞϰ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 42 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 4

dĂďůĞϰͲsĂůƵĂƟŽŶDĞƚŚŽĚƐhƐĞĚƚŽsĂůƵĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝŶWƌŝŵĂƌLJ^ƚƵĚŝĞƐ

ƵĞƚŽůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ – though such areas also clearly provide biological studies conducted on ecosystem services, not all ĐŽŶƚƌŽů͕ĚŝƐƚƵƌďĂŶĐĞƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶ͕ŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚĐLJĐůŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƚŚĂƚǁĞƌĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚŽŶĞĂĐŚ ĂŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͘ŵĂƚƌŝdžƚŚĂƚ land cover class could be assigned a known value ƐƵŵŵĂƌŝnjĞƐƚŚĞƐƵŝƚĞŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ƚŚĞůĂŶĚĐŽǀĞƌĐůĂƐƐ by each land cover type in the Puyallup River Basin, ͞hƌďĂŶ'ƌĞĞŶ^ƉĂĐĞ͟ŚĂƐŽŶůLJďĞĞŶǀĂůƵĞĚĨŽƌĨŽƵƌ compared with those that were actually valued in this ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐʹĐůŝŵĂƚĞƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐ study, is provided in Table 5. ǀĂůƵĞ͕ǁĂƚĞƌƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚƐĐŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ

The Puyallup River Watershed: 43 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 4

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The Puyallup River Watershed: 44 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 4

Table 5 indicates that a large number of ecosystem ǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƐƚƵĚLJ͘ƐĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƉƌŝŵĂƌLJƐƚƵĚŝĞƐĂƌĞ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ;ĨŽƌĞĂĐŚůĂŶĚĐŽǀĞƌĐůĂƐƐͿŚĂǀĞLJĞƚƚŽďĞ added to the database, the combined known value valued in a primary study. This suggests that the of ecosystem services in the Puyallup Watershed will ĚŽůůĂƌĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŝƐĂƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚƵŶĚĞƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞŽĨ ƌŝƐĞ͘dĂďůĞƐϲʹϭϬƐƵŵŵĂƌŝnjĞƚŚĞĮŶĂůĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ the true value, because many ecosystem services service values for individual land cover classes in the ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĂƐǀĂůƵĂďůĞĚŽŶŽƚŚĂǀĞĂŶĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚ Puyallup Watershed. dĂďůĞϲ͘,ŝŐŚĂŶĚ>ŽǁŽůůĂƌƉĞƌĐƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐĨŽƌƐƚƵĂƌLJ͕&ŽƌĞƐƚůůŐĞƐ͕ĂŶĚZŝǀĞƌƐĂŶĚ>ĂŬĞƐ

Estuary Forest All Ages Rivers and Lakes Ecosystem Service General Min Max Min Max Min Max Aesthetic & Recreational $1.44 $1,298.23 $0.18 $2,158.01 $1.79 $20,880.94 Biological Control $31.57 $31.57 $1.62 $9.53 Cultural & Spiritual $15.04 $20.82 $0.26 $2.41 Disturbance Regulation $229.44 $229.44 $14.83 $14.83 Erosion Retention $55.37 $110.34 Gas & Climate Regulation $10.57 $1,049.40 Genetic Resources $9.23 $9.23 Habitat Refugium & Nursery $12.24 $1,468.64 $1.05 $2,972.74 $17.13 $1,568.63 Nutrient Cycling $5,909.39 $16,556.93 $208.23 $534.31 Pollination $59.00 $420.45 Raw Materials $15.57 $15.57 $10.00 $348.47 Soil Formation $4.05 $5.77 Storm Protection $1.15 $1.15 Waste Treatment $35.21 $166.29 $74.43 $967.62 Water Regulation $0.06 $534.31 $908.86 $3,510.07 Water Supply $5.53 $135.51 $9.00 $843.44 $32.34 $5,925.34 Food Production $15.97 $708.84 $28.12 $28.84 $16.59 $16.59 Science and Education $39.08 $67.27 TOTAL $6,236.19 $20,465.55 $487.01 $9,276.79 $1,051.14 $32,869.19

The Puyallup River Watershed: 45 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 4 dĂďůĞϳ͘,ŝŐŚ>ŽǁŽůůĂƌƉĞƌĐƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐĨŽƌWĂƐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚhƌďĂŶ'ƌĞĞŶ^ƉĂĐĞ

Pasture Urban Green Space Ecosystem Service General Min Max Min Max Aesthetic & Recreational $0.03 $25.77 $1,336.99 $3,919.27 Biological Control $13.56 $13.56 Cultural & Spiritual Disturbance Regulation Erosion Retention Gas & Climate Regulation $28.42 $927.28 Genetic Resources Habitat Refugium & Nursery Nutrient Cycling Pollination $2.25 $11.34 Raw Materials Soil Formation $0.57 $6.59 Storm Protection Waste Treatment Water Regulation $6.06 $166.29 Water Supply Food Production $34.91 $34.91 Science and Education $39.08 $67.27 TOTAL $51.32 $92.17 $1,410.55 $5,080.10

dĂďůĞϴ͘,ŝŐŚĂŶĚ>ŽǁŽůůĂƌƉĞƌĐƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐĨŽƌ'ƌĂƐƐůĂŶĚƐĂŶĚ^ŚƌƵď Grasslands Shrub Ecosystem Service General Min Max Min Max Aesthetic & Recreational $0.19 $2,139.70 Biological Control $9.15 $13.42 Cultural & Spiritual Disturbance Regulation Erosion Retention $16.93 $17.89 Gas & Climate Regulation $0.06 $166.08 $6.57 $73.30 Genetic Resources $0.01 $0.01 Habitat Refugium & Nursery $1.30 $530.25 Nutrient Cycling Pollination $10.12 $420.45 Raw Materials Soil Formation $0.49 $0.58 Storm Protection Waste Treatment $50.78 $50.78 Water Regulation $1.75 $2.03 Water Supply Food Production $23.08 $23.08 Science and Education $39.08 $67.27 TOTAL $112.37 $694.32 $47.15 $2,810.52

The Puyallup River Watershed: 46 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 4 dĂďůĞϵ͘,ŝŐŚĂŶĚ>ŽǁŽůůĂƌƉĞƌĐƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐĨŽƌZŝƉĂƌŝĂŶ&ŽƌĞƐƚĂŶĚŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů>ĂŶĚƐ

Riparian Forest Agricultural Lands Ecosystem Service General Min Max Min Max Aesthetic & Recreational $0.18 $11,261.59 $25.77 $29.15 Biological Control $9.11 $9.53 $2.06 $515.82 Cultural & Spiritual $4.95 $4.95 Disturbance Regulation $8.01 $249.87 $4.94 $120.10 Erosion Retention $14.83 $1,416.76 Gas & Climate Regulation $10.57 $1,049.40 $9.11 $515.82 Genetic Resources Habitat Refugium & Nursery $0.26 $2,972.74 Nutrient Cycling $2.06 $166.08 Pollination $66.75 $420.45 $2.25 $420.45 Raw Materials Soil Formation $0.57 $256.55 Storm Protection Waste Treatment $166.29 $166.29 Water Regulation $10.19 $534.31 Water Supply $5.16 $13,795.98 Food Production $34.91 $34.91 Science and Education $39.08 $67.27 TOTAL $320.55 $30,532.39 $96.50 $3,475.64

dĂďůĞϭϬ͘,ŝŐŚĂŶĚ>ŽǁŽůůĂƌƉĞƌĐƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐĨŽƌŵĞƌŐĞŶƚ,ĞƌďĂĐĞŽƵƐtĞƚůĂŶĚƐĂŶĚtŽŽĚLJtĞƚůĂŶĚƐ

Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands Woody Wetlands Ecosystem Service General Min Max Min Max Aesthetic & Recreational $1.12 $9,908.17 $1.12 $9,908.17 Biological Control Cultural & Spiritual Disturbance Regulation $14,528.95 $14,528.95 $14,528.95 $14,528.95 Erosion Retention Gas & Climate Regulation $4.94 $515.82 $4.94 $774.40 Genetic Resources Habitat Refugium & Nursery $5.92 $13,289.37 $5.92 $13,289.37 Nutrient Cycling $7,318.04 $7,318.04 $7,318.04 $7,318.04 Pollination Raw Materials $4.26 $2,760.11 $2,760.11 $2,760.11 Soil Formation Storm Protection $1,394.58 $1,394.58 $1,394.58 $1,394.58 Waste Treatment $166.29 $1,058.45 $166.29 $1,058.45 Water Regulation $557.66 $6,739.17 $557.66 $6,739.17 Water Supply $0.44 $33,288.83 $0.44 $33,288.83 Food Production $53.37 $1,233.49 $53.37 $1,233.49 Science and Education TOTAL $24,035.58 $92,034.99 $26,791.43 $92,293.57

The Puyallup River Watershed: 47 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 4

sĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ

ŶŶƵĂů&ůŽǁŽĨsĂůƵĞ sĂůƵĞƐĨŽƌĂůůůĂŶĚĐŽǀĞƌĐůĂƐƐĞƐǁĞƌĞĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚ͘dĂďůĞϭϭƐƵŵŵĂƌŝnjĞƐƚŚĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ across all land cover types in the Puyallup River Watershed. The table includes each land cover class with its acreage and value, and the total annual value for all lands within the Puyallup Watershed.

dĂďůĞϭϭʹ&ŝŶĂůŶŶƵĂůsĂůƵĞŽĨĂůůĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐWƌŽǀŝĚĞĚďLJƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ

The Puyallup River Watershed: 48 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 4

Net Present Value ŶĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƐĂŇŽǁŽĨǀĂůƵĂďůĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ŝƐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐŚĂƐůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐ͘hƐŝŶŐĂĚŝƐĐŽƵŶƚ ĂĐƌŽƐƐƟŵĞ͘/ŶƚŚŝƐƐĞŶƐĞŝƚĐĂŶďĞƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŽĨĂƐ ƌĂƚĞĂƐƐƵŵĞƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŚƵŵĂŶƐƌĞĂƉŝŶ a capital asset. This analogy can be extended by ƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƌĞŵŽƌĞǀĂůƵĂďůĞƚŚĂŶƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŶŐƚŚĞŶĞƚƉƌĞƐĞŶƚǀĂůƵĞŽĨƚŚĞĨƵƚƵƌĞŇŽǁƐ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚƚŽĨƵƚƵƌĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͘ZĞŶĞǁĂďůĞ of ecosystem services, just as the asset value of a resources should be treated with lower discount ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂůĂƐƐĞƚ;ŽƌůĂƌŐĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚͿĐĂŶďĞ rates than built capital assets because they provide approximately calculated as the net present value ĂƌĂƚĞŽĨƌĞƚƵƌŶŽǀĞƌĂĨĂƌůŽŶŐĞƌƉĞƌŝŽĚŽĨƟŵĞ͘ ŽĨŝƚƐĨƵƚƵƌĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͘dŚŝƐĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŝƐĂŶĞdžĞƌĐŝƐĞ DŽƐƚŽĨƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŚĂƚĂŶĂƚƵƌĂůĂƐƐĞƚƐƵĐŚĂƐ however, because ecosystems are not bought and sold the Puyallup Watershed provides reside in the in this manner. ĚŝƐƚĂŶƚĨƵƚƵƌĞ͕ǁŚĞƌĞĂƐŵŽƐƚŽĨƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨ built capital reside in the near-term, with few or ĂůĐƵůĂƟŶŐƚŚĞŶĞƚƉƌĞƐĞŶƚǀĂůƵĞŽĨĂŶĂƐƐĞƚŝŶ ŶŽďĞŶĞĮƚƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĚŝƐƚĂŶƚĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘ŽƚŚ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨĂĚŝƐĐŽƵŶƚ types of assets are important to maintain a high ƌĂƚĞ͘dŚĞƌŵLJŽƌƉƐŽĨŶŐŝŶĞĞƌƐƵƐĞĂϰ͘ϭϮϱй ƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞ͕ďƵƚĞĂĐŚĂůƐŽŽƉĞƌĂƚĞƐŽŶĂĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ discount rate for large projects, which lowers the ƟŵĞƐĐĂůĞ͘/ƚǁŽƵůĚďĞƵŶǁŝƐĞƚŽƚƌĞĂƚŚƵŵĂŶƟŵĞ ǀĂůƵĞŽĨƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐďLJϰ͘ϭϮϱйĞǀĞƌLJLJĞĂƌŝŶƚŽ preference for a forest like it was a building, or a ƚŚĞĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘^ĞĂƩůĞWƵďůŝĐhƟůŝƟĞƐĂŶĚƐŽŵĞŽƚŚĞƌ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐůŝŬĞŝƚǁĂƐĂĚŝƐƉŽƐĂďůĞĐŽīĞĞĐƵƉ͘ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐƵƐĞĂϱйĚŝƐĐŽƵŶƚƌĂƚĞĨŽƌĐĂƉŝƚĂů ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘dŚĞŶĞƚƉƌĞƐĞŶƚǀĂůƵĞŽĨƚŚĞ Puyallup Watershed was valued using two discount ƌĂƚĞƐ͗njĞƌŽĂŶĚϰ͘ϭϮϱй͘

A discount rate is designed to control for the following:

ϭ͘ WƵƌĞƟŵĞƉƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŽŶĞLJ͘ This is the rate at which people value what they can have now, ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƉƵƫŶŐŽīĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶŽƌŝŶĐŽŵĞ ƵŶƟůůĂƚĞƌ͘

Ϯ͘ KƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJĐŽƐƚŽĨŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ͘ A dollar in ŽŶĞLJĞĂƌ͛ƐƟŵĞŚĂƐĂƉƌĞƐĞŶƚǀĂůƵĞŽĨůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶ a dollar today, because a dollar today can be invested for a return in one year.

ϯ͘ ĞƉƌĞĐŝĂƟŽŶ͘ Built assets such as cars and levees tend to deteriorate and lose value due to wear and tear, while natural assets tend to appreciate ŝŶǀĂůƵĞ͘ŝƐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐĐĂŶďĞĂĚũƵƐƚĞĚĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ types of assets.

The Puyallup River Watershed: 49 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 4

ZĞƐƵůƚƐ Overall, 18 categories of ecosystem services were valued across 13 land cover classes. ZĞƐƵůƚƐƐŚŽǁƚŚĂƚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞŝŶƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞƐĂƚůĞĂƐƚ ΨϱϮϲŵŝůůŝŽŶƚŽΨϱďŝůůŝŽŶŝŶŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƚŽ ŚƵŵĂŶƐĞǀĞƌLJLJĞĂƌ͘

&ƌŽŵƚŚŝƐĂŶŶƵĂůŇŽǁŽĨǀĂůƵĞ͕ĂŶĞƚƉƌĞƐĞŶƚǀĂůƵĞ ĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽĂŶ͞ĂƐƐĞƚǀĂůƵĞ͟ĐĂŶďĞĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĚ͘dŚŝƐ ŝƐůŝŬĞƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƐƵŵŽĨŵŽŶƚŚůLJ ŵŽƌƚŐĂŐĞƉĂLJŵĞŶƚƐĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞLJĞĂƌ;ĂŶĂŶŶƵĂůŇŽǁŽĨ ǀĂůƵĞĨŽƌůŝǀŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞŚŽƵƐĞĨŽƌŽŶĞLJĞĂƌͿĂŶĚƚŚĞĨƵůů ƐĂůĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨĂŚŽƵƐĞ;ƚŚĞĂƐƐĞƚǀĂůƵĞ͕ŽƌŶĞƚƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ǀĂůƵĞŽĨƚŚĞŚŽƵƐĞͿ͘dŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĂƐƐĞƚǀĂůƵĞ ŽĨƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͛ƐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐƚŽƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͕ ǁĞĂƉƉůLJĂĚŝƐĐŽƵŶƚƌĂƚĞŽĨϰ͘ϭϮϱйŽǀĞƌϭϬϬLJĞĂƌƐ from the present day. Because natural assets tend to appreciate, rather than depreciate, the true discount rate is likely to be lower.

dŚĞĂƐƐĞƚǀĂůƵĞŽĨƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚŝƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶΨϭϯďŝůůŝŽŶĂŶĚΨϭϮϬďŝůůŝŽŶ͕ĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĚĂƚ Ăϰ͘ϭϮϱйĚŝƐĐŽƵŶƚƌĂƚĞŽǀĞƌƚŚĞŶĞdžƚϭϬϬLJĞĂƌƐ͘ The WƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͛ƐĂƐƐĞƚǀĂůƵĞǁĂƐĂůƐŽĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĚ ĂƚĂnjĞƌŽĚŝƐĐŽƵŶƚƌĂƚĞ͕ƚƌĞĂƟŶŐƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞƚŚĞƐĞ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐǁŝůůƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƚŽĨƵƚƵƌĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƐĞƋƵĂů ƚŽƚŚĂƚŽĨƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͘ƚĂnjĞƌŽĚŝƐĐŽƵŶƚ ƌĂƚĞ͕ƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͛ƐĂƐƐĞƚǀĂůƵĞŝƐĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚĂƚ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶΨϱϯďŝůůŝŽŶĂŶĚΨϱϬϮďŝůůŝŽŶ͘ More detailed ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŝŵĂƌLJƐƚƵĚŝĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐ ďĞŶĞĮƚƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌŝƐůŝƐƚĞĚŝŶƉƉĞŶĚŝdž͕ĂŶĚƐƚƵĚLJ ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞŽƵƚůŝŶĞĚŝŶƉƉĞŶĚŝdž͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 50 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part V Applications of Study Findings

^ĞĐƟŽŶ^ƵŵŵĂƌLJ͗ĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐĚĞƉĞŶĚƵƉŽŶĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ĂŶĚďĞĐŽŵĞǁĞĂŬĞŶĞĚǁŚĞŶƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ecosystems are degraded. The long-term health of the Puyallup Watershed and the Puget Sound region depends upon ŽƵƌĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŽŵĂŬĞǁŝƐĞĐŚŽŝĐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͛ƐŶĂƚƵƌĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂů͘ ZĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐŽŶŚŽǁƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟǀĞůLJĂƉƉůLJƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƚŚŝƐƐƚƵĚLJĂƌĞĚĞƐŝŐŶĂƚĞĚŝŶďŽůĚ text below.

/ŶǀĞƐƟŶŐŝŶƚŚĞ&ƵƚƵƌĞ dŚĞƚĞƌŵ͞ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ͟ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƐƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞƐƉĞŽƉůĞ make today to place resources for returns in the future. An economy is the product of previous ĚĞĐĂĚĞƐŽĨŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ͘&ƵƚƵƌĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůů ďĞŶĞĮƚŽƌƐƵīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞƐŵĂĚĞƚŽĚĂLJ͘tŚĞŶ dĂĐŽŵĂWƵďůŝĐhƟůŝƟĞƐŝŶǀĞƐƚĞĚŝŶĂϰϯͲŵŝůĞƉŝƉĞůŝŶĞ ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ'ƌĞĞŶZŝǀĞƌtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚĂŶĚĂƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚ ǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ͕ŝƚƐůĞĂĚĞƌƐǁĞƌĞ considering not only the short-term costs and ďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůǁĂƚĞƌĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶďƵƚĂůƐŽƚŚĞůŽŶŐͲ term investment. In hindsight, this investment has ǀĂƐƚůLJŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚŝŶďŽƚŚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚŵŽŶĞƚĂƌLJ ǀĂůƵĞŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ͘

dŚĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀĂůƵĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJďĞŝŶŐ generated in the Puyallup Watershed demonstrates that nature is an investment worth maintaining. tŚŝůĞƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͛ƐĞĐŽŶŽŵLJŝƐĂůƌĞĂĚLJĐůŽƐĞůLJ ŝŶƚĞƌƚǁŝŶĞĚǁŝƚŚŝƚƐŶĂƚƵƌĂůĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ͕ŵƵĐŚĐĂŶ be done to further account for the natural goods and services that are produced for greater overall well- being in this Whole Economy.

ƐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐŝŶƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚďĞĐŽŵĞ ĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĞĚĂŶĚŵŽƌĞƐĐĂƌĐĞ͕ŝƚŝƐŝŵƉĞƌĂƟǀĞƚŽ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌďŽƚŚƚŚĞƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶ;ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĞ ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĂƐĂŬĞLJŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ ŝŶƚŚĞĨƵƚƵƌĞĞĐŽŶŽŵLJĂƐƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚďLJŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 51 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 5

&ůŽŽĚZŝƐŬZĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ tĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ KŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĐƌŝƟĐĂůĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝƐ tĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶƐ͕ƐĂůŵŽŶŚĂďŝƚĂƚƉůĂŶƐ ŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘dŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌŝƐƚŚĞŵŽƐƚ and other watershed-based analysis should be armored river in the Puget Sound Basin, and one informed by ecosystem service analysis. These ŽĨƚŚĞŵŽƐƚƉƌŽŶĞƚŽŇŽŽĚŝŶŐ͘dŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĂĚǀĂŶĐŝŶŐĚƌĂŵĂƟĐĂůůLJ ŇŽŽĚǁĂƚĞƌĐŽŶǀĞLJĂŶĐĞŚĂƐĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞĚƚŚĞůŽƐƐ in recent years. Including the human economy ŽĨŇŽŽĚƉůĂŝŶ͘dŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨŝŶĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJĨƌŽŵ and ecosystem services is crucial in advancing investment in impermeable surfaces and stormwater the understanding, value and depth of watershed ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƐŚƵŶƚƐƵƌĨĂĐĞǁĂƚĞƌƐƋƵŝĐŬůLJŝŶƚŽƚŚĞ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ͘/ƚŝƐĂůƐŽŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŚĂƚƐƚĂƚĞĂŶĚ WƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌ͕ĂŶĚƟŐŚƚůLJĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐůĞǀĞĞƐŚĂǀĞ ĨĞĚĞƌĂůĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ͕ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJƚŚĞtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ^ƚĂƚĞ combined to become expensive investments in built Department of Natural Resources, Washington ĐĂƉŝƚĂů͕ǁŚŝĐŚŚĂǀĞĞdžĂĐĞƌďĂƚĞĚŇŽŽĚŝŶŐ͘dŚĞůŽƐƐ State Department of Ecology, and the Army of wetlands, forests and other ecosystem structures ŽƌƉƐŽĨŶŐŝŶĞĞƌƐ;ĂůůŽĨǁŚŝĐŚŚĂǀĞƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚ ƚŚĂƚƌĞĚƵĐĞƉĞĂŬŇŽǁƐĂŶĚƉƌŽŵŽƚĞŝŶĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞ ĐŽŶǀĞLJĂŶĐĞŚĂǀĞĂůƐŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬ͘ƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJ͕ ƉĂƐƚĨŽƌƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐͿĂĚŽƉƚƚŚŝƐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂƐ ŶŽŇŽŽĚƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞh͘^͘ĨƵůůLJĂĐĐŽƵŶƚƐĨŽƌƚŚĞ ĂŶŽƌŵĂůƉĂƌƚŽĨŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͘dƌĂŝŶŝŶŐĨŽƌƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚďLJďŽƚŚŶĂƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚ ĮƌŵƐʹŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĐŽŶƐƵůƟŶŐĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐ͕ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ built infrastructure. ĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƉƌŽĮƚƐʹŝŶĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ analysis should proceed at a rapid pace. ^ŽůǀŝŶŐŇŽŽĚŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ ǁŝůůƌĞƋƵŝƌĞďŽƚŚďƵŝůƚĂŶĚŶĂƚƵƌĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂů͘ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐďĞŶĞĮƚƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚďLJĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĂƌĞ hŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶ important and need to be valued to properly ŽĨǁĂƚĞƌƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝƐ inform public and private investment. These ĐƌƵĐŝĂůƚŽŵĂŬŝŶŐŐŽŽĚŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƐďŽƚŚŝŶŶĂƚƵƌĂů improvements in economic analysis, which promote ĂŶĚďƵŝůƚĐĂƉŝƚĂů͘&ůŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶĐĂŶŶŽƚ ďĞƩĞƌŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ͕ĂƌĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĞĚďLJĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐŝŶŐůĞŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ services. The mapping of ecosystem services on ;ůĞǀĞĞƐĂŶĚĚĂŵƐͿ͘/ƚŵƵƐƚŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌ ƚŚĞůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͕ƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŝŶŐ͕ďĞŶĞĮĐŝĂƌŝĞƐĂŶĚ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͕ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂů͕ƐŽĐŝĂůƐLJƐƚĞŵƐƐƵĐŚĂƐ ŝŵƉĞĚŝŵĞŶƚƐĂůůŝŶĨŽƌŵŚŽǁŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞ ǁĂƌŶŝŶŐƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͕ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ ƐĞƚƵƉĂŶĚŚŽǁŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐĂŶĚĨƵŶĚŝŶŐŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐ ǁŝĚĞŶŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞŇŽŽĚǁĂLJƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞŵŽƌĞƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶƚ should be created. ŇŽŽĚŚĂnjĂƌĚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘ tĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞĐƌƵĐŝĂůƚŽƐŽůǀŝŶŐ ĞĐŝƐŝŽŶ^ƵƉƉŽƌƚ ŵĂŶLJďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŝƐƐƵĞƐ The large dollar values of ecosystem goods and ŝŶƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉ͘ services in the Puyallup Watershed demonstrate the importance of ecosystems to the local economy. The ĂƉƉƌĂŝƐĂůǀĂůƵĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƚƵĚLJĂƌĞĚĞĨĞŶƐŝďůĞ and applicable to informing decisions at every ũƵƌŝƐĚŝĐƟŽŶĂůůĞǀĞů͘ dŚŝƐƐƚƵĚLJƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬĞƌƐĂŶŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJ ƚŽƐŚŝŌĨƌŽŵĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐŝƐƐƵĞƐĂŶĚĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐĂƚĂ ƐŝŶŐůĞũƵƌŝƐĚŝĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƐŝŶŐůĞŝƐƐƵĞƐĐĂůĞƚŽƚĂŬŝŶŐ ĂŶŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĂƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ŐƌĞĞŶĞĐŽŶŽŵLJŝŶǁŚŝĐŚŶĂƚƵƌĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂůŝƐĂŶ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂůƉĂƌƚŽĨƐĂĨĞŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶŽƌ ƌŝƐĞŝŶǀĂůƵĞŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 52 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 5

ŽƐƚͲĞŶĞĮƚŶĂůLJƐŝƐ WƌŽũĞĐƚWƌŝŽƌŝƟnjĂƟŽŶ ůůĨĞĚĞƌĂůĂŶĚƐƚĂƚĞĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ͕ĐŝƟĞƐ͕ĐŽƵŶƟĞƐĂŶĚ ƌŝƚĞƌŝĂĨŽƌƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌŝŽƌŝƟnjĂƟŽŶŽĨĐĂƉŝƚĂů ŵĂŶLJƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĮƌŵƐƵƟůŝnjĞ;ĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨͿĐŽƐƚͬďĞŶĞĮƚ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐŶĞĞĚƚŽƌĞŇĞĐƚƚŚĞŐŽĂůƐ analyses to make investment decisions in areas ŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐŽĨůŽĐĂů ƐƵĐŚĂƐŚĞĂůƚŚĐĂƌĞ͕ůĞǀĞĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͕ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ũƵƌŝƐĚŝĐƟŽŶƐ͘dŚŽƵŐŚŶŽƚĂĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞůŝƐƚ road building, economic development, tax breaks ŽĨĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ͕ƐŽŵĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐĚƌŝǀĞŶďLJĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐ͘/ĨĂĐŽƐƚͬďĞŶĞĮƚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŝƐŇĂǁĞĚ͕ services-related policies include: ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƐǁŝůůďĞŇĂǁĞĚ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ĂĮƐŚͲ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐƉůĂŶƚĐŽƵŶƚƐĂƐĂŶĂƐƐĞƚŝŶĐŽƐƚͬďĞŶĞĮƚ ϭ͘ ŽĞƐƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͍ analysis, yet federal rules dictate that the system that ĂĐƚƵĂůůLJƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞĮƐŚĚŽĞƐŶŽƚĐŽƵŶƚĂƐĂŶĂƐƐĞƚ Ϯ͘ ŽƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚŝŵƉĂĐƚƐĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŽƌĚĞŐƌĂĚĞ and cannot be valued in the analysis. ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ;ƐƵĐŚĂƐŚĂďŝƚĂƚ ŽƌǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚLJͿĂƚƚŚĞƐŝƚĞͲƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŽƌƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů /ŶƚŚĞh͘^͕͘ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨĞĚĞƌĂůĐŽƐƚͬ ƐĐĂůĞƐ͍ ďĞŶĞĮƚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƌƵůĞƐĨŽƌǁĂƚĞƌĂŶĚůĂŶĚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ;͞WƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐĂŶĚ'ƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐ͟ͿĂƌĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJƵŶĚĞƌ ϯ͘ ƌĞƚŚĞĐŽƐƚƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐ;ƐĂĨĞƚLJ͕ŚĞĂůƚŚ͕ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ͘WƌŽƉŽƐĞĚĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂŶĚĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůͿŽĨƚŚŝƐƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘/ƚŝƐƵŶĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚĞƋƵŝƚĂďůLJŽǀĞƌƟŵĞĂŶĚƐƉĂĐĞ͍ ŚŽǁůŽŶŐƚŚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶǁŝůůƚĂŬĞ͕ďƵƚŝƚŝƐĂƌƚŚ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐ͛ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƚŚĂƚǁŚĞŶůŽĐĂůĂŶĚƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ũƵƌŝƐĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĨĂĐƚŽƌŶĂƚƵƌĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂůŝŶƚŽĐŽƐƚͬďĞŶĞĮƚ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ͕ďĞƩĞƌͲŝŶĨŽƌŵĞĚĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐƌĞƐƵůƚ͘

tŚĞŶǁŽƌŬŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĨĞĚĞƌĂůĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐŽŶƐŚĂƌĞĚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͕ũƵƌŝƐĚŝĐƟŽŶƐŚĂǀĞĂŶŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJƚŽƚĂŬĞ ĂůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉƌŽůĞ͘dŚĞƌŵLJŽƌƉƐŽĨŶŐŝŶĞĞƌƐ͕ ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ǁŝůůŐƌĂŶƚĞdžĞŵƉƟŽŶƐƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞ ǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐŝŶĂĐŽƐƚͬďĞŶĞĮƚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĞLJĂƌĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂůŽŶŐǁŝƚŚďƵŝůƚ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĨŽƌĂŵŽƌĞĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĂŶĚĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞ ŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƉůĂŶĂŶĚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͘>ŽĐĂů ũƵƌŝƐĚŝĐƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞƚŚŝƐĚƵƌŝŶŐƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘20

20 dŚĞĮƌƐƚĞdžĞŵƉƟŽŶŐƌĂŶƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞƌŵLJŽƌƉƐŽĨŶŐŝŶĞĞƌƐŽĐĐƵƌƌĞĚŝŶϮϬϬϵ͕ƉĂƌƚůLJĂƐĂƌĞƐƵůƚŽĨĂŶĂƌƚŚĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƐƚƵĚLJǁŚŝĐŚ ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚĞĚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐǁŽƌŬĚŽŶĞďLJƚŚĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨ>ŽƵŝƐŝĂŶĂĂŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĞĚũƵƌŝƐĚŝĐƟŽŶĂůůĞĂĚĞƌƐĂŶĚƌŵLJŽƌƉƐƚĂīĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞ ŚƵƌƌŝĐĂŶĞĂŶĚŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞŽĨǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐŽŶƚŚĞ>ŽƵŝƐŝĂŶĂŽĂƐƚ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 53 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 5

Environmental Impact Statements In Washington State, environmental impact statements private landowners, comprising approximately half ŽŌĞŶŚĂǀĞĂŶĞīĞĐƚŽŶƉƌŽũĞĐƚĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ĂŶĚƚŚƵƐ of the total forestland in private ownership.22 The ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ͕ďLJŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚƌĞĚƵĐĞ tax burden of forest ownership is a great burden on ƚŚĞŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŝŵƉĂĐƚƐŽƌĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ small landowners, because taxes are based on the ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ͘KŶĞŽĨƚŚĞĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐŽĨ ͞ŚŝŐŚĞƐƚĂŶĚďĞƐƚƵƐĞ͟ŽĨƚŚĞůĂŶĚ͘dŚĞĐŽƐƚŽĨůĂŶĚ environmental impact statements is the lack of an taxes makes forestry less viable and puts pressure economic interface. In other words, environmental on small landowners to convert forestlands into real ĚĂŵĂŐĞƐĐĂŶďĞƋƵĂŶƟĮĞĚŝŶƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐƚĞƌŵƐ͕ďƵƚ estate development and other uses. ƚŚŝƐŚĂƐŶŽĐŽŵŵŽŶůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞǁŝƚŚƉƌŽũĞĐƚĮŶĂŶĐŝŶŐ͕ which is denominated in dollars. Ecosystem service ĞƌƚĂŝŶůĂŶĚĐŽǀĞƌƚLJƉĞƐŚĂǀĞŚŝŐŚĞƌĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽŌĞŶƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶǁŚĂƚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞǀĂůƵĞƐƚŚĂŶŽƚŚĞƌƐ͕ĂŶĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞ is the weakest area of environmental planning and ĞdžŝƐƚƐŝŶůĂŶĚƵƐĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƌͲǀĂůƵĞůĂŶĚ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ͗ƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚǀĂůƵĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ĐŽǀĞƌƚLJƉĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŽƌŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ͘ ďLJƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ dŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƉƌŝǀĂƚĞůĂŶĚŽǁŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚŶŽƚďĞ ƵŶĚĞƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚ͗dŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨ;ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJůŽǁůĂŶĚͿ /ŶϮϬϭϬ͕ĂƌƚŚĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĨŽƌĞƐƚĐŽŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶŵƵƐƚďĞƐůŽǁĞĚ͕ĂŶĚŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐ ƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶĂŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŝŵƉĂĐƚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌ ĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶƐŚŽƵůĚĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŽďĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĨŽƌ ^ŶŽŚŽŵŝƐŚŽƵŶƚLJ͛Ɛ^ŵŝƚŚ/ƐůĂŶĚƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͘ ƐŵĂůůĨŽƌĞƐƚůĂŶĚŽǁŶĞƌƐƚŽŬĞĞƉƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽƉĞƌƚLJ Three scenarios were examined for ecosystem service ĨŽƌĞƐƚĞĚĂŶĚŚĞĂůƚŚLJ͘ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ͘WƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐƚŚŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ allows for a stronger understanding of the economic Internal Policy and Procedure Revamp ďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ͘/ĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĚŽůůĂƌ ^ŚŝŌŝŶŐƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĂŶĚƉƵďůŝĐŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƚŽǁĂƌĚ value of ecosystem services enhanced by the project green infrastructure, buildings, and investment and provided to the public also strengthens the ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐƚŚĂƚŶĂƚƵƌĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂůďĞƌĞĐŽŐŶŝnjĞĚĂƐĂ capacity for funding proposals. capital asset that is measurable within standard ĂĐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͘dŚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶŽĨdĂĐŽŵĂWƵďůŝĐ WƌŝǀĂƚĞĂŶĚƉƵďůŝĐŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞ hƟůŝƟĞƐ;dWhͿŝŶϭϴϵϯǁĂƐĂǀŝƐŝŽŶĂƌLJĂŶĚƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů ĂŶĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƚŽƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ůƚŚŽƵŐŚĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŝŵƉĂĐƚĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐ͘WŽůŝĐLJŵĂŬĞƌƐ ĂƌĂĚŝĐĂůĂŶĚĞdžƉĞŶƐŝǀĞŝĚĞĂĂƚƚŚĞƟŵĞ͕ƚŚĞ ŝŶtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ^ƚĂƚĞƐŚŽƵůĚůĞĂĚƚŚĞŶĂƟŽŶŝŶ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞϰϯͲŵŝůĞ'ƌĞĞŶZŝǀĞƌƉŝƉĞůŝŶĞƚŽ ƌĞƋƵŝƌŝŶŐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŝŶĂůůĂƉƉůŝĐĂďůĞ ƐƵƉƉůLJǁĂƚĞƌƚŽƚŚĞĐŝƚLJǁĂƐĂƉƉƌŽǀĞĚďLJdĂĐŽŵĂ͛Ɛ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŝŵƉĂĐƚƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐŝŶϭϵϬϵ͘,ĂĚƚŚĞƵƟůŝƚLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĂƚŚƌĞƐŚŽůĚ rate of return on investment, it would likely never Land Use Policy and Management ŚĂǀĞũƵƐƟĮĞĚƚŚŝƐĚĂƌŝŶŐƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͘dŚĞŐŽĂůŽĨƚŚĞ One of the biggest environmental threats to the ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚǁĂƐŶŽƚƚŽŵĂdžŝŵŝnjĞ͞ŶĞƚƉƌĞƐĞŶƚǀĂůƵĞ͟ South Puget Sound region is the loss of forest.21 The but to provide safe and reliable drinking water for region has been losing forest at a rate of 10 acres the people of Tacoma and Pierce County into the ƉĞƌĚĂLJƐŝŶĐĞϭϵϵϬ;hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ^ĐŚŽŽů ĚŝƐƚĂŶƚĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘LJϭϵϲϴ͕dĂĐŽŵĂŚĂĚĂĐƋƵŝƌĞĚϭϬ͕ϬϬϬ ŽĨ&ŽƌĞƐƚZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ϮϬϬϵͿ͕ĂŶĚĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞ acres of land surrounding the Green River Watershed ŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϮϳϱ͕ϬϬϬĂĐƌĞƐŽĨĨŽƌĞƐƚŝŶƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚĚĞĐůĂƌĞĚŝƚƐƐŽƵƌĐĞǁĂƚĞƌƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶƉƌŽŐƌĂŵĂ ͞ĂƚƌŝƐŬ͟ŽĨďĞŝŶŐůŽƐƚ͕ŽƌϮϴйŽĨƚŽƚĂůĨŽƌĞƐƚĂƌĞĂ͘ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ;,ŝƐƚŽƌLJůŝŶŬ͕ϮϬϭϬͿ͘ůƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚǁĂƐ ƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJ͕ĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJϱ͘ϳŵŝůůŝŽŶĂĐƌĞƐŽĨƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ĐŽŶƚƌŽǀĞƌƐŝĂůĂƚƚŚĞƟŵĞĂŶĚƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚĂŶƵŵďĞƌ forestland in the Puget Sound are owned by small ŽĨůĞŐĂů͕ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚƉŽůŝƟĐĂůĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͕ŝƚŝƐŶŽǁ

21 ^ŽƵƚŚWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚĐŽŵƉƌŝƐĞƐ<ŝƚƐĂƉ͕DĂƐŽŶ͕WŝĞƌĐĞ͕ĂŶĚdŚƵƌƐƚŽŶŽƵŶƟĞƐŝŶƚŚĞƌĞƉŽƌƚĐŝƚĞĚ͘ 22 Owning less than 5,000 acres.

The Puyallup River Watershed: 54 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 5

ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝnjĞĚĂŵĂŐŶŝĮĐĞŶƚŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ͘dĂĐŽŵĂŚĂƐ sustainable, well-paid jobs. Establishing an increase ƐŝŶĐĞĂĐƋƵŝƌĞĚĂŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůϱ͕ϬϬϬĂĐƌĞƐŝŶĐƌŝƟĐĂů in permanent employment is far more important ĂƌĞĂƐŽĨƚŚĞ'ƌĞĞŶZŝǀĞƌtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ;dĂĐŽŵĂtĂƚĞƌ͕ than providing temporary jobs, and federal ϮϬϬϴͿ͘ agencies recognize and measure this accordingly. ĂƌƚŚĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐŚĂƐŚĞůƉĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶƐƐĞĐƵƌĞ ĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬĞƌƐĨŽƌůŽĐĂůũƵƌŝƐĚŝĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚƌŝďĞƐ project funding by linking projects to green jobs ƐŚŽƵůĚĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂŶ͞ĐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐZĞǀŝĞǁ͟ŽĨĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ development. ĐĂƉĂďŝůŝƟĞƐƚŽŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚŶĂƚƵƌĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂůĂĐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘dŚĞƌĞǀŝĞǁĐĂŶďĞ :ŽďƐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ;ŝ͘Ğ͘ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨũŽďƐĐƌĞĂƚĞĚͿŝƐ ƵƐĞĚƚŽŵĂŬĞƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƟŶŐ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŝŶƐĞĐƵƌŝŶŐĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚŝƐ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐĂŶĚĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĂĐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐ ĂƉĂƌƚŽĨŵĂŶLJĨĞĚĞƌĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͘ZĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ͕ƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐĂŶĚĂƵĚŝƟŶŐ͘ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐĐĂŶĂŶĚƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĞīĞĐƟǀĞůLJůŝŶŬĞĚƚŽ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂĚǀĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ͘ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨ&ƵŶĚŝŶŐ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ Watershed Investment Districts As the Puget Sound region has become more The values included in this report provide reference crowded, so have its tax districts. Inevitably, there values for some of the ecosystem services that are ĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƐ͘/ŶƚŚĞ'ƌĞĞŶZŝǀĞƌsĂůůĞLJ͕ŽǀĞƌ produced by comparable ecosystems to those in the a dozen stormwater districts previously invested WƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘ƌŝƉĂƌŝĂŶƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶŐƌŽƵƉ͕ĨŽƌ millions of dollars to build stormwater systems that example, might like to apply for grant funding that ŐĞŶĞƌĂůůLJŐĞƚǁĂƚĞƌŽƵƚŽĨĐŝƟĞƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŽƚŚĞŵĂŝŶ would restore 100 acres of shrub/scrub to riparian stem of the river as fast as possible. Prior to 2008, forest. Using the values found in this appendix as ƐŝdžŇŽŽĚĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚƐƉŽƐŝƟŽŶĞĚĂƚƚŚĞůŽǁĞƌƌĞĂĐŚĞƐ ĂƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞLJĐĂŶƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂƐŝŵƉůĞĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨƚŚĞƌŝǀĞƌƐƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚŚŝŐŚĞƌƉĞĂŬŇŽǁƐĞǀĞƌLJLJĞĂƌ to show the increase in public economic value as forests disappeared and impermeable surfaces ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚďLJĂƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ͘dŚŝƐĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶ and stormwater systems expanded, causing greater will show the economic return on investment to ŇŽŽĚŝŶŐ͘ĞĐĂƵƐĞƚŚĞŇŽŽĚĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚƐǁĞƌĞƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚ ƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶ͕ŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƌĞƚƵƌŶŽŶ ƚŽƚŚĞĂƌĞĂƐŽĨŇŽŽĚŝŶŐ͕ƚŚĞLJĐŽƵůĚŶŽƚŝŶǀĞƐƚ investment. in the upper and middle watershed areas. The ĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚƐǁĞƌĞĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶĞĚƚŽŝŶǀĞƐƟŶŐƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJ ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶĐĂŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ in higher levees in the lower reaches, which were ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶƐ͕ĐŝƟĞƐ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJĚĂŵĂŐĞĚďLJŚŝŐŚĞƌƉĞĂŬǁĂƚĞƌŇŽǁƐ͘ ĂŶĚƉƌŝǀĂƚĞŽǁŶĞƌƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƚŽŽůƐƚŽƐŚŽǁĂƌĂƚĞ dŚŝƐƐĞůĨͲƉĞƌƉĞƚƵĂƟŶŐƚLJƉĞŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĐŽŶŇŝĐƚ ŽĨƌĞƚƵƌŶŽŶŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚĨŽƌŶĂƚƵƌĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ is part of a cycle that is unhealthy for humans, ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƐ͘dŚŝƐŝƐĂŶĞǁƚŽŽůĂŶĚĞŶĂďůĞƐ salmon, the economy and the environment. ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐƚŽƐŚŽǁŵŽŶĞƚĂƌLJĂƐǁĞůůĂƐ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚ͘ The work accomplished by Water Resource /ŶǀĞŶƚŽƌLJƌĞĂϵ;tZ/ϵͿǁŝƚŚĂƌƚŚĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐŝŶ Green Jobs Analysis the Green River Valley demonstrates an impressive, Ecosystem services and jobs are closely connected. ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĨŽƌĂĚĚŝŶŐĂŶĞǁůĞǀĞůŽĨ ŶĞdžĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨũŽďƐĐƌĞĂƚĞĚďLJĐĂƉŝƚĂůĂŶĚ ƌĂƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJƚŽƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƟŶŐƚĂdžĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘ ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐƚŚĂƚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ tZ/ϵŝƐĐŚĂƌŐĞĚǁŝƚŚƐĂůŵŽŶƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ ŐĞŶĞƌĂůůLJůŽŽŬƐĂƚŚŽǁŵĂŶLJĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶũŽďƐ ĞŶĐŽŵƉĂƐƐĞƐƚŚĞĐŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞ'ƌĞĞŶZŝǀĞƌsĂůůĞLJ ĂƌĞĐƌĞĂƚĞĚďLJŵŽǀŝŶŐĞĂƌƚŚŽƌƉůĂŶƟŶŐŶĂƟǀĞ ĨƌŽŵ^ĞĂƩůĞƚŽůĂĐŬŝĂŵŽŶĚ͘ůŽŶŐǁŝƚŚsĂƐŚŽŶ ǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶ͘zĞƚŵŽƐƚƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐĂůƐŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ /ƐůĂŶĚ͕^ĞĂƩůĞWƵďůŝĐhƟůŝƟĞƐ͕ƚŚĞ<ŝŶŐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ƋƵĂŶƟĮĂďůĞĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƚŚĂƚŚĂǀĞ ŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ͕<ŝŶŐŽƵŶƚLJ͕ƚŚĞŽĞŝŶŐŽƌƉ͘ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌ economic importance and provide an increase in ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐ͕tZ/ϵŝƐůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŚĂƌŐĞŝŶ ƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞďLJďŽůĚůLJƉƌŽƉŽƐŝŶŐĂƉĂƚŚƚŽďĞƩĞƌ

The Puyallup River Watershed: 55 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Part 5

ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĂŶĚƌĂƟŽŶĂůŝnjĞǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚͲďĂƐĞĚƚĂdžĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚƐ ;ĐĂůůĞĚ͞tĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ/ŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚƐ͟ͿĂƐƉĂƌƚŽĨŝƚƐ ĞīŽƌƚƚŽƌĞƐƚŽƌĞƐĂůŵŽŶƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͘

WƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚůĞĂĚĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƚŚĂƚŚĞůƉĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĂŶĚƌĂƟŽŶĂůŝnjĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƚĂdž ĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚƐ͕ƚŚĞƌĞďLJƐĂǀŝŶŐŵŽŶĞLJĂŶĚƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂƐǁĞůů͘ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĐĂŶďĞĂŐƵŝĚĞĨŽƌ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚďLJƐĞƫŶŐĂĐŽŶƚĞdžƚǁŚĞƌĞŝŶĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞ ŐŽĂůƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƐĂůŵŽŶƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ͕ŇŽŽĚĐŽŶƚƌŽů͕ ƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌĐŽŶǀĞLJĂŶĐĞĂŶĚǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚLJĐĂŶďĞ ƐŝŵƵůƚĂŶĞŽƵƐůLJŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ͕ĂǀŽŝĚŝŶŐ͞ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚ͘͟ dŽǁĂƌĚƐĂ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĂŶĚĞƐŝƌĂďůĞ &ƵƚƵƌĞ dŚŝƐƌĞŐŝŽŶ͛ƐŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĐĂŶďĞĨƵƌƚŚĞƌŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ƚŽƐĂƟƐĨLJŵƵůƟƉůĞŐŽĂůƐ;Ğ͘Ő͘ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ƐĂůŵŽŶ ƌĞĐŽǀĞƌLJĂŶĚŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶͿƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĂďĞƩĞƌ return on investment. In the case of salmon recovery, ŐƌĞĞŶŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ;ŇŽŽĚƉůĂŝŶƐĂŶĚĚĞůƚĂƐͿŝƐƵƟůŝnjĞĚ ĂůŽŶŐǁŝƚŚďƵŝůƚĐĂƉŝƚĂů;ůĞǀĞĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐĮƐŚ ďůŽĐŬĂŐĞƐͿ͕ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŽĨĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨŽƚŚĞƌ ecosystem services. A successful salmon plan improves ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůďŽŶĚƐ͖ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƐ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂůĂŶĚďƵŝůĚƐƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐʹ ĂůůĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐƚŽŚƵŵĂŶǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐ͘hŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ǁŚĞƌĞĂŶĚŚŽǁƚŽŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŶĂǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚŝƐĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůƚŽ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞĮǀĞĐĂƉŝƚĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŐŽĂůŽĨŚƵŵĂŶ well-being.

WƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚůĞĂĚĞƌƐĐĂŶƵƐĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ͕ ǀĂůƵĞƐĂŶĚƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƚƵĚLJ ƚŽďĞŐŝŶŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƟŶŐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝŶƚŽĂŐĞŶĐLJ ŐŽĂůƐ͕ŵĞƚƌŝĐƐ͕ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ͕ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŐĞŶĞƌĂů ŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͘džĂŵƉůĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐďƵĚŐĞƚƐĂŶĚ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͖ǁƌŝƟŶŐŐƌĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƐĞĐƵƌĞ ĨĞĚĞƌĂůĂŶĚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ͖ĞdžĂŵŝŶŝŶŐƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐĂŶĚ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͖ƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐĂŶĚĂůŝŐŶŝŶŐƚŽWƵŐĞƚ ^ŽƵŶĚĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵŚĞĂůƚŚŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ͖ĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƌĞǀŝĞǁĂŶĚƉĞƌŵŝƫŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐŝŶƌƵƌĂůĂƌĞĂƐ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 56 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Conclusion

There are many ways in which the economy of the WƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚʹĂŶĚƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞĨŽƌŝƚƐ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐʹĚĞƉĞŶĚƐƵƉŽŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶŝŶŐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͘ When ecosystems are healthy, they provide vast ĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀĂůƵĞĂƚĂƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁĐŽƐƚ͖ ŽŶĐĞĚĞŐƌĂĚĞĚ͕ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƐ ƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĞŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶŽĨďƵŝůƚŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƚŚĂƚ ĚĞƉƌĞĐŝĂƚĞƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ͘tŚĞŶĨƵŶĐƟŽŶŝŶŐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ĂƌĞĐŽŵƉƌŽŵŝƐĞĚ͕ĂŶĞǁƚĂdžĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚŝƐŽŌĞŶĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ʹǁŝƚŚƚLJƉŝĐĂůůLJĂŶĂƌƌŽǁĨŽĐƵƐŽŶƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĂůŇŽǁŽĨ ĂƐŝŶŐůĞĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵŐŽŽĚŽƌƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƵĐŚĂƐŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬ ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘

dŚŝƐƌĞƉŽƌƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂŶĂƉƉƌĂŝƐĂůǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽĨ ecosystem services in the Puyallup Watershed, ƋƵĂŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀĂůƵĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚďLJŶĂƚƵƌĞŝŶ the watershed every year. The results are compelling: LJƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐĂŐĂŝŶƐƚŇŽŽĚŝŶŐ͕ĂƐƐƵƌŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌƐƵƉƉůLJ͕ ďƵīĞƌŝŶŐĐůŝŵĂƚĞŝŶƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĮƐŚĞƌŝĞƐ ĂŶĚĨŽŽĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐĐƌŝƟĐĂůŚĂďŝƚĂƚ͕ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐǁĂƐƚĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͕ WƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ΨϱϮϲŵŝůůŝŽŶĂŶĚΨϱďŝůůŝŽŶŝŶĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀĂůƵĞĞǀĞƌLJ LJĞĂƌ͘

Ecosystem services may also be treated like an ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂƐƐĞƚ͕ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐĂƐƚƌĞĂŵŽĨďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽǀĞƌ ƟŵĞƚŚĞǁĂLJĂďƌŝĚŐĞŽƌŽƚŚĞƌĐĂƉŝƚĂůŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ does. Valued as such, a discount rate may be applied ƚŽƚŚĞƐĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĨŽƌĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ present value of these systems. /ĨƚƌĞĂƚĞĚůŝŬĞĂŶĂƐƐĞƚ ǁŝƚŚĂůŝĨĞƐƉĂŶŽĨϭϬϬLJĞĂƌƐ͕ƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚǀĂůƵĞŽĨƚŚĞ WƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚǁŽƵůĚďĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶΨϭϯďŝůůŝŽŶ ĂŶĚΨϭϮϬďŝůůŝŽŶ͕ƵƐŝŶŐĂϰ͘ϭϮϱйĚŝƐĐŽƵŶƚƌĂƚĞ͘

dŚŽƵŐŚĂƐŶĂƉƐŚŽƚŝŶƟŵĞ͕ƚŚĞƐĞĂƉƉƌĂŝƐĂůǀĂůƵĞƐ are defendable and applicable to decision-making at ĞǀĞƌLJũƵƌŝƐĚŝĐƟŽŶĂůůĞǀĞů͘ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƐ ĐĂŶĂŝĚĞīĞĐƟǀĞĂŶĚĞĸĐŝĞŶƚŶĂƚƵƌĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ management. This study also introduces a Whole

The Puyallup River Watershed: 57 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Conclusion

Economy model to explicitly link the regional economy to the watershed. It can also be used to help guide advancements towards a sustainable green economy ďLJƐŚŝŌŝŶŐŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞ ŝĚĞĂůďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨĮǀĞĐĂƉŝƚĂůƐ͗ŶĂƚƵƌĂů͕ďƵŝůƚ͕ŚƵŵĂŶ͕ ƐŽĐŝĂůĂŶĚĮŶĂŶĐŝĂů͘

YƵĂŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚƌĂĚĞŽīƐĂŵŽŶŐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚŚƵŵĂŶǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐĂƌĞ now among the most pressing areas of concern in the Puyallup Watershed. Decision-makers in the watershed – government, tribal, business and others – can use the concepts and values presented in this ƐƚƵĚLJƚŽďĞŐŝŶŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƟŶŐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝŶƚŽ agency goals, metrics, indicators, assessments and ŐĞŶĞƌĂůŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ values should be considered when developing budgets ĂŶĚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͖ŐƌĂŶƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƐĞĐƵƌĞ ĨĞĚĞƌĂůĂŶĚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ͖ĞdžĂŵŝŶŝŶŐƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐĂŶĚ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͖ƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐĂŶĚĂůŝŐŶŝŶŐƚŽWƵŐĞƚ Sound health indicators, and development review and ƉĞƌŵŝƫŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐŝŶƌƵƌĂůĂƌĞĂƐ͘

tŚŝůĞƚŚŝƐƌĞƉŽƌƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ services in the Puyallup River Watershed and a ǁŚŽůĞǀŝĞǁŽĨƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ͕ŝƚŝƐŽŶůLJĂĮƌƐƚƐƚĞƉ in the process of developing policies, measures and indicators that support discussions about the ƚƌĂĚĞŽīƐŝŶŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƐŽĨƉƵďůŝĐĂŶĚƉƌŝǀĂƚĞŵŽŶĞLJ ƚŚĂƚƵůƟŵĂƚĞůLJƐŚĂƉĞƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵLJĨŽƌƚŚĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐƚŽĐŽŵĞ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 58 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Next steps recommended in this study include: Residents and decision-makers in the Puyallup Watershed have an excellent opportunity to begin ϭ͘ DĂƉĂŶĚǀĂůƵĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ developing policies, measures and indicators that ƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐ͘ŶĂůLJƐŝƐǁŽƵůĚĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŇŽŽĚƉůĂŝŶƐ ĐĂŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƚŚĞĚĂƚĂĂŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽ ĂůŽŶŐƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌǀĂůƵĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƚƌĂĚĞŽīƐĂŵŽŶŐ to land prices. Scenario studies could also ŵĂŶLJƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƐŽĨƉƵďůŝĐĂŶĚƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐďĞLJŽŶĚ ŵŽŶĞLJʹŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚƵůƟŵĂƚĞůLJĂīĞĐƚŚƵŵĂŶ ŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚďĞĞŶŚĂŶĐĞĚďLJ well-being. Seizing the opportunity and rising to the ƌĞƐƚŽƌŝŶŐƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůŇŽǁƐŽĨƚŚĞƌŝǀĞƌ͘ challenge will ensure a sustainable and desirable future for all Puyallup Watershed residents. Ϯ͘ ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞŵĂƉƉŝŶŐŽĨƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝĂƌŝĞƐĂŶĚƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶĞƌƐ͘ Using ŚLJĚƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŵŽĚĞůƐĂŶĚ'/^ĚĂƚĂ͕ƐŽƉŚŝƐƟĐĂƚĞĚ ŵĂƉƐĐĂŶƐŚŽǁŐĞŽƐƉĂƟĂůůLJǁŚĞƌĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ or salmon habitat, are provisioned on the ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞĂŶĚǁŚŽŝƐďĞŶĞĮƟŶŐĨƌŽŵƚŚŽƐĞ services. Mapping can also show impairments to ecosystem services, such as features on the landscape that impact salmon habitat.

ϯ͘ &ƵŶĚŝŶŐŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƌĞǀŝĞǁ͘ŌĞƌŵŽĚĞůŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŇŽǁŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚ impairments across the landscape, funding mechanisms can be designed for green infrastructure investments. These investments ƚLJƉŝĐĂůůLJƌĞĚƵĐĞƚĂdžƐƉĞŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ designed to address a single problem, such as ŇŽŽĚƌŝƐŬƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚŝŶƐƚĞĂĚŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŶĂƐƵŝƚĞ of ecosystem services for maximum economic returns.

The Puyallup River Watershed: 59 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ PHOTO CREDITS

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The Puyallup River Watershed: 60 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ ƉƉĞŶĚŝdž͗ZĞƉŽƌƚZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ

ůŝŐ͕Z͕͘ĂŶĚ͘WůĂŶƟŐĂϮϬϬϰ͘&ƵƚƵƌĞĨŽƌĞƐƚůĂŶĚĂƌĞĂ͗ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐĨƌŽŵƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŐƌŽǁƚŚĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌ ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐƚŚĂƚĂīĞĐƚůĂŶĚǀĂůƵĞƐ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨ&ŽƌĞƐƚƌLJ͕ĞĐĞŵďĞƌϮϬϬϰ͗ϭϵͲϮϰ͘ǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂƚ͗ ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƌƵƌĂůƚĞĐŚ͘ŽƌŐͬƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐͬĨǁĂĨͬĮŶĂůͺƌĞƉŽƌƚͬƉĚĨƐͬϬϱͺ^ƚƵĚLJϰͺ>ĂŶĚŽŶǀ͘ƉĚĨ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚ EŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ ŵĞƌŝĐĂŶ&ŽƌĞƐƚƐ͘;ϭϵϵϴͿ͘ZĞŐŝŽŶĂůĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶĂƌĞĂ͗ĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶ the value of nature.tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͕͘͘ŵĞƌŝĐĂŶ&ŽƌĞƐƚƐ͘ǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂƚŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĂŵĞƌŝĐĂŶĨŽƌĞƐƚƐ͘ŽƌŐͬ ĚŽǁŶůŽĂĚƐͬƌĞĂͬ&ͺWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚ͘ƉĚĨ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚĞĐĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ ŶŝĞůƐŬŝ͕ϭϵϵϵ͘dŚĞ'ĞŶƵŝŶĞWƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ/ŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌʹWƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞĚƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŽĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐ͘ŶĐŽŵƉĂƐƐ͘ Available at: ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĂŶŝĞůƐŬŝ͘ĐŽŵͬŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƐͬŐƉŝͺĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐ͘ƉĚĨ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ njĂƌ͕͘ĂŶĚd͘^ƚĞƌŶĞƌ͘ϭϵϵϲ͘ŝƐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐĂŶĚĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨŐůŽďĂů ǁĂƌŵŝŶŐ͕ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐ͕ϭϵ͗ϭϲϵͲϭϴϰ͘ ĂƌŶĞLJΘtŽƌƚŚ͕/ŶĐ͕͘'ůŽďĂůǁŝƐĞ͕/ŶĐ͕͘ϮϬϬϲ͘WƌĞƐĞƌǀŝŶŐ&ĂƌŵůĂŶĚĂŶĚ&ĂƌŵĞƌƐ͗WŝĞƌĐĞŽƵŶƚLJ Agriculture Strategic Plan, Summary Report. Prepared for the Pierce County Economic Development Division. ĂƚŬĞƌ͕͘<͕͘ĚĞůĂdŽƌƌĞ͕/͕͘ŽƐƚĂŶnjĂ͕Z͕͘^ǁĞĚĞĞŶ͕W͕͘ĂLJ͕:͕͘ŽƵŵĂŶƐ͕Z͕͘ĂŐƐƚĂĚ͕<͕͘ϮϬϭϬ͘'ĂŝŶŝŶŐ Ground. Wetlands, Hurricanes and the Economy: The Value of Restoring the Mississippi River Delta. Earth Economics, Tacoma, WA. ĂƚŬĞƌ͕͕͘<ŽĐŝĂŶ͕D͕͘DĐ&ĂĚĚĞŶ͕:͕͘^ĐŚŵŝĚƚ͕Z͕͘ϮϬϭϬ͘sĂůƵŝŶŐdŚĞWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚĂƐŝŶ͗ZĞǀĞĂůŝŶŐKƵƌ Best Investments. Earth Economics, Tacoma, WA, USA. ĞĞĐŚŝĞ͕d͘:͕͘DŽŝƌ,͕͘WĞƐƐ͕'͕͘ϮϬϬϴ͘,ŝĞƌĂƌĐŚŝĐĂůƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐŽŶƐĂůŵŽŶŝĚƐƉĂǁŶŝŶŐůŽĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ ƟŵŝŶŐ͘/Ŷ͗^ĞĂƌ͕ĞsƌŝĞƐW;ĞĚƐ͘Ϳ^ĂůŵŽŶŝĚ^ƉĂǁŶŝŶŐ,ĂďŝƚĂƚŝŶZŝǀĞƌƐ͗WŚLJƐŝĐĂůŽŶƚƌŽůƐ͕ŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ZĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐ͕ĂŶĚƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐƚŽZĞŵĞĚŝĂƟŽŶ͘ŵ&ŝƐŚ^ŽĐ͕^LJŵƉŽƐŝƵŵϲϱ͕ĞƚŚĞƐĚĂ͕DĂƌLJůĂŶĚ͘ ŝůďLJ͕Z͕͘͘͘t͘ĞĂĐŚ͕͘Z͘&ƌĂŶƐĞŶ͕:͘<͘tĂůƚĞƌ͕ĂŶĚW͘͘ŝƐƐŽŶ͘ϮϬϬϯ͘dƌĂŶƐĨĞƌŽĨŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐĨƌŽŵ ƐƉĂǁŶŝŶŐƐĂůŵŽŶƚŽƌŝƉĂƌŝĂŶǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶŝŶtĞƐƚĞƌŶtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͘dƌĂŶƐĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞŵĞƌŝĐĂŶ&ŝƐŚĞƌŝĞƐ ^ŽĐŝĞƚLJϭϯϮ͕ϳϯϯʹϳϰϱ͘ ŽƵŵĂŶƐ͕Z͕͘ŽƐƚĂŶnjĂ͕Z͕͘&ĂƌůĞLJ͕:͕͘tŝůƐŽŶ͕D͕͘͘WŽƌƚĞůĂ͕Z͕͘ZŽƚŵĂŶƐ͕:͕͘sŝůůĂ͕&͕͘'ƌĂƐƐŽ͕D͘ϮϬϬϮ͘ Modeling the dynamics of the integrated Earth system and the value of global ecosystem services using ƚŚĞ'hDKŵŽĚĞů͘ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐϰϭ͖ϱϮϵͲϱϲϬ͘ ĂƐŽůĂ͕:͕͘<ĂLJ͕:͕͘^ŶŽǀĞƌ͕͘<͕͘EŽƌŚĞŝŵ͕Z͕͘͘tŚŝƚĞůLJŝŶĚĞƌ͕>͕͘͘ůŝŵĂƚĞ/ŵƉĂĐƚƐ'ƌŽƵƉ͕ϮϬϬϱ͘ ůŝŵĂƚĞ/ŵƉĂĐƚƐŽŶtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͛Ɛ,LJĚƌŽƉŽǁĞƌ͕tĂƚĞƌ^ƵƉƉůLJ͕&ŽƌĞƐƚƐ͕&ŝƐŚ͕ĂŶĚŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͘ĞŶƚĞƌĨŽƌ ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ^LJƐƚĞŵ:ŽŝŶƚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞĨŽƌƚŚĞ^ƚƵĚLJŽĨƚŚĞƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚKĐĞĂŶ͕hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨ tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͕^ĞĂƩůĞ͕t͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 61 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ ,ϮD,/>>͕ϮϬϬϮ͘ƌĂŌĞĚĂƌdƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ&ĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͗ŽƐƚƐƟŵĂƚĞĨŽƌ&ŝůƚƌĂƟŽŶĚĚŝƟŽŶ͘WƌĞƉĂƌĞĚĨŽƌ ^ĞĂƩůĞWƵďůŝĐhƟůŝƟĞƐ͘ ĞŶƚĞƌĨŽƌŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕&ƌŝĞŶĚƐŽĨƚŚĞ^ĂŶ:ƵĂŶƐ͕ϮϬϬϱ͘dŚĞWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚĂƐŝŶ͗ŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ Assessment. Available at ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƐĂŶũƵĂŶƐ͘ŽƌŐͬƉĚĨͺĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚͬWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚĂƐŝŶŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͘ƉĚĨ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚ EŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ Center for Columbia River History, 2010. Boldt Decision. Available at ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĐĐƌŚ͘ŽƌŐͬĐŽŵŵͬƌŝǀĞƌͬ legal/boldt.htm;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ ŚĂŶŐ͕͘d͕͘͘:͘>͘&ŽƐƚĞƌ͕W͘'ůŽĞƌƐĞŶ͕t͘:͘ĂŵƉďĞůů͕͘'͘:ŽƐďĞƌŐĞƌ͕͘ZĂŶŐŽĂŶĚ͘&͘ĂŶĞƐ͘ϭϵϴϳ͘ ƐƟŵĂƟŶŐƐŶŽǁƉĂĐŬƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐŝŶƚŚĞŽůŽƌĂĚŽZŝǀĞƌďĂƐŝŶ͘/Ŷ͗WƌŽĐ͘>ĂƌŐĞ^ĐĂůĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨ^ĞĂƐŽŶĂů ^ŶŽǁŽǀĞƌ͕/,^WƵď͘EŽ͘ϭϲϲ͕ϯϰϯͲϯϱϯ͘ ŚĂƉŝŶ͕&͘^͘/͕͘ĂǀĂůĞƚĂ͕͘^͕͘ǀŝŶĞƌ͕s͘d͕͘EĂLJůŽƌ͕Z͘>͕͘sŝƚŽƵƐĞŬ͕W͘D͕͘ZĞLJŶŽůĚƐ͕,͘>͕͘,ŽŽƉĞƌ͕͘h͕͘ >ĂǀŽƌĞů͕^͕͘^ĂůĂ͕K͕͘͘,ŽďďŝĞ͕^͕͘͘DĂĐŬ͕D͕͘͘ŝĂnj͕^͕͘ϮϬϬϬ͘ŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐŽĨĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘ EĂƚƵƌĞϰϬϱ͕ϮϯϰͲϮϰϮ͘ CityData, 2010. Tacoma: History. Available at: ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĐŝƚLJͲĚĂƚĂ͘ĐŽŵͬƵƐͲĐŝƟĞƐͬdŚĞͲtĞƐƚͬdĂĐŽŵĂͲ History.html;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ ŝƚLJŽĨWƵLJĂůůƵƉ͕ϮϬϬϴ͘ŶŶƵĂůtĂƚĞƌYƵĂůŝƚLJZĞƉŽƌƚ͗tĂƚĞƌdĞƐƟŶŐWĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚŝŶϮϬϬϳ͘ǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂƚ͗ ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĐŝƚLJŽĨƉƵLJĂůůƵƉ͘ŽƌŐͬĮůĞƐͬůŝďƌĂƌLJͬĨϲĐϬďĐϱĐϬϭĞϲďĞĚď͘ƉĚĨ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ ŝƚLJŽĨdĂĐŽŵĂ͕ϮϬϭϬ͘dŚĞĂ&ŽƐƐtĂƚĞƌǁĂLJůĞĂŶƵƉ͘ǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂƚ͗ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĐŝƚLJŽŌĂĐŽŵĂ͘ŽƌŐͬWĂŐĞ͘ ĂƐƉdž͍ŚŝĚсϵϯϵ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ ůŝŵĂƚĞ/ŵƉĂĐƚƐ'ƌŽƵƉ͕ϮϬϬϵ͘dŚĞtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞ/ŵƉĂĐƚƐƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͕D͘DĐ'ƵŝƌĞ ůƐŶĞƌ͕:͘>ŝƩĞůů͕ĂŶĚ>tŚŝƚĞůLJŝŶĚĞƌ;ĞĚƐͿ͘ĞŶƚĞƌĨŽƌ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ^LJƐƚĞŵ͕:ŽŝŶƚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ^ƚƵĚLJŽĨƚŚĞƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚKĐĞĂŶƐ͕hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͕^ĞĂƩůĞ͕tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͘ǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂƚ͗ ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĐƐĞƐ͘ǁĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͘ĞĚƵͬĚďͬƉĚĨͬǁĂĐĐŝĂƌĞƉŽƌƚϲϴϭ͘ƉĚĨ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ ŽƐƚĂŶnjĂ͕Z͕͘Ě͛ƌŐĞ͕Z͕͘ĚĞ'ƌŽŽƚ͕Z͕͘&ĂƌďĞƌ͕^͕͘'ƌĂƐƐŽ͕D͕͘,ĂŶŶŽŶ͕͕͘>ŝŵďƵƌŐ͕<͕͘EĂĞĞŵ͕^͕͘K͛EĞŝůů͕ Z͘s͕͘WĂƌƵĞůŽ͕:͕͘ZĂƐŬŝŶ͕Z͘'͕͘^ƵƩŽŶ͕W͕͘ǀĂŶĚĞŶĞůƚ͕D͕͘ϭϵϵϳ͘dŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͛ƐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚŶĂƚƵƌĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂů͘EĂƚƵƌĞϯϴϳ͕ϮϱϯͲϮϲϬ͘ ŽƐƚĂŶnjĂ͕Z͕͘tĂŝŐŶĞƌ͕>͕͘&ŽůŬĞ͕͕͘DĂůĞƌ͕<͕͘ϭϵϵϯ͘DŽĚĞůŝŶŐŽŵƉůĞdž^LJƐƚĞŵƐ͘ŝŽƐĐŝĞŶĐĞϰϯ͖ϱϰϱͲ 555. Available at: ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘Ƶǀŵ͘ĞĚƵͬŐŝĞĞͬĂƌƚŚ/ŶĐͬƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐͬŽƐƚĂŶnjĂ͕йϮϬtĂŝŶŐĞƌйϮϬĞƚйϮϬ Ăů͘йϮϬϭϵϵϯ͘ƉĚĨ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ ŽƐƚĂŶnjĂ͕Z͕͘WĞƌĞnjͲDĂƋƵĞŽ͕K͕͘DĂƌƟŶĞnj͕D͘>͕͘^ƵƩŽŶ͕W͕͘ŶĚĞƌƐŽŶ͕^͕͘DƵůĚĞƌ͕<͕͘ϮϬϬϴ͘dŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ ĐŽĂƐƚĂůǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐĨŽƌŚƵƌƌŝĐĂŶĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͘ŵďŝŽϯϳ͖ϮϰϭͲϮϰϴ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 62 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ njƵďĂ͕:͕͘͘njƵďĂ͕͘Z͕͘DĂŐŝƌů͕͘^͕͘sŽƐƐ͕&͕͘͘ϮϬϭϬ͕ŚĂŶŶĞůͲĐŽŶǀĞLJĂŶĐĞĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ͕ĐŚĂŶŶĞůĐŚĂŶŐĞ͕ and sediment transport in the lower Puyallup, White, and Carbon Rivers, western Washington: U.S. 'ĞŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ƵƌǀĞLJ^ĐŝĞŶƟĮĐ/ŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐZĞƉŽƌƚϮϬϭϬʹϱϮϰϬ͘ǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂƚ͗ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬƉƵďƐ͘ƵƐŐƐ͘ŐŽǀͬ ƐŝƌͬϮϬϭϬͬϱϮϰϬͬƉĚĨͬƐŝƌϮϬϭϬϱϮϰϬ͘ƉĚĨ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ ĂŝůLJ͕'͘͘;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͕ϭϵϵϳ͘EĂƚƵƌĞ͛Ɛ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͗^ŽĐŝĞƚĂůĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐĞŽŶEĂƚƵƌĂůĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͘/ƐůĂŶĚWƌĞƐƐ͕ Washington, D.C. ĂůLJ͕,͕͘͘&ĂƌůĞLJ͕:͘;ϮϬϬϰͿ͘ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐ͗WƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐĂŶĚƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͘ Washington, DC: Island Press. Ğ'ƌŽŽƚ͕Z͕͘tŝůƐŽŶ͕D͕͘͘ŽƵŵĂŶƐ͕Z͘D͘:͕͘ϮϬϬϮ͘ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ͕ŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͗ ůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ͕ĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶĂŶĚǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶŐƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐ͘ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐϰϭ͖ϯϵϯͲϰϬϴ͘ ŵďƌĞLJ͕^͕͘/ŶŬƉĞŶ͕͘ϭϵϵϴ͘EƵƚƌŝĞŶƚdƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚŝŶZŝǀĞƌƐŝŶWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚĂƐŝŶ͕tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶϭϵϴϬͲϭϵϵϯ͘ h͘^͘'ĞŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ƵƌǀĞLJtĂƚĞƌZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ/ŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶZĞƉŽƌƚ͘ Ŷƚƌŝdž͕ϮϬϭϬ͘ZŝǀĞƌƐ&ůŽŽĚ,ĂnjĂƌĚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚWůĂŶĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŶĂůLJƐŝƐ͘WƌĞƉĂƌĞĚĨŽƌ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞtĂƚĞƌ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ͕WŝĞƌĐĞŽƵŶƚLJWƵďůŝĐtŽƌŬƐĂŶĚhƟůŝƟĞƐ͕WŝĞƌĐĞŽƵŶƚLJ͘ &ĂƌůĞLJ͕:͕͘ϮϬϬϵ͘ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶdŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐ>ĞŶƐ͘ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚϮϮ͕ϭϯϵϵͲϭϰϬϴ͘ &ŝĐŬĞŶ͕Z͕͘͘>ĞtĂƌŶĞ͕͘W͕͘ϭϵϴϴ͘tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͗ĞŶƚĞŶŶŝĂů,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ͘tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶĞŶƚĞŶŶŝĂů Commission. 'ĂƌďĞƌ͕:͕͘ŽůůŝŶƐ͕ĂǀŝƐ͕ϭϵϵϮ͘/ŵƉĂĐƚƐŽĨƐƚƵĂƌŝŶĞĞŶƚŚŝĐůŐĂůWƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽŶŝƐƐŽůǀĞĚEƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚtĂƚĞƌYƵĂůŝƚLJŝŶzĂƋƵŝŶĂZŝǀĞƌƐƚƵĂƌLJ͕KƌĞŐŽŶ͘tĂƚĞƌZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞͲKƌĞŐŽŶ^ƚĂƚĞ University, Corvalis, OR. 'ĞŽŶŐŝŶĞĞƌƐ͕ϮϬϬϯ͘'ĞŽŵŽƌƉŚŝĐǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂŶŶĞůDŝŐƌĂƟŽŶŽŶĞŶĂůLJƐŝƐWƵLJĂůůƵƉ͕ĂƌďŽŶ ĂŶĚtŚŝƚĞZŝǀĞƌƐ͘WƌĞƉĂƌĞĚĨŽƌWŝĞƌĐĞŽƵŶƚLJWƵďůŝĐtŽƌŬƐĂŶĚhƟůŝƟĞƐŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕tĂƚĞƌ Programs Division Available at: ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĐŽ͘ƉŝĞƌĐĞ͘ǁĂ͘ƵƐͬdžŵůͬƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐͬŚŽŵĞͬĞŶǀŝƌŽŶͬǁĂƚĞƌͬĐŝƉͬ ĐŵnjͬDZĞƉŽƌƚWƵLJͲĂƌďͲtŚƚͲ&/E>͘ƉĚĨ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ 'ƵŶĚĞƌƐŽŶ͕>͘,͕͘,ŽůůŝŶŐ͕͘^͕͘ϮϬϬϮ͘ZĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĂĚĂƉƟǀĞĐLJĐůĞƐ͕ŝŶ͗'ƵŶĚĞƌƐŽŶ͕>͘,͕͘,ŽůůŝŶŐ͕͘^͘ ;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͕ϮϬϬϮ͘WĂŶĂƌĐŚLJ͗ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐŝŶŚƵŵĂŶĂŶĚŶĂƚƵƌĂůƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͘/ƐůĂŶĚWƌĞƐƐ͕ Washington DC. ,ĂďĞƌů͕,͕͘ƌď͕<͘,͕͘<ƌĂƵƐŵĂŶŶ͕&͕͘'ĂƵďĞ͕s͕͘ŽŶĚĞĂƵ͕͕͘WůƵƚnjĂƌ͕͕͘'ŝŶŐƌŝĐŚ͕^͕͘>ƵĐŚƚ͕t͕͘&ŝƐĐŚĞƌͲ <ŽǁĂůƐŬŝ͕D͕͘ϮϬϬϳ͘YƵĂŶƟĨLJŝŶŐĂŶĚŵĂƉƉŝŶŐƚŚĞŚƵŵĂŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞƚƉƌŝŵĂƌLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶ ĞĂƌƚŚ͛ƐƚĞƌƌĞƐƚƌŝĂůĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͘WƌŽĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƐŽĨƚŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂůĐĂĚĞŵLJŽĨ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞhŶŝƚĞĚ^ƚĂƚĞƐŽĨ ŵĞƌŝĐĂϭϬϰ͖ϭϮϵϰϮͲϭϮϵϰϳ͘ ,ĂŵůĞƚ͕͘&͕͘&ůƵŚĂƌƚLJ͕͕͘>ĞƩĞŶŵĂŝĞƌ͕͘W͕͘DĂŶƚƵĂ͕E͕͘DŝůĞƐ͕͕͘DŽƚĞ͕W͕͘tŚŝƚĞůLJŝŶĚĞƌ͕>͕͘ϮϬϬϭ͘ īĞĐƚƐŽĨůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞŽŶtĂƚĞƌZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞWĂĐŝĮĐEŽƌƚŚǁĞƐƚ͗/ŵƉĂĐƚƐĂŶĚWŽůŝĐLJ/ŵƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͘ JISAO Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington.

The Puyallup River Watershed: 63 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJůŝŶŬ͕ϮϬϭϬ͘dĂĐŽŵĂWƵďůŝĐhƟůŝƟĞƐ͘ǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂƚ͗ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJůŝŶŬ͘ŽƌŐͬŝŶĚĞdž͘ ĐĨŵ͍ŝƐƉůĂLJWĂŐĞсŽƵƚƉƵƚ͘ĐĨŵΘĮůĞͺŝĚсϱϬϮϱ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚ:ĂŶƵĂƌLJϮϬϭϭͿ͘ /ŶƚĞƌĂŐĞŶĐLJsĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶDĂƉƉŝŶŐWƌŽũĞĐƚϮϬϬϰ͘WƌŽũĞĐƚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŽƌƐ͗ƵƌĞĂƵŽĨ>ĂŶĚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕h͘^͘ &ŽƌĞƐƚ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ͕ĂŶĚh͘^͘&ŽƌĞƐƚ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞWĂĐŝĮĐEŽƌƚŚǁĞƐƚZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ^ƚĂƟŽŶ͘ǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂƚ͗ŌƉ͗ͬͬŌƉ͘ďůŵ͘ gov/pub/OR/gisweb/;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϭͿ͘ :ĂŐĞƌ͕,͘/͕͘ĂƌĚǁĞůů͕,͕͘͘^ĂůĞ͕D͘:͕͘ĞǀĞůŚŝŵĞƌ͕D͘^͕͘ŽƵƚĂŶƚ͕͕͘͘sĂŶtŝŶŬůĞ͕t͕͘ϭϵϵϳ͘DŽĚĞůŝŶŐ ƚŚĞůŝŶŬĂŐĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶŇŽǁŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƐĂůŵŽŶƌĞĐƌƵŝƚŵĞŶƚŝŶƌŝǀĞƌƐ͘ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůDŽĚĞůŝŶŐ͕ϭϬϯ͖ ϭϳϭʹϭϵϭ͘ :ŽŶĞƐ͕D͕͘͘Kƌƌ͕>͕͘͘ďďĞƌƚ͕:͕͘͘^ƵŵŝŽŬĂ͕^͘^͕͘ϭϵϵϵ͘'ƌŽƵŶĚͲtĂƚĞƌ,LJĚƌŽůŽŐLJŽĨƚŚĞdĂĐŽŵĂͲ WƵLJĂůůƵƉƌĞĂ͕WŝĞƌĐĞŽƵŶƚLJ͕tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͘h͘^͘'ĞŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ƵƌǀĞLJtĂƚĞƌZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ/ŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶƐ ZĞƉŽƌƚϵϵͲϰϬϭϯ͘WƌĞƉĂƌĞĚŝŶĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽůŽŐLJ͕dĂĐŽŵĂͲWŝĞƌĐĞ County Health Department, City of Puyallup, and City of Tacoma. U.S. Geological Survey, Tacoma, WA. <ĞƌǁŝŶ͕:͕͘ϭϵϵϵ͘^ĂůŵŽŶ,ĂďŝƚĂƚ>ŝŵŝƟŶŐ&ĂĐƚŽƌƐZĞƉŽƌƚĨŽƌƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌĂƐŝŶ;tĂƚĞƌZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ /ŶǀĞŶƚŽƌLJƌĞĂϭϬͿ͘tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ͕KůLJŵƉŝĂ͕tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͘ <ůŝŶĞ͕d͕͘͘:ƌ͕͘'ŽĞƌŝŶŐ͕:͘:͕͘DĂƚŚŝƐĞŶ͕K͕͘͘WŽĞ͕W͘,͕͘WĂƌŬĞƌ͕W͘>͕͘ϭϵϵϬ͘ZĞĐLJĐůŝŶŐŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĞĚƵƉƐƚƌĞĂŵďLJƌƵŶƐŽĨWĂĐŝĮĐƐĂůŵŽŶ͗/͘ĚϭϱEĂŶĚĚϭϯĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞŝŶ^ĂƐŚŝŶƌĞĞŬ͕ ƐŽƵƚŚĞĂƐƚĞƌŶůĂƐŬĂ͘ĂŶĂĚŝĂŶ:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨ&ŝƐŚĞƌŝĞƐĂŶĚƋƵĂƟĐ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐϰϳ͕ϭϯϲʹϭϰϰ͘ <ŽŶƌĂĚ͕͘W͕͘ϮϬϬϯ͘īĞĐƚƐŽĨƵƌďĂŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽŶŇŽŽĚƐ͘h͘^͘'ĞŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ƵƌǀĞLJ&ĂĐƚ^ŚĞĞƚ&^ͲϬϳϲͲ 03. >ĞƐĐŚŝŶĞ͕d͘D͕͘tĞůůŵĂŶ͕<͘&͕͘'ƌĞĞŶ͕d͘,͕͘ϭϵϵϳ͘dŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀĂůƵĞŽĨǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐ͗tĞƚůĂŶĚƐ͛ƌŽůĞŝŶ ŇŽŽĚƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶŝŶtĞƐƚĞƌŶtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͘WƌĞƉĂƌĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ^ƚĂƚĞĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽůŽŐLJ͕ Olympia, WA. >ŝĐŚƞŽƵƐĞ͕͕͘EĂǀĂƌƌĞƚĞ͕D͕͘ĞďĂĞŬĞ͕W͕͘ϮϬϬϵ͘^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͘^ƉƌŝŶŐĞƌ͕W^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐ͘ >ŝŵďƵƌŐ͕<͕͘͘K͛EĞŝůů͕Z͘s͕͘ŽƐƚĂŶnjĂ͕Z͕͘&ĂƌďĞƌ͕^͕͘ϮϬϬϮ͘ŽŵƉůĞdžƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĂŶĚǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ͘ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐϰϭ͖ϰϬϵͲϰϮϬ͘ >ŽǁĞƌWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ͕ϭϵϵϱ͘>ŽǁĞƌWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚĐƟŽŶWůĂŶ͘ Available at ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĐŽ͘ƉŝĞƌĐĞ͘ǁĂ͘ƵƐͬƉĐͬƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐͬŚŽŵĞͬĞŶǀŝƌŽŶͬǁĂƚĞƌͬƉƐͬǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚͬŵĂŝŶ͘Śƚŵ ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ DĂŐƵƌƌĂŶ͕͕͘͘ϭϵϴϴ͘ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJĂŶĚŝƚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚ͘WƌŝŶĐĞƚŽŶhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJWƌĞƐƐ͕WƌŝŶĐĞƚŽŶ͕ NJ.

The Puyallup River Watershed: 64 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ DĂŶƚƵĂ͕E͕͘dŽŚǀĞƌ͕/͕͘,ĂŵůĞƚ͕͕͘ϮϬϬϵ͘/ŵƉĂĐƚƐŽĨůŝŵĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĞŽŶ<ĞLJƐƉĞĐƚƐŽĨ&ƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌ ^ĂůŵŽŶ,ĂďŝƚĂƚŝŶtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ^ƚĂƚĞ͕ŝŶD͘DĐ'ƵŝƌĞůƐŶĞƌ͕:͘>ŝƩĞůů͕ĂŶĚ>tŚŝƚĞůLJŝŶĚĞƌ;ĞĚƐͿ͕dŚĞ Washington Climate Change Impacts Assessment. Climate Impacts Group. Center for Science in the ĂƌƚŚ^LJƐƚĞŵ͕:ŽŝŶƚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞĨŽƌƚŚĞ^ƚƵĚLJŽĨƚŚĞƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚKĐĞĂŶƐ͕hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͕ ^ĞĂƩůĞ͕tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͘ǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂƚ͗ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĐƐĞƐ͘ǁĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͘ĞĚƵͬĚďͬƉĚĨͬǁĂĐĐŝĂƌĞƉŽƌƚϲϴϭ͘ƉĚĨ ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ DĂƌĐŽƚ͕͘'͕͘ϮϬϬϲ͘,ĂďŝƚĂƚDŽĚĞůŝŶŐĨŽƌŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͘EŽƌƚŚǁĞƐƚĞƌŶEĂƚƵƌĂůŝƐƚ͘ϴϳ͖ϱϲͲ 65. DĂƌdž͕:͕͘ĂƌLJ͕͕͘:ĂĐŬƐŽŶ͕^͕͘DĐŽŶĂůĚ͕͕͘tĞƐĐŽƩ͕,͕͘ϭϵϵϵ͘dŚĞZĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉĞƚǁĞĞŶ^ŽŝůĂŶĚ Water How Soil Amendments and Compost Can Aid in Salmon Recovery. Washington Organic Recycling ŽƵŶĐŝů͕t͕h^͘ǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂƚ͗ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬĚĞƉƚƐ͘ǁĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͘ĞĚƵͬĐƵǁƌŵͬƉƵďůŝĐƚŶͬƐϰƐ͘ƉĚĨ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚ &ĞďƌƵĂƌLJϮϬϭϭͿ͘ DĂƐůŽǁ͕͘,͕͘ϭϵϰϯ͘ƚŚĞŽƌLJŽĨŚƵŵĂŶŵŽƟǀĂƟŽŶ͘WƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂůZĞǀŝĞǁ͕ϱϬ͕ϯϳϬͲϯϵϲ͘ Merz, J., Moyle, P., 2006. Salmon, wildlife and wine: marine-derived nutrients in human-dominated ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐŽĨĐĞŶƚƌĂůĂůŝĨŽƌŶŝĂ͘ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͘ DŽŽƌĞ͕Z͕͘͘tŽŶĚnjĞůů͕^͘D͕͘ϮϬϬϱ͘WŚLJƐŝĐĂůŚLJĚƌŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĨŽƌĞƐƚŚĂƌǀĞƐƟŶŐŝŶƚŚĞWĂĐŝĮĐ EŽƌƚŚǁĞƐƚ͗ƌĞǀŝĞǁ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƚŚĞŵĞƌŝĐĂŶtĂƚĞƌZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶϰϭ͕ϳϲϯͲϳϴϰ͘ EĂďŚĂŶ͕'͘W͕͘ƵĐŚŵĂŶŶ͕^͘>͕͘ϭϵϵϳ͘WŽůůŝŶĂƟŽŶƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͗ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͛ƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůŝŶŬƚŽǁŽƌůĚĨŽŽĚ ƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ŝŶ͗ĂŝůLJ͕'͘;Ě͘Ϳ͕EĂƚƵƌĞ͛Ɛ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͗ƐŽĐŝĞƚĂůĚĞƉĞŶĚĂŶĐĞŽŶŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͘/ƐůĂŶĚWƌĞƐƐ͕ Washington D.C. EĞǁĞůů͕Z͘'͘ĂŶĚt͘͘WŝnjĞƌ͘ϮϬϬϯ͘ŝƐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĚŝƐƚĂŶƚĨƵƚƵƌĞ͗ŚŽǁŵƵĐŚĚŽƵŶĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƌĂƚĞƐ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƐ͍:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐĂŶĚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ϰϲ͖ϱϮͲϳϭ͘ EŽƌŐĂĂƌĚ͕Z͕͘ŽƐƚĂŶnjĂ͕Z͕͘ƵŵďĞƌůĂŶĚ͕:͕͘ĂůLJ͕,͕͘'ŽŽĚůĂŶĚ͕Z͕͘ϮϬϬϳ͘Ŷ/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƚŽĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐ͘/Ŷ͗ŶĐLJĐůŽƉĞĚŝĂŽĨĂƌƚŚ͘ĚƐ͘ƵƚůĞƌ:͘ůĞǀĞůĂŶĚ;tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͕͗͘͘ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů /ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĂůŝƟŽŶ͕EĂƟŽŶĂůŽƵŶĐŝůĨŽƌ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚƚŚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚͿ͘΀&ŝƌƐƚƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ ŶĐLJĐůŽƉĞĚŝĂŽĨĂƌƚŚƵŐƵƐƚϵ͕ϮϬϬϳ͖>ĂƐƚƌĞǀŝƐĞĚ:ƵůLJϮϬ͕ϮϬϬϳ͘ǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂƚ͗ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĞŽĞĂƌƚŚ͘ŽƌŐͬ ĂƌƟĐůĞͬŶͺ/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶͺƚŽͺĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůͺĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐͺ;ĞͲŬͿ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ KĞƌŬĞ͕ϮϬϬϲ͘ƌŽƉůŽƐƐĞƐƚŽƉĞƐƚƐ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐ͘ϭϰϰ͖ϯϭͲϰϯ͘ Kƌƌ͕:͕͘͘s͘&ĂďƌLJ͕K͘ƵŵŽŶƚ͕ĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϬϱ͘ŶƚŚƌŽƉŽŐĞŶŝĐŽĐĞĂŶĂĐŝĚŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽǀĞƌƚŚĞƚǁĞŶƚLJͲĮƌƐƚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJĂŶĚŝƚƐŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶĐĂůĐŝĨLJŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƐ͘EĂƚƵƌĞϰϯϳ͗ϲϴϭͲϲϴϲ͘ WĂůŵƋƵŝƐƚ͕Z͘͘ϮϬϬϮ͘,ĞĚŽŶŝĐŵŽĚĞůƐ͘/Ŷ͕,ĂŶĚŬŽĨŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐ͘:ĞƌŽĞŶ ͘:͘D͘ǀĂĚĞŶĞƌŐŚ͕ĞĚ͘ĚǁĂƌĚůŐĂƌWƵďůŝƐŚŝŶŐ͕ŚĞůƚĞŶŚĂŵ͕h<͘ WĂƵůLJ͕͘ĂŶĚs͘ŚƌŝƐƚĞŶƐĞŶ͕ϭϵϵϱ͘WƌŝŵĂƌLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƐƵƐƚĂŝŶŐůŽďĂůĮƐŚĞƌŝĞƐ͘EĂƚƵƌĞ ϯϳϰ͗ϭϮϰϱͲϭϮϳϭ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 65 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ WŝĞƌĐĞŽƵŶƚLJWĂƌŬƐĂŶĚZĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ϮϬϭϬ͘>ĂŬĞdĂƉƉƐEŽƌƚŚWĂƌŬ͘ǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂƚ͗ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĐŽ͘ƉŝĞƌĐĞ͘ wa.us/pc/services/recreate/LakeTapps.htm;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ Wŝŵŵ͕^͘>͘ϮϬϬϭ͘^ĐŝĞŶƟƐƚƵĚŝƚƐƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ͘ZƵƚŐĞƌƐhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJWƌĞƐƐ͕EĞǁƌƵŶƐǁŝĐŬ͕EĞǁ:ĞƌƐĞLJ͘ WŽůŝƐ͕'͕͘͘ŶĚĞƌƐŽŶ͕t͕͘͘,Žůƚ͕Z͕͘͘ϭϵϵϳ͘dŽǁĂƌĚĂŶŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶŽĨůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞĂŶĚĨŽŽĚǁĞďĞĐŽůŽŐLJ͗ ƚŚĞĚLJŶĂŵŝĐƐŽĨƐƉĂƟĂůůLJƐƵďƐŝĚŝnjĞĚĨŽŽĚǁĞďƐ͘ŶŶƵĂůZĞǀŝĞǁŽĨĐŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚ^LJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐƐϮϴ͕ϮϴϵͲϯϭϲ͘ WŽǁĞƌ͕d͘D͘ϭϵϵϲ͘>ŽƐƚ>ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐĂŶĚ&ĂŝůĞĚĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ͘/ƐůĂŶĚWƌĞƐƐ͕tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͕͕͘͘ŽǀĞůŽ͕͕ and London. WƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚĐƟŽŶdĞĂŵ͘ϮϬϬϳ͘dŚĞ^ƚĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞ^ŽƵŶĚ͘dŚĞWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚĐƟŽŶdĞĂŵ͕KůLJŵƉŝĂ͕t͘ WƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚWĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ͕ϮϬϬϵ͘WƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚĐƟŽŶŐĞŶĚĂ͕ϮϬϬϴ;ϮϬϬϵhƉĚĂƚĞͿ͘ǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂƚ͗ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬ ǁǁǁ͘ƉƐƉ͘ǁĂ͘ŐŽǀͬĚŽǁŶůŽĂĚƐͬd/KEͺ'EͺϮϬϬϴͬĐƟŽŶͺŐĞŶĚĂ͘ƉĚĨ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ WƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚWĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĞŶƚĞƌ͕ϮϬϭϬ͘WƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚ&ĂĐƚƐ͘ǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂƚ͗ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ ƉƐƉĂƌĐŚŝǀĞƐ͘ĐŽŵͬƉƵŐĞƚͺƐŽƵŶĚͬƉƐĨĂĐƚƐ͘ŚƚŵηƚŽƵƌŝƐŵ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚĞĐĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ Puyallup Tribe of Indians, 2010. Historical Overview. Available at: ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬƉƵLJĂůůƵƉͲƚƌŝďĞ͘ĐŽŵͬŚŝƐƚŽƌLJͬ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůͺŽǀĞƌǀŝĞǁͬ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ ZŝƐĐŚ͕^͘:͕͘ŶĚŽǁ͕͕͘ůƟĞƌŝ͕D͕͘͘ϭϵϴϯ͘ŐƌŽĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJĂŶĚWĞƐƚŽŶƚƌŽů͗ĂƚĂ͕dĞŶƚĂƟǀĞ ŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶƐ͕ĂŶĚEĞǁZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŶƚŽŵŽůŽŐLJϭϮ͕ϲϮϱͲϲϮϵ͘ ^ŚĂƌĞĚ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJĨŽƌWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚ͕ϮϬϬϳ͘WƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚ^ĂůŵŽŶZĞĐŽǀĞƌLJWůĂŶ͕sŽůƵŵĞϭ͘ǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂƚ͗ ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƐŚĂƌĞĚƐĂůŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͘ŽƌŐͬƉůĂŶͬ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ ^ŚĂƌĞĚ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJĨŽƌWƵŐĞƚ^ŽƵŶĚ͕ϮϬϭϬ͘tĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚWƌŽĮůĞ͗^ĂůŵŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉͬtŚŝƚĞĂŶĚ Chambers/Clover Creek Watersheds. Available at ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƐŚĂƌĞĚƐĂůŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͘ŽƌŐͬǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚƐͬ watershed-puyallup.htm;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ ^ƉĂƐŚ͕͘>͕͘^ƚĂŐů͕^͕͘'ĞƚnjŶĞƌ͕D͕͘ϮϬϬϱ͘džƉůŽƌŝŶŐĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐĨŽƌĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ͘/Ŷ͕'ĞƚnjŶĞƌ͕ D͕͘͘>͘^ƉĂƐŚĂŶĚ^͘^ƚĂŐů͕ĞĚƐ͘ůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐĨŽƌŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůsĂůƵĂƟŽŶ͘ZŽƵƚůĞĚŐĞ͕>ŽŶĚŽŶĂŶĚEĞǁ zŽƌŬ͘ ^ƚĂŵĞƚƐ͕WĂƵů͘;ϮϬϬϱͿ͘DLJĐĞůŝƵŵZƵŶŶŝŶŐ͗,ŽǁDƵƐŚƌŽŽŵƐĂŶ,ĞůƉ^ĂǀĞƚŚĞtŽƌůĚ͘dĞŶ^ƉĞĞĚWƌĞƐƐ͘ ^ƵŵĂŝůĂ͕h͘Z͘ĂŶĚ͘tĂůƚĞƌƐ͘ϮϬϬϱ͘/ŶƚĞƌŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĚŝƐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐ͗ĂŶĞǁŝŶƚƵŝƟǀĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐϱϮ͗ϭϯϱͲϭϰϮ͘ ^LJǀŝƚƐŬŝ͕:͘W͘D͘Ğ͘Ă͕͘ϮϬϬϱ͘/ŵƉĂĐƚŽĨ,ƵŵĂŶƐŽŶƚŚĞ&ůƵdžŽĨdĞƌƌĞƐƚƌŝĂů^ĞĚŝŵĞŶƚƚŽƚŚĞ'ůŽďĂůŽĂƐƚĂů KĐĞĂŶ͘^ĐŝĞŶĐĞϯϬϴ͕ϯϳϲͲϯϴϬ͘ dĂĐŽŵĂtĂƚĞƌ͕ϮϬϬϴ͘WƌŽƚĞĐƚͬ^ĞƌǀĞzŽƵƌtĂƚĞƌϮϬϬϴ͘ǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂƚ͗ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ŵLJƚƉƵ͘ŽƌŐͬĮůĞƐͬůŝďƌĂƌLJͬ protect-serve-your.pdf;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 66 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Tacoma Water, 2008b. Green River Watershed Management Plan: Volume II. Available at: ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ ŵLJƚƉƵ͘ŽƌŐͬĮůĞƐͬůŝďƌĂƌLJͬǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚͲŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶĞƚͲƉůĂŶ͘ƉĚĨ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚ:ĂŶƵĂƌLJϮϬϭϭͿ͘ hŶŝƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶƐ͕ϮϬϬϬ͘tŽƌůĚWŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶWƌŽƐƉĞĐƚƐ͕ƚŚĞϮϬϬϬƌĞǀŝƐŝŽŶ͘sŽůƵŵĞ///͘ZĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚƵŐƵƐƚ ϮϬϭϬĨƌŽŵ͗ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƵŶ͘ŽƌŐͬĞƐĂͬƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶͬƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐͬǁƉƉϮϬϬϬͬĐŚĂƉƚĞƌϱ͘ƉĚĨ͘hŶŝƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶƐ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ͘ hŶŝƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶƐŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚWƌŽŐƌĂŵ͘ϮϬϬϱ͘dŚĞDŝůůĞŶŶŝƵŵĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͘ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĂŶĚ Human Well-being: Current Status and Trends, Volume 1. R. Hassan, R. Scholes, and N. Ash, eds. Island Press, Washington D.C., Covelo, CA, and London. University of Washington, 2010. Center for Urban Waters. Available at: ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƚĂĐŽŵĂ͘ washington.edu/urbanwaters/;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚĞĐĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ^ĐŚŽŽůŽĨ&ŽƌĞƐƚZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ϮϬϬϵ͘ZĞƚĞŶƟŽŶŽĨ,ŝŐŚͲsĂůƵĞĚ&ŽƌĞƐƚ>ĂŶĚƐ ĂƚZŝƐŬŽĨŽŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶƚŽEŽŶͲ&ŽƌĞƐƚhƐĞƐŝŶtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ^ƚĂƚĞ͘WƌĞƉĂƌĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ^ƚĂƚĞ Legislature and Washington Department of Natural Resources. hƉƉĞƌWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ͕ϮϬϬϮ͘hƉƉĞƌWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚĐƟŽŶWůĂŶ͘ǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂƚ ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĐŽ͘ƉŝĞƌĐĞ͘ǁĂ͘ƵƐͬƉĐͬƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐͬŚŽŵĞͬĞŶǀŝƌŽŶͬǁĂƚĞƌͬƉƐͬǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚͬŵĂŝŶ͘Śƚŵ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚ EŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ hŶŝƚĞĚ^ƚĂƚĞƐĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͘ϭϵϴϯ͘^Žŝů^ƵƌǀĞLJŽĨ^ŶŽŚŽŵŝƐŚŽƵŶƚLJƌĞĂ͕^Žŝů ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ;ŶŽǁƚŚĞEĂƚƵƌĂůZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞͿ͘ h͘^͘ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůWƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶŐĞŶĐLJ͕ϮϬϭϬ͘ŽŵŵĞŶĐĞŵĞŶƚĂLJͲEĞĂƌƐŚŽƌĞdŝĚĞŇĂƚƐ͘ǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂƚ͗ ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬLJŽƐĞŵŝƚĞ͘ĞƉĂ͘ŐŽǀͬƌϭϬͬĐůĞĂŶƵƉ͘ŶƐĨͬϳϳϴϬϮϰϵďĞϴĨϮϱϭϱϯϴϴϮϱϲϱϬĨϬϬϳϬďĚϴďͬĞϴĚϲϮϰϴϬϰϵϰĂĚϰϴϯϴ ϴϮϱϲϰĨϴϬϬϴϮĂϭĐϬ͊KƉĞŶŽĐƵŵĞŶƚ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ sŝƚŽƵƐĞŬ͕W͘D͕͘ŚƌůŝĐŚ͕W͘Z͕͘ŚƌůŝĐŚ͕͘,͕͘DĂƚƐŽŶ͕W͕͘͘ϭϵϴϲ͘,ƵŵĂŶƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞWƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨ WŚŽƚŽƐLJŶƚŚĞƐŝƐ͘ŝŽ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞϯϰ͕ϯϲϴͲϯϳϯ͘ tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽƵŶĐŝů͕ϮϬϬϳ͘tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͗^ƵƐƚĂŝŶŝŶŐŽƵƌ EĂƚƵƌĂů,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞĨŽƌ&ƵƚƵƌĞ'ĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͘ǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂƚ͗ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘ǁĂ͘ŐŽǀͬĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƐͬ tŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͘ƉĚĨ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘ tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ^ƚĂƚĞĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽůŽŐLJ͕ϭϵϴϬ͘WƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌĂƐŝŶ/ŶƐƚƌĞĂŵZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐWƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ WƌŽŐƌĂŵ/ŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐWƌŽƉŽƐĞĚĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞZƵůĞƐ;tĂƚĞƌZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ/ŶǀĞŶƚŽƌLJƌĞĂϭϬͿ͘tĂƚĞƌ ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞWŽůŝĐLJĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ^ĞĐƟŽŶtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ^ƚĂƚĞĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨĐŽůŽŐLJ͘ tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ^ƚĂƚĞĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨEĂƚƵƌĂůZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ϭϵϵϵ͘WƵLJĂůůƵƉZŝǀĞƌĞůƚĂƐƚƵĂƌLJ>ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ZĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶWůĂŶ͘ŝƚĞĚŝŶtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽƵŶĐŝů͕ϮϬϬϳ͘ tĂƚĞƌ^ƵƉƉůLJ&ŽƌƵŵ͕ϮϬϭϬ͘ZĞŐŝŽŶĂůtĂƚĞƌ^ƵƉƉůLJWƌŽĮůĞƐ͘ǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂƚ͗ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ ǁĂƚĞƌƐƵƉƉůLJĨŽƌƵŵ͘ŽƌŐͬƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůͲǁĂƚĞƌͲƐƵƉƉůLJͲƉƌŽĮůĞƐͬηƚĂĐŽŵĂ;ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬͿ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 67 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ tĞƐůĂǁƐŬŝ͕:͘D͕͘W͘s͘Z͘^ŶĞůŐƌŽǀĞ͕>͘͘>ĞǀŝŶ͕D͘͘ƵƐƚĞŶ͕Z͘d͘<ŶĞŝď͕d͘D͘/ůŝīĞ͕:͘Z͘'ĂƌĞLJ͕^͘:͘,ĂǁŬŝŶƐ͕ tŚŝƚůĂƚĐŚ͕Z͕͘͘ϮϬϬϰ͘DĂƌŝŶĞƐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚĂƌLJďŝŽƚĂĂƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌƐŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ŝŶ͗ ,Ăůů͕͘,͘;Ě͘Ϳ͕^ƵƐƚĂŝŶŝŶŐŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJĂŶĚĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝŶ^ŽŝůƐĂŶĚ^ĞĚŝŵĞŶƚƐ͘/ƐůĂŶĚWƌĞƐƐ͕ Washington D.C., Covelo, CA, London. tŝůůƐŽŶ͕D͘&͕͘ĂŶĚ<͘͘,ĂůƵƉŬĂ͘ϭϵϵϱ͘ŶĂĚƌŽŵŽƵƐĮƐŚĂƐŬĞLJƐƚŽŶĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŝŶǀĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŝŽůŽŐLJϵ͕ϰϴϵʹϰϵϳ͘ tŝƉŇŝ͕D͘^͕͘:͘W͘,ƵĚƐŽŶ͕:͘W͘ĂŽĞƩĞ͕ĂŶĚ͘d͘ŚĂůŽŶĞƌ͘ϮϬϬϯ͘DĂƌŝŶĞƐƵďƐŝĚŝĞƐŝŶĨƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͗ƐĂůŵŽŶĐĂƌĐĂƐƐĞƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞŐƌŽǁƚŚƌĂƚĞƐŽĨƐƚƌĞĂŵͲƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐĂůŵŽŶŝĚƐ͘dƌĂŶƐĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨ ŵĞƌŝĐĂŶ&ŝƐŚĞƌŝĞƐ^ŽĐŝĞƚLJϭϯϮ͕ϯϳϭʹϯϴϭ͘ tŝƉŇŝD^͕,ƵĚƐŽŶ:W͕ŚĂůŽŶĞƌd͕ĂŽƵĞƩĞ:W;ϭϵϵϵͿ/ŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨƐĂůŵŽŶƐƉĂǁŶĞƌĚĞŶƐŝƟĞƐŽŶƐƚƌĞĂŵ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĞĂƐƚůĂƐŬĂ͘ĂŶ:&ŝƐŚƋƵĂƚ^Đŝϱϲ͕ϭϲϬϬʹϭϲϭϭ͘ tŽƌůĚtŝůĚůŝĨĞ&ƵŶĚ͕ϮϬϬϴ͘>ŝǀŝŶŐWůĂŶĞƚZĞƉŽƌƚϮϬϬϴ͘tŽƌůĚtŝůĚůŝĨĞ&ƵŶĚ͕ŽŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ŽĐŝĞƚLJŽĨ >ŽŶĚŽŶ͕ĂŶĚ'ůŽďĂů&ŽŽƚƉƌŝŶƚEĞƚǁŽƌŬ͘ Worm, B., E.B. Barbier, et al. 2006. Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science ϯϭϰ͗ϳϴϳͲϳϵ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 68 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ ƉƉĞŶĚŝdž͘sĂůƵĞdƌĂŶƐĨĞƌ^ƚƵĚŝĞƐhƐĞĚ͗&ƵůůZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ

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The Puyallup River Watershed: 69 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ Ƶƌƚ͕K͘Z͘ĂŶĚ͘ƌĞǁĞƌ͘ϭϵϳϭ͘ƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞƚƐŽĐŝĂůďĞŶĞĮƚƐĨƌŽŵŽƵƚĚŽŽƌƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͘ ĐŽŶŽŵĞƚƌŝĐĂϯϵ͗ϴϭϯͲϴϮϳ͘ ĂŶĂĚŝĂŶhƌďĂŶ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ͘ϮϬϬϲ͘EĂƚƵƌĞŽƵŶƚƐ͗sĂůƵŝŶŐ^ŽƵƚŚĞƌŶKŶƚĂƌŝŽ͛ƐEĂƚƵƌĂů,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͘dŽƌŽŶƚŽ͕ ĂŶĂĚĂŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĐĂŶƵƌď͘ĐŽŵͬŵĞĚŝĂͬƉĚĨͬEĂƚƵƌĞͺŽƵŶƚƐͺƌƐĐŚƉĂƉĞƌͺ&/E>͘ ŽƉĞůĂŶĚ͕:͘,͕͘Z͘͘WŝĞůŬĞ͕ĂŶĚd͘'͘&͘<ŝƩĞů͘ϭϵϵϲ͘WŽƚĞŶƟĂůĐůŝŵĂƟĐŝŵƉĂĐƚƐŽĨǀĞŐĞƚĂƟŽŶĐŚĂŶŐĞ͗Ă ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůŵŽĚĞůŝŶŐƐƚƵĚLJ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨ'ĞŽƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ;ƐƵďŵŝƩĞĚͿ͘ ŽƌĚĞůů͕,͘<͘ĂŶĚ:͘͘ĞƌŐƐƚƌŽŵ͘ϭϵϵϯ͘ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶƵƐĞǀĂůƵĞƐĂŵŽŶŐĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞ ƌĞƐĞƌǀŽŝƌǁĂƚĞƌůĞǀĞůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐ͘tĂƚĞƌZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚϮϵ͗ϮϰϳͲϮϱϴ͘ ŽƐƚĂŶnjĂ͕Z͕͘Z͘ĚƌŐĞ͕Z͘ĚĞ'ƌŽŽƚ͕^͘&ĂƌďĞƌ͕D͘'ƌĂƐƐŽ͕͘,ĂŶŶŽŶ͕<͘>ŝŵďƵƌŐ͕^͘EĂĞĞŵ͕Z͘s͘KŶĞŝůů͕ :͘WĂƌƵĞůŽ͕Z͘'͘ZĂƐŬŝŶ͕W͘^ƵƩŽŶ͕ĂŶĚD͘ǀĂŶĚĞŶĞůƚ͘ϭϵϵϳ͘dŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͛ƐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚŶĂƚƵƌĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂů͘EĂƚƵƌĞϯϴϳ͗ϮϱϯͲϮϲϬ͘ ŽƐƚĂŶnjĂ͕Z͕͘tŝůƐŽŶD͕dƌŽLJ͕sŽŝŶŽǀ͕>ŝƵ^͕:͛͘ŐŽƐƟŶŽ͘ϮϬϬϲ͘dŚĞsĂůƵĞŽĨEĞǁ:ĞƌƐĞLJ͛Ɛ Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital. ƌĞĞů͕D͘ĂŶĚ:͘>ŽŽŵŝƐ͘ϭϵϵϮ͘ZĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞŽĨǁĂƚĞƌƚŽǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐŝŶƚŚĞ^ĂŶͲ:ŽĂƋƵŝŶsĂůůĞLJͲůŝŶŬĞĚ ŵƵůƟŶŽŵŝĂůůŽŐŝƚĂŶĚĐŽƵŶƚĚĂƚĂƚƌŝƉĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJŵŽĚĞůƐ͘tĂƚĞƌZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚϮϴ͗ϮϱϵϳͲϮϲϬϲ͘ ƌŽŬĞ͕<͕͘Z͘&ĂďŝĂŶ͕ĂŶĚ'͘ƌĞŶŶŝŵĂŶ͘ϭϵϴϲ͘ƐƟŵĂƟŶŐƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚǁĂƚĞƌͲƋƵĂůŝƚLJŝŶĂŶ ƵƌďĂŶƌŝǀĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů^LJƐƚĞŵƐϭϲ͗ϭϯͲϮϰ͘ ĂŶŝĞůƐŽŶ͕>͕͘d͘:͘,ŽďĂŶ͕'͘sĂŶŚŽƵƚǀĞŶ͕ĂŶĚ:͘͘tŚŝƚĞŚĞĂĚ͘ϭϵϵϱ͘DĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨůŽĐĂů ƉƵďůŝĐͲŐŽŽĚƐͲĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůͲƋƵĂůŝƚLJŝŶ'ĂƐƚŽŶŽƵŶƚLJ͕EŽƌƚŚͲĂƌŽůŝŶĂ͘ƉƉůŝĞĚĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐϮϳ͗ϭϮϱϯͲ 1260. Ğ'ƌŽŽƚ͕Z͘^͘ϭϵϵϮ͘&ƵŶĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĞ͗ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĞŝŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶŵĂŬŝŶŐ͘ŵƐƚĞƌĚĂŵ͗tŽůƚĞƌƐͲEŽŽƌĚŚŽī͘ ŽĚĚƐ͕t͘<͕͘<͘͘tŝůƐŽŶ͕Z͘>͘ZĞŚŵĞŝĞƌ͕'͘>͘<ŶŝŐŚƚ͕^͘tŝŐŐĂŵ͕:͘͘&ĂůŬĞ͕,͘:͘ĂůŐůĞŝƐŚ͕ĂŶĚ<͘E͘ ĞƌƚƌĂŶĚ͘ϮϬϬϴ͘ŽŵƉĂƌŝŶŐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚďLJƌĞƐƚŽƌĞĚĂŶĚŶĂƟǀĞůĂŶĚƐ͘ ŝŽ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞϱϴ;ϵͿ͗ϴϯϳͲϴϰϱ͘ ŽĚĚƐ͕t͘<͕͘<͘͘tŝůƐŽŶ͕Z͘>͘ZĞŚŵĞŝĞƌ͕'͘>͘<ŶŝŐŚƚ͕^͘tŝŐŐĂŵ͕:͘͘&ĂůŬĞ͕,͘:͘ĂůŐůĞŝƐŚ͕ĂŶĚ<͘E͘ ĞƌƚƌĂŶĚ͘ϮϬϬϴ͘ŽŵƉĂƌŝŶŐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚďLJƌĞƐƚŽƌĞĚĂŶĚŶĂƟǀĞůĂŶĚƐ͘ ŝŽ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞϱϴ;ϵͿ͗ϴϯϳͲϴϰϱ͘ ŽƐƐ͕͘Z͘ĂŶĚ^͘:͘dĂī͘ϭϵϵϲ͘dŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨǁĞƚůĂŶĚƚLJƉĞĂŶĚǁĞƚůĂŶĚƉƌŽdžŝŵŝƚLJŽŶƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ƉƌŽƉĞƌƚLJǀĂůƵĞƐ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐϮϭ͗ϭϮϬͲϭϮϵ͘ ƵĸĞůĚ͕:͘t͕͘͘:͘EĞŚĞƌ͕ĂŶĚd͘͘ƌŽǁŶ͘ϭϵϵϮ͘ZĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨŝŶƐƚƌĞĂŵŇŽǁͲĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƚŽ DŽŶƚĂŶĂŝŐ,ŽůĞĂŶĚŝƩĞƌƌŽŽƚZŝǀĞƌƐ͘tĂƚĞƌZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚϮϴ͗ϮϭϲϵͲϮϭϴϭ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 70 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ &ĂŶŬŚĂƵƐĞƌ͕^͕͘ĂŶĚ͘t͘WĞĂƌĐĞ͘ϭϵϵϰ͘dŚĞƐŽĐŝĂůĐŽƐƚƐŽĨŐƌĞĞŶŚŽƵƐĞͲŐĂƐĞŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐͲĂŶĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚ ǀĂůƵĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘ŶĞƌŐLJ:ŽƵƌŶĂůϭϱ͗ϭϱϳͲϭϴϰ͘ &ĂƌďĞƌ͕^͘ĂŶĚZ͘ŽƐƚĂŶnjĂ͘ϭϵϴϳ͘dŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀĂůƵĞŽĨǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚϮϰ͗ϰϭͲϱϭ͘ 'ĂƌďĞƌ͕:͘,͕͘:͘>͘ŽůůŝŶƐ͕ĂŶĚD͘t͘ĂǀŝƐ͘ϭϵϵϮ͘/ŵƉĂĐƚƐŽĨĞƐƚƵĂƌŝŶĞďĞŶƚŚŝĐĂůŐĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽŶ ĚŝƐƐŽůǀĞĚŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐĂŶĚǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚLJŝŶzĂƋƵŝŶĂZŝǀĞƌƐƚƵĂƌLJ͕KƌĞŐŽŶ͘tĂƚĞƌZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ͕ZĞƉŽƌƚtZZ/ͲϭϭϮ͕KƌĞŐŽŶ^ƚĂƚĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ŽƌǀĂůůŝƐ͘ 'ŝďďŽŶƐ͕͘͘ϭϵϴϲ͘dŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀĂůƵĞŽĨǁĂƚĞƌ͘ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞ&ƵƚƵƌĞ͕tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͘͘ 'ƌĂŵůŝĐŚ͕&͘t͘ϭϵϳϳ͘dŚĞĚĞŵĂŶĚĨŽƌĐůĞĂŶǁĂƚĞƌ͗ƚŚĞĐĂƐĞŽĨƚŚĞŚĂƌůĞƐZŝǀĞƌ͘EĂƟŽŶĂůdĂdž:ŽƵƌŶĂů ϳϳ;ϯϬͿ͗ϭϴϯͲϭϵϰ͘ 'ƌĞĞŶůĞLJ͕͕͘Z͘'͘tĂůƐŚ͕ĂŶĚZ͘͘zŽƵŶŐ͘ϭϵϴϭ͘KƉƟŽŶǀĂůƵĞ͗ĞŵƉŝƌŝĐĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĨƌŽŵĂĐĂƐĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͘dŚĞYƵĂƌƚĞƌůLJ:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐϵϲ;ϰͿ͗ϲϱϳͲϲϳϯ͘ ,ĂĞŶĞƌ͕D͘<͕͘ĂŶĚĚĂŵŽǁŝĐnj͕t͘>͘ϮϬϬϬ͘ZĞŐŝŽŶĂůĨŽƌĞƐƚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĂĐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐ͗ŶŽƌƚŚĞƌŶůďĞƌƚĂĐĂƐĞ ƐƚƵĚLJ͘ĂŶĂĚŝĂŶ:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨ&ŽƌĞƐƚZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚϯϬ;ϮͿ͗ϮϲϰͲϮϳϯ͘ ,ĂLJĞƐ͕<͘D͕͘d͘:͘dLJƌƌĞůů͕ĂŶĚ'͘ŶĚĞƌƐŽŶ͘ϭϵϵϮ͘ƐƟŵĂƟŶŐƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚLJŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶƚŚĞhƉƉĞƌEĂƌƌĂŐĂŶƐĞƩĂLJ͘DĂƌŝŶĞZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐϳ͗ϳϱͲϴϱ͘ ,ĞŶƌLJ͕Z͕͘Z͘>ĞLJ͕ĂŶĚW͘tĞůůĞ͘ϭϵϴϴ͘dŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀĂůƵĞŽĨǁĂƚĞƌƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͗ƚŚĞ>ĂŬĞĞŵŝĚũŝƐƵƌǀĞLJ͘ :ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƚŚĞDŝŶŶĞƐŽƚĂĐĂĚĞŵLJŽĨ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞϱϯ͗ϯϳͲϰϰ͘ ,ŽƵŐŶĞƌ͕͘ϮϬϬϲ͘ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐĞĞĚĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĂůƐĞƌǀŝĐĞŝŶƚŚĞ^ƚŽĐŬŚŽůŵEĂƟŽŶĂůhƌďĂŶWĂƌŬ͕ ^ǁĞĚĞŶ͘ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐϱϵ;ϯͿ͗ϯϲϰͲϯϳϰ͘ ,ŽǁĞ͕͘t͕͘ĂŶĚ<͘t͘ĂƐƚĞƌ͘ϭϵϳϭ͘/ŶƚĞƌďĂƐŝŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌŽĨǁĂƚĞƌ͗ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝƐƐƵĞƐĂŶĚŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ͘ ĂůƟŵŽƌĞ͗dŚĞ:ŽŚŶƐ,ŽƉŬŝŶƐWƌĞƐƐ͘ :ŽŚŶƐƚŽŶ͕Z͘:͕͘d͘͘'ƌŝŐĂůƵŶĂƐ͕:͘:͘KƉĂůƵĐŚ͕D͘DĂnjnjŽƩĂ͕ĂŶĚ:͘ŝĂŵĂŶƚĞĚĞƐ͘ϮϬϬϮ͘sĂůƵŝŶŐĞƐƚƵĂƌŝŶĞ resource services using economic and ecological models: the Peconic Estuary System study. Coastal DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚϯϬ͗ϰϳͲϲϱ͘ :ŽŶĞƐ͕K͘Z͕͘,͘s͘ĐŬ͕^͘:͘^ŵŝƚŚ͕'͘͘ŽůĞŵĂŶ͕ĂŶĚs͘>͘,ĂƵƐĞƌ͘ϭϵϴϱ͘ZƵŶŽī͕ƐŽŝů͕ĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚůŽƐƐĞƐ from rangeland and dry-farmed cropland in the southern high plains. Journal of Soil and Water ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶϭ͗ϭϲϭͲϭϲϰ͘ <ĂŚŶ͕:͘Z͘ĂŶĚZ͘͘ƵĞƌŐĞƌ͘ϭϵϵϰ͘sĂůƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐŽĨŵƵůƟƉůĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐŽĨ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĚĞƚĞƌŝŽƌĂƟŽŶͲƚŚĞĐĂƐĞŽĨƚŚĞEĞǁͲzŽƌŬ^ƚƌŝƉĞĚĂƐƐĮƐŚĞƌLJ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚϰϬ͗ϮϱϳͲϮϳϯ͘

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The Puyallup River Watershed: 72 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ DĂƚĞƐ͘t͕͘ZĞLJĞƐ͕:͘ϮϬϬϰ͘dŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀĂůƵĞŽĨEĞǁ:ĞƌƐĞLJƐƚĂƚĞƉĂƌŬƐĂŶĚĨŽƌĞƐƚƐ͘EĞǁ:ĞƌƐĞLJ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůWƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͘ DĂƚŚĞǁƐ͕>͘'͕͘&͘Z͘,ŽŵĂŶƐ͕ĂŶĚ<͘t͘ĂƐƚĞƌ͘ϮϬϬϮ͘ƐƟŵĂƟŶŐƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƉŚŽƐƉŚŽƌƵƐƉŽůůƵƟŽŶ ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶƐ͗ĂŶĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞDŝŶŶĞƐŽƚĂZŝǀĞƌ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨƚŚĞŵĞƌŝĐĂŶtĂƚĞƌZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ ϯϴ͗ϭϮϭϳͲϭϮϮϯ͘ DĂdžǁĞůů͕^ŝŵŽŶ͘ϭϵϵϰ͘sĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽĨƌƵƌĂůĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĐŽŶƟŶŐĞŶƚǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ ŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐLJ͗ĂĐĂƐĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨƚŚĞDĂƌƚƐŽŶsĂůĞŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ&ŽƌĞƐƚWƌŽũĞĐƚ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚϰϭ͗ϯϴϱͲϯϵϵ͘ DĐWŚĞƌƐŽŶ͕͘'͘ϭϵϵϮ͘ĐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐĨŽƌďĞŶĞĮƚƐĂŶĚĐŽƐƚƐŽĨƵƌďĂŶŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ͘>ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞĂŶĚhƌďĂŶ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐϮϮ͗ϰϭͲϱϭ͘ DĐWŚĞƌƐŽŶ͕͘'͕͘<͘/͘^ĐŽƩ͕ĂŶĚ:͘Z͘^ŝŵƉƐŽŶ͘ϭϵϵϴ͘ƐƟŵĂƟŶŐĐŽƐƚĞīĞĐƟǀĞŶĞƐƐŽĨƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů LJĂƌĚƚƌĞĞƐĨŽƌŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐĂŝƌƋƵĂůŝƚLJŝŶ^ĂĐƌĂŵĞŶƚŽ͕ĂůŝĨŽƌŶŝĂ͕ƵƐŝŶŐĞdžŝƐƟŶŐŵŽĚĞůƐ͘ƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚϯϮ͗ϳϱͲϴϰ͘ DƵůůĞŶ͕:͘<͘ĂŶĚ&͘͘DĞŶnj͘ϭϵϴϱ͘dŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂĐŝĚŝĮĐĂƟŽŶĚĂŵĂŐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀĂůƵĞŽĨƚŚĞ ĚŝƌŽŶĚĂĐŬ&ŝƐŚĞƌLJƚŽEĞǁͲzŽƌŬĂŶŐůĞƌƐ͘ŵĞƌŝĐĂŶ:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐϲϳ͗ϭϭϮͲϭϭϵ͘ KůĞǁŝůĞƌ͕E͘ϮϬϬϰ͘dŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂůŝŶƐĞƩůĞĚĂƌĞĂƐŽĨĂŶĂĚĂ͘ƵĐŬƐhŶůŝŵŝƚĞĚĂŶĂĚĂĂŶĚ ƚŚĞEĂƚƵƌĞŽŶƐĞƌǀĂŶĐLJŽĨĂŶĂĚĂ͘ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĚƵĐŬƐ͘ĐĂͬĂďŽƵƚĚƵĐͬŶĞǁƐͬĂƌĐŚŝǀĞƐͬƉĚĨͬŶĐĂƉŝƚĂů͘ƉĚĨ KƐƚĞƌ͕^͘ϭϵϳϳ͘^ƵƌǀĞLJƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽŶƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨǁĂƚĞƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶĂďĂƚĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞDĞƌƌŝŵĂĐĞZŝǀĞƌ ĂƐŝŶ͘tĂƚĞƌZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚϭϯ͗ϴϴϮͲϴϴϰ͘ WĂƚĞ͕:͕͘ĂŶĚ:͘>ŽŽŵŝƐ͘ϭϵϵϳ͘dŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞŽŶǁŝůůŝŶŐŶĞƐƐƚŽƉĂLJǀĂůƵĞƐ͗ĂĐĂƐĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨ ǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐĂŶĚƐĂůŵŽŶŝŶĂůŝĨŽƌŶŝĂ͘ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐϮϬ;ϯͿ͗ϭϵϵͲϮϬϳ͘ WĂƚƌŝĐŬ͕Z͕͘:͘&ůĞƚĐŚĞƌ͕^͘>ŽǀĞũŽLJ͕t͘sĂŶďĞĞŬ͕'͘,ŽůůŽǁĂLJ͕ĂŶĚ:͘ŝŶŬůĞLJ͘ϭϵϵϭ͘ƐƟŵĂƟŶŐƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐƚĂƌŐĞƚĞĚƉŽůůƵƚĂŶƚƐͲĂŶĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƚŽĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶǁĂƚĞƌͲƋƵĂůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞ ǀĂůƵĞŽĨƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂůĮƐŚŝŶŐ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨ WĞƌƌŝŶŐƐ͕͘ϭϵϵϱ͘ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘/Ŷ'ůŽďĂůŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͕ĞĚŝƚĞĚďLJZ͘d͘ tĂƚƐŽŶ͕s͘,͘,ĞLJǁŽŽĚ͕/͘ĂƐƚĞ͕͘ŝĂƐ͕Z͘'ĂŵĞnj͕d͘:ĂŶĞƚŽƐ͕t͘ZĞŝĚĂŶĚZ͘ZƵĂƌŬ͘hŶŝƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶƐ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ;hEWͿ͕WƌĞƐƐ^LJŶĚŝĐĂƚĞŽĨƚŚ WŝŵĞŶƚĞů͕͘ϭϵϵϴ͘ĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŝŶƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞŽĨDĂƌLJůĂŶĚ͘/ƚŚŝĐĂ͕Ez͗ŽƌŶĞůůhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ College of Agricultural and Life Sciences. WŝŵĞŶƚĞů͕͕͘͘,ĂƌǀĞLJ͕W͘ZĞƐŽƐƵĚĂƌŵŽ͕<͘^ŝŶĐůĂŝƌ͕͘<Ƶƌnj͕D͘DĐEĂŝƌ͕^͘ƌŝƐƚ͕W͘^ƉŚƉƌŝƚnj͕>͘&ŝƩŽŶ͕Z͘ ^ĂīŽƵƌŝ͕Z͘ůĂŝƌ͘ϭϵϵϱ͘ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŽƐƚƐŽĨ^ŽŝůƌŽƐŝŽŶĂŶĚŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĞŶĞĮƚƐ͘ ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞϮϲϳ͗ϭϭϭϳͲϭϭϮϯ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 73 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ WŝŵĞŶƚĞů͕͕͘͘tŝůƐŽŶ͕͘DĐƵůůƵŵ͕Z͘,ƵĂŶŐ͕W͘KǁĞŶ͕:͘&ůĂĐŬ͕Y͘dƌĂŶĚ͕d͘^ĂůƚŵĂŶ͕ĂŶĚ͘ůŝī͘ ϭϵϵϳ͘ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘ WŝƉĞƌ͕^͘ϭϵϵϳ͘ZŝŐŽŶĂůŝŵƉĂĐƚƐĂŶĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨǁĂƚĞƌͲďĂƐĞĚĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͗ĂŶĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞůĂĐŬ,ŝůůƐ ƌĞŐŝŽŶŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĂŬŽƚĂĂŶĚtLJŽŵŝŶŐ͘/ŵƉĂĐƚƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚϭϱ͗ϯϯϱͲϯϱϵ͘ WŽƐƚĞů͕^͕͘ĂŶĚ^͘ĂƌƉĞŶƚĞƌ͘ϭϵϵϳ͘&ƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘/ŶĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͗ƚŚĞŝƌŶĂƚƵƌĞ and value, edited by G. Daily. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. WƌŝŶĐĞ͕Z͘ĂŶĚ͘ŚŵĞĚ͘ϭϵϴϵ͘ƐƟŵĂƟŶŐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶďĞŶĞĮƚƐƵŶĚĞƌĐŽŶŐĞƐƟŽŶĂŶĚ ƵŶĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƚLJ͘͟:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨ>ĞŝƐƵƌĞZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚϮϭ͗ϲϭͲϳϲ͘ ZĞŝŶ͕&͘͘ϭϵϵϵ͘ŶĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨǀĞŐĞƚĂƟǀĞďƵīĞƌƐƚƌŝƉŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶͲĂƐĞƐƚƵĚLJ͗ůŬŚŽƌŶ ^ůŽƵŐŚ͕DŽŶƚĞƌĞLJĂLJ͕ĂůŝĨŽƌŶŝĂ͘ŽĂƐƚĂůDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚϮϳ͗ϯϳϳͲϯϵϬ͘ ZŝďĂƵĚŽ͕D͘ĂŶĚ͘:͘ƉƉ͘ϭϵϴϰ͘dŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĂŵƉůĞĚĞƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŝŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƚƌĂǀĞůĐŽƐƚ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƚŽĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͘>ĂŶĚĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐϲϬ͗ϯϵϳͲϰϬϯ͘ ZŝĐŚ͕W͘Z͘ĂŶĚ>͘:͘DŽĸƩ͘ϭϵϴϮ͘ĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƉŽůůƵƟŽŶͲĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽŶDĂƐƐĂĐŚƵƐĞƩƐ,ŽƵƐĂƚŽŶŝĐZŝǀĞƌͲĂ ŚĞĚŽŶŝĐƉƌŝĐŝŶŐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘tĂƚĞƌZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƵůůĞƟŶϭϴ͗ϭϬϯϯͲϭϬϯϳ͘ ZŽďŝŶƐŽŶ͕t͘^͕Z͘EŽǁŽŐƌŽĚnjŬŝ͕ĂŶĚZ͘͘DŽƌƐĞ͘ϭϵϴϵ͘dŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨŚŽŶĞLJďĞĞƐĂƐƉŽůůŝŶĂƚŽƌƐŽĨh^ ĐƌŽƉƐ͘ŵĞƌŝĐĂŶĞĞ:ŽƵƌŶĂůϭϮϵ;ϳͿ͗ϰϳϳͲϰϴϳ͘ ^ĂůĂ͕K͘͘ĂŶĚĨ͘D͘WĂƌƵĞůŽ͘ϭϵϵϳ͘ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝŶŐƌĂƐƐůĂŶĚƐ͘/ŶEĂƚƵƌĞ͛ƐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͗^ŽĐŝĞƚĂů ĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐĞŽŶŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͕ĞĚŝƚĞĚďLJ'͘͘ĂŝůLJ͕ϮϯϳͲϮϱϮ͘tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͕͗͘͘/ƐůĂŶĚWƌĞƐƐ͘ ^ĂŶĚĞƌƐ͕>͕͘͘Z͘'͘tĂůƐŚ͕ĂŶĚ:͘͘>ŽŽŵŝƐ͘ϭϵϵϬ͘dŽǁĂƌĚĞŵƉŝƌŝĐĂůĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůǀĂůƵĞŽĨ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐƌŝǀĞƌƐ͘tĂƚĞƌZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚϮϲ͗ϭϯϰϱͲϭϯϱϳ͘ ^ĂŶĚŚƵ͕,͘^͕͘tƌĂƩĞŶ͕^͕͘͘ƵůůĞŶ͕Z͕͘ĂŶĚĂƐĞ͕͘ϮϬϬϴ͘dŚĞĨƵƚƵƌĞŽĨĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ͗dŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝŶĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂůĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂƌĂďůĞůĂŶĚ͘ŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐϲϰ͗ϴϯϱͲϴϰϴ͘ ^ŚĂĨĞƌ͕͘>͕͘Z͘ĂƌůŝŶĞ͕Z͘t͘'ƵůĚŝŶ͕ĂŶĚ,͘<͘ŽƌĚĞůů͘ϭϵϵϯ͘ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂŵĞŶŝƚLJǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨǁŝůĚůŝĨĞͲϲ ĐĂƐĞͲƐƚƵĚŝĞƐŝŶWĞŶŶƐLJůǀĂŶŝĂ͘ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚϭϳ͗ϲϲϵͲϲϴϮ͘ ^ŚĂƌŵĂ͕E͘W͘ϭϵϵϮ͘DĂŶĂŐŝŶŐƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͛ƐĨŽƌĞƐƚƐ͗ůŽŽŬŝŶŐĨŽƌďĂůĂŶĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ƵďƵƋƵĞ͕/ŽǁĂ͗<ĞŶĚĂůůͬ,ƵŶƚWƵďůŝƐŚŝŶŐŽŵƉĂŶLJ͘ ^ŵŝƚŚt͘E͘ĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϬϭ͘ƐƟŵĂƚĞĚĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƐŽŝůĐĂƌďŽŶĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐŝŶ ĂŶĂĚĂ͘ĂŶĂĚŝĂŶ:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨ^Žŝů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞϴϭ͗ϮϮϭͲϮϮϳ͘ ^ŽƵƚŚǁŝĐŬ͕͘͘ĂŶĚ>͘^ŽƵƚŚǁŝĐŬ͘ϭϵϵϮ͘ƐƟŵĂƟŶŐƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀĂůƵĞŽĨŚŽŶĞLJͲďĞĞƐ;ŚLJŵĞŶŽƉƚĞƌĂ͕ ƉŝĚĂĞͿĂƐĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƉŽůůŝŶĂƚŽƌƐŝŶƚŚĞhŶŝƚĞĚ^ƚĂƚĞƐ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŶƚŽŵŽůŽŐLJϴϱ͗ϲϮϭͲϲϯϯ͘

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The Puyallup River Watershed: 83 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ ƉƉĞŶĚŝdž͘^ƚƵĚLJ>ŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐ dŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƚŚŝƐĮƌƐƚĂƩĞŵƉƚƚŽĂƐƐŝŐŶŵŽŶĞƚĂƌLJǀĂůƵĞƚŽƚŚĞĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƌĞŶĚĞƌĞĚďLJƚŚĞ WƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚŚĂǀĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂŶĚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚŝŵƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůĐĂƉŝƚĂů͘sĂůƵĂƟŽŶĞdžĞƌĐŝƐĞƐŚĂǀĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚŵƵƐƚďĞŶŽƚĞĚ͕ĂůƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƐĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚŶŽƚĚĞƚƌĂĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĐŽƌĞĮŶĚŝŶŐƚŚĂƚĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀĂůƵĞƚŽ ƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͘ĞŶĞĮƚƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀĂůƵĞŽĨĂŐŝǀĞŶĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐͿ from prior studies of that ecosystem type. Like any economic analysis, this methodology has strengths ĂŶĚǁĞĂŬŶĞƐƐĞƐ͘^ŽŵĞĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚƐĂŐĂŝŶƐƚďĞŶĞĮƚƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

1. ǀĞƌLJĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵŝƐƵŶŝƋƵĞ͖ƉĞƌͲĂĐƌĞǀĂůƵĞƐĚĞƌŝǀĞĚĨƌŽŵĂŶŽƚŚĞƌůŽĐĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞŝƌƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚƚŽƚŚĞ ecosystems being studied.

2. ǀĞŶǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƐŝŶŐůĞĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ͕ƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞƉĞƌĂĐƌĞĚĞƉĞŶĚƐŽŶƚŚĞƐŝnjĞŽĨƚŚĞĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ͖ŝŶŵŽƐƚ ĐĂƐĞƐ͕ĂƐƚŚĞƐŝnjĞĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐ͕ƚŚĞƉĞƌͲĂĐƌĞǀĂůƵĞŝƐĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĂŶĚǀŝĐĞǀĞƌƐĂ͘;/ŶƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů ƚĞƌŵƐ͕ƚŚĞŵĂƌŐŝŶĂůĐŽƐƚƉĞƌĂĐƌĞŝƐŐĞŶĞƌĂůůLJĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĂƐƚŚĞƋƵĂŶƟƚLJƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ ĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐ͖ĂƐŝŶŐůĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞŝƐŶŽƚƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂƐĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨŵĂƌŐŝŶĂůǀĂůƵĞƐͿ͘

3. 'ĂƚŚĞƌŝŶŐĂůůƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐǀĂůƵĞĨŽƌĞǀĞƌLJĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞ ƐƚƵĚLJĂƌĞĂŝƐŶŽƚĨĞĂƐŝďůĞ͘dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ƚŚĞ͞ƚƌƵĞ͟ǀĂůƵĞŽĨĂůůŽĨƚŚĞǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐ͕ĨŽƌĞƐƚƐ͕ƉĂƐƚƵƌĞůĂŶĚ͕ etc. in a large geographic area cannot be ascertained. In technical terms, we have far too few data ƉŽŝŶƚƐƚŽĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĂƌĞĂůŝƐƟĐĚĞŵĂŶĚĐƵƌǀĞŽƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĂĚĞŵĂŶĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶ͘

ϰ͘ dŽǀĂůƵĞĂůů͕ŽƌĂůĂƌŐĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ͕ŽĨƚŚĞĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐŝŶĂůĂƌŐĞŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂƌĞĂŝƐƋƵĞƐƟŽŶĂďůĞŝŶ ƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶŽĨĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞǀĂůƵĞ͖ǁĞĐĂŶŶŽƚĐŽŶĐĞŝǀĞŽĨĂƚƌĂŶƐĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚ ĂůůŽƌŵŽƐƚŽĨĂůĂƌŐĞĂƌĞĂ͛ƐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐǁŽƵůĚďĞďŽƵŐŚƚĂŶĚƐŽůĚ͘dŚŝƐĞŵƉŚĂƐŝnjĞƐƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐĨŽƌůĂƌŐĞĂƌĞĂƐ;ĂƐŽƉƉŽƐĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƵŶŝƚǀĂůƵĞƐƉĞƌĂĐƌĞͿĂƌĞŵŽƌĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĂďůĞ ƚŽŶĂƟŽŶĂůŝŶĐŽŵĞĂĐĐŽƵŶƚƐĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞƐĂŶĚŶŽƚĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞǀĂůƵĞƐ;,ŽǁĂƌƚŚΘ&ĂƌďĞƌ͕ϮϬϬϮͿ͘dŚĞƐĞ ĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞƐ;ŝ͘Ğ͘'WͿƌŽƵƟŶĞůLJŝŵƉƵƚĞǀĂůƵĞƐƚŽƉƵďůŝĐŐŽŽĚƐĨŽƌǁŚŝĐŚŶŽĐŽŶĐĞŝǀĂďůĞŵĂƌŬĞƚ ƚƌĂŶƐĂĐƟŽŶŝƐƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ͘dŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŽĨůĂƌŐĞŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂƌĞĂƐŝƐĐŽŵƉĂƌĂďůĞƚŽ ƚŚĞƐĞŬŝŶĚƐŽĨĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞƐ;ƐĞĞďĞůŽǁͿ͘

WƌŽƉŽŶĞŶƚƐŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚƐƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂŶĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐLJƚŚĂƚĂŵŽƵŶƚƐ ƚŽůŝŵŝƟŶŐǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƚŽĂƐŝŶŐůĞĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶĂƐŝŶŐůĞůŽĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŽŶůLJƵƐŝŶŐĚĂƚĂĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĞdžƉƌĞƐƐůLJ ĨŽƌƚŚĞƵŶŝƋƵĞĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵďĞŝŶŐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚ͕ǁŝƚŚŶŽĂƩĞŵƉƚƚŽĞdžƚƌĂƉŽůĂƚĞĨƌŽŵŽƚŚĞƌĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐŝŶ ŽƚŚĞƌůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ͘ŶĂƌĞĂǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƐŝnjĞĂŶĚůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚǁŝůůŵĂŬĞ ƚŚŝƐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŽǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶĞdžƚƌĞŵĞůLJĚŝĸĐƵůƚĂŶĚĐŽƐƚůLJ͘ZĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞĐƌŝƟƋƵĞƐĐĂŶďĞ ƐƵŵŵĂƌŝnjĞĚĂƐĨŽůůŽǁƐ;^ĞĞŽƐƚĂŶnjĂĞƚĂů͕͘ϭϵϵϴ͖ĂŶĚ,ŽǁĂƌƚŚĂŶĚ&ĂƌďĞƌ͕ϮϬϬϮĨŽƌŵŽƌĞĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶͿ͗

1. tŚŝůĞĞǀĞƌLJǁĞƚůĂŶĚ͕ĨŽƌĞƐƚŽƌŽƚŚĞƌĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵŝƐƵŶŝƋƵĞŝŶƐŽŵĞǁĂLJ͕ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐŽĨĂŐŝǀĞŶ ƚLJƉĞ͕ďLJƚŚĞŝƌĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ͕ŚĂǀĞŵĂŶLJƚŚŝŶŐƐŝŶĐŽŵŵŽŶ͘dŚĞƵƐĞŽĨĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞƐŝŶĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶŝƐŶŽŵŽƌĞĂŶĚŶŽůĞƐƐũƵƐƟĮĞĚƚŚĂŶƚŚĞŝƌƵƐĞŝŶŽƚŚĞƌŵĂĐƌŽĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƐ͖ĨŽƌ ŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƚĂƟƐƟĐƐƐƵĐŚĂƐ'ƌŽƐƐŽŵĞƐƟĐŽƌ'ƌŽƐƐ^ƚĂƚĞWƌŽĚƵĐƚ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 84 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ dŚŝƐƐƚƵĚLJ͛ƐĞƐƟŵĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͛ƐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝƐĂ ǀĂůŝĚĂŶĚƵƐĞĨƵů;ĂůďĞŝƚŝŵƉĞƌĨĞĐƚ͕ĂƐĂƌĞĂůůĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐͿďĂƐŝƐĨŽƌĂƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐĂŶĚ ĐŽŵƉĂƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘

2. dŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĂƟĂůŵŽĚĞůŝŶŐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƚŚĂƚǁĞƌĞĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚŝŶŽƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚŝĞƐĚŽŶŽƚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ an across-the-board claim that the per-acre value of forest or agricultural land depends on the size of the parcel. While the claim does appear to hold for nutrient cycling and other services, the ŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŚŽůĚƐƵƉĨĂŝƌůLJǁĞůůĨŽƌǁŚĂƚĞĐŽůŽŐŝƐƚƐĐĂůů͞ŶĞƚƉƌŝŵĂƌLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ͟ŽƌEWW͕ ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĂŵĂũŽƌŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵŚĞĂůƚŚ͘/ƚŚĂƐƚŚĞƐĂŵĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ͕ďLJŝŵƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͕ŽĨƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ƟĞĚƚŽEWWʹǁŚĞƌĞĞĂĐŚĂĐƌĞŵĂŬĞƐĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞǁŚŽůĞƌĞŐĂƌĚůĞƐƐŽĨ ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌŝƚŝƐƉĂƌƚŽĨĂůĂƌŐĞƉůŽƚŽĨůĂŶĚŽƌĂƐŵĂůůŽŶĞ͘dŚŝƐĂƌĞĂŽĨŝŶƋƵŝƌLJŶĞĞĚƐĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ ďƵƚĨŽƌƚŚĞŵŽƐƚƉĂƌƚƚŚĞĂƐƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ;ƚŚĂƚĂǀĞƌĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞŝƐĂƌĞĂƐŽŶĂďůĞƉƌŽdžLJĨŽƌŵĂƌŐŝŶĂůǀĂůƵĞͿ ŝƐĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞĨŽƌĂĮƌƐƚĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƟŽŶ͘ůƐŽ͕ĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉĂƌĐĞůƐŝnjĞƐĞdžŝƐƚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJ site, and marginal value will average out.

3. ƐĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚŚĞƌĞ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŝŽƌƐƚƵĚŝĞƐǁĞĂŶĂůLJnjĞĚĞŶĐŽŵƉĂƐƐĂǁŝĚĞǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨƟŵĞƉĞƌŝŽĚƐ͕ ŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂƌĞĂƐ͕ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚŽƌƐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJƟĐŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ͘DĂŶLJŽĨƚŚĞŵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚ ǀĂůƵĞƐƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƐŝŶŐůĞͲƉŽŝŶƚĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐ͘dŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐƚƵĚLJƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞƐƚŚŝƐǀĂƌŝĂŶĐĞ͖ŶŽƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ ǁĞƌĞƌĞŵŽǀĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞďĞĐĂƵƐĞƚŚĞŝƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚǀĂůƵĞƐǁĞƌĞĚĞĞŵĞĚƚŽďĞ͞ƚŽŽŚŝŐŚ͟Žƌ ͞ƚŽŽůŽǁ͘͟>ŝŵŝƚĞĚƐĞŶƐŝƟǀŝƚLJĂŶĂůLJƐĞƐǁĞƌĞĂůƐŽƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚ͘dŚĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚŝƐƐŝŵŝůĂƌƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĂƐŬŝŶŐƉƌŝĐĞĨŽƌĂƉŝĞĐĞŽĨůĂŶĚďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŝĐĞƐĨŽƌĐŽŵƉĂƌĂďůĞƉĂƌĐĞůƐ͖ĞǀĞŶƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚĞ ƉƌŽƉĞƌƚLJďĞŝŶŐƐŽůĚŝƐƵŶŝƋƵĞ͕ƌĞĂůƚŽƌƐĂŶĚůĞŶĚĞƌƐĨĞĞůũƵƐƟĮĞĚŝŶĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƚŚŝƐƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƚŽƚŚĞ extent of publicizing a single asking price rather than a price range.

ϰ͘ dŚĞŽďũĞĐƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĞǀĞŶĂŶŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƌLJĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞƚƌĂŶƐĂĐƟŽŶǁĂƐŵĂĚĞŝŶƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ ƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJďLJŽƐƚĂŶnjĂĞƚĂů͘;ϭϵϵϳͿŽĨƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨĂůůŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͛ƐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͘>ĞĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĂƚ ĚĞďĂƚĞĂƐŝĚĞ͕ŽŶĞĐĂŶĐŽŶĐĞŝǀĞŽĨĂŶĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞƚƌĂŶƐĂĐƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ĂůůŽƌĂůĂƌŐĞ ƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨĂǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚǁĂƐƐŽůĚĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐŽƚŚĂƚƚŚĞďĂƐŝĐƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĂŶ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀĂůƵĞƌĞŇĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞǀĂůƵĞ͕ĐŽƵůĚďĞƐĂƟƐĮĞĚ͘ǀĞŶƚŚŝƐŝƐŶŽƚŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJŝĨŽŶĞ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝnjĞƐƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉƵƌƉŽƐĞŽĨǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶĂƚƚŚŝƐƐĐĂůĞʹĂƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƚŚĂƚŝƐŵŽƌĞĂŶĂůŽŐŽƵƐƚŽ ŶĂƟŽŶĂůŝŶĐŽŵĞĂĐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐƚŚĂŶƚŽĞƐƟŵĂƟŶŐĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞǀĂůƵĞƐ;,ŽǁĂƌƚŚĂŶĚ&ĂƌďĞƌϮϬϬϮͿ͘

In this report we have displayed our study results in a way that allows one to appreciate the range ŽĨǀĂůƵĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ͘/ƚŝƐĐůĞĂƌĨƌŽŵŝŶƐƉĞĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĂďůĞƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĮŶĂůĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐĂƌĞ ŶŽƚĞdžƚƌĞŵĞůLJƉƌĞĐŝƐĞ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞLJĂƌĞŵƵĐŚďĞƩĞƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐƚŚĂŶƚŚĞĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞŽĨĂƐƐƵŵŝŶŐ ƚŚĂƚĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŚĂǀĞnjĞƌŽǀĂůƵĞ͕Žƌ͕ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞůLJ͕ŽĨĂƐƐƵŵŝŶŐƚŚĞLJŚĂǀĞŝŶĮŶŝƚĞǀĂůƵĞ͘ WƌĂŐŵĂƟĐĂůůLJ͕ŝŶĞƐƟŵĂƟŶŐƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ŝƚƐĞĞŵƐďĞƩĞƌƚŽďĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJƌŝŐŚƚ than precisely wrong. dŚĞĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚǀĂůƵĞŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͛ƐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚŝŶŽƐƚĂŶnjĂĞƚĂů͘;ϭϵϵϳͿ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶĐƌŝƟĐŝnjĞĚĂƐďŽƚŚ;ϭͿĂƐĞƌŝŽƵƐƵŶĚĞƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞŽĨŝŶĮŶŝƚLJĂŶĚ;ϮͿŝŵƉŽƐƐŝďůLJĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĞŶƟƌĞ 'ƌŽƐƐtŽƌůĚWƌŽĚƵĐƚ͘dŚĞƐĞŽďũĞĐƟŽŶƐƐĞĞŵƚŽďĞĚŝĸĐƵůƚƚŽƌĞĐŽŶĐŝůĞ͕ďƵƚƚŚĂƚŵĂLJŶŽƚďĞƐŽ͘:ƵƐƚĂƐ ĂŚƵŵĂŶůŝĨĞŝƐ͞ƉƌŝĐĞůĞƐƐ͟ƐŽĂƌĞĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͕LJĞƚƉĞŽƉůĞĂƌĞƉĂŝĚĨŽƌƚŚĞǁŽƌŬƚŚĞLJĚŽ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 85 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ That the value ecosystems provide to people exceeds the gross world product should, with ƐŽŵĞƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶ͕ŶŽƚďĞƐŽƐƵƌƉƌŝƐŝŶŐ͘ŽƐƚĂŶnjĂ͛ƐĞƐƟŵĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌŬƚŚĂƚĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĚŽŝƐĂŶ ƵŶĚĞƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞ͞ŝŶĮŶŝƚLJ͟ǀĂůƵĞŽĨƉƌŝĐĞůĞƐƐƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͕ďƵƚƚŚĂƚŝƐŶŽƚǁŚĂƚŚĞƐŽƵŐŚƚƚŽĞƐƟŵĂƚĞ͘ Consider the value of one ecosystem service, such as photosynthesis, and the ecosystem good it ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƐ͗ĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐŽdžLJŐĞŶ͘EĞŝƚŚĞƌŝƐǀĂůƵĞĚŝŶŽƐƚĂŶnjĂ͛ƐƐƚƵĚLJ͘'ŝǀĞŶƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶ breathable air and possessions, informal surveys have shown the choice of oxygen over material goods is unanimous. This indicates that the value of photosynthesis and atmospheric oxygen to people ĞdžĐĞĞĚƐƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨƚŚĞŐƌŽƐƐǁŽƌůĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚʹĂŶĚŽdžLJŐĞŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŝƐŽŶůLJĂƐŝŶŐůĞĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ service and good.

'ĞŶĞƌĂů>ŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐ

 ^ƚĂƟĐŶĂůLJƐŝƐ͘dŚŝƐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŝƐĂƐƚĂƟĐ͕ƉĂƌƟĂůĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬƚŚĂƚŝŐŶŽƌĞƐ ŝŶƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐŝĞƐĂŶĚĚLJŶĂŵŝĐƐ͕ƚŚŽƵŐŚŶĞǁĚLJŶĂŵŝĐŵŽĚĞůƐĂƌĞďĞŝŶŐĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ͘dŚĞĞīĞĐƚ ŽĨƚŚŝƐŽŵŝƐƐŝŽŶŽŶǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƐŝƐĚŝĸĐƵůƚƚŽĂƐƐĞƐƐ͘

 /ŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐŝŶ^ĐĂƌĐŝƚLJ͘dŚĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƐƉƌŽďĂďůLJƵŶĚĞƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐŚŝŌƐŝŶƚŚĞƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĚĞŵĂŶĚ curves as the sources of ecosystem services become more limited. The values of many ecological ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƌĂƉŝĚůLJŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĂƐƚŚĞLJďĞĐŽŵĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJƐĐĂƌĐĞ;ŽƵŵĂŶƐĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϬϮͿ͘/ĨƚŚĞ WƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͛ƐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂƌĞƐĐĂƌĐĞƌƚŚĂŶĂƐƐƵŵĞĚŚĞƌĞ͕ƚŚĞŝƌǀĂůƵĞŚĂƐďĞĞŶ ƵŶĚĞƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƚƵĚLJ͘^ƵĐŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶƐŝŶ͞ƐƵƉƉůLJ͟ĂƉƉĞĂƌůŝŬĞůLJĂƐůĂŶĚĐŽŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƉƌŽĐĞĞĚ͖ĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŵĂLJĂůƐŽĂĚǀĞƌƐĞůLJĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͕ĂůƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚĞ ƉƌĞĐŝƐĞŝŵƉĂĐƚƐĂƌĞŵŽƌĞĚŝĸĐƵůƚƚŽƉƌĞĚŝĐƚ͘

 džŝƐƚĞŶĐĞsĂůƵĞ͘ The approach does not fully include the infrastructure or existence value of ecosystems. It is well known that people value the existence of certain ecosystems, even if they ŶĞǀĞƌƉůĂŶƚŽƵƐĞŽƌďĞŶĞĮƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŵŝŶĂŶLJĚŝƌĞĐƚǁĂLJ͘ƐƟŵĂƚĞƐŽĨĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞǀĂůƵĞĂƌĞƌĂƌĞ͖ including this service will obviously increase the total values.

 KƚŚĞƌEŽŶͲĐŽŶŽŵŝĐsĂůƵĞƐ͘ Economic and existence values are not the sole decision-making ĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ͘dĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐĐĂůůĞĚŵƵůƟͲĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂƌĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůůLJŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌƐŽĐŝĂůĂŶĚƉŽůŝĐLJĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐ;ƐĞĞ:ĂŶƐƐĞŶĂŶĚDƵŶĚĂ͕ϮϬϬϮĂŶĚĚĞ DŽŶƟƐĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϬϱĨŽƌƌĞǀŝĞǁƐͿ͘,ĂǀŝŶŐĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƵƐƵĂůůLJ ŚĞůƉƐƚŚŝƐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐďĞĐĂƵƐĞƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůůLJ͕ŽŶůLJŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJĐŽƐƚƐŽĨĨŽƌŐŽŝŶŐĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽƌ ĞdžƉůŽŝƚĂƟŽŶĂƌĞĐŽƵŶƚĞĚĂŐĂŝŶƐƚŶŽŶͲƋƵĂŶƟĮĞĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐ͘

'/^>ŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐ

 '/^ĂƚĂ͘^ŝŶĐĞƚŚŝƐǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐƵƐŝŶŐďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚƐƚŽĂƐƐŝŐŶ values to land cover types based, in some cases, on their contextual surroundings, one of the ŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŝƐƐƵĞƐǁŝƚŚ'/^ƋƵĂůŝƚLJĂƐƐƵƌĂŶĐĞŝƐƌĞůŝĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞůĂŶĚĐŽǀĞƌŵĂƉƐƵƐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌ͕ďŽƚŚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĐĂůƉƌĞĐŝƐŝŽŶĂŶĚĂĐĐƵƌĂĐLJ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 86 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ - Accuracy: The source GIS layers are assumed to be accurate but may contain some minor inaccuracies due to land use change since the data was sourced, inaccurate satellite readings and other factors.

- Categorical Precision: The absence of certain GIS layers that matched the land cover ĐůĂƐƐĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĂƌƚŚĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞĐƌĞĂƚĞĚƚŚĞŶĞĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůƟƉůĞĚĂƚĂƐĞƚƐƚŽ ďĞĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕Ă͞ƌŝƉĂƌŝĂŶďƵīĞƌ͟ůĂLJĞƌǁĂƐŶŽƚŽďƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉ tĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͕ƐŽƚŚĞ͞ƌŝƉĂƌŝĂŶďƵīĞƌ͟ĐŽǀĞƌĐůĂƐƐǁĂƐĂƉƉůŝĞĚƚŽĂůůĨŽƌĞƐƚĂŶĚůĂLJĞƌƐ;ŝ͘Ğ͘ ĨŽƌĞƐƚĐŽǀĞƌͿǁŝƚŚŝŶϱϬĨĞĞƚŽĨƚŚĞZŝǀĞƌƐĂŶĚ>ĂŬĞƐůĂLJĞƌ;E>ŽĚĞϭϭŵŝŶƵƐƐƚƵĂƌLJͿ͘ dŚŝƐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐůŝŬĞůLJƚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƐŽŵĞŝŶĂĐĐƵƌĂĐŝĞƐŝŶĮŶĂůĂĐƌĞĂŐĞǀĂůƵĞƐĨŽƌĞĂĐŚůĂŶĚ ĐŽǀĞƌĐůĂƐƐĂŶĚƚŚƵƐĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞĮŶĂůĚŽůůĂƌǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚ͘

 ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ,ĞĂůƚŚ͘dŚĞƌĞŝƐƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƚŚĂƚĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ'/^ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂƌĞĨƵůůLJ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞLJĂƌĞĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐŚŝŐŚĞƌǀĂůƵĞƐƚŚĂŶƚŚŽƐĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚŝŶƚŚĞŽƌŝŐŝŶĂů ƉƌŝŵĂƌLJƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚǁŽƵůĚƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶĂŶƵŶĚĞƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞŽĨĐƵƌƌĞŶƚǀĂůƵĞ͘KŶƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌŚĂŶĚ͕ŝĨ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĂƌĞůĞƐƐŚĞĂůƚŚLJƚŚĂŶƚŚŽƐĞŝŶƉƌŝŵĂƌLJƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ͕ƚŚŝƐǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶǁŝůůŽǀĞƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ value.

 ^ƉĂƟĂůīĞĐƚƐ͘dŚŝƐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶĂƐƐƵŵĞƐƐƉĂƟĂůŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŝƚLJŽĨƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶ ecosystems, i.e. that every acre of forest produces the same ecosystem services. This is clearly ŶŽƚƚŚĞĐĂƐĞ͘tŚĞƚŚĞƌƚŚŝƐǁŽƵůĚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŽƌĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƐĚĞƉĞŶĚƐŽŶƚŚĞƐƉĂƟĂůƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ ĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ͘^ŽůǀŝŶŐƚŚŝƐĚŝĸĐƵůƚLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐƐƉĂƟĂůĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ͘DŽƌĞĞůĂďŽƌĂƚĞ systems dynamics studies of ecosystem services have shown that including interdependencies ĂŶĚĚLJŶĂŵŝĐƐůĞĂĚƐƚŽƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJŚŝŐŚĞƌǀĂůƵĞƐ;ŽƵŵĂŶƐĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϬϮͿ͕ĂƐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ service levels ripple throughout the economy.

ĞŶĞĮƚdƌĂŶƐĨĞƌͬĂƚĂďĂƐĞ>ŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐ

 /ŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐŽǀĞƌĂŐĞ͘ That not all ecosystems have been valued or studied well is perhaps the ŵŽƐƚƐĞƌŝŽƵƐŝƐƐƵĞ͕ďĞĐĂƵƐĞŝƚƌĞƐƵůƚƐŝŶĂƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚƵŶĚĞƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ services. More complete coverage would almost certainly increase the values shown in this report, ƐŝŶĐĞŶŽŬŶŽǁŶǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƐƚƵĚŝĞƐŚĂǀĞƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨnjĞƌŽŽƌůĞƐƐ͘dĂďůĞϱŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞƐ ǁŚŝĐŚĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐǁĞƌĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚŝŶƚŚĞWƵLJĂůůƵƉtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚĨŽƌĞĂĐŚůĂŶĚĐŽǀĞƌƚLJƉĞ͕ĂŶĚ which of those were valued.

 ^ĞůĞĐƟŽŶŝĂƐ͘ŝĂƐĐĂŶďĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĐŚŽŽƐŝŶŐƚŚĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ͕ĂƐŝŶĂŶLJĂƉƉƌĂŝƐĂů ŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐLJ͘dŚĞƵƐĞŽĨĂƌĂŶŐĞƉĂƌƟĂůůLJŵŝƟŐĂƚĞƐƚŚŝƐƉƌŽďůĞŵ͘

 ŽŶƐƵŵĞƌ^ƵƌƉůƵƐ͘ĞĐĂƵƐĞƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚŝƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĂǀĞƌĂŐĞƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶŵĂƌŐŝŶĂů ĐŽƐƚ͕ŝƚĐĂŶŶŽƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐŽĨĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌƐƵƌƉůƵƐ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚŝƐŵĞĂŶƐƚŚĂƚǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶĂǀĞƌĂŐĞƐĂƌĞŵŽƌĞůŝŬĞůLJƚŽƵŶĚĞƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƚŽƚĂůǀĂůƵĞ͘

The Puyallup River Watershed: 87 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ WƌŝŵĂƌLJ^ƚƵĚLJ>ŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐ

 tŝůůŝŶŐŶĞƐƐͲƚŽͲƉĂLJ>ŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐ͘DŽƐƚĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐĂƌĞďĂƐĞĚŽŶĐƵƌƌĞŶƚǁŝůůŝŶŐŶĞƐƐͲƚŽͲƉĂLJŽƌƉƌŽdžŝĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚďLJƉĞŽƉůĞ͛ƐƉĞƌĐĞƉƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞďĂƐĞ͘/ŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƉĞŽƉůĞ͛ƐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ďĂƐĞĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞŝƌǁĞůĨĂƌĞǁŽƵůĚĂůŵŽƐƚĐĞƌƚĂŝŶůLJ increase the values based on willingness-to-pay, as people would realize that ecosystems provided more services than they had previously known.

 WƌŝĐĞŝƐƚŽƌƟŽŶƐ͘ŝƐƚŽƌƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƉƌŝĐĞƐƵƐĞĚƚŽĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞǀĂůƵĞƐ ĂƌĞĐĂƌƌŝĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ͘dŚĞƐĞƉƌŝĐĞƐĚŽŶŽƚƌĞŇĞĐƚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůŝƟĞƐĂŶĚĂƌĞ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞĂŐĂŝŶůŝŬĞůLJƚŽďĞƵŶĚĞƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐŽĨƚƌƵĞǀĂůƵĞƐ͘

 EŽŶͲůŝŶĞĂƌͬdŚƌĞƐŚŽůĚīĞĐƚƐ͘dŚĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƐƐƵŵĞƐŵŽŽƚŚƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐƚŽĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ƋƵĂŶƟƚLJǁŝƚŚŶŽƚŚƌĞƐŚŽůĚƐŽƌĚŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƟĞƐ͘ƐƐƵŵŝŶŐ;ĂƐƐĞĞŵƐůŝŬĞůLJͿƚŚĂƚƐƵĐŚŐĂƉƐŽƌũƵŵƉƐ in the demand curve would move demand to higher levels than a smooth curve, the presence ŽĨƚŚƌĞƐŚŽůĚƐŽƌĚŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƟĞƐǁŽƵůĚůŝŬĞůLJƉƌŽĚƵĐĞŚŝŐŚĞƌǀĂůƵĞƐĨŽƌĂīĞĐƚĞĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ;>ŝŵďƵƌŐ ĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϬϮͿ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌ͕ŝĨĂĐƌŝƟĐĂůƚŚƌĞƐŚŽůĚŝƐƉĂƐƐĞĚ͕ǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶŵĂLJůĞĂǀĞƚŚĞŶŽƌŵĂůƐƉŚĞƌĞ ŽĨŵĂƌŐŝŶĂůĐŚĂŶŐĞĂŶĚůĂƌŐĞƌͲƐĐĂůĞƐŽĐŝĂůĂŶĚĞƚŚŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐĚŽŵŝŶĂƚĞ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐĂŶ ĞŶĚĂŶŐĞƌĞĚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐůŝƐƟŶŐ͘

 ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞhƐĞ>ĞǀĞůƐ͘dŚĞǀĂůƵĞĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐĂƌĞŶŽƚŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝůLJďĂƐĞĚŽŶƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞƵƐĞůĞǀĞůƐ͘ >ŝŵŝƟŶŐƵƐĞƚŽƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞůĞǀĞůƐǁŽƵůĚŝŵƉůLJŚŝŐŚĞƌǀĂůƵĞƐĨŽƌĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂƐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƟǀĞ supply of such services is reduced.

/ĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĂŶĚůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐǁĞƌĞĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĞĚ͕ƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚǁŽƵůĚŵŽƐƚůŝŬĞůLJďĞĂŶĂƌƌŽǁĞƌƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨǀĂůƵĞƐĂŶĚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJŚŝŐŚĞƌǀĂůƵĞƐŽǀĞƌĂůů͘ƚƚŚŝƐƉŽŝŶƚ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŝƚŝƐŝŵƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ more precisely how much the low and high values would change.

The Puyallup River Watershed: 88 ŶĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ ďŽƵƚĂƌƚŚĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐ

^ŝŶĐĞϭϵϵϴ͕ĂƌƚŚĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐƐĐŝĞŶĐĞͲďĂƐĞĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĨŽƌƐŽƵŶĚĂĐƟŽŶŝŶƉƌŽũĞĐƚĂŶĚ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĞīŽƌƚƐ͘tĞĂƉƉůLJĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞĂŶĚǁŚŽůĞƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƚŽĐŽŵƉůĞdž͕ŵƵůƟͲũƵƌŝƐĚŝĐƟŽŶĂůƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ ĂŶĚƵƐĞŽƵƌĮŶĚŝŶŐƐƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂĐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐĂŶĚĨƵŶĚŝŶŐŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĨŽƌƐŚŝŌŝŶŐŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ sustainable economies. By using systems modeling, GIS mapping and new science-based economic tools, combined ǁŝƚŚĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůĂŶĚĂĐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ͕ǁĞĂƌĞĂďůĞƚŽŚĞůƉĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶŵĂŬĞƌƐ͕ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐůĞĂĚĞƌƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐ recognize that intact ecosystems provide immense value to regional and local economies. We have a track record ŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĐĂƐĞƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ͕ƉŝůŽƟŶŐƚŽŽůƐĂŶĚĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶďĞĂĚĂƉƚĞĚĂŶĚĂƉƉůŝĞĚŶĂƟŽŶĂůůLJĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůůLJ͘tĞĂƌĞĂϱϬϭĐϯŶŽŶͲƉƌŽĮƚƉƌŽƵĚůLJďĂƐĞĚŝŶdĂĐŽŵĂ͕tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͘

DŝƐƐŝŽŶ^ƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚ͗

Earth Economics applies new economic tools and principles to meet challenges of the 21st century: achieving the ŶĞĞĚĨŽƌũƵƐƚĂŶĚĞƋƵŝƚĂďůĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͕ŚĞĂůƚŚLJĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͕ĂŶĚƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ͘

WƌŽŐƌĂŵtŽƌŬ͗  ͻ ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞsĂůƵĂƟŽŶƐ͗tŽƌŬŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƉƵďůŝĐ͕ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĂŶĚE'KĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ͕ĂƌƚŚĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐ͛ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵ ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞsĂůƵĂƟŽŶ;^sͿƐƚƵĚŝĞƐƋƵĂŶƟĨLJƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨƚŚĞŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚďLJƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͘ dŚŝƐǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶũƵƐƟĮĞƐƚŚĞƐŚŝŌŽĨŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƚŽǁĂƌĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚͬŽƌƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ͘

ͻ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů/ŵƉĂĐƚ^ƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ͗tŽƌŬŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐ͕ƉŽůŝĐLJŵĂŬĞƌƐĂŶĚƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƵůƟŶŐ ĮƌŵƐ͕ĂƌƚŚĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐũƵƐƟĮĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů economic analysis.

ͻ :ŽďƐŶĂůLJƐŝƐ͗tŽƌŬŝŶŐǁŝƚŚůŽĐĂůĂŶĚƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵŝƐƚƐ͕ĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ͕ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚũƵƌŝƐĚŝĐƟŽŶƐ͕ĂƌƚŚ Economics analyzes the jobs that will be created, maintained, or lost by doing or not doing a project.

ͻ ĐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐĂŶĚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͗tŽƌŬŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƉƵďůŝĐƵƟůŝƟĞƐ͕ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ͕ůĂƌŐĞůĂŶĚŽǁŶĞƌƐĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞƌƐ͕ĂƌƚŚĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐŝĚĞŶƟĮĞƐ͕ĂŶĚŚĞůƉƐĐůŝĞŶƚƐĂĚŽƉƚ͕ŶĞǁŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐƚŚĂƚǀĂůƵĞ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽďƵŝůƚŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚƌĂǁŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͘

ͻ Scenario Mapping and Modeling: Working with leading systems modelers, ecologists and hydrologists, ĂƌƚŚĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐĂŶĂůLJnjĞƐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐĨƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŝŶŐ͕ĐĂƌďŽŶƐĞƋƵĞƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ͕ŇŽŽĚ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͕ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJĂŶĚŚƵƌƌŝĐĂŶĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͘dŚŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚĂŶĚĨƵƚƵƌĞŵĂƉƐ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŝŶŐ͕ďĞŶĞĮĐŝĂƌŝĞƐĂŶĚĚĂŵĂŐĞƵŶĚĞƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐ͘

ͻ &ƵŶĚŝŶŐDĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĨŽƌŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚZĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ͗tŽƌŬŝŶŐǁŝƚŚůŽĐĂůĂŶĚƐƚĂƚĞũƵƌŝƐĚŝĐƟŽŶƐ͕ĂƌƚŚ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐĂƉƉůŝĞƐŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐƚŽĨƵŶĚĐƌŝƟĐĂůŶĂƚƵƌĂůŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶǁŽƌŬ͘

ͻ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůKƵƚƌĞĂĐŚ͗tŽƌŬŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƉŚŝůĂŶƚŚƌŽƉŝĐŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶƐ͕ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚƉŽůŝĐLJE'KƐ͕ƐĐŚŽŽůƐĂŶĚ public agencies, Earth Economics conducts workshops, lectures and media events to increase awareness about ecological economics.

ͻ Conversion to Sustainability: Working with the electronic recycling industry, paper mills and other industries, ĂƌƚŚĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐŚĞůƉƐĐĂƚĂůLJnjĞƚŚĞƐŚŝŌĨƌŽŵƵŶƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞƚŽƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͘

ͻ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌsĂůƵĂƟŽŶ^ƚƵĚŝĞƐ͗tŽƌŬŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐƐĨƌŽŵĂƌŽƵŶĚƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͕ĂƌƚŚĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĂůůLJ ƵƉŐƌĂĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞĮŶŝŶŐŽƵƌĞŶĞĮƚsĂůƵĞdƌĂŶƐĨĞƌƚŽŽůĂŶĚ^s^ƚƵĚLJĂƚĂďĂƐĞƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĞŵŽƐƚƵƉͲƚŽͲĚĂƚĞ appraisals possible. Earth Economics 1121 Tacoma Avenue South www.eartheconomics.org dĂĐŽŵĂ͕tϵϴϰϬϮ Ϯϱϯ͘ϱϯϵ͘ϰϴϬϭ