Philip Larkin and Charles Tomlinson in Contemporary Britain
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Poetry Against the World Poetry Against the World: Philip Larkin and Charles Tomlinson in Con- temporary Britain provides an insightful examination of Philip Lar kin and Charles Tomlinson in the context of antagonism toward poetry, art, and the world. —David A. Salomon, The Sage Colleges Poetry Against the World: Philip Larkin and Charles Tomlinson in Contemporary Britain brings together two major poets, who espouse opposite aesthetic ambitions, yet are both taken as paragons of English- ness, in order to ask how they pitch their poetry against an inhospitable world. This book explores how these two representative poets seek to redress an “age of demolition” through their poetry, and how their audi- ences react to the types of redress they propose. Magdalena Kay is an Associate Professor of English at University of Victoria, Canada. Routledge Studies in Contemporary Literature 12 The Vampire in Contemporary Popular Literature Lorna Piatti-Farnell 13 Religion in Cormac McCarthy’s Fiction Apocryphal Borderlands Manuel Broncano 14 The Ethics and Aesthetics of Vulnerability in Contemporary British Fiction Jean-Michel Ganteau 15 Genre Fiction in New India Post-Millennial Receptions of “Weird” Narratives E. Dawson Varughese 16 Rethinking Race and Identity in Contemporary British Fiction Sara Upstone 17 A Poetics of Trauma after 9/11 Representing Trauma in a Digitized Present Katharina Donn 18 The Cultural Politics of Chick Lit Popular Fiction, Postfeminism and Representation Heike Missler 19 Maximalism in Contemporary American Literature The Uses of Detail Nick Levey 20 Poetry Against the World Philip Larkin and Charles Tomlinson in Contemporary Britain Magdalena Kay For a full list of titles in this series, please visit www.routledge.com. Poetry Against the World Philip Larkin and Charles Tomlinson in Contemporary Britain Magdalena Kay First published 2018 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 Taylor & Francis The right of Magdalena Kay to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data CIP data has been applied for. ISBN: 978-1-138-54566-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-351-00258-5 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by codeMantra For Leonora and Spencer Contents Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations Used in Text xi Introduction: “The mind is a hunter of forms” 1 1 An Age of Demolition 21 2 The Trembling Mirror 46 3 All the Kingdoms of Possibilities 75 4 When Readings Grow Erratic 106 5 Celestial Recurrences, Lost Displays 143 Conclusion 175 Index 183 Acknowledgments I thank the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas, Austin for granting me a short-term research fellowship, which I took in the spring of 2014. This fellowship allowed me to consult the Tomlinson archives, which proved crucial for fulfilling the project of this book. I also thank the Hull History Centre in Hull, England for allowing me access to their Larkin materials in the summer of 2013, which include Larkin’s invaluable workbooks. I am grateful to Ivor Maw and Philip Pullen, whom I met on my trip to Hull, for long conversations about Larkin and for trips to various sites associated with the poet. Thanks are also due to The Society of Authors as the Literary Repre- sentative of the Estate of Philip Larkin. I am grateful to my colleagues at the University of Victoria for listen- ing to my ramblings about this book for the past several years. I am grateful to my parents for their constant love and support. To Kim, my gratitude and love. Without you this project would not have been possible. To Leonora and Spencer, who were born while I was writing this book, it is dedicated to you. Abbreviations Used in Text The following abbreviations are used for commonly cited work by Philip Larkin. There are, unfortunately, no parallel sources for Charles Tomlinson’s work: there are still no complete collections of his poems, prose writing, or correspondence. Hence, Tomlinson’s poems are cited by volume, while Larkin’s are located within his Complete Poems. CP The Complete Poems FR Further Requirements: Interviews, Broadcasts, Statements and Book Reviews LM Letters to Monica RW Required Writing: Miscellaneous Pieces, 1955–1982 SL Selected Letters of Philip Larkin, 1940–1985 Introduction “The mind is a hunter of forms” In 1971, a jaded and middle-aged Donald Davie wrote to his best friend, Charles Tomlinson: Sometimes I wonder why we go on manoeuvering and engineering publicity for ourselves as if we were still young careerists. We’re neither of us going to get any more by way of reputation than what we’ve got already—which is to say, a secure but ultimately trivial esteem. For that after all is what literature has nowadays—since the Pound/Eliot/Lawrence generation the whole business of writing has moved out to the margin of public consciousness and concern.1 There is some truth to this. After the high point of Modernism, after World War II, there was a widespread sense that literature had passed through its moment of greatness. This is not to say that nobody was writing it—there were and are plenty of books being published—but there was no agreed-upon major school of writers, or emergent major figures, that could focus the attention of the reading public. Those greats still living—Pound, Eliot, Auden, Forster—had produced their master- works already. Yeats, Joyce, and Lawrence were very much gone. Samuel Beckett was alive and well, but as far as poetry went, there were few who took direction from him (one who did, Derek Mahon, was of a younger generation still), and Davie and Tomlinson were poets first and foremost. Not only had “the whole business of writing” been eclipsed by cinema and television as far as public visibility, but its “business” aspect was often unattractive to writers who disliked going on lecture tours, giving poetry readings, and being pressed to view poetry as public performance. Yet this myth of decline also has its fantastical aspects. The Mo dernists that Davie had in mind also maneuvered themselves into the public eye, whether by befriending the right people or by providing their audi- ence with spectacular performances of their own. Poetry did not lose its public aspect during World War II: on the contrary, we currently live in an age of poetry slams, “happenings,” and technological pyro- technics that have the potential to make poetry more visible than ever 2 Introduction to the general public. On the other side of the equation, we may ask whether literature, especially literature in innovative forms, ever enjoyed a broad, general esteem, or even attention. Does Davie truly believe that “public consciousness” used to be greatly occupied with literary Modernism, and that it has now turned politely apathetic, according to literature “secure” yet trivial status? This seems all too familiarly uto- pian. Generation after generation idealizes the past as it disparages the present, and in this regard, the complaints of contemporary poets can be seen as part of a timeless and universal pattern. The excitement of the Modernist moment, though, cannot be undervalued in assessments of the later twentieth century. Whatever our current reevaluations of Modernism may teach us—such as, most ob- viously, that there was no singular Modernist moment but a wide net- work of temporal and spatial relationships that created what we call Modernism—its mystique remains stubbornly present in the minds of those born later. It may be inaccurate to accord the great achievements of Modernism to one generation, but it is not inaccurate to know that one is not of that generation, that one’s own generation has no Pounds or Eliots or Lawrences at present, and that one’s own artistic efforts are not producing such grand results. This is one source of malaise for post- war British writers, even those who do not readily ally themselves with Modernist aesthetics. For those who do, such as some of the exponents of the British Poetry Revival of the 1960s, it still remains an unfortunate fact that the explosion of avant-garde energy associated with Modern- ism was never replicated on the same scale. It is not so easy to accept the seeming fact that literature must be held separate from life, and particularly poetry, which has been far eclipsed by the novel in terms of public consumption and recognition. Of course, sales are not everything, but a consumerist society will often take them as a marker of importance. Given that importance and visibility are so often connected to relevance, we can see why poets may feel that they must insist upon it in a society that seems to assume their irrelevance. Hence, a young Tomlinson begins a book of essays by declaring that it was written “in the belief that the issues of poetry are relevant to the issues of ‘life’, and that poetry is, in the final analysis, as ‘objective’ a mode of exploration as the study of history, economics or science.”2 There is much irritation behind these scare quotes.