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Digitalcommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska 2008 The genetic diversity, relationships, and potential for biological control of the lobate lac scale, Paratachardina pseudolobata Kondo & Gullan (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Kerriidae) S. Schroer University of Florida R. W. Pemberton USDA-Agricultural Research Service L. G. Cook University of Queensland T. Kondo University of California P. J. Gullan University of California Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub Part of the Agricultural Science Commons Schroer, S.; Pemberton, R. W.; Cook, L. G.; Kondo, T.; and Gullan, P. J., "The genetic diversity, relationships, and potential for biological control of the lobate lac scale, Paratachardina pseudolobata Kondo & Gullan (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Kerriidae)" (2008). Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty. 371. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub/371 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Biological Control 46 (2008) 256–266 www.elsevier.com/locate/ybcon The genetic diversity, relationships, and potential for biological control of the lobate lac scale, Paratachardina pseudolobata Kondo & Gullan (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Kerriidae) S. Schroer a,*, R.W. Pemberton b, L.G. Cook c, T. Kondo d, P.J. Gullan d a Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, 3205 College Avenue, Davie, FL 33314, USA b Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 3225 College Ave, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33312, USA c School of Integrative Biology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia d Department of Entomology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8585, USA Received 7 December 2007; accepted 10 April 2008 Available online 18 April 2008 Abstract The lobate lac scale Paratachardina pseudolobata Kondo & Gullan (Kerriidae) is a polyphagous pest of woody plants in Florida (U.S.A.) the Bahamas, Christmas Island (Australia) and it has been reported from Cuba. Its recent appearance as a pest in these places indicates that this scale is introduced; however, its native range is unknown. Until 2006, this pest species was identified mistakenly as Paratachardina lobata (Chamberlin) [now P. silvestri (Mahdihassan)], which is native to India and Sri Lanka. Quarantine laboratory acceptance trials with Indian P. silvestri parasitoids indicated a strong immune response from P. pseudolobata. Gregarious development of encyrtid wasps was the only observed parasitism, but parasitization levels were below 3%. Identification of the native range of P. pseu- dolobata would facilitate the search for natural enemies better adapted to the scale. Sequence data from the D2–D3 region of the nuclear large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU rRNA, 28S) and the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI) distinguished P. pseudo- lobata from the morphologically similar species P. silvestri and P. mahdihassani Kondo & Gullan, and showed P. pseudolobata to be more closely related to these Indotropical species than to an Australian species of Paratachardina Balachowsky. Paratachardina pseudolobata was genetically uniform throughout its exotic range, consistent with a single geographic origin, although lack of variation in these genes is not unusual for scale insects. Molecular identification of morphologically similar Paratachardina species was possible using the D2–D3 region of 28S, despite its length variation, suggesting that this gene region might be suitable as a non-COI barcoding gene for scale insects. Published by Elsevier Inc. Keywords: Native range; Invasive; Cytochrome oxidase I; Nuclear large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU rRNA, 28S); Parasitism; Encyrtidae 1. Introduction 2000, where it built up alarming densities in the following two years (Howard and Pemberton, 2003; Pemberton, The lobate lac scale, a serious plant pest, was first 2003a). The invasive pest was identified mistakenly as detected in the Bahamas in 1992 and later in South Florida, Paratachardina lobata Chamberlin [now a junior synonym in Broward County in 1999 and in Miami Dade County in of P. silvestri (Mahdihassan)] in all literature until the tax- onomic revision of the genus Paratachardina Balachowsky by Kondo and Gullan (2007), in which it was described as a * Corresponding author. Fax: +1 954 476 9169. new species, Paratachardina pseudolobata Kondo and Gul- E-mail addresses: [email protected] (S. Schroer), Robert. [email protected] (R.W. Pemberton), [email protected] (L.G. lan. This pest is highly polyphagous: over 300 plant species Cook), [email protected] (T. Kondo), [email protected] (P.J. in 58 different families, including native plants and Gullan). cultivated fruit trees and ornamentals, are attacked by 1049-9644/$ - see front matter Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.04.009 S. Schroer et al. / Biological Control 46 (2008) 256–266 257 the invasive scale in southern Florida (Howard et al., Island, as well as other Paratachardina specimens from 2006). Due to the lack of natural enemies, the scale museum collections and recent Indian collections. They increased and spread quickly in Florida and the Bahamas revised the taxonomy of the genus and determined that and has a high potential to spread in the Caribbean and the lobate lac scale represented a distinct species on the elsewhere (Pemberton, 2003b). The scale was reported basis of morphological comparisons. The specific name from the territory of Christmas Island, Australia (Kondo ‘‘pseudolobata” was coined in reference to the species with and Gullan, 2007; Abbott and Green, 2007), where it is a which it had been confused. pest of carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) and other For the present study, specimens of P. pseudolobata plants (Pemberton, unpublished). Recently it was recorded from Florida and the Bahamas were collected to document in Cuba for the first time (Mestre et al., 2006). Efficient nat- levels of scale infestation and to record the presence of any ural enemies are needed urgently to control the scale’s parasitoids. Specimens from Florida, the Bahamas, Cuba damage and to limit its spread. Thus identifying the native and Christmas Island were obtained for molecular analysis range of this scale insect is a necessary first step. A biolog- to estimate the genetic diversity of the populations. We also ical control research program against the lobate lac scale used DNA sequence data to test the species status of P. was initiated in 2003 (Pemberton, 2003b). The first pseudolobata and to place it in a phylogenetic context by approach was to collect parasitoids from the con-familial comparison with other species of Paratachardina and with and commercially reared Kerria lacca (Kerr), which is host other genera of Kerriidae. Knowledge of the relationship to some parasitoid species known to attack Paratachardina of P. pseudolobata to other members of Paratachardina species (Varshney, 1976; Pemberton, 2003b). Three chalcid- could narrow the search for the native range of the lobate oid species recorded as parasitizing both K. lacca and lac scale based on the known distribution of its closest rel- P. lobata (now P. silvestri) were collected from K. lacca atives, as done for the pestiferous Chinese wax scale (Qin in Thailand and exposed to P. pseudolobata in the USDA, et al., 1994). In contrast to the morphologically similar P. ARS Invasive Plant Research quarantine facility in Flor- silvestri, the lobate lac scale is exclusively parthenogenetic ida, but the wasps failed to parasitize the lobate lac scales (Pemberton, 2003a; Howard et al, 2006; Kondo and Gul- (Pemberton et al., 2006). lan, 2007). We could expect that if the populations of P. The second approach was to search for the lobate lac pseudolobata originated from a single geographic region, scale and its natural enemies in its native range. The search or represent a single origin of an invasive form, there began in India, because the lobate lac scale was previously should be low (possibly zero) genetic variation within pest identified as P. lobata, which was known to be native to populations and among different geographical regions of southern India and Sri Lanka (Varshney, 1977). Robert its invasive range (e.g. Downie, 2002; Scheffer and Grissell, Pemberton and P. Selvaraj located kerriid scales in India 2003; Grapputo et al., 2005). This study also provides the in 2005 at 14 sites. Living kerriid specimens were sent to opportunity to evaluate the two genes used here for their the USDA, ARS Invasive Plant Research quarantine facil- usefulness as non-COI barcode regions for molecular iden- ity (Schroer et al., 2007). The scales from India were under- tification of scale insects. To date, the typical DNA bar- stood to be P. lobata as was the target pest in Florida. The code region (50 region of CO1 (Herbert et al., 2003)) has Indian material was subsequently identified as P. silvestri not been reliably or successfully amplified for scale insects and P. mahdihassani Kondo and Gullan, and the Florida using universal or modified primers. Therefore, alternative
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