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Nordic National Parks Visitor Management in Nordic National Parks VISITOR MANAGEMENT IN Nordic National Parks Visitor Management in Nordic National Parks Nord 2019:019 ISBN 978-92-893-6116-3 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-893-6117-0 (EPUB) http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/Nord2019-019 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2019 Layout: Le Bureau ApS Cover photo: Jan Stokstad, Jotunheimen National Park, Norway Nordic co-operation Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involving Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland. Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an im-portant role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community in a strong Europe. Nordic co-operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the global community. Shared Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the world’s most innovative and competitive. Nordic Council of Ministers Nordens Hus Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen www.norden.org Download Nordic publications from www.norden.org/nordpub pub Visitor management in nordic national parks 2 Contents Introduction 4 What is a Nordic national park? 6 Trends and challenges 10 Inspiration for visitor management solutions 14 Adaptive management 17 On-site communication 21 Online communication 26 Site-specific guidelines and codes of conduct 28 Quality standards 31 Stakeholder partnerships 33 Monitoring 40 Method 44 14 Cases 45 This publication intends to offer Nordic na- Recreational carrying capacity tional park managers and national park au- The recreational carrying capacity refers to thorities inspiration on how to improve their the intensity and form of recreational use that Introduction visitor management. It contains examples of an area can tolerate without creating a nega- what other national parks, within as well as tive impact on: outside of the Nordic countries, have done to improve their visitor management and sug- → Natural and cultural heritage gests overall recommendations on how to cre- → Other visitors ate better visitor management within a Nor- → The local community (socially as well as dic framework. economically) The publication is the result of a project sup- The recreational carrying capacity is not a ported by The Nordic Council of Ministers’ Ter- fixed value and needs to be defined and as- restrial Ecosystem Group (TEG) and carried sessed based on the individual context of a out in a partnership consisting of Thingvellir given national park or area. The carrying ca- National Park in Iceland, Jotunheimen Na- pacity of a specific area can be high when it tional Park in Norway and The Wadden Sea comes to nature, but low when it comes to so- National Park in Denmark, with BARK Råd- cial and local parameters, or vice versa. givning1 acting as project manager. An increase in visitor numbers as well as a Visitor management is a key tool in improving change in visitor behaviour can create a range the recreational carrying capacity of Nordic of carrying capacity challenges. This publica- national parks, in light of the challenges pre- tion shows examples of different solutions Visitor management is a key tool in improving sented by growing visitor numbers and new that all create or support better visitor man- the recreational carrying capacity of the Nordic types of visitor behaviour. A more strategic national parks. A more strategic and collaborative and collaborative approach to visitor man- agement can help protect and develop nation- approach to visitor management can help protect al parks and their local communities in both and develop the parks in a sustainable way, an environmentally, socially and economically WHAT IS VISITOR MANAGEMENT preparing them for growing visitor numbers. sustainable way. This publication defines visitor management as ways to manage and affect the behaviour of visitors through various types of practical or strategic 1 BARK is an independent specialist consultancy solutions. working with strategic place innovation and development in the built world. Visitor management in nordic national parks 4 Introduction agement and address one or more of the car- Improving the recreational carrying capacity – often successfully created through various is restricted. It is a trust-based approach to rying capacity challenges shown in the model through better visitor management is a com- formal and informal partnership models as visitor management which entails a pref- below. The solutions range from practical and mon responsibility shared by parks, authori- shown in some of the examples in this publi- erence for ‘soft’ visitor management tools physical solutions to strategic management ties, local tourism actors and local communi- cation. such as information campaigns, codes of solutions and are divided into seven types: ties. conduct, collaborative partnership models In the Nordic countries, the public right of ac- and a focus on creating local ownership and → Adaptive management Often, the administrative and personnel re- cess to nature is not only a set of legal frame- pride, rather than ‘hard’ tools such as fences, → On-site communication and guiding sources in Nordic national parks are limit- work conditions, but also a deeply rooted val- prohibitions, limited access, entry fees, etc. → Online communication and PR ed. The park administrations’ task is often ue that affects the way visitors are managed, → Site-specific guidelines and codes of focused on communicating park values and even in parks where the public right of access Mols Bjerge National Park, Denmark. conduct experiences to locals and visitors, and on fa- → Quality standards cilitating different kinds of partnerships with → Stakeholder partnerships relevant stakeholders; while formal authority → Monitoring most often lies with the environmental agen- cies of each country. This calls for cooperation ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES SOCIAL CHALLENGES → Strain on landscape (flora, geology, → Congestion and over-crowding of parking cultural heritage) lots, service facilities, visitor centres etc. → Disturbance of wild life → Over-crowding affects unspoiled nature experience → Rescue operations / accidents → Behaviour related conflicts with other users LOCAL CHALLENGES ECONOMIC CHALLENGES → Congestion of local infrastructure → Large tour companies (cruise companies → Over-crowding disturbs unspoiled and others) operate outside of local value nature experience chain, not contributing to local economy → Locals feeling pushed out of an area, and growth which used to ‘belong’ to them → Tourism businesses putting focus on short → Behaviour related conflicts between term turnover potential, rather than long locals and users term sustainability (undermining their own source of revenue in the long run) WOLTER NICOLE PHOTO: Visitor management in nordic national parks 5 What is a national park? The Nordic national parks The International Union for Conservation of Sweden was the first European country to Nature (IUCN) has defined six protected area establish a national park in 1909. Since then, categories – from Strict Nature Reserve to the number of Nordic national parks has risen What is Protected area with sustainable use of nat- steadily. The most recent one, North Zealand ural resources. National Parks belong in cat- of the Kings National Park, was established in egory II: Denmark in 2018. Category II: National Park In most Nordic countries, the land of the na- a Nordic Large natural or near natural areas set tional parks is state-owned. In Denmark, how- aside to protect large-scale ecological ever, the land ownership is often shared by the processes, along with the complement of state, municipalities, private landowners and species and ecosystems characteristic of funds. Nordic parks are largely uninhabited, the area, which also provide a foundation except those in Denmark, where you might for environmentally and culturally compati- find villages and farms. national ble spiritual, scientific, educational, recrea- tional and visitor opportunities. With the exception of Denmark, the land- (Source: www.iucn.org) scape in most Nordic national parks consists primarily of natural areas, such as forest ar- As defined by the IUCN, the primary objective eas, coastal areas, mountains and peatlands park? of a national park is to protect natural bio- without agriculture. Danish national parks in- diversity along with its underlying ecological clude natural areas such as coastline, dunes, structure and supporting environmental pro- heathland, as well as cultural and agricultural The purpose of the Nordic national parks is to cesses. landscapes. In Finland, Sweden and Norway, some parks have livestock or reindeer grazing. protect and conserve the natural and cultural Other objectives include managing visitor use In some Nordic national parks, traces from the heritage, to communicate the parks natural for inspirational, educational, cultural and rec- historical use of a landscape constitute a valu- and cultural values and to support local reational purposes and contributing to local able cultural heritage that must be protected development. A shared value across all Nordic economies through tourism. and communicated together with the unique nature of the park. parks is the concept of public right of access, Thus, national parks are responsible for uniting creating a trust-based approach to visitor the tasks of protection and use in the interest The administration and services of the Nor- management. of both
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