Nsanje District Floods 2012 Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework

Recovery as a Means to Resilience

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 ii

Nsanje District Floods, 2012 Disaster Impact Assessment and Transitional Recovery Framework

A report prepared by the Government of Malawi with support from the World Bank Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery and United Nations Development Programme

August, 2012

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Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 iv

Table of Contents List of figures v List of tables v Foreword viii Acknowledgement ix Acronyms x Executive Summary 1 I. Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework 6 Context 6 Methodology 10 II. Macro-economic and Human Recovery Analysis 12 Macro-economic Analysis 12 Human Recovery 14 III. Transitional Recovery and Reconstruction Framework 16 Introduction 16 Guiding Principles 22 IV. Moving the PDNA Process Forward 27 V. Sector Chapters 31 Agriculture, Livestock and Food Security 32 Water and Sanitation 38 Health 46 Energy 52 Environment 57 Education 63 Transport 68 Housing 75 Disaster Risk Reduction 84

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 v List of Figures Figure 1 Disaster Effects by Ownership 1 Figure 2 Combined Effects by Sector 2 Figure 3 Damage and Losses by Sector 2 Figure 4 Recovery ad Reconstruction needs by sector 3 Figure 5 Institutional, Implementation and M&E Arrangement for Recovery and Reconstruction 26 Figure 6 Roadmap for the Development and Implementation of a Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction Framework 30 Figure 7 A Section of damaged irrigation canal in Muona Irrigation Scheme 34 Figure 8 The percentage of farm families without food in TA Mlolo between July 2010 and June 2012 35

List of Tables Table 1 Overall Effects of the Disaster 2 Table 2 Overview of Disaster Needs 3 Table 3 Summary of floods impacts in TA Mlolo 6 Table 4 Summary of Relief Assistance provided to floods victims 8 Table 5 Malawi Key Marco-economic Indicators 12 Table 6 Summary of damage and losses 13 Table 7 Sectoral and thematic recovery and reconstruction Needs and priorities 17 Table 8 Agriculture Sector Summary of Damages and Losses 32 Table 9 Agriculture crop land affected by the floods 33 Table 10 An overview of land by floods by area type 33 Table 11 Damages to Agriculture equipment 33 Table 12 Losses in Agriculture stores 34 Table 13 Agriculture Sector Summary of Recovery and Reconstruction needs 35 Table 14 Agriculture Sector Recovery, Reconstruction and DRR needs 37 Table 15 Water and Sanitation Sector Summary of Damages and Losses 38 Table 16 Number of Water Points in Nsanje District 40 Table 17 Number of Boreholes in flood affects area of TA Mlolo 40 Table 18 Number and category of people affected by floods In TA Mlolo 41 Table 19 Water and Sanitation Sector Recovery, Reconstruction and DRR needs 42 Table 20 Water and Sanitation Sector Recovery Plan 44 Table 21 Health Sector Summary of Damages and Losses 46 Table 22 Health Services provided and flood related diseases in TA Mlolo 47

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Table 23 Flood related diseases incidences in 4th quarter 48 Table 24 Heath Sector Recovery and disaster risk reduction needs 49 Table 25 Health Sector Recovery Plan 50 Table 26 Energy Sector summary of Damages and Losses 52 Table 27 Electricity Penetration in TA Mlolo 53 Table 28 Damages to Electricity Infrastructure 53 Table 29 Losses to ESCOM clients 54 Table 30 Losses to power utility due to loss in electricity sales 54 Table 31 Cost for Electricity provision to new settlement 54 Table 32 Energy Sector Recovery Plan 56 Table 33 Location of important ecological sites 58 Table 34 Environmental Sector Recovery Plan 62 Table 35 Education Sector Summary of Damages and Losses 63 Table 36 Number of pupils and teachers in affected schools 64 Table 37 Education Sector Recovery, Reconstruction and DRR needs 66 Table 38 Education Sector Recovery Plan 67 Table 39 Transport Sector Summary of Damages and Losses 68 Table 40 Road network in TA Mlolo 69 Table 41 Public Works Maintained Roads before Floods 70 Table 42 Losses of vehicle Operators 71 Table 43 Impact on Transport Cost—Unit Cost per Person 72 Table 44 Impact of businesses and cost of items 72 Table 45 Transport Sector Reconstruction and DRR needs 72 Table 46 Transport Sector Recovery Plan 74 Table 47 Housing Sector Summary of Damages and Losses 75 Table 48 Number of houses by GVH before the floods 76 Table 49 Housing Sector Damages and Losses details 77 Table 50 Housing Sector Recovery, Reconstruction and DRR needs 79 Table 51 Key Housing Sector Initiatives and Rationale 80 Table 52 Housing Sector Needs Prioritization 81 Table 53 Housing Sector Recovery Plan 82 Table 54 DRM Stakeholder Analysis 86 Table 55 Disaster Risk Management Action Plan 90

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Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 viii

FOREWORD

We are pleased to present the findings of the Disaster Impact Assessment and Transi- We are delighted that the recommendations tional Recovery Framework, a joint product of the assessment will feed into resilience of the collaboration between the Govern- building programs such as the Integrated ment of Malawi and its development part- Flood Risk Management Plan for the Shire ners. This exercise was conducted in Nsanje Basin. District to assess the impact and needs for recovery, reconstruction and disaster risk This report highlights the foundations laid reduction in light of the January 2012 towards establishing a Transitional Recov- floods. ery and Reconstruction Framework – an action plan including institutional arrange- The World Bank supported the training of ments, implementation, coordination and national stakeholders in the PDNA method- M&E mechanism for longer term recovery ology in March 2012. As a follow up to the and reconstruction from this disaster. March, 2012 training, this hands-on PDNA training exercise, has not only provided an We would like to acknowledge the technical opportunity for the officers who were and financial support received from the trained to put into practice the theory World Bank Global Facility for Disaster Re- learnt during the training but has also helped identify key recovery, reconstruc- duction and Recovery as well as the partici- tion and disaster risk reduction recommen- pation of other partners such as UNDP, Ma- dations towards finding a long term solu- lawi Red Cross Society, and Total Land Care tion to the recurrent floods in the area. in successfully completing this exercise.

The aim of this assessment has been to esti- The Government of Malawi is fully commit- mate the overall impact of the 2012 floods ted to taking forward the recommendations on the socio-economic development of the country in the affected areas; to formulate a of the report and we believe that the work recovery and reconstruction framework accomplished here will allow us to continue and to ensure that strategies for recovery to build long-term resilience in the Lower incorporate the need for long-term resili- Shire Basin. ence building measures.

Jeffrey L.C. Kanyinji SECRETARY AND COMMISSIONER FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT AFFAIRS

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 ix Acknowledgements

This Rapid Needs Assessment and Transitional Recovery The following team members contributed towards the draft- Framework report was prepared under the direct auspices ing of the sector annexes and provided valuable inputs per- of the Department of Disaster Management Affairs (Jeffrey L. taining to various sectors and cross cutting issues: C. Kanyinji, Secretary and Commissioner for Disaster Management Affairs). Mr. James Chiusiwa (Coordinator, Agriculture, Livestock, Food Security: Wilson Nandolo DoDMA), Mr. Pieter Waalewijn (World Bank), and Mr. Ar- (DAHLD), Fred Tigo Nyirenda, (Ministry of Agriculture and noldus Leenders (DoDMA/UNDP) were the primary coor- Food Security), Joseph Ulaya (Malawi Red Cross), Bright dinators for this assessment. Sibale Water and Sanitation: John Kumwenda (Department of Over 50 experts from 14 government ministries and depart- Water Services), Toney Nyasulu (Department of Water ments came together to complete this assessment including Resources), Thanasius Sitolo (Ministry of Water Develop- the following: Department of Disaster Management Affairs, ment and Irrigation) Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Roads Authority, Health: Noah Silungwe (Ministry of Health), Mathew Jason Ministry of Health, Environment Affairs Department, Minis- Kalaya (Ministry of Health), Kelvin Saukira (National try of Water Development and Irrigation, Energy Depart- Statistical Office) ment, Ministry of Information, Mines Department, Depart- Education: Gumbi Gumbi (Department of Surveys), ment of Physical Planning, Department of Housing, National Humphreys Magalasi (DoDMA), Mlenga William Mvula Statistics Office, Office of the President and Cabinet, and Min- (Ministry of Information), Atupele Kapile (UNDP/UNRCO). istry of Economic Planning and Development. Other partners Energy: Khumbolawo Lungu (Department of Energy), Wilson such as Malawi Red Cross Society and Total Land Care also Chigamba (Mines Department), Denson Makwela (Geological participated in the assessment . Survey). Transport: Charles Mtawali (Roads Authority), Dr. Ignasio We acknowledge the staff of the many local government of- Ngoma (Engineers Association of Malawi), Mateso Kazembe fices that provided data and support, and the individuals and (Ministry of Economic Planning and Development) communities interviewed for the insights they provided to Environment: Bryson Msiska (Environment Affairs Depart- the team without which the team’s fieldwork would not have ment), Turner Banda (Total Land Care), Lucy Mtilatila been complete. (DCCMS) Housing: Rashid Friday Mtelela (Office of the President and Support for the assessment was provided by a team of tech- Cabinet), Gibson Kamtsalira (Department of Physical nical experts from the World Bank Global Facility for Disas- Planning), Esau Mwambira (Housing Department). ter Reduction and Recovery and the United Nations. Macroeconomic team: Harry Mwamlima (Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning and Development), Mateso Kazembe The Government of Malawi would like to acknowledge the (Ministry of Economic Planning and Development), Kelvin financial support of the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction Saukira (National Statistics Office), Atupele Kapile (UNDP/ and Recovery. UNRCO). The exercise was led by a core team consisting of James Chi- Disaster Risk Reduction: James Chiusiwa, Agness Banda, usiwa (DoDMA), Pieter Waalewijn, Francis Nkoka, Roshin (DoDMA), Arnolbus Leenders (DoDMA/UNDP), Francis Nko- Joseph (World Bank) and Arnoldus Leenders (DoDMA/ ka, Roshin Joseph (World Bank), Joseph Ulaya (Malawi Red UNDP). Cross Society)

Editorial support, layout and design was done by Zeria Ban- Most of the pictures used in this report have been provided da (World Bank) and Marc Neilson (World Bank / Africa by the assessment team and from the Malawi Defense Force DRM Team) also provided editorial support. who supported government in rescue and evacuation of people during the floods. Chamwisanga Msachi, Esther Lozo, Deliwe Ziyendamanja and Gresham Phiri (World Bank) provided resource manage- The team acknowledges any other contributors who may not ment and logistical support. be mentioned here.

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Acronyms

BBB Build Back Better BOP Balance of Payments DaLA Damage and Loss Assessment CSO Civil Society Organization DCPC District Civil Protection Committee DEM District Education Manager DoDMA Department of Disaster Management Affairs DRM Disaster Risk Management DRR Disaster Risk Reduction ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean EPA Extension Panning Area GDP Gross Domestic Product GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery GoM Government of Malawi GVH Group Village Headmen HRNA Human Recovery Needs Assessment M&E Monitoring and Evaluation IHS3 Third Integrated Household Survey MGDS Malawi Growth and Development Strategy MDF Malawi Defense Force MK Malawi Kwacha PDNA Post Disaster Needs Assessment NGO Non-Governmental Organization PWP Public Works Program TA Traditional Authority UNDP United Nations Development Program UPE Universal Primary Education WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene WATSAN Water and Sanitation WB World Bank WFP World Food Programme

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012

Executive Summary

Quick Facts Flood Occurrence and People Mchacha James and Makhanga in TA Mlolo; and Bangula and Kadyamba in TA Mbenje.  10,376 people affect- Affected In January 2012, the area of TA Mlolo in ed Nsanje District was hit by two floods caused The Government, through DoDMA, non-  Cost of damages and by the swelling of Ruo and Shire Rivers due governmental organizations (NGOs), civil loses about $3million to heavy rains. The major brunt of the disas- society organizations (CSOs), the private ter (71%) was felt by the private sector sector and development partners provided  Most affected sectors: which represents individuals and communi- different forms of relief assistance for dis- housing, water and ties (see Figure i.) The floods affected 2,887 tribution to the affected people. The donat- sanitation, and agri- households translating to 10,376 people, ed items included food, non- food items, medical supplies and farm inputs to be culture which is 4% of the population of Nsanje Dis- trict. Out of these affected people 6,159 used for recovery interventions.  Recovery and recon- were displaced because their houses were struction needs esti- damaged. Once the emergency needs were met, the mated at $7.3million World Bank supported the training of na- Response Operations tional stakeholders in the Post Disaster  Disaster Risk Reduc- The Nsanje District Council coordinated the Needs Assessment (PDNA) methodology in tion needs are esti- provision of immediate relief assistance to March 2012 in response to a request from mated at US$ 1.5 mil- the affected people through the District the Government (DoDMA). This assessment provided an opportunity to the offic- lion Commissioner, assisted by the Assistant District Disaster Risk Management Officer ers to put into practice the theory learnt  The total recovery and members of the District Civil Protec- during the training by undertaking an as- needs is estimated to tion Committee. (DCPC) At national level, sessment for the January 2012 floods in TA Mlolo. US$ 0.665 the bulk of the response operations were coordinated by the Government’s Department of Disas- which is concentrated ter Management Affairs (DoDMA). Summary of Damages and Losses in the agriculture Overall, the combined monetary costs of the The second flooding affected a larger area damages and losses as a result of the and trapped several people who were not floods, has been estimated at MK 810.3 able to evacuate from the affected areas on million (US$ 2.9 million.) This can be bro- their own. The Malawi Defense Force ken down into MK 385.4 million (US$ 1.4 (MDF) assisted in evacuating the trapped million) in damages to assets and MK 424.9 people at the request of DoDMA. The Mala- million (US$ 1.5 million) in losses to the wi Police Service also assisted in the rescue economy. (See Table 1) and evacuation operation. Relief camps for the evacuees were located at Osiyana,

Fig 1: Disaster Effects by Ownership

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Fig 2: Combined Effects by Sector Fig 3: Damages and Losses by Sector

Effects of the disaster on each sector Recovery and Reconstruction Needs From a monetary standpoint, the most affected sectors are The overall recovery and reconstruction needs for this dis- housing (28%), water and sanitation (29%) and agriculture aster are estimated at MK 2 billion (US$ 7.3 million). The (25%) whose combined effects constitute over 80% of the various sector teams have additionally identified disaster total disaster effects. While the housing sector suffered the risk reduction interventions that are over and above the highest amount of damages (MK 204.5 million or US$ other needs identified and which are indicative in nature. 743,817), the water and sanitation sector suffered the high- These indicative DRR needs are estimated at MK 418.1 mil- est losses (MK 190 million or US$ 690,978). The majority of lion (US$ 1.5 million) and are elaborated upon in the re- the effects on the transport sector were in the form of loss- spective chapter. Table 1 below provides an overview of es. While no damages were reported in the health sector, recovery, reconstruction and indicative DRR needs. the sector suffered effects solely in the form of losses. (See Fig 2 & Fig 3.)

Table 1: Overall Effects of the Disaster

Overall Effects of the Disaster Damages Losses Total Sector MK, Million US, $ MK, Million US, $ MK, Million US, $

Transport 46.7 11.8 58.4 169,673 42,764 212,436

Health - - 88.7 88.7 322,505 322,505

Education 2.2 0.0 2.2 8,116 7 8,124

Agriculture & Livestock 89.5 109.1 198.6 325,407 396,766 722,173

Water and Sanitation 41.2 190.0 231.3 149,938 690,978 840,916

Energy 1.2 0.0 1.2 4,480 37 4,517

Housing 204.5 25.3 229.8 743,817 91,898 835,715 Total 385.4 1,401,431 424.9 1,544,955 810.3 2,946,386

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Table 2: Overview of Disaster Needs Needs (MK, Million) Sector Recovery Reconstruction Total Indicative DRR Needs Transport - 46.7 46.7 1.3 Health 27.5 - 27.5 98.5 Education 0.3 0.3 0.6 72.0 Agriculture & Livestock 130.1 88.9 219.0 4.0 Water and Sanitation 24.0 194.2 218.2 219.0 Energy 1.2 17.7 18.9 2.5 Housing 2.6 1,501.2 1,503.8 20.9 Total 185.8 1,849.0 2,034.8 418.1

The total recovery needs identified amount to MK 185.8 risk reduction needs in their respective sectors though the million, the bulk of which is concentrated in the agricul- identification of key projects and programs with indicative ture sector in the form of food for households and agricul- costing. This is neither intended to be exhaustive nor final tural inputs such as seed, fertilizer, and pesticides. however, they could form the basis of dialogue going forward. The total DRR needs have been estimated at MK The total reconstruction needs identified for the floods 418.1 million. amount to MK 1,849 million. Beyond rebuilding destroyed assets, reconstruction needs incorporate a “build back bet- DRR interventions cover a broad range of activities across ter” factor to ensure resilience of the intervention. Recon- sectors. Examples of such interventions include capacity struction needs are highest in the housing, and water and building of extension staff and the construction of flood sanitation sectors, rehabilitation and maintenance of safe control structures along Thangadzi and Ruo Rivers. Note water points (boreholes) and the construction of water that not all interventions may be cost-estimated here since supply systems in new settlements (see Table 1). A total some interventions, especially larger structural ones, may of 2887 houses which were either partially or fully dam- require detailed feasibility studies. The PDNA sector teams aged by the floods need to be built in an area free of floods. clearly identify the need for DRR highlighting the benefits (in terms of avoided losses) that these investments bring. In light of the recurrent disasters in the region, it is im- Thus, it would be critical for the recommendations of this portant that longer term disaster risk reduction measures report to be viewed in light of DRR initiatives such as the are undertaken in each sector and these needs may sepa- Shire Flood Risk Management Action Plan for detailed rate from the recovery and reconstruction needs. PDNA practical planning, synergy building and implementation teams have undertaken the first step in analyzing disaster of such initiatives

Needs (MK, Million)

Recov- Recon- Indicative Sector Total ery struction DRR Needs Transport - 46.7 46.7 1.3

Health 98.5 27.5 - 27.5 Fig 4: Recovery and Reconstruction needs by sector Education 0.3 0.3 0.6 72.0 Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 Agriculture &

Livestock 130.1 88.9 219.0 4.0 Water and

Sanitation 24.0 194.2 218.2 219.0

Energy 1.2 17.7 18.9 2.5

Housing 2.6 1,501.2 1,503.8 20.9

Total 185.8 1,849.0 2,034.8 418.1 4

Quick View of Way Based on this PDNA exercise, the team proposed a Transitional Recovery and Recon- Guiding principles used for the transition- Forward struction Framework, recommended ac- al recovery and reconstruction framework tions to take the PDNA process forward, are outlined in the report and these include As a way forward, this and how to institutionalise and improve strategizing for long term disaster manage- the PDNA process in Malawi. ment, learning from past experiences, assessment recom- aligning with key disaster risk manage- Transitional Recovery and Reconstruc- ment policies, and inclusion and use of lo- mends the tion Framework cal knowledge and skills. The report also -Appointment of a The framework lays the foundation for re- discusses the institutional, implementation covery and reconstruction planning for a and monitoring and evaluation arrange- PDNA Steering Com- resilient recovery which is an important ments. part of DRM continuum, bridging the gap mittee; between response, ex ante disaster risk Actions to take the PDNA process for- reduction and development. It provides a ward -Undertaking a de- high level overview of the needs identified The PDNA can be considered to be both a by the assessment without going into the product as well as a process. While the tailed capacity assess- project level details of each need. The product is the PDNA report - the findings ment for recovery and framework is a living document since more and recommendations of the assessment – information will be available when specific the momentum gained in the process of reconstruction; project level planning and implementation bringing together several government de- are underway. partments and development partners to- -Review of the recov- wards a joint assessment must be main- Prioritization was first done within each tained, strengthened and leveraged. As a ery framework sector before compiling the sectoral recov- follow up to the exercise, the findings of the ery frameworks into one at the cross sector assessment should be widely disseminated against existing and level. This allows the assessment to present within the government and amongst devel- planned sector alloca- a synthesis of the sectoral and thematic opment partners. recovery and reconstruction needs in a tions; and three-tiered priority list that is sequenced. This assessment recommends the following The needs under Priority 1 could be imple- action items to take the PDNA process for- --Establishing an M&E mented immediately regardless of whether ward: they are of a short or long term nature. The 1. Appointment of a Post-PDNA Steering system to track imple- framework is compiled based on sector Committee to take forward the recom- team inputs which in turn have been guid- mendations of the assessment, to im- mentation of the rec- ed by recovery strategies already in place plement its Recovery Framework and ommendations of the (e.g. the governments’ decision to move to own the results agenda for recovery, households to higher lands) and those rec- reconstruction and longer term DRR. report. ommended or envisaged by sector teams.

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Quick View: Institutionalizing the PDN Process in Malawi 1. Improve availability of baseline data 5. Customized guidance notes for Malawi 2. Availability of sector expertise 6. Development of rapid PDNA model 3. Coordination across government sectors and level 7. Refine data validation techniques 4. Establish policy parameters 8. Institutionalize PDNA process

2. Undertake a Detailed Capacity Assessment for Recovery would ensure that the policy, budgetary and other and Reconstruction: to address gaps and strengthen strategic implications would be understood at the long term recovery, reconstruction and DRR capacity time of designing the Recovery Framework so as to for future disasters. sequence, prioritize and optimize recovery and recon- 3. Undertake a Programming Review of the Recovery struction planning in light of the constraints. Framework against existing and envisioned sector 5. Development of customized guidance notes and budget allocations, projects, and programs for recov- data templates for the Malawian context. These ery, reconstruction and DRR. templates would take into account specific aspects 4. Monitoring and Evaluation System. An M&E system such as alignment with the national system of ac- must be developed to track the progress of implemen- counts, disaster types, amount of disaggregation tation of the recommendations of the report and the available (e.g. EPA for agriculture, while GVH for recovery itself, with regular reporting to stakehold- schools) and the like. ers. 6. Development of a rapid PDNA model. The current exercise has helped to develop a standard spread- Recommendations to improve and institutionalize the sheets that can be periodically updated with baseline PDNA process in Malawi line information and linked to produce a rapid model This hands-on training exercise helped to bring out sever- into which preliminary impact data for subsequent al practical strengths and weaknesses of the PDNA pro- disasters can be plugged in to produce rapid esti- cess and capacity in the country, which will be useful to- mates upon which early decisions can be based while wards its strengthening going forward. The following are the detailed assessments can follow suit with detailed recommendations and lessons learnt towards improving findings and recommendations. and institutionalizing the PDNA process in Malawi: 7. Refinement of data validation techniques: The cur- 1. Baseline data preparedness. Strengthen the collec- rent analyses validated information gathered by spot tion and ready availability of baseline data at all sec- checks of the affected areas to corroborate reports tors of the economy and levels of government. A cen- and by reviewing disaggregated findings. However, tral repository for ready access to this data must be technology advancements currently allow for valida- created, complete with an awareness mechanism. tion and corroboration of disaster effects (e.g. damage 2. Availability of sector expertise across teams and values using satellite imagery) using different tech- levels of government. Each sector should have an niques. The PDNA team could explore and fine tune assessment team that is well trained in the assess- such techniques in future assessments. ment methodology. 8. Institutionalization of the PDNA process and 3. The need for coordination across sectors and lev- methodology. The current capacity developed could els of government. While assessments should take be utilized further by creating a plan to use elements place as soon as possible after the disaster, it is also of the PDNA methodology into disaster assessments necessary to ensure that there is adequate coordina- that are currently undertaken by the government. A tion and information flows between the various sec- review of existing methodologies could be undertak- tors and levels of government in order to ensure that en to ascertain how they could be complemented or findings of such are comprehensive. supplemented. Knowledge exchange visits to coun- 4. Establish policy parameters, budgets and strate- tries which are in the process of institutionalizing the gic options for recovery and reconstruction. Fu- methodology is also recommended. Development of ture assessment teams should include senior officials Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) or an Opera- from the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, tional Manual for PDNA execution and institutionali- especially during Recovery Framework planning. This zation would also be useful.

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I. Nsanje Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA):

Context and Methodology

A. CONTEXT of Ruo and Shire Rivers due to heavy rains. The first floods occurred on 7th January, 2012 and affected five Group Village Headmen (GVH), namely Osiyana, Mchacha James, Chitseko, The 2012 floods in Nsanje district Karonga and Sambani. This flooding affected 1,359 house- Nsanje district is one of the thirteen districts in the Southern holds. The second flooding occurred on 22nd January 2012 Region of Malawi. It is situated at the southern tip of the and displaced 6,159 people. Most of these people were the country within the Lower Shire valley. The district is bor- ones that were affected during the first flooding. The total dered by Chikhwawa to the northeast, Thyolo to the north number of households that were affected by the floods in TA and the Republic of Mozambique to the east, south and west. Mlolo was 2,887 translating to 10,376 people (4% of the The total land area of the district is 1,942 sq. km. The district population of Nsanje). has eight Traditional Authorities (TAs), namely Chimombo, Malemia, Makoko, Mbenje, Mlolo, Ndamera, Ngabu, Nyachikadza, and Tengani. All TAs are prone to floods, ex- Impacts of the floods cept Makoko. Out of the 10,376 people affected, 6,159 were displaced because their houses were damaged. Flood waters took two Nsanje district is one of the districts that are susceptible to weeks before starting to subside. The floods also damaged floods in the country. In January 2012, TA Mlolo in the dis- people’s property in the houses, livestock, crops in the gar- trict experienced floods which were caused by the swelling dens and infrastructure such as roads. Table 3 shows a summary of the impact of the floods:

Table 3: Summary of floods impacts in TA Mlolo Total number of households affected 2,887 Total number of people displaced 6,159 Child-headed households affected 16 Elderly-headed households affected 210 Total number of people affected 10,376 Houses completely destroyed 1,384 Toilets destroyed 2,649 Hectares of maize affected 2,011 Hectares of sorghum affected 153 Hectares of millet affected 249 Hectares of cotton affected 1,161 Boreholes affected 32 Shallow wells affected 22

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The immediate response assisted in the rescue and evacuation operation using a boat from the District Council. Five camps were established to provide temporary shelter for the 6,159 people who were displaced. These were located at Osiyana, Mchacha James and Makhanga in TA Mlolo and Bangula and Kadyamba in TA Mbenje.

Government provides funds for disaster response to the DoDMA annually. During the 2011/12 financial year, MK 105 million was provided. Since other districts were also affected by other disasters such as stormy rains, strong winds and floods, the funds for disaster response were not adequate to provide relief assistance to all the affected in Nsanje. As a result, DoDMA engaged stakeholders in-country to assist in the provision of relief assistance to the Nsanje floods.

The Government, through the DoDMA, non-governmental The Nsanje District Council coordinated the provision of organizations (NGOs), civil society organizations (CSOs), the immediate relief assistance to the affected people through private sector and development partners provided different the District Commissioner who was assisted by the Assistant forms of relief assistance for distribution to the affected peo- District Disaster Risk Management Officer and members of ple. The donated items included food, non- food items, medi- the District Civil Protection Committee. At national level, the cal supplies and farm inputs to be used for recovery inter- response operations were coordinated by the Department of ventions. Table 4 shows the different organizations that pro- Disaster Management Affairs (DoDMA). The second flood- vided relief assistance to people affected by floods in Nsanje. ing on 22nd January affected a bigger area and trapped sev- In total, the response to the Nsanje floods costed MK eral people who were not able to evacuate from the affected 156,124,958. areas on their own. The DoDMA requested the Malawi De- fense Force (MDF) to assist in evacuating people who were The MDF helicopter was used during the first two weeks trapped by the floods. after the floods to deliver relief supplies to the affected people who were in the camps since most of the roads were in- On 23rd January the MDF deployed a helicopter and a team accessible. Tables 2 is the summary of Relief Assistance Pro- from their Marine Department with boats to assist in the vided to Flood Victims in TA Mlolo. evacuation of affected people. The Malawi Police Service also

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Table 4: Summary of Relief Assistance provided to flood victims in TA Mlolo

Organization Items / Services Quantity Cost State House - OPC Household Tents 100 13,200,000 Department Of Disaster 50kg bags of Maize 2007 6,021,000 Management Affairs Bales of dried fish 8 60,000 20kg bags of cream maize 700 1,512,000 50kg bags of beans 136 1,224,000 Blankets 2718 2,582,100 Plastic pails with taps 1359 693,090 Plastic cups 6795 197,530 Rolls of plastic sheets 137 2,022,195 20kg bags of salt 68 74,800 Rectangular tents (24m²) 6 940,500 Operational costs for transportation of relief items 1,361,200 and monitoring Nsanje District Council Operational costs to facilitate provision of relief 2,563,300 assistance to affected people Malawi Defense Force Operational costs for Air Wing, Marine and Head- 9,607,275 quarters teams Sisters of Divine Province 5kgs bags cream of maize 323 387,600 UNICEF Spoon 60 1,380 Big basins 12 9,900 Small basins 12 3,960 Water mug 12 1,980 Emergency survival kits 1500 17,325,000 The former first lady, Mad- Vita meal 385 1,397,550 am C Mutharika Small chairs 30 60,000 Blankets 50 47,500 Plastic basin 6 4,950 Assorted infants board games 53 43,725 Medecins Sans Frontieres Constructed toilets and bathing shelters 240,000 (MSF) Goal Malawi Constructed toilets and bathing shelters 240,000

Survival kits 550 6,352,500 Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 9

Organization Items / Services Quantity Cost Malawi Red Cross Tarpaulins 4mx6m 800 3,960,000 Socety Borehole 1 2,000,000 Shelter kits 1300 10,010,000 Collapsible Jerry cans 2600 3,575,000 Mosquito nets 2600 3,575,000 Blankets 2600 3,575,000 Cooking sets 1300 7,865,000 Salvation Army Household tents 100 825,000 50kg bag of maize 200 600,000 50kg bag of beans 50 450,000 Plan Malawi Assorted school items 25 boxes of chalk, 1,098,741 2000 lead pencils, 2000 exercise books 20kg cream of Maize 700 9,220,000 20kg Pigeon peas 1500 20kg fortified Likuni Phala 750 20 liters plastic buckets 1000 1,967,184 Plastic cups and plates 15000 of each Plastic sheets 116 2,574,650 Mosquito nets 470 900,000 Operational costs 2,206,735 Population Services International Water Guard powder 417 cartoons 250,200 (PSI) Plastic pails 86 35,260 Act Alliance (CARD) 20kg maize flour 3 distributions for 14,928,153 5kg Likuni phala for under five chil- 1309 under-fives and dren 1000 households Beans Illovo sugar company 5kg cream of maize 5500 6,600,000 Total Land Care (WALA) 15 kg bag Soya flour 850 10,234,000 Cooking oil 850 Sweet potato vines 359 Treadle pumps 20 Plastic pails 850 6 Laundry and 6 luxury soap 850 Malawi Revenue Authority 2kg packets Likuni Phala 750 1,500,000 Bottles of water guard 2000 Plastic pails and plates 250 of each Bread rolls and Pine apples 1250 Total US$949,212 @165Mk/US$ 156, 124,958

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B. METHODOLOGY The following disaster impacts are also estimated as part of the assessment: Undertaking the PDNA  Possible macro-economic impacts due to losses inflicted This PDNA is a Government of Malawi led exercise, support- by the disaster, including possible slowdown of gross ed technically and financially by development partners. This domestic production, deterioration of the balance of assessment of Nsanje floods was carried out as a practical payments and of fiscal sector position, as well as in- training exercise , to build on the theoretical training con- crease in inflation. ducted in March, 2012. At the same time the practical train-  Decline in personal or household living conditions, liveli- ing offered an opportunity to identify longer term solutions hoods and income, possible increase in costs of living, as to the recurrent floods in the region. well as poverty aggravation arising from the resulting losses caused by the disaster. Due to data limitations, a This assessment employed the PDNA methodology, which is detailed poverty and income impact assessment has not a government led assessment based on the national system been undertaken in this assessment and the report recom- of accounts. This methodology combines two distinct and mends that such assessment be undertaken in future complementary strands of assessing disaster effects, im- PDNAs. pacts, and needs. First is the time-proven damage, loss and needs assessment (DaLA) methodology – originally devel- Needs oped by the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin  Recovery needs are estimated on the basis of the finan- America and the Caribbean (UNECLAC) in the 1970s and cial resources required for immediate reactivation of further updated and expanded by the World Bank’s Global personal or household income, rehabilitation of basic Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). Se- services, and reactivation of productive activities; cond is the Human Recovery Needs Assessment (HRNA)  Reconstruction needs are estimated as the require- methodology that has been developed by the United Nations ments for financing that will make it possible to repair, for assessing recovery needs at community level. reconstruct or replace the physical assets that were destroyed or damaged by the disaster. These figures in- The PDNA conceptual model attempts to assess the overall clude a build back better factor to consider quality im- impact of the disaster on the country’s socio-economic de- provements velopment, develop strategies for immediate recovery at The estimate of financial needs for recovery and recon- community level, and assist the Government in improving its struction therefore uses quantitative information from risk and disaster management strategies. The GFDRR web- the systematic estimate of the value of destroyed assets site (www.gfdrr.org) provides resources material for refer- (damages) and of changes in economic flows (losses) of ence this assessment.

Damage and Losses Disaster Risk Reduction Under the DaLA methodology conceptual framework, the  Disaster risk reduction needs are additional needs following disaster effects are measured during the assess- identified above and beyond the ones in recovery and ment: reconstruction aimed at building longer-term resilience  Damage is the value of physical, durable assets that may through systematic efforts to “analyze and manage the be destroyed due to the action of the natural hazard that causal factors of disasters, including through reduced caused the disaster, expressed in terms of the replace- exposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people ment value of the assets assuming the same characteris- and property, wise management of land and the envi- tics that they had prior to the disaster; and, ronment, and improved preparedness for adverse  Losses or changes in the normal flows of the economy events.” (Using the UNISDR definition from http// that may arise in all sectors of economic and social activ- www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology#letter-d) ity due to the external shocks brought about by the dis-  aster, until full economic recovery and reconstruction PDNA teams have undertaken the first step in this pro- has been achieved, and are expressed in current values. cess – identification of key projects and programs required for risk reduction in their respective sectors. The

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 11

result is a preliminary list with indicative costing which the communities’ most pressing needs. The early recovery has been included in the assessment. This is neither in- plan shall be linked directly to MGDS II Themes, Key Priority tended to be exhaustive nor finalized. However; this Areas and the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015. could form the basis of dialogue, evaluation, and prioritization which is necessary to ascertain the suitability of It should be noted that these methodologies complement the interventions. each other and provide a complete view of the human and economic needs to achieve recovery and reconstruction. Human Recovery Needs Assessment (HRNA) The HRNA has been defined as: “Assessments that determine In such assessments, sectors of economic and social activity the requirements for the full resilient recovery of human that are included in the system of national accounts of the development for affected populations, including the restora- affected country, which may sustain either destruction of tion of governance systems”. (United Nations Development physical, durable assets and/or modifications to the normal Program, Bureau for Crisis Prevention & Recovery - Bangkok, flows of the economy caused by the floods, are analyzed. Thailand -November 2010) Assessment Process The HRNA methodology used in this report focuses on the As a first step, a theoretical training was delivered in March social impact of disasters, analyzing how disasters affect lo- 2012 and the team was provided a refresher course focusing cal patterns of life, social structures and institutions and is on the practical aspects and the field data collection and founded on assessing the perceptions of people and commu- analyses aspects of the assessment on July 26 and 27, 2012. nities in the wake of a disaster. These perceptions can then be used to inform the recovery and reconstruction process. The scope of the assessment was to analyze the impact of the The information captured through this assessment gives an floods that occurred in January, 2012 in TA Mlolo in Nsanje insight into how the recovery and reconstruction process district. In view of limitations in time and resources, it was can be best implemented, based on the needs, demands and not feasible to include additional geographical areas and opinions of communities affected by the disaster. In this way, thematic focus areas to the scope of the assessment. the findings of the damage and loss assessment are compli- mented by local level opinions which support the creation of Templates for baseline data collection were circulated so an enabling environment for recovery and rehabilitation. that teams could send out the forms to their counterparts in the field to be prepared with the required data. Field visits The methodology underpins and provides a basis for, were then carried out by a team of approximately 40 experts through its detailed analysis of communities’ short and me- for the purpose of quantitative data collection in district of- dium term needs, the development of an early recovery plan fices and visits to the affected areas for interviews with stra- to be implemented in the short term. Priorities are defined in tegic informants. After completing data collection, the teams the immediate recovery activities in order to best respond to assembled in Blantyre and Lilongwe for detailed analyses of the data and compilation of the report.

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 12

II. Macro-economic and Human Recovery Analysis

1. MACRO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS erate inflation, manageable current account deficit and sus- Malawi is a small landlocked agrarian economy, which is tainable levels of domestic debt. These indicators, however, poorly integrated into the region, both in terms of trade and also depict an economy that was excessively dependent physical infrastructure. Its economy is highly undiversified, upon external grants to meet its current deficits on both with a high concentration on few primary commodities, fiscal and external accounts and where levels of external which renders it vulnerable to weather and terms of trade reserves have been generally low. Both of these latter two shocks. The country's export trade is dominated by few pri- factors made Malawi economy susceptible to external mary commodity exports (mainly semi-processed tobacco, shocks. The 2010 Country Economic Memorandum (CEM) tea, and sugar). The country is also highly donor dependent. identified lack of economic diversification, inadequate pow- In recent years, the large agricultural sector has been con- er supply, weak human capital, lack of trade facilitation, and tributing no more than 28% to total GDP, compared with weak financial intermediation as key economic constraints 33% for services and 10 percent for a largely underdevel- of the country. oped manufacturing sector. Mineral exploration has been intensified and the mining sector has registered an average Macroeconomic imbalances started to build up after 2008 growth of 30% per annum since 2009 with its contribution in the context of the global crisis, the 2009 Presidential to GDP expected to increase from 0.2 of GDP in 2009 to an elections, and deteriorating relations with donors. The IMF average of about 3.8 GDP by 2016. Extended Credit Facility (ECF)-supported program for Ma- lawi went off track shortly after completion of the first re- Between 2007 and 2010, macroeconomic indicators (Table view in December 2010, leading to the suspension of budg- 5) point to an economy that was performing well with mod- et support grants by CABS DPs. With no adjustments in the 2011/12 budget and in the absence of budget support Table 5: Malawi Key Macroeconomic Indicators, 2007—2011 2007 2008 2009 2010§ 2011§ GDP Growth (%) 9.5 8.3 9.0 6.5 4.3 Inflation (%) average 7.9 8.7 8.4 7.4 7.6 Growth in M2 (%) 20.0 20.0 23.9 33.9 35.7 Exchange rate (average US/MWK) 140.0 140.6 141.2 150.8 157 Current account balance including transfers (% of GDP) -1.0 -9.7 -4.8 -1.3 -5.9 Fiscal balance, excluding grants (% of GDP) -13.9 -11.2 -17.3 -10.3 -10.5 Fiscal balance, including grants (% of GDP) -1.2 -0.6 -5.7 0.1 -2.9 External Debt, Public Sector (% of GDP) 15.0 16.8 15.9 16.0 16.2 NPV of public sector debt (% of average exports) 30.3 42.6 57.1 44.6 47.8 Domestic Debt, Central Government (% of GDP) 12.2 19.9 22.0 15.3 16 Gross reserves in months of import cover 1.3 1.5 0.7 1.5 1.0 Average interest rate (91days T-Bill Rate) 11.0 10.5 10.5 6.2 6.8 Sources: Malawi Authorities, IMF and World Bank staff estimate—Note: (§) These figures are preliminary estimates.

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 13 grants, the authorities resorted to central bank financing. The Table 6: Summary of damages and losses by sector country was further hit by multiple shocks in 2011, including the adverse terms of trade, significantly reduced tobacco proceeds and donor inflows, which were compounded by inap- Disaster Effects propriate policy responses, which triggered a severe foreign Damages Losses Total Sector exchange shortage. These events led to fiscal and external MK, Million MK, Million MK, Million imbalances that required adjustment by containing domestic Transport 46.7 11.8 58.4 demand. Even as the external deficit was growing, Govern- ment of Malawi (GoM) maintained a policy of fixed exchange Health 0.0 88.7 88.7 rate. Malawi's economy slowed down as firms could not ac- Education 2.2 0.0 2.2 cess foreign exchange to secure inputs for production, and Agriculture 89.5 109.1 198.6 fuel supply shortages intensified. & Livestock Water and 41.2 190.0 231.3 Sanitation The authorities project the economy will grow by 4.3% in 2012. However, the consequence (if any) of the floods on real Energy 1.2 0.0 1.2 GDP growth in 2012 is negligible. This is a reflection of the Housing 204.5 25.3 229.8 economic output of the affected area rather than the impact Total 385.4 424.9 810.3 of the scale of the disaster on livelihoods. Macroeconomic aggregates like government expenditure, consumption, ex- of output from the flooded area. To this end, real GDP growth ports and imports are not expected to be affected by the loss projection for 2012 stands at the same level of 4.3% in 2011.

Since economic activity in the nation is concentrated mostly in the non-flooded areas, the flood had a near negligible im- Impact on national economic growth pact on the overall macro-economic aggregates. The most The authorities project the economy will grow by 1.6% in developed agricultural, tourism, mining, and manufacturing 2012. However, the consequence (if any) of the floods on industries are located in the northern, central, and southern real GDP growth in 2012 is negligible. This is a reflection of region highlands the economic output of the affected area rather than the impact of the scale of the disaster on livelihoods. Macroeco- Description of Nsanje’s economy and its contri- nomic aggregates like government expenditure, consump- bution to the national economy tion, exports and imports are not expected to be affected by The profile of economic activity in the Nsanje District and all the loss of output from the flooded area. Malawi’s real GDP affected areas is mainly subsistence farming, with small- growth projection for 2012 has been revised downwards scale commercial agriculture mostly limited to cotton and from 4.3% to 1.6% , but not on account of the Nsanje floods. cattle breeding; as such economic impact of the floods was localized. The floods mostly affected an area whose output in 2011/12 was concentrated in agriculture, including livestock. The Impact of the floods on Nsanje’s economy and total value of damages in these sectors amounts to MK 89.5 overall national macro-economic aggregates million. Losses in this sector were estimated at MK 109.1 million compared to the entire value of losses of MK 424.8 The floods mostly affected an area whose output in 2011/12 million. At a national level this loss of output is not signifi- was concentrated in agriculture, including livestock. The cant considering that nominal GDP in 2011/12 was estimat- total value of damages in this sector amounts to MK 89.5 ed at MK 1,068 billion. million. Losses in this sector were estimated at MK 109.1 million compared to the entire value of losses of MK 424.8 The economic impact is therefore expected to be localized million. At a national level this loss of output is not signifi- due to the loss in locally traded commodities including mil- cant considering that nominal GDP in 2011/12 was estimat- let, sorghum, rice, maize and livestock. Whereas cotton was ed at MK 1,068 billion.

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 14 being produced for subsistence, this loss of output has not tions remain on the adequacy of public response to the dis- significantly affected national production aggregate which aster and also on the financing towards the recovery effort. has almost doubled between 2010/11 and 2011/12 on account of a government subsidy towards seeds and pesticides 2. HUMAN RECOVERY ANALYSIS in the sector.

Impact on the balance of payments and on exports Incidence of Poverty in Malawi and The impact of the floods on the balance of payments is not Nsanje District significant given the negligible contribution of the flooded area to the current account. Malawi remains one of the least developed countries ranked 171st out of 187 countries surveyed on the United Nations Main exports are not produced in the affected area. Damages Human Development Index of 2011. Despite strong econom- in the area have been mainly concentrated to cotton, and ic performance registered during 2005-2010, poverty re- green maize, which are goods mostly traded at the local lev- mains widespread and concentrated in rural areas. Accord- el, or used for household subsistence. Consequently the ing to the recently published report of the Third Integrated floods did not affect exports; rather export levels continued Household Survey (IHS3 2010/11), the incidence of poverty to follow trend in line with global demand (e.g. in tobacco, as measured through the headcount index has declined only sugar sectors). slightly from 52.4% (IHS2 2004/05) to 50.7%.

Impact on the fiscal sector The poverty levels for urban areas declined from 25.4% in The current forecast of the impact on the fiscal sector in- 2005 to 17.3% in 2011, whereas they picked up slightly in cludes losses in tax revenue that could result from decline in rural areas from 55.9% to 56.6% during the same period. economic activity, and the corresponding increase in ex- Income also remains unevenly distributed as evidenced by penditure due to rehabilitation activity. the deterioration in the income distribution, as measured by the gini-coefficient, from 0.39 in 2005 to 0.45, reflecting in- Impact on tax revenues equities in the access to assets, services and opportunities Most of the trading activity in TA Mlolo area takes place in across the population. Within rural areas, the same index informal markets where taxes are not applied by govern- rose from 0.34 to 0.38, while within urban areas stayed ment; in addition there are no taxes levied on agricultural roughly constant at about 0.49. products produced and sold locally in Malawi. In this regard, there is no potential loss in revenue. The revenue impact of The poorest geographical region among the three regions in the floods is therefore nil. Malawi was the Southern Region with a poverty rate of

The impact on Government expenditure Expenditures on disaster response were within the budget framework. In the 2011/12 national budget, MK 826 million was earmarked under the vote unforeseen expenditures for disaster relief at national level. The Government spent about MK 25 million towards the disaster response effort in TA Mlolo, out of a total effort costing MK 156 million which came from Development Partners, NGOs, and other sources. As this report was being finalized, government had not scheduled or cost estimated any special rehabilitation plan for the affected area in its 2012/13 national budget. As such the budget framework in 2011/12 and 2012/13 managed to absorb the impact of the disaster. While the cost of the disaster response was absorbed by the 2011/12 budget, ques-

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 15

63.3%, with Nsanje District being the poorest district among velopment of the country. In addition, pupils who drop the entire 28 district in the country. The poverty rate for out end up in early marriages which in turn have far Nsanje was estimated as 81.2% and the ultra-poverty rate reaching consequences in terms of pressure exerted on stood at 56%. Nsanje also has the highest poverty gap in the basic social services. country at 40.4% implying that the poor people in Nsanje survive on MK 14,948.80/year below the poverty line of MK  Gender 37,002.00/year. Girls are at a particular risk of exploitation and abuse during displacement due to floods. Inadequate lighting Impacts on human recovery and bathing facilities in temporary shelters make girls The findings of the assessment highlight some of the human and women vulnerable and fearful of sexual abuses as impacts of the floods since a significant proportion of the well as harassment. Officials explained that many girls damage, losses and needs are human-centric. For example dropout in the district either because of early marriage 74% of the combined effects of the disaster are directly felt due to poverty or to look after their siblings due to the on the private sector. In the case of this assessment, the pri- deaths of their parents. The decrease in the number of vate sector primarily constitutes individuals and communi- girls in upper classes is higher, especially from standard ties. Furthermore, the most affected sectors and the ones 5 up to standard 8. with the highest amounts of needs are housing, agriculture, and water and sanitation – all of which are closely linked to  Temporary spike in prices and shortage of household human recovery. items The socio-economic impact of the floods was significant The following are excerpts from some of the key human re- because of the dependency of other sectors to the covery and cross cutting issues from the various sectors as- transport sector. For example, the cost of transportation sessed: was felt in increases in prices of various commodities. The increase in transportation fares from TA Mlolo to  Agriculture, livelihoods and environment Thabwa in Chikhwawa resulted in shop owners’ increas- Studies in Malawi show that the majority of smallholder ing the price of groceries. Shops ran out of groceries and farmers are women. Since the floods occurred in a rural other essentials. Households paid more for the same setting where the major livelihood is food cultivation, it items after the disaster. This implies households were is envisaged that the population that suffered most were affected greatly and had to adjust their expenditure pat- women, children and the elderly. terns to suit the price adjustments. Further, the lack of alternative sources of income is one of the major drivers for overexploitation of natural  Housing resources in TA Mlolo and the catchment areas of the The disaster rendered most affected people homeless, major rivers. Communities engage in the production of especially child headed households, the elderly and oth- charcoal due to the lack of an alternative source of in- er vulnerable groups. There were 16 child headed and come. This further causes environmental degradation 210 elderly headed households who had to be provided and soil erosion, leading to the vicious cycle of flooding with tents and due to siltation of rivers from the uplands. other household goods.  Education Construction School drop outs and lower primary school completion of temporary rates were some of the concerns raised by education shelter mainly authorities at the district level. The suspension of classes uses locally following flooding leaves the pupils at a disadvantage found materi- compared to their counterparts in other non affected als such as areas. This in turn might affect the quality of education, grass and and hence the quality of human capital. Education con- trees which is tributes to economic development and drop outs and negatively low completion rates rob the country of quality human affecting the capital that could otherwise have contributed to the de- environment.

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 16

III. Transitional Recovery and Reconstruction Framework

Introduction details of each need.

The recovery and reconstruction process is an opportunity The framework is a living document since more infor- to build longer term resilience. The objective of the transi- mation will be available when specific project level plan- tional recovery and reconstruction framework is to provide ning and implementation are underway. Prioritization was a sequenced, prioritized, programmatic, yet flexible (living) first done within each sector before compiling the sectoral overall action plan to guide the recovery and reconstruction recovery frameworks into one at the cross sector level. This process. allows the assessment to present a synthesis of the sectoral and thematic recovery and reconstruction needs in a three- This section answers the following questions pertaining to tiered priority list that is sequenced. the recovery: The needs under Priority 1 could be implemented immedi-  What are the needs in order to recover from this disas- ately regardless of whether they are of a short or long term ter and to build longer term resilience? nature. The framework is compiled based on sector team  Who could do it institutionally and how could it be im- inputs which in turn have been guided by recovery strate- plemented? gies already in place (e.g. the recent governments’ decision  What are the monitoring and evaluation arrangements to move households to higher lands) and those recom- to know if we are successful in the recovery? mended or envisaged by sector teams.

The section may not provide answers to the following ques- It is important to note that the financing (who will finance tions pertaining to the recovery: each need) of the framework is not discussed here but this  How will the recovery and reconstruction be financed? framework could serve as a starting point for such a dia-  What are the various project level details for each inter- logue. vention identified?  What is the existing institutional capacity for recovery This chapter consists of the sectoral and thematic recovery and reconstruction? and reconstruction needs followed by the guiding principles used for the transitional recovery and reconstruction The framework lays the foundation for recovery and recon- framework. Finally the institutional, implementation and struction planning for a resilient recovery which is an im- monitoring and evaluation arrangements are discussed. portant part of the DRM continuum, bridging the gap between response, ex ante disaster risk reduction and development. It provides a high level overview of the needs identified by the assessment without going into the project level

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 17

Table 7: Sectoral and thematic recovery and reconstruction needs and priorities

Transitional Recovery and Reconstruction Framework PRIORITY 1 Estimated Existing Initia- Indica- Cost (in tives and Part- tive Sector Need Activities Responsible Million ners to be lever- Timefra MWK) aged me Ministry of Lands Provision of temporary shel- and Housing, ter for child, elderly and Short Immediate recovery 2.6 Ministry of Local other needy headed house- term Government and holds DoDMA Awareness & education National Initia- Mobilize financial resources on risks regarding settle- MoLH, Ministry of tive for Civic Housing and conduct awareness cam- 2012- ment in flood prone 3.3 Local Govern- Education, Mala- paigns; conduct training of 2013 areas & better house ment and DoDMA wi Red Cross trainers (ToT) construction guidelines Society Site planning for reloca- Mobilize financial resources MoLH, Ministry of World Bank, UN- 2012- tion of affected people and conduct the planning 1.1 Local Govern- Habitat, Christian 2013 to safer site exercise ment and DoDMA Aid Repair to erosion dam- Ministry of age and installation of Generate more money by Transport & Pub- Transpor new culvert pipes, con- July-Dec raising fuel levy rate and 47.9 Roads Authority lic Works, Road t struction of erosion 12 carry out repair works Fund Administra- protection works such tion as gabion baskets MOEST in collab- Disaster Preparedness oration with Educa- and planning should be Awareness and DoDMA, MoEST, 2012- 3.6 DoDMA should tion incorporated in Educa- training MICE 2014 carry out aware- tion planning ness campaigns

To assess the extent of UNICEF, UNDP, a. Conduct a Nutritional Ministry of Health Short nutritional status of <5 15.0 JICA, GIZ, Hunger Survey & NSO term children Project etc

a. Recruit, train & deploy To conduct flood related CHWs according to staffing 2.5 UNICEF, UNDP, Short – awareness campaigns norms Ministry of Health JICA, GIZ, Hunger to- long on health & nutrition b. Procure & distribute bicy- Project etc term 1,5 Health cles to all CHWs

a. Rejuvenate existing coordination & collabora- To strengthen integrat- tion structures at all Long ed nutrition manage- levels 5,.0 Ministry of Health UNICEF, OPC term ment b. b. Conduct regular stakeholders’ coordination & collaboration meetings

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 18

Transitional Recovery and Reconstruction Framework

PRIORITY 1 Estimated Existing Initi- Indica- Cost (in Responsi- atives and tive Sector Need Activities Million ble Partners to Timefra MWK) be leveraged me A. Identification of target households to supply facilities

Rehabilitate and B. Procurement and distribution of Nov. maintain safe wa- Afridev pump spare parts e.g. Red Cross 2012 to 0.7 MoWDI ter points C. Follow up (e.g. pest control, M&E) and WALA March (boreholes) to be done up until time of harvest 2013 D. Assessment of condition of the hand pump A. Geophysical surveys of borehole drilling sites MoWDI, WASH Construction of Preliminary surveys of socioeconomic National Jan Ministry of water supply sys- and topography of the area Water Devel- 2013 to Local Gov- tems in new settle- 193.5 opment Febru- B. Community mobilization and sensi- ernment, ments for the (WASH Com- ary tization Ministry of households ponent) 2013 C. Borehole drilling Health C. Construction of water supply retic- ulation system powered by solar Construction of A. Feasibility studies MoWDI, Shire River Dec. flood control struc- B. Creation of access roads Ministry of Basin Devel- 2012 to tures - dykes along 219.0 Local Gov- opment Pro- April Thangadzi East C. Mobilization of equipment and ernment, ject 2013 River construction materials Food for households that do not have Short Food Security 22.8 Agriculture, it term Livestock, Inputs (seed, fertilizer, pesticides, Short 104.6 Irrigation, Kick start agricul- drugs) term Food Security tural production Repair of drainage and irrigation 60.4 systems All people resettled Total Land in the area are Sept Training of villagers on construction Dept. of Care Promo- trained in construc- 2012 to of energy saving stoves and their use 2.5 Energy tion of Energy tion and efficient Feb and benefits Affairs Saving Stoves use of Energy Sav- 2013 Project Energy ing Stoves. Total Land All households in Sept Training of villagers on construction Dept. of Care Promo- the area own and 2012 to of energy saving stoves and their use - Energy tion of Energy use energy saving Feb and benefits Affairs Saving Stoves stoves 2013 Project Total Needs for Priority 1 MK 685.9 US$ $ 2,494,157

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Transitional Recovery and Reconstruction Framework PRIORITY 2 Esti- mated Existing Initiatives Indicative Sector Need Activities Cost (in Responsible and Partners to be Timefram Million leveraged e MWK) A. Assessment of existing technologies MoWDI, Minis- Promote suita- try of Local Gov- ble sanitation B. Selection of existing 12.0 NWDP (WASH Project) Nov. 2012 ernment, Minis- technologies technologies that suit try of Health WASH the area C. KAPs Survey MoWDI, Minis- Promote safe try of Local Gov- hygiene practic- A. Baseline study 12.0 NWDP (WASH Project Nov. 2012 ernment, Minis- es try of Health World Bank, UN- Train local artisans in MoLH, Ministry HABITAT, DoDMA, Ma- safer and better house 2.9 of Local Govern- 2012-2013 lawi Red Cross Society, construction ment Construction of TEVETA disaster risk World Bank, UN- Construct one safe ha- MoLH, Ministry resilient houses. HABITAT, DoDMA, Ma- ven at TA level and 7 of Local Govern- 12.6 lawi Red Cross Society, 2012-2014 demonstration house in ment and DoD- TEVETA, Habitat for each of the seven GVHs MA Humanity Support construction of MoLH, Ministry Housing better and safer houses Medium 1,501.0 of Local Govern- for 2887 affected house- term ment holds MoLH, Ministry Training of personnel in UN-Habitat, CCODE, 4.0 of Local Govern- 2012-2014 mapping at all levels Christian Aid ment Ensure mapping of all flood Develop project pro- MoLH, Ministry prone areas posal for external fund- UN-Habitat, CCODE, 0.7 of Local Govern- 2012-2014 ing and conduct map- Christian Aid ment ping exercise Restore liveli- Replacement of animals 0.4 Short term hoods and in- Medium to Purchase of land 2.3 comes long term Agriculture, Safeguard water Lining of shallow wells 8.3 Short term Livestock, Irriga- source tion, Food Secu- Maintenance of Maintenance of treadle rity 20.0 Short term treadle pumps pumps DRR in Agricul- Capacity building of Medium 4.4 ture sector extension staff term

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Transitional Recovery and Reconstruction Framework PRIORITY 2 Existing Initia- Estimated tives and Part- Indicative Sector Need Activities Cost (in million Responsible ners to be Timeframe MWK) leveraged Raising of the Ministry of Generate more road embank- Transport & money by raising ment, and provi- Detailed design Public Works, January 2013- Transport fuel levy rate Roads Authority sion of adequate study required Road Fund Ad- December 2015 and carry out drainage struc- ministration, repair works tures donors a. Conduct rigor- To reduce Malar- ous awareness ia incidence in 12.0 campaigns on TA Mlolo ITN use Ministry of UNICEF, Red Medium to- Health To implement Health Cross, PSI Long term Indoor Residual b. Recruit, train Spray (IRS) cam- and deploy IRS 5.0 paign in TA Mlo- operators lo Education materials and skirting Ministry of 0.5 Medium term of classroom Health blocks Education Ensure teaching Construct raised and learning storage facilities UNICEF donated Public Works, materials are for teaching and 0.1 some textbooks, 2011-2014 DoDMA, MoEST safe from flood learning materi- pens, etc; waters als Dept. of Energy Construction of Dept. of Energy Relocation area Affairs Rural Energy power lines to 17.7 Affairs and ES- 2013 to 2014 is electrified Electrification the area COM Ltd Programme Total Needs for MK 1,612.1 US$ 5,862,871 Priority 2

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 21

Transitional Recovery and Reconstruction Framework PRIORITY 3 Estimat- Existing Initia- ed Cost Indicative tives and Part- Sector Need Activities (in mil- Responsible Timefram ners to be lion of e leveraged MWK) Ministry of Sensitization of the gov- Transport & Pub- ernment and various Conduct awareness January lic Works, Road stakeholders, including campaigns with Roads Authori- 2013- Transport Fund Administra- donors on the need for stakeholders includ- ty Decem- tion, Ministry of provision of adequate ing donors ber 2014 Finance, donor budget community Provide water and MoEST, DoD- Relocation of Chikonje P. Relocation of the 2012- health facility in 66.0 MA, MoLH, School whole community 2014 relocation site Public Works Ministry of Edu- Education Public Works, cation should Mitigation works at Construction of Miti- 2012- 2.5 DoDMA, construct reliable Namiyala School gation Structures 2013 MoEST drainage systems in all schools a. Conduct awareness campaigns on 2.5 OFRDs b. Strengthening To have an Integrated IDSR through capaci- Medium Ministry of WHO, UNICEF, Health Disease Surveillance & ty building; infra- 75.0 to- Long Health PSI Response System (IDSR) structure develop- term ment etc c. Conduct mass treatment cam- 7.5 paigns A. Feasibility studies Construction of flood con- Subject B. ESIA MoWDI, Shire River Basin trol structures on Ruo to feasi- C. Procurement of MoECCM, DO- Development Oct. 2014 River - Multi - purpose bility contractors MA Project dams studies D. Construction works WASH A. Feasibility studies Subject Construction of flood con- B. ESIA Shire River Basin to feasi- MoWDI, MoEC- trol structures on Ruo C. Procurement of Development Oct.2014 bility CMs, DODMA River - Offshore storage contractors Project studies D. Construction works Total Needs for MK 153.5 US$ 558,182 Priority 3

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 22 Guiding Principles The following guiding principles were used for this need for affordable solutions. This principle PDNA exercise which could also potentially be re- further promotes community participation in ferred to in future PDNAs in Malawi. Please note all aspects of the recovery process and partner that a detailed planning exercise was not conduct- with local institutions. It encourages decision- ed due to the timing of the exercise (long after making concerning planning, design and im- some activities had already started). plementation at the lowest level possible, to ensure community ownership and empower- Strategizing ment, and to ensure solutions are locally ap- 1. Moving from response to long term resili- propriate. ence. It may not be viable for the government 6. Focus on the most vulnerable and socially and its partners to continue to respond to all disadvantaged groups such as children, future disasters. It is imperative that a long women, and the disabled. Disasters increase term solution focusing on disaster risk reduc- the vulnerability of all, but especially of those tion is found for the recurrent floods in the who are already disadvantaged. Recovery pro- area and to address long-term vulnerability gramming should give priority to the most and risks. vulnerable groups, including female-headed 2. Prioritizing and sequencing needs in the households, children and orphans, and the Recovery Framework. The prioritizing and poor, and take into account those with special sequencing of needs across sectors must be needs, to avoid their being overlooked. done after internal prioritizing is complete 7. Secure development gains – while differen- within each sector. This must then be done at tiating between regular development and a cross-sector level through a consultative disaster recovery. Recovery planning must process which includes representatives from attempt to re-establish and secure previous all sectors, ensuring that the needs of every development gains, and areas not affected by sector is given due priority. Furthermore, a the disaster should not lose out due to in- distinction must be made between what is creased allocation of public resources to the urgent (must be done immediately) versus disaster-affected areas. It must however be what is important (must be done regardless of noted that while disaster recovery provides time). opportunities for improving the disaster resili- 3. Building on lessons of past experiences in ence of affected infrastructure and assets, it flood risk management. Planning and priori- should not include improvements or enhance- tization for flood recovery should be based on ments that fall under the purview of regular sound lessons of experience and practices in development. Sector strategies proposed in Malawi while leveraging good practices in the this report are essentially based on this dual region and worldwide. principle of building upon existing development gains but not through recovery interven- 4. Alignment with key disaster risk manage- tions that overlap with already planned or ment policies. There is a need for alignment proposed development activities. Sector dam- and integration of recommendations with the age estimates and strategies must also, if pos- National DRM policy which is being finalized sible, take into account any major setbacks in and the Second Malawi Growth Development pre-disaster progress achieved towards the Strategy (MGDS II 2011-2016). respective sector MDGs, and propose 5. Community inclusion and use of local measures for bridging such gaps in the course knowledge and skills. This ensures the opti- of regular development. mal use of local initiatives, resources and ca- 8. Building Back Better and longer term dis- pacities. Planning and execution is based on aster risk management. While avoiding radi- local knowledge, skills, materials and meth- cal redesigning and restructuring, there is a ods, and enterprises, taking into account the need to ensure that realistic building back bet-

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 23

ter measures are considered in the design of local governments in the affected areas infrastructure to be rebuilt. This report at- directly in the short-term and a program tempts to propose building back better of capacity building over the long-term. measures in each sector, while being cogni- Even prior to the current disaster, affected zant of possible resource shortfalls for the districts had limited capacity to implement recovery process. Accordingly, longer term development programs. The disaster has only and potentially costlier disaster risk manage- impacted this further and there is a need to ment interventions are included but account- assess and prioritize capacity development in ed for separately in each of the sector needs these areas. assessments. 2. Maintaining realistic recovery program- 9. Strengthening capacities to manage the ming while exploring innovative and am- recovery process. The capacity of local pub- bitious approaches for implementation. lic administration, including infrastructure, Planning strategically and conservatively to must be strengthened. Along with local and ensure that there is sufficient capacity to un- national institutions, encourage and empow- dertake recovery tasks while developing in- er all levels of civil society to participate in novative efficiency mechanisms. and manage the recovery process. In this re- 3. Institutionalizing urgency. Assessing cur- gard, the role of local governments needs to rent institutional arrangements including be given priority. It would also be important processes and procedures for recovery inter- to mobilize private investment – both human ventions and if necessary, review and and financial, by ensuring that the local pri- streamline them or develop special dispensa- vate sector has incentives and technology to tion for key recovery processes. participate fully in reconstruction. 10. Further strengthen institutions and their Governance, Monitoring & Evaluation ability to manage risks. Recovery efforts in 1. Developing a strong monitoring and eval- the district should strive to strengthen exist- uation (M&E) system to ensure that the ing institutional structures and build long- course of recovery, reconstruction, and DRR term capacity to manage disasters, particu- activities get completed in a timely way. An larly floods, drought and food crises. M&E mechanism must be used as a tool that 11. Comprehensive, sustainable, broader ap- brings together all the recovery, reconstruc- proaches. While it is important to focus on tion, and disaster risk reduction initiatives the most affected areas, there is a clear need that have been envisaged towards delivering to provide support that can leverage catalytic results as a coherent whole. The users and changes for the Lower Shire Basin as a whole. target audience of the performance management tools should be the managers of these 12. Recognize the cyclical nature of the disas- programs and the projects that make up the ter and tackle it holistically. There is a criti- recovery programs going forward. cal need to sustain the momentum for recovery with constant monitoring particularly 2. Employing a dedicated body within the due to the chronic nature of floods in the ba- Government of Malawi to own and imple- sin and which are followed by droughts or ment the results agenda for recovery, recon- when one part of the basin is affected by struction, and disaster risk reduction with floods and other parts experience drought as adequate resources for its successful func- this may exacerbate the current disaster for tioning. communities who are still in the process of 3. Leveraging existing capacities. The capaci- recovering. Please refer to Integrated Flood ty of existing M&E systems must be first as- Risk Management Plan for the Shire Basin. sessed and any existing capacities and re- Implementation sources must be leveraged. Further, the capacities and resources of development part- 1. Prioritizing service delivery support to ners’ M&E must be assessed in order to en-

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 24

sure a harmonized M&E framework for re- grammes to address some of these challenges but covery and to leverage synergies. there are many disparate initiatives that are undertaken simultaneously. 4. Maximize credibility through independent

oversight mechanisms, third party monitoring and community-based grievance redress The way forward involves the development and implementation of a ‘transitional recovery and mechanisms. reconstruction framework’ through a consultative Coordination process that involves all key stakeholders, including various levels of government and internation- Need for a coordinated effort. In order to be al development partners. This framework will able to create lasting impact for the affected com- attempt to bring together the efforts of all recov- munities, it is imperative that all actors work in ery actors towards planning and implementing concert to put in place and successfully execute the recovery in concert. The framework is based interventions that are geared toward building on: long-term resilience. It will be important to ensure harmonization between all stakeholders in- 1. The clear articulation of priority needs in volved in needs planning and execution. The gov- each sector ernment shall be at the helm in coordinating and 2. Sequencing and cross prioritization of needs prioritizing fund flows. There is a critical need to across sectors, has been undertaken based on bridge relief, recovery, reconstruction, and disas- the above guiding principles. Needs have ter risk reduction efforts. been prioritized into 3 categories across sectors taking into consideration needs that are Institution, implementation , and mon- both urgent and important and categorizing itoring & evaluation arrangement them accordingly; 3. Providing an indicative timeline for the im- The institutional, implementation, and M&E ar- plementation of priority interventions, and; rangements for the transitional recovery frame- 4. The development of key indicators for meas- work are based on the principle of leveraging ex- uring physical progress and M&E of the per- isting arrangements wherever possible instead of formance and effectiveness of the proposed creating new ones. recovery interventions.

While recovery and reconstruction and building Once this is established, the following institution- resilience may be relatively new concepts, the al arrangement for oversight, implementation, arrangements for response have been tried and and monitoring and evaluation is proposed. tested in Malawi and thus it was recommended to  Ownership and institutional oversight of the use this existing arrangement, albeit with a few planning and implementation of the transi- changes. Please note that a detailed capacity as- tional recovery and reconstruction frame- sessment for recovery has not been undertaken work and its results could be undertaken under this PDNA and it is strongly recommended through the National Disaster Preparedness that such an assessment be undertaken. Follow- and Relief Committee and the National Disas- ing such an assessment, it is also important that ter Preparedness and Relief Technical Com- necessary, capacity (legal, resources etc.) be aug- mittee, which will in turn report on progress mented where lacking. to the Cabinet. These committees will meet periodically to finalize the findings of the post Although several institutional arrangements and disaster needs assessments and recovery strategic approaches for DRM exist in Malawi, strategies, inform the Cabinet regarding re- there are several constraints and challenges, es- source allocation and review the implementa- pecially with respect to longer term recovery and tion of the recovery framework. reconstruction that have been revealed in light of  The implementation of the recovery frame- recurrent disasters in the recent past. Several work will be undertaken by the technical sub- DRM actors are undertaking different pro- committees in collaboration with DoDMA,

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 25

who will be responsible for coordinating and ment outcomes as well the processes under- monitoring the implementation of the recov- lying them. Such a central oversight mecha- ery plan for all sectors. The recovery frame- nism could be hosted by DoDMA, through a work for each sector will be implemented by dedicated recovery oversight unit that is the relevant ministries and their offices at the linked to similar units at the district level. district level. Sector ministries will be re- Such a cell could also provide policy advice sponsible for planning, monitoring, providing and guidance to sector line ministries that technical assistance, training, and liaison with could relay similar guidance to their district donors at a program and project level, while counterparts. the actual implementation, which includes  Central to the above approach would be the planning, procurement, implementing, super- development and operationalization of an vising and project level M&E, may need to be overarching results framework that strategi- carried out by district departments. cally harmonizes and integrates all areas of a  DoDMA is best positioned to undertake coor- recovery and reconstruction program. The dination, capacity building and overall M&E results framework will help establish a more of the recovery framework. This will be done streamlined results chain by focusing on key in close harmonization with the sectoral min- outcomes and by measuring intermediate istries that implement the recovery frame- outcomes instead of outputs. Intermediate work. outcomes would be designed in this system  It also becomes imperative that the response to capture and track the intended changes as phase is closely coordinated with the recov- they begin to unfold or otherwise, and pro- ery phase because of the dependencies in- vide the tools not only for monitoring and volved. Districts and communities should be evaluation, but importantly for controlling involved in the planning and implementation the process and pace of progress in achieving of the recovery framework. Further, appro- the desired results. priate procurement, safeguards and financial  A central Results Framework or M&E system management systems must be applied, in- could be flexibly designed to simultaneously cluding with regards to financial reporting, exist at the program, sector and project lev- arrangement of audit, and accounting proce- els, but effective and efficient M&E would dures. require focusing on what needs to be essen-  There can be different sources of funding for tially measured. M&E systems for recovery the recovery, including government budget, and reconstruction programs can exist at development partner’s funds, private sector many levels, and it is important to differenti- and community resources. Different develop- ate between them. These can be at the level of ment partners may finance different sectors the overall recovery and reconstruction pro- or geographical areas of the recovery frame- gram (which is by definition multi-sector and work either by leveraging ongoing projects or thus broad-based). At one level below, this new ones. Through these instruments, devel- can be done also at the sector level, encom- opment partners may provide support direct- passing all projects by all agencies covering ly to the sector ministries or districts. Mean- one particular sector. Further down, an M&E while, based on request from sector minis- system can also exist at the project level, cov- tries, and districts the Cabinet will allocate ering individual projects. It is important to resources accordingly. recognize that, at this level, not all projects  Developing a central system for monitoring need to be evaluated for impact, as it is often and evaluating recovery performance will unfeasible to do so. Finally, M&E can be done allow the government and development part- at the level of beneficiary households, often ners to react in real-time to fast-changing by conducting household surveys. It is here post-disaster settings. This will enable mid- that social impact assessment and participa- course corrections in program design and tory monitoring tools such as community implementation, and help reassess develop- scorecards can be utilized.

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012

Fig. 5: Institutional, Fig. 5: Implementation andM&E Arrangements forRecovery and Reconstruction

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 27

IV.

Moving the PDNA Process Forward

Next steps 3. Undertake a Programming Review of the Recovery Frame- work. The Recovery Framework presented here repre- The PDNA can be considered to be both a product as well as sents a sequenced, prioritized set of needs from all sec- a process. While the product is the PDNA report - the find- tors. This should be reviewed against existing and envi- ings and recommendations of the assessment – the momen- sioned sector budget allocations, projects, and programs tum gained in the process of bringing together several gov- for recovery, reconstruction and DRR. It must be noted ernment departments and development partners towards a that some of the indicative DRR needs may be of a longer joint assessment must be maintained, strengthened and lev- term and larger scale nature and these should ideally be eraged. programmed and mainstreamed into ongoing and envisioned development following detailed feasibility stud- As a follow up to the exercise, the findings of the assessment ies. Furthermore, given time and resource constraints, should be disseminated within the government and the impacts of droughts in neighboring TAs were not amongst development partners. included in the scope of this assessment. It would be useful to strengthen capacity on the definition and quan- This assessment recommends the following action items to tification of the impacts of droughts in order to be pre- take the PDNA process forward: pared for any future drought impact assessment and 1. Appointment of a Post-PDNA Steering Committee: It will include such recommendations into the Recovery be important to appoint a Steering Committee - a coordi- Framework. nating consultative group, consisting of senior member’s 4. Monitoring and Evaluation System. An M&E system must across ministries. This body would be responsible to be developed to track the progress of implementation of take forward the recommendations of this and future the recommendations of the report and the recovery assessments, to implement its Recovery Framework and itself, with regular reporting to stakeholders. to own the results agenda for recovery, reconstruction and longer term DRR. Recommendations to improve and institutional- 2. Undertake a Detailed Capacity Assessment for Recovery ize the PDNA process in Malawi and Reconstruction: This assessment mentions the institutional, implementation and M&E aspects of recovery This hands-on training exercise helped to bring out several while programming needs in the Recovery Framework practical strengths and weaknesses of the PDNA process and for this disaster. However, it is important that a detailed capacity in the country, which will be useful towards its capacity assessment of the institutional, implementation strengthening going forward. and M&E aspects of recovery and reconstruction be undertaken towards addressing gaps and strengthening The following are recommendations and lessons learnt to- long term recovery, reconstruction and DRR capacity for wards improving and institutionalizing the PDNA process in future disasters. Malawi: 1. Baseline data preparedness. Given the recurrent na-

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 28

ture of disasters in the region, there is an urgent need to position and fill in gaps in specific subgroups to strengthen the collection and ready availability of base- strengthen these sector groups such as macro-economy, line data at all sectors and levels of government. This agriculture, education, environment etc. The number of data must be available at disaggregated levels for all sec- sector experts from government and development part- tors of the economy and a central repository for ready ners should also be increased since a disaster of a larger access to this data must be created. Furthermore, there scale may require a significant increase in the number of must be a mechanism to ensure awareness and coordi- members in each sector team. This team of experts nation of this data across sectors and to maintain and should not only be available in Lilongwe, but also in oth- periodically update the data. Such preparedness would er parts of the country such as the various district offic- not only allow for better informed decision making, but es. A training of trainers could be conducted to bolster would significantly increase the speed, accuracy and capacity created and to ensure that future trainings are reliability of similar assessments in the future. This undertaken within the government. Finally, a system could also be synchronized with open data initiatives needs to be created to maintain and further strengthen currently undertaken by the government and should PDNA experts for future disasters. align itself with the national system of accounts at all levels across the country. 3. The need for coordination across sectors and levels of government. As part of the capacity building initia- 2. Availability of sector expertise across teams and lev- tives, it will also be necessary to ensure that there is ad- els of government. The level of sectoral capacity and equate coordination and information flows between the expertise varies significantly between the assessment various sectors and levels of government in order to teams. While some teams had experts that were trained ensure that findings of such are comprehensive. The in the assessment methodology, several teams had to assessments must also take place as soon as possible depend on experts from other teams. This was a short- after the disaster has occurred in order to accurately coming also identified during the field assessment as capture and isolate impacts and recommendations for several teams reported that the reason accurate data the particular disaster. and recommendations were not available from the original assessments conducted immediately after the floods 4. Establish policy parameters, budgets and strategic was because the assessments were not conducted by options for recovery and reconstruction. Going for- sector experts. Thus, there is a need to identify and train ward, it would be useful for assessment teams to include specific sector experts on the assessment methodology senior officials from the Ministry of Finance and Eco- within each team and to have backup options if certain nomic Planning, especially during Recovery Framework team members are not available for future assessments. planning. This would ensure that the policy, budgetary It would also be important to re-assess the existing com- and other strategic implications would be understood at

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 29

the time of designing the Recovery Framework so as to analyses validated information gathered by spot checks sequence, prioritize and optimize recovery and recon- of the affected areas to corroborate reports and by re- struction planning in light of the constraints. viewing disaggregated findings. However, technology advancements currently allow for validation and corrob- 5. Development of customized guidance notes and data oration of disaster effects (e.g. damage values using satel- templates for the Malawian context. As a follow up lite imagery) using different techniques. The PDNA team exercise, given that the teams have identified the specific could explore and fine tune such techniques in future data requirements and templates for each sector, it assessments. would be useful to produce sector specific guidance notes and data templates that are tailored to the country con- 8. Institutionalization of the PDNA process and method- text. These templates would take into account specific ology. The current capacity developed could be utilized aspects such as alignment with the national system of further by creating a plan to use elements of the PDNA accounts, disaster types, amount of disaggregation availa- methodology into disaster assessments that are currently ble (e.g. EPA for agriculture, while GVH for schools) and undertaken by the government. A review of existing the like. Furthermore, there is also a need to strengthen methodologies could be undertaken to ascertain how certain aspects of the assessment such as availability of they could be complemented or supplemented. Moreo- templates and questionnaires for human recovery as- ver, as a bottom-up approach, the findings of the PDNA pects. exercise could be plugged into other top-down studies to corroborate findings. Knowledge exchange visits to coun- 6. Development of a rapid PDNA model. The current ex- tries which are in the process of institutionalizing the ercise has helped to develop a standard spreadsheets methodology is also recommended. Development of that can be periodically updated with baseline line infor- Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) or an Operational mation and linked to produce a rapid model into which Manual for PDNA execution and institutionalization preliminary impact data for subsequent disasters can be would also be useful. A schematic example for an SOP plugged in to produce rapid estimates upon which early that leads to the activation of the PDNA process, culmi- decisions can be based while the detailed assessments nating in a recovery framework and its implementation is can follow suit with detailed findings and recommenda- shown in figure below. tions. 7. Refinement of data validation techniques: The current

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012

Fig 6: Roadmap 6: Fig forthe Development Implementationand of aDisaster Recovery and Reconstruction Framework

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 31

V. Sector Chapters

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 32 Agriculture, Livestock, Food Security

Executive summary The total value of the damage and loss- lizer for irrigation production, replace- In TA Mlolo, the agriculture sector is es for the agriculture sector from the ment of the livestock and purchase of comprised of crops, livestock, and fish- floods has been estimated around land estimated at MK130.1M. The re- eries. Agriculture production in the MK199 million. The highest value of construction needs entail repairing of area is rain fed and supported by irri- damages were on irrigation and drain- gation. The main staple food crop is age systems (MK84 million), while the the irrigation systems infrastructure, maize; while cotton is the main cash main losses were production losses lining of shallow wells and repairing of crop along with sorghum, millets, rice (MK158 million) from crops that were damaged treadle pumps and this is and sesame. The area is highly suscep- affected by floods. estimated at MK88.9M. The DRR inter- tible to flooding and drought as well as vention entails improving the capacity theft of livestock (mostly goats and of agriculture extension staff to enable chickens) so the farmers have to be The recovery needs of the sector in- them to mainstream DRR issues in constantly on alert in order to mitigate clude provision of food to households the effects of these multiple risks. with less food entitlements, provision their daily operations. The DRR interventions are estimated at MK4.0M. of agricultural input like seed and ferti-

Table 8: Agriculture Sector Summary of Damages and Losses (all figures in Million Kwacha)

Damages Losses Recon- Total Recovery DRR Total struction Public Private Public Private 198.6 130.1 88.9 4.0 223 61.3 28.2 0.0 109.1

Background of sector more than 0.4 ha. The crops grown chickens, both of which are kept with- The agriculture sector has several sub are mostly sorghum, millets, maize, in people’s dwelling houses due to -sectors (including crops, livestock, cotton, rice and sesame, the latter high incidences of theft. fisheries and private sectors) which three of which are sold for cash. Maize contribute to he smooth implementa- is a staple crop, but its yield is usually Damages tion of agricultural activities in the affected by droughts or floods so that Most of the damage and losses in the country. the area is not yet an exporter of agriculture sector were in the silting maize. Proceeds from the other crops of land and irrigation infrastructure In TA Mlolo, most of the agricultural are used to buy maize and other and immersion of crops in water for land is under smallholder crop culti- household items. Livestock species vation, with land holding sizes of not kept in the area are mainly goats and long periods. There was also a loss of

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 33

Table 9: Agricultural crop land (ha) affected by the floods

Affected GVHs Affected crop land Maize Sorghum Millet Cotton Total Osiyana 460 0 240 800 1500 Mchacha James 278 110 0 170 558 Kalonga 451 0 9 117 577 Sambani 174 35 0 60 269 Namanya 113 0 0 0 113 Chitseko 18 0 0 0 18 Gooke 93 0 0 0 93 Gatoma 131 0 0 0 131 Chipondeni 132 0 0 4 136 Chapinga 161 8 0 10 179 Total 2011 153 249 1161 3574 Complete loss of crop (hectares) 1363 145 249 1147 2904 Partial loss of crop (hectares) 648 8 0 14 670 a few goats and some chickens as well devaluation of the Malawi kwacha), lion) from crops that were affected by as agricultural and farm equipment. which was equivalent to $1.2 million. floods. Damage to livestock was mini- Table 9 shows the scope of the affect- At the current exchange rate (about mal, but the assessment team felt that ed crop lands as reported by group $1 to MK280), the damage and loss is there might much have been more village headmen. equivalent to about MK337 Million. livestock damages than the available The highest value of damages were on data suggests had there been a fully The total value of the damage and irrigation and drainage systems functional system for data collection losses for the agriculture sector from (MK84 million), while the main losses and record keeping. the floods has been estimated at were production losses (MK158 mil- about MK199 million (pre- About 5% (23 ha) of the land that had

Table 10: An overview of the land affected by the floods by Table 11: Damage to agricultural equipment area type Area Description Value (ha) Equipment Details Quantity (number) EPA 36082 Hoes 1143

Arable land 21500 Axes 547 Panga knives 103 Cultivated 8494 Treadle pumps Delivery pipes 409 Suction pipe 109 Area under Marshes 1200 Other parts Masenjere Forestry Reserve 1100 mostly wooden parts 325

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 34 maize (460 ha) in GVH Osiyana was destruction of houses during the yields increased by 16.92% above the covered by silt. Muona, Chitsukwa, floods also meant loss of the housing projected yields before the floods Makombe A and Makombe B irriga- of the livestock. while the yields for sorghum, millet tion schemes were heavily silted, but and cotton went down by 2.81%, sections of Mouna scheme canals Losses 12.22% and 38.44%, respectively. The were also damaged (Figure 3). In GVHs Osiyana, Mchacha James, Ka- increase in maize yields are attributed longa and Sambani, all the crops were to the positive effect of the deposition About 409 treadle pumps were dam- destroyed due to sustained immersion of alluvial which accounted for about aged but not beyond repair. 24 goats in water; too long for them to recover. 25% of the land that was replaced by and 316 chickens were reported dead The crops that were partially affected rice before the floods subsided. The or missing. Because these livestock were flushed by the floods for shorter yield from this rice constituted a gain. are kept in people’s dwelling houses, periods of time. Replanted maize

Table 12: Loses in Agricultural stores

Crop Quantity (kgs)

Maize 11325 Millet 349 Sorghum 4279 Rice 1295 Pigeon peas 264 Fig 7: A section of damaged irrigation canal in Muona Irrigation Scheme Cow peas 823

Socio-economic impact ber 2011 the people had enough food 1,346,870 kg maize equivalents. This to take them through to March 31, means that between April 1 and July Food security food stocks at that time were at 31, the people in the area had food The area affected by floods from TA 574,312 kg and 261,475 kg in Febru- stocks amounting to 2,232,032 kg Mlolo may be producing enough food ary, at which time the food demand maize equivalents to be consumed to feed everyone, but there are always for the remaining 2 months to April within the next 12 months, leading to some households without food at any was 466,920 kg. a deficit of 569,488 kg maize equiva- given point in time as indicated in lents worth MK34.2 million at MK60/ Figure 2 below. This means that immediately after the kg. floods, the people had a food deficit of From the number of people affected 205,445 kg. However, the crops that by the floods (10376), the total food were still standing in the fields led to However, this deficit is misleading required for a year is approximately a production of 867,627 kg maize because the people in the area still 2,800 tons maize equivalent assuming equivalents between March and April, have irrigated maize and other crops 270 kg of maize equivalent per per- leading to a food balance of 662,182 in the fields at various stages of ma- son. The percentage of households kg. The maize that replaced rice also turity, the combined quantity of which without food was 18% and 44% in yielded 222,979 kg maize equivalents. could not be quantified. Hence, the December, 2011, and February, 2012, Moreover, about 994 ha of land were area may apparently appear to be respectively. Assuming that in Decem- put under irrigation, yielding

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 35

Fig 8: The percentage of farm families without food in Mlolo TA between July 2010 and June 2012

food insecure but most likely does always some people without food at farmers’ ability to buy food (maize) have enough food to feed everyone. any given point in time although the and other goods and services. area produces more than enough Data on the ground indicates a con- food to feed everyone. Needs tradiction. This is due to the fact that A number of short and medium needs rice contributes significantly to the Loss of income have arisen as a result of the floods. A food production of the area, but is The loss in cotton yield constituted a summary of needs is presented in generally sold to buy maize and other big loss of income amounting to Table 13. household needs. Additionally, not all MK103.8 million. This figure is a sig- farmers have the land on which to nificant loss considering the size of Land recovery needs grow rice, explaining why there are the area. It most likely affected the A total of 23ha of fertile and produc-

Table 13: Agriculture Sector summary recovery and reconstruction and DRR needs (MK millions)

TA Recovery Reconstruction Disaster Risk Reduction Total Mlolo 130.1 88.9 4.0 223.0 tive land, which was planted with The proposed recovery programme the flood. The dredged sand can be maize before the floods subsided, was will therefore include the cost of used for construction or the repair of destroyed. According to extension dredging of 23ha to reclaim the dam- irrigation canals and wells, hence en- workers and farmers in the area, this aged area and recover the losses for suring safe and environmentally piece of land cannot be used immedi- production that have resulted from friendly disposal of flood sand. ately until it is dredged and recovered. the change of land use resulting from

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 36

Food distribution such programmes to the flood affected and flood water reservoirs An immediate impact of flood is loss area. The assessment team found that there of production from maize and sor- is a lot of potential for harnessing ghum which are staple food crops for Irrigation needs flood water for use for agricultural the EPA. Loss of cotton resulted in a Makhanga EPA is a hub of irrigation purposes (irrigation, livestock, pas- loss of income that farmers could use agriculture. Floods, however, signifi- ture production and biodiversity). As to buy food from markets. cantly destroyed the irrigation sub- a short to medium term strategy, the sector. Both smallholder and large team has proposed, as part of a recov- These two impacts have caused food scale public and private irrigation sys- ery and reconstruction programme, a insecurity in the flood area and the tems were affected. Affected schemes strategy to construct canals that drain threat of severe malnutrition is high. included Muona Irrigation Scheme, into storage wells that will store wa- Food support is greatly needed for the Chitsukwa Irrigation Scheme, Mlewa ter for agricultural practices. The wa- most affected GVHs and households. Irrigation Scheme, Makombe A and B ter will be treated to prevent spread- It is estimated that about Irrigation Schemes. The common im- ing of malaria. 569,488 metric tons of food assistance pact of flooding was the siltation of will be required at a cost of MK34.2 canals breaking off delivery and suc- The pictures below shows an example million. tion pipes. of a naturally occurring lowland which is currently being used for irri- Agricultural inputs De-silting of affected canals and gation and fishing. On their own, The assessment team has proposed replacement farmers have dug some shallow wells that farmers should be provided with The impact of the floods on smallhold- which they are already using to store free agricultural inputs for irrigation. er irrigation was mainly through dam- flood and rain water for irrigation. The proposed inputs are fertilizer age and loss of treadle pump parts, However, these shallow wells have (both basal and top dressing), crop with a total of 409 treadle pumps be- not yet been lined, so they tend to be seed, pesticides and de-wormers. ing affected. The main need to restore ineffective. In addition to constructing smallholder irrigation in the area is new shallow wells, the recovery pro- Given that the Malawi Government the replacement of lost or damaged gramme will support farmers to line has in place social support pro- parts of treadle pumps. In the medium the existing shallow wells. grammes such as the Farm Input Sub- term, the maintenance of treadle sidy Programme (FISP), the Public pumps should be supplemented by Capacity building of extension Works Programme under the Local educating farmers on proper storage workers Development Fund and the Social and safe-keeping of treadle pumps, The assessment team noted that de- Cash Transfer, the assessment team particularly during the flood seasons. spite the key role that the agriculture would like to recommend that delib- sector plays in the economy of the erate efforts should be made to direct Proposal for construction of canals area and the extent to which the sec-

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 37 tor is affected by floods, the agricul- Coordination needs tion of damages caused by the floods. ture extension system has limited ca- The assessment team found that after There is need for District Councils to pacity to align agricultural pro- the floods, an assessment team was ensure proper coordination and in- grammes in the context of floods. The organized at district level to assess volvement of experts from all sectors team further noted that data on dam- damages caused by the floods. Howev- in post-disaster needs assessment ages, losses and needs of the sector, er, the team did not have the required exercises. arising from floods is sparse, incon- capacities, tools and resources to ef- sistent and often not available, at dis- fectively carry out the assessment. In Needs estimation trict and community level. The team addition, the team noted that agricul- The recovery, reconstruction and risk did not find evidence of capacity on tural sub-sector specialists (such as reduction needs discussed above are data collection, analysis and interpre- crops, livestock, land resources etc) estimated in Table 13. tation at district and community level. were not involved in the assessment. This could have led to underestima- Strategic initiatives

Table 14: Agriculture Sector Recovery, reconstruction and DRR needs (MK millions) Item Description Recovery Reconstruction DRR Total Food for households that do not have it 22.8 22.8 Inputs (seed, fertilizer, pesticides, drugs) 104.6 104.6 Replacement of animals 0.4 0.4 Purchase of land 2.3 2.3 Repair of drainage and irrigation systems 60.4 60.4 Lining of shallow wells 8.3 8.3 Digging of shallow wells 0.0 0.0 Maintenance of treadle pumps 20.2 20.2 Capacity building of extension staff 0.0 4.0 4.0 Total 130.1 88.9 4.0 223.0

There is a need to carry out studies to be found. The EPA in this case is Ma- Office (DADO) and the Makhanga Ex- find out the possibility of dredging the khanga, which covers the entire TA tension Planning Area (EPA). Howev- Ruo River just before it reaches the Mlolo. The problem with this ap- er, there were a lot of deficiencies in Shire River. Another possibility is to proach is that although the EPA is the data, mainly because the previous train the Ruo by constructing a num- small in size, there are some variables disaster assessment committees did ber of channels with inbuilt flood pro- that vary widely, especially between not actively involve sector specialists tection bunds to direct flood water the upland and lowland areas of the in the assessment, or at least in devel- into the marsh. Coupled with the EPA. Hence, application of coefficients oping tools for collecting necessary aforementioned flood water reser- and constants such as productivity data for post disaster needs assess- voirs, such channels can act as a tool indices across all the areas may be ment. Hence, a field visit which was for enhancing irrigation agriculture, misleading, also considering that initially meant to be for verifying the thereby protecting the people from most of the affected areas are in the data as also used for collecting data floods and from drought problems lowland areas. Where specific values that were not available at the agricul- associated with rain-fed agriculture were found or could be calculated, ture offices (DADO and EPA). The while at the same time. efforts were made to use these in- field visit involved meetings with stead of the overall values. community leaders and key stake- Methodology holders in the area, discussions with This PDNA was done at an EPA level, The data from this assessment were sector specialists and visits to sites of which is the smallest agricultural ad- broadly from secondary sources from importance such as irrigation ministrative unit on which data can the District Agricultural Development schemes.

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 38

Water and Sanitation

Executive summary quired to make the water potable and technologies and safe hygiene practic- In TA Mlolo water infrastructure is the time spent to get collect water. es and it is estimated at MK24.0m. composed of boreholes and protected Thus the total loss is estimated at MK shallow wells. There is no piped water 50.1 m for public property and MK The reconstruction needs entail reha- supply. The entire water supply infra- 140 m for private property. bilitation of damaged water points structure is constructed with support located near to safer location and con- from Government or NGOs, hence The floods filled up all the boreholes struction of a new water supply sys- they are public property. Sanitation in the area rendering them useless. tem plus relocating sites. This is esti- and hygiene facilities in these areas Almost all the water points became mated at MK194.1M. include latrines, refuse pits, hand contaminated and non-functional. washing equipment, kitchen and bath Communities resolved to use unpro- The DRR intervention includes con- shelters. All these sanitation and hy- tected water points far from the new struction of flood control structures giene facilities are private property. dwelling locations after the floods. for Thangadzi and Ruo rivers. This This led to more time spent in search- includes dyke construction for Than- The total damage for public property ing for potable water and more chemi- gadzi River, a Multipurpose dam and in Water and Sanitation Sector in TA cals needed to make the collected wa- offshore storage for the Ruo River, Mlolo as a result of floods in January ter potable. some of these interventions requiring 2012 is estimated at MK6.4M and for detailed feasibility studies. The DRR private property is estimated at The recovery needs of the sector in- interventions are estimated at a cost MK34.8. The loses in the sector include promotion of suitable sanitation of MK 219 M. clude added amount of chemicals re-

Table 15: Water and Sanitation Sector Summary Damages and Losses (all figures in Million Kwacha)

Damages Losses TA Mlolo GVHs Total Recovery Reconstruction DRR Public Private Public Private Osiyana 2.1 12.2 18.3 51.1 83.7 Chiponde 1.1 8.3 12.2 34.1 55.7 Mchacha 40.2 3.2 7.0 7.9 22.1 James Chitseko 0.0 0.3 1.1 3.1 4.5 Karonga 0.0 6.5 7.4 20.7 34.6 Sambani 0.0 0.5 3.2 8.9 12.6 Total 6.4 34.8 50.1 140.0 231.3 24.0 194.1 219.0

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 39

Background of sector Resources Investment Strategy mainly affected by inadequate levels The Irrigation, Water and Sanitation (2011), Water Sector Investment of investment in infrastructure, and sector is one of the key priority areas Plan (2012). The sector moved away rapidly expanding unplanned settle- of infrastructure development that from project based approaches to ments, and non-replacement of age- effectively contributes to sustainable programme based one is currently ing infrastructure has contributed to economic growth and development in implementing the National Water high levels of non-revenue water. In the country. The vision of the Irriga- Development Programme. In Decem- the rural areas, the population get tion, Water and Sanitation sector is ber 2008, the sector launched the water from over 30,000 boreholes ‘Water and Sanitation for all always Sector Wide Approach (SWAp). The (fitted with hand pumps) and 13,000 and prosperity through irrigation.’ SWAp approach will assist in improv- taps in over 80 gravity-fed piped wa- The long-term goal of the sector is to ing coordination and harmonizing ter supply schemes (MoIWD, 2008). ensure that water resources are well implementation of programmes and According to Sector Performance Re- protected and managed to meet all activities among stakeholders in the port (2012) , approximately 30% of water demands including irrigation sector as an effort to avoid duplica- the water points are non-functional in a sustainable manner. tion of resources/efforts and ensure at any given time. The sector plans to proper utilisation of available re- reduce non-functional water points The overall sector objective is to sources. to 25% by 2013, 15% by the year achieve sustainable and integrated 2015, and 5% by the year 2025. water resources management sys- The most recent statistics on water tems and proper utilization through supply have indicated that water sup- On Sanitation, the coverage for basic irrigation by 2016; increase availabil- ply coverage in the country increased sanitation according to the Popula- ity and accessibility of water and san- from 52% in 1985 to 75% in 2009. tion and Housing Census of 2008 in- itation services for socio-economic About 79.1% of the urban population creased from 85% in 2005 to 94% in growth and development; and devel- use piped water supply systems 2009, while the coverage for im- op the institutional capacity of the while 61.1% of the rural population proved sanitation increased from water and sanitation sector. use boreholes and protected shallow 46% in 2005 to 50% in 2009. Access wells (NSO, 2009). It is projected that to improved sanitation has not in- The Irrigation, Water and Sanitation water supply coverage accordingly to creased at the same rate as water Sector is guided by various key policy MGDS II will be 80% by 2013, 85% supply, increasing from 42% in 1990 and strategy documents which pro- by 2015; and full coverage by the to 51% in 2010. According to JMP vide the overarching management year 2025. On the other hand, the report (2012), Malawi still registers framework for the sector. These doc- target for the MDGs is 74% coverage 8% for open defecation. uments include the Malawi Growth by 2015. and Development Strategy (MGDS According the District State of the 2006-2011), National Water Policy For the urban and town water supply Environment Report, TA Mlolo in (2005), National Sanitation Policy areas, the water supply coverage is Nsanje District had 227 boreholes in (2008), Draft Irrigation Policy, Water about 67%. Coverage in these areas is 2009. It must be noted that Nsanje

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 40

Table 16: Number of Water Points in Nsanje District Table 17: Number of Boreholes in the flood affected area of TA Mlolo TA Year Wells Boreholes Piped Total # of Total supplies GVH Households borehole Mlolo 2009 0 227 0 Mbenje 2009 4 192 0 Osiyana 950 13 Tengani 2009 0 198 0 Chipondeni 667 3 Malemia 2009 0 128 12 Ndamera 2009 0 112 4 Mchacha James 433 11 Ngabu 2009 0 41 0 Chitseko 60 0 Makoko 2009 0 18 0 Kalonga 406 19 Chimombo 2009 0 50 0 Total 4 966 16 Sambani 174 1

Boma and Bangula Trading centers Ministry only comes in when there is port from development partners and are being supplied with water by the a major breakdown of the boreholes. NGOs provided water treatment Southern Region Water Board which The system is known as Community- chemicals like waterguard and HTH also pump water from underground Based Management (CBM). chlorine. sources. Damages Apart from degrading the water quali- Ordinarily, the members of the com- Damages on water and sanitation ty, the floods physically caused dam- munity repair the water facilities in- were experienced on boreholes, shal- age to water facilities such that some cluding the pumps. These are organ- low wells and toilets among others. of them completely failed to function ised and elected Water Point Commit- For example, interviews with stake- due to accumulation of silt in the tees that are trained by the Ministry of holders and the affected population boreholes. Water Development and Irrigation. showed that water points were com- Subjects on training range from Lead- pletely submerged in the flood area. The major areas greatly affected by ership, Fund Raising and Fund Man- This caused degradation of water the disaster were for Group Village agement, and Pump Maintenance. quality hence making the facilities Headmen (GVHs) Osiyana, Mchacha Most of the committees are able to unsuitable for human use. As a result James, Chitseko, Kalonga and Samba- raise their own funds and repair the during and immediately after the ni. However, GVH Chipondeni was pumps when they break down. The floods the district council with sup- affected but not as heavily as the oth-

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 41

Table 18: Number and category of people affected by the floods in TA Mlolo

Extent of dam- AFFECTED AFFECTED PEO- CHH AFFECT- AFFECTED EL- ID NO AFFECTED GVHs age from field SCHOOL GOING PLE ED DERS officers) CHILDREN 1 Osiyana 2300 100% 0 0 0 2 Mchacha James 2167 100% 2547 3 210 3 Kalonga 2031 100% 3390 6 189 4 Sambani 870 100% 1604 1 101 5 Namanya 363 0 6 0 6 Chitseko 298 750 0 69 7 Gooke 510 0 0 0 8 Gatoma 308 0 0 0 9 Chipondeni 672 1781 0 479 10 Chapinga 857 0 0 0 Total 10376 10072 16 1048 ers. According to one of the extension The table above shows some of the through UNICEF. It is hoped that some workers interviewed at TA Mlolo’s characteristics of the affected against of the interventions that need to be court, the experience was like seeing the total number of people affected by implemented in the TA Mlolo could death. the floods. Though the figures may benefit from these initiatives among need verifying the table shows that others. Besides, with regard to water Losses out of the 10,376 affected population resources management the Ministry is Losses in the water and sanitation 10,072 were school going children also implementing the Shire River sector were identified in terms of while 1,048 were the elderly. This Basin Development Project with sup- costs incurred to procure water treat- may imply that when bringing inter- port from the World Bank. ment chemicals and time taken by the ventions to address identified needs community to fetch potable water . deliberate efforts could be made to Needs estimation Interviews with local health workers help children and the elderly and oth- The assessment team found out a showed that a bottle of waterguard er vulnerable groups number of needs to be addressed in cost about MK50.00. This bottle was TA Mlolo. Some of the needs are for known to be adequate for treating Existing sectoral policies and pri- recovery, reconstruction and risk re- about 200 litres of water, which is orities, and major programs ductions. For instance, in the short equivalent to the water needs for The Ministry of Water Development is term due the affected people’s needs standard Malawian household size of implementing the National Water De- in the area; there is need to rehabili- 5 members (per capita water demand velopment Programme (NWDP) in tate and maintain the water points. is about 36 litres). which components on water re- These facilities will serve the people sources and water supply are being that may not immediately relocate to Socio-economic impact addressed. The NWDP responds to the the new settlement. Studies in Malawi show that the ma- sector policies like the National Water jority of smallholder farmers are Policy (2005), the National Sanitation The team also made a technical deci- women. Since the floods occurred in a Policy (2008) and the Decentralisa- sion for the new settlement to access tion Policy (1998). In 2012, Nsanje safe water. Due to the technical chal- rural setting where the major liveli- District was targeted as one of the lenges and settlement pattern of the hood is food cultivation it is envisaged districts to benefit from the WASH population, it was felt that boreholes that the population that suffered most Project with support from the Nether- fitted with hand pumps may not be were women, children and the elderly. lands Government implemented suitable. Inquiries were also conduct-

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 42 ed with the people in the area to iden- ments to address disaster issues, this Sector priorities tify possible raw surface water should be feasible using local re- As indicated in the figure below, the sources for a piped water supply sys- sources. The rehabiloitation of Muona needs have been categorized into the tem. In the final analysis, the water Irrigation Scheme under te IRLAD short-term, medium-term and long- and sanitation experts preferred to project may further assist in this re- term. For instance, the innermost cir- sink three (3) boreholes, which could gard. Exact location and dimension of cle indicates those needs that require be reticulated to the target population dykes will need to be further deter- to be done immediately due to the in GVH Osiyana. These initiatives mined and modeled under the Inte- condition in which the affected popu- would be done in concordance with grated Flood Risk Management Plan lation is. Therefore, the team is of the the promotion of sanitation activities. for the Shire Basin. opinion that the rehabilitation and maintenance of water points and sani- In the long-term, the team decided tation promotion be the priority. that flood control structures be con- As regards the Ruo River, the proposal structed on Thangadzi East River and is to construct a multi-purpose dam Construction of water supply system the Ruo. On Thangadzi River, the pro- and an offshore storage. Through this in the new settlement could be done posal is to construct two (2) dykes activity, the flow could be controlled in the medium-term, this will take and dredging. This intervention would on the river hence preventing further into account the people’s needs, tech- help to control the flooding of the riv- risk of flooding in areas of GVH Osi- nical requirements and cost implica- er by raising its banks and deepening yana and those around Makhanga ar- tion to undertake the assignment. the channel. Considering that recently ea. The activity is feasible because the the Ministry of Water Development Ministry is in the process of imple- The construction of the flood control and Irrigation has procured equip- menting the Shire Basin Project. structures would be considered in the

Table 19: Water and Sanitation Sector Recovery, reconstruction and DRR Needs (MK)

Recovery Water supply needs Reconstruction Needs DRR Needs Needs Rehabilitate and maintain safe water points - 660,000.00 - (boreholes) Construction of water supply systems in new settle- - 193,548,125.00 - ments for the households**** Construction of flood control structures - dykes along - - 219,000,000.00 Thangadzi East River Construction of flood control structures on Ruo River - - Requires detailed feasibility study - Multi - purpose dams Construction of flood control structures on Ruo River - - Requires detailed feasibility study - Offshore storage Water Supply Sub total - 194,208,125.00 219,000,000.00 Sanitation needs Promote suitable sanitation technologies 12,000,000.00 - - Promote safe hygiene practices 12,000,000.00 - - Sanitation Sub total 24,000,000.00 - -

Total 24,000,000.00 194,208,125.00 219,000,000.00

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 43 long-term because it requires fur- and listen to any defects in the ther studies and financial support Methodology equipment. One hand pump at Osi- from both Malawi Government and The assessment was done in TA Mlo- yana village about 300 metres from the development partners. lo of Nsanje District where floods the new settlement indicated a dis- that occurred in January 2012 dam- connection on the down hole compo- First tier critical: Rehabilitate and aged property, and in the process nents. maintain safe water points. Con- rendered many people about 6159 struction of water supply systems, homeless. The results in this report Promote suitable sanitation technol- are based on data gathered through The assessment team is aware that ogies, Promote safe hygiene practic- interviews with district officials, some of the findings may be difficult es NGO representatives, volunteers and to substantiate because some data Second tier: Construction of flood the flood victims themselves. was missing. For instance, it was not control structures on Ruo River - possible to tell the extent of damage Offshore storage, Construction of In addition to interviews, the assess- on the hand pumps because no at- flood control structures - dykes ment involved observation of infra- tempt was made to dismantle the along Thangadzi East River structure and physical checks on equipment due to time limitation Third tier: Construction of flood con- damage. For example, boreholes that and unavailability to do thorough trol structures on Ruo River – Multi- were reported damaged had to be checks. purpose dams tested by attempting to pump water

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 44

Table 20: Water and Sanitation Sector Recovery Plan

Current Road- At What Existing Chal- blocks (e.g. Level Initiatives Estimated Responsi- Indicative lenge in Need Information, Activities Should this and Part- Cost (MK)) ble Timeframe Sector Institutional Activity be ners to be

Capacity etc) Undertaken leveraged

A. Identification of A. Lack of accu- target households rate information to supply facilities regarding areas/ B. Procurement people to target and distribution of Afridev pump IA. Rehabilitate Ministry of B. Inadequate spare parts and maintain Water Devel- monitoring and County, e.g. Red Cross Nov. 2012 to safe water 660,000.00 opment and evaluation (M&E) C. Follow up (e.g. District and WALA March 2013 points Irrigation system pest control, M&E) (boreholes) (MoWDI) to be done up until

C. Inadequate time of harvest number of technical staff to D. Assessment of supervise works condition of the hand pump

A. Geophysical surveys of bore- A. Inadequate I. Provide hole drilling sites finances safe water

supply to Preliminary sur- B. Low technical the com- IB. Construc- veys of socioeco- capacity of communities tion of water nomic and topog- MoWDI, Min- munities to man- National Wa- supply systems raphy of the area istry of Local age the facilities County, Dis- 193,548,125.0 ter Develop- Jan 2013 to in new settle- Government, trict, Village 0 ment (WASH February 2013 ments for the B. Community Ministry of C. Poor access Component) house- mobilization and Health road holds**** sensitization

C. Borehole drill- D. Weak M&E ing systems in the D. Construction of sector water supply retic-

ulation system powered by solar A. Feasibility stud- IC. Construc- Inadequate num- ies tion of flood ber of technical B. Creation of MoWDI, Min- Shire River control struc- staff access roads 219,000,000.0 Dec. 2012to istry of Local Basin Develop- tures - dykes C. Mobilization of 0 April 2013 Government, ment Project along Thanga- Limited financial equipment and

dzi East River resources construction materials

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 45

At Current What Existing Roadblocks Level Esti- Initiatives Indica- (e.g. Infor- Should Challenge mated and Part- tive Need mation, Activities this Responsible in Sector Cost ners to Timefra Institution- Activity (MK) be lever- me al Capacity be Un- aged etc) dertake n A. Feasibility MoWDI, ID. Con- studies Inadequate Ministry of struction of B. Environmen- number of Environ- Shire flood con- tal and Social technical mental River Ba- trol struc- Impact Assess- County, Oct. staff Affairs, De- sin Devel- tures on ments District, 2014 B. Limited partment of opment Ruo River - C. Procurement financial Disaster Project Multi - pur- of contractors resources Manage- pose dams D. Construction ment works A. Feasibility MoWDI, Construc- studies Inadequate Ministry of tion of flood B. Environmen- number of Environ- Shire control tal and Social technical mental River Ba- structures Impact Assess- County, staff Affairs, De- sin Devel- Oct.2014 on Ruo Riv- ments District, B. Limited partment of opment er - Off- C. Procurement financial Disaster Project shore stor- of contractors resources Manage- age D. Construction ment works

A. Assessment Inadequate of existing tech- MoWDI, IIA. Pro- number of II. Provide nologies County Ministry of mote sui- technical NWDP improved B. Selection of , Dis- Local Gov- Nov. table sani- staff 12mn (WASH sanitation existing technol- trict, ernment, 2012 tation tech- B. Limited Project) services ogies that suit Village Ministry of nologies financial the area Health resources C. KAPs Survey

Inadequate MoWDI, number of IIB. Pro- Ministry of technical County, NWDP mote safe A. Baseline Local Gov- Nov. staff District, 12mn (WASH hygiene study ernment, 2012 B. Limited Village Project practices Ministry of financial Health resources

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 46

Health

Executive summary

Evidence from the assessment clearly shows that the floods in TA Mlolo affected the health sector amongst others. Alt- hough there were no damages reported, the health sector disaster effects totaled MK 88.7 Million in losses, nearly 80 percent (MK 69.6 Million) of which was due to effects on malnutrition, 16 percent (MK 13.3 Million) were malaria related effects and the rest were combined effects of Other Flood Related Diseases (OFRDs). The cost of recovery and DRR needs associated with these effects is MK 27.5 million and MK 98.5 million respectively. Priority is emphasized on first curbing high incidence of post disaster malnutrition amongst the under five children and secondly on interventions to reduce post disaster malaria incidence for recovery needs. On the DRR needs side, priority is being placed on capacity building in IDSR System management.

Table 21: Health Sector Summary of Damages and Losses

Health Facili- Damages Losses ties in TA Total Recovery DRR Mlolo Public Private Public Private Trinity 19,186,998 Masenjere 17,983,725 Mlolo 18,557,744 Makhanga 4,040,591 Sankhulani 28,919,703 Mchacha 0.00 Total 69,501,765 19,186,998 88,688,764 27,500,000 98,500,000

Sector background heading sector reforms; regulating the istries, departments and agencies on health sector including the private health related issues; providing tech- The Ministry of Health (MoH), com- sector; developing and reviewing nical support supervision; coordinat- posed of different departments, is a standards, norms and management ing research; and monitoring and government agency that sets the protocols for service delivery and en- evaluation. The MoH established five agenda for health in Malawi in collab- suring that these are communicated zonal offices. The role of the Zonal oration with stakeholders. It is re- to lower level institutions; planning Offices is to provide technical support sponsible for the development, review and mobilizing health resources for to District Health Management Teams and enforcement of health and related the health sector including allocation (DHMTs) in planning, delivery and policies for the health sector; spear- and management; advising other min- monitoring of health service delivery

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 47 at the district level and facilitation of fees for its services. In accordance ondary and tertiary. These different central hospitals’ suppervision to dis- with the Decentralisation Act (1997) levels are linked to each other tricts. the MoLGRD is responsible for the through an elaborate referral system delivery of health services at district that has been established within the In Malawi health care services are and lower levels with technical guid- health system. delivered by both the public and the ance from the MoH. As has been men- private sectors. The public sector in- tioned earlier, the MoH headquarters Health facilities in the area are not cludes all facilities under the MoH, is mainly responsible for development adequately staffed. The number of the MoLGRD, the Ministry of Forestry, the of policies, standards and protocols Health Surveillance Assistants who Police, the Prisons and the Army. The and providing technical support su- are the grass root Community Health private sector consists of private for pervision. It also manages central hos- profit and private not for profit pro- pitals. As was the case during the PoW workers are fall short of the recom- viders (mainly CHAM). The public 2004-2010, during the HSSP the mended ratio of 1:1000. sector provides services free of charge health services will be delivered at while the private sector charges user different levels: namely: primary, sec-

Table 22: Services Provided and Flood related diseases in TA Mlolo

rd Flood Related Diseases before floods (3 Quarter) Services provided Health No. of Facilities Catch- Mater- HSAs In TA Mlo- ment nal and Public Dysen- Mal- HIV/ Popu- Clinical Child Bilharzia Cholera Malaria lo Health tery nutrition AIDS lation Health (MCH) Trinity 19,042 Yes Yes Yes 6 42 0 0 2207 16 78 Masenjere 14,789 Yes Yes Yes 6 0 0 0 2273 65 0 Mlolo 8,181 No Yes Yes 6 9 0 0 0 0 0 Makhanga 13,222 Yes Yes Yes 5 90 0 5 818 10 21 Sankhulani 6,715 Yes Yes Yes 6 24 0 13 454 0 25 Mchacha 7,633 No Yes Yes 6 0 0 0 0 0 0

Damages and Losses pletely surrounded by water and The most affected health facilities The floods did not cause any damage could only be accessed by boat or were Trinity Hospital, Sankhulani to health facilities. However, disrup- helicopter. and Makhanga. The floods caused tion to basic needs and essential ser- disruptions of HIV and AIDS services vices resulted in Flood Related Dis- The burden of Flood Related Diseases because patients lost Health Pass- eases. Malnutrition, malaria and chol- exceeded normal thresholds three ports with vital information about era were amongst the most notable in months after the floods. Cost of treat- their status and treatment. Such pa- local health facilities. ment of diseases such as malnutrition tients were out of camps and infor- and malaria were higher they were mation on impacts to them was not Access to some health facilities was before floods. available for the assessment. disrupted for more than a month where health facilities were com-

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 48

Table 23: Flood Related Diseases incidences in the 4th Quarter Flood Related Diseases after floods (4th Quarter) Health Facili- ties in TA Mlo- Bilharzia Cholera Dysentery Malaria Malnutrition HIV/AIDS lo Trinity 82 0 618 2816 63 201

Masenjere 3 0 3 1983 127 0

Mlolo 10 0 0 0 0 0

Makhanga 55 14 35 1226 9 66

Sankhulani 43 0 14 918 72 19

Mchacha 0 0 0 0 64 0

Existing sectoral policies and maternal and neonatal outcomes; Non rhoea, Dysentery, Cholera, HIV / priorities, and major pro- Communicable Diseases (NCD) and AIDS trauma; Tuberculosis (TB); Malnutri- grams tion; Cancers; Vaccine Preventable Key objectives of recovery and Diseases (VPDs); Mental illness in- The goal of the Ministry of Health resilience building in this sector cluding epilepsy; Neglected Tropical (MOH) is to improve the quality of life Diseases (NTDs); and Eye, ear and of all the people of Malawi by reduc- To prevent and/or reduce the inci- skin infections. dence of Flood Related Diseases in TA ing the risk of ill health and occurrence of premature deaths thereby Mlolo, specifically: contributing to the social and eco- Challenges nomic development of the country. To  To assess the extent of nutritional achieve this goal the MOH is guided by The following challenges were identi- status of under 5 children; the Essential Health Package (EHP) fied as a result of the disaster:  To conduct flood related aware- which highlights the key priorities  Increased post disaster incidence ness campaigns on health & nutri- and interventions to be implemented. of malnutrition amongst under tion; The interventions and priorities are five children;  To strengthen integrated nutri- identified through EHP conditions and  High levels of post disaster mation management; they are 13 in all as follows: HIV/ laria at all levels (under five &  To reduce malaria incidence; AIDS/STI; Acute Respiratory Infec- over five populations);  To implement Indoor Residual tions (ARI); Malaria, Diarrhoea diseas-  Continued post disaster resur- Spray (IRS) campaign; and es (cholera, dysentery etc); Adverse gence of Other Flood Related Dis-  To strengthen an IDSR eases (OFRDs) - Bilharzias, Diar-

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 49

Needs estimation sion of ART and supplementary Feed- port groups are being highly advocat- The recovery needs were estimated at ing for HIV/AIDS. The DRR needs pri- ed. DODMA should therefore take a MK 27.5 million while those for DRR marily pertained to capacity building leading role in identifying and engag- were estimated at MK 98.5 Million. initiatives data requirements; and ing strategic partners as well as coor- Some examples for recovery needs awareness campaigns respectively. dinating DRR and other related needs include costs pertaining to de- at all levels in the disaster area. worming, micronutrient supplemen- Disasters like floods and others re- Streamlining of activities will ensure tation, treatment of severe acute mal- quire multi-sectoral approach if they cost cutting; holistic approach to dis- nutrition, early treatment of malaria are to be effectively and efficiently aster problems and feasible solutions; at household, community and health handled. In this regard collaboration and effective means of resource pool- centre level, early care seeking- use of and coordination of all stakeholders ing and integration. ORT for Cholera/ Dysentery, provi- through partnerships and other sup-

Table 24: Health Sector recovery and DRR Needs

Subsector Needs Recovery Needs DRR Needs

TA Mlolo MK’ Million 1. Conduct a Nutritional Survey in TA Mlolo 15.0 2. Recruit, train & deploy CHWs according to staffing norms 2.5 3. Procure & distribute bicycles to all CHWs 1.5 4. Rejuvenate existing Nutrition Management coordination & col- 0.5 laboration structures at all levels 5.Conduct regular stakeholders’ coordination & collaboration 4.5 Meetings 6. Conduct rigorous awareness campaigns on Insecticide Treated 12.0 Nets (ITN) use 7. Recruit, train and deploy Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) Opera- 5.0 tors 8. Conduct awareness campaigns on Other Flood Related Diseas- 2.5 es 9. Strengthening IDSR through capacity building; infrastructure 75.0 development etc 10. Conduct mass treatment campaigns 7.5

Total 27.5 98.5

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 50

Table 25: Health Sector Recovery Plan

Current Ex- Activities - Road- isting What has At What blocks Initia- to be Done Level How Will this Chal- (e.g. Esti- tives Indic- Suggested to Resolve Should Re- Intervention lenge Infor- mat and ative Indicator of Need the Need this Ac- sponsi be Different in in Sec- mation, ed Part- Timef Output Pro- and to tivity be ble Delivering tor Institu- Cost ners to rame gress Overcome Under- Impact tional be the Road- taken Capacity lever- blocks etc) aged a. Extent of UNICE a. To assess malnutrition in F, - 2 Nutritional the extent TA Mlolo will a. Conduct MK Minis- UNDP, Surveys imple- of nutri- Tradi- be established a. Fund- a Nutri- 15 try of JICA, Short mented - Nu- tional sta- tional by the survey ing tional Sur- Mil- Health GIZ, term tritional Sur- tus of <5 Authority hence ease of vey lion & NSO Hunger vey Report children in design of ap- Project produced TA Mlolo propriate in- etc terventions a. Recruit, - No. of CHWs train & recruited, a. a. Inade- deploy trained and MK quate CHWs UNICE deployed b. To con- 2.5 a. TA Mlolo commu- according F, - No. of bicy- duct flood Mil- will be sensi- nity to staffing UNDP, Short cles procured related lion Minis- tized on health health norms Commu JICA, –to- and distribut- awareness try of & nutrition workers nity GIZ, long ed to CHWs campaigns b. Health promotion b. Procure Hunger term - No. of on health & MK hence saving b. Mobil- & distrib- Project planned I. Mal- nutrition 1.5 costs ity ute bicy- etc awareness nutritio Mil- cles to all campaigns n lion CHWs actually conducted a. Rejuve- nate existing coordination & - TORs devel- a. Lack of collabora- oped stake- tion struc- - No. of stake- C. To holders’ tures at all a. Improved holders strengthen MK coordi- levels Minis- coordination & meetings con- integrated 5 UNICE Long nation & b. Conduct All try of collaboration ducted nutrition Mil- F, OPC term collabo- regular Health of all stake- -Integrated manage- lion ration stakehold- holders Nutrition Man- ment frame- ers’ coordi- agement work nation & Framework collabora- strengthened tion meetings

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 51

Ex- istin At g Activities - What Ini- How Will Current What has to Level tiati this Inter- Roadblocks be Done to Shoul ves Indica- Suggested Esti- Re- vention Challenge (e.g. Infor- Resolve the d this and tive Indicator of Need mated sponsi be Differ- in Sector mation, In- Need and to Activi- Part Timefra Output Cost ble ent in stitutional Overcome ty be ners me Progress Delivering Capacity etc) the Road- Un- to Impact blocks derta be ken lev- erag ed

a. To reduce a. Adherence a. Conduct Cost Malaria to proper rigorous cutting incidence in use of ITNs awareness UNI measure TA Mlolo MK 12 campaigns CEF, on treat- Medi- a. No of Million Minis- 2. Malaria on ITN use Com- Red ment um to- awareness b. To imple- try of morbidity munit Cros consider- Long campaigns ment Indoor MK 5 Health b. Funding b. Recruit, y s, ing wast- term conducted Residual million and timing train and PSI age in use Spray (IRS) of the cam- deploy IRS of free campaign in paign operators ITNs TA Mlolo

a. Conduct awareness campaigns on a. No. of 3. Other OFRDs a. MK OFRDs flood re- b. Strength- a. To have 2.5 Streamlin- awareness lated dis- ening IDSR an Integrat- Million WH ing of campaigns eases through ca- Medi- ed Disease b. MK Minis- O, activities b. No. of (OFRDs) - Inadequate pacity build- Dis- um to- Surveillance 75 try of UNI therefore mass treat- Bilharzias, funding ing; infra- trict Long & Response million Health CEF, cost effec- ment cam- Diarrhea, structure term System c.MK7. PSI tive meas- paigns for Dysentery, development (IDSR) 5 Mil- ure Bilharzias Cholera, etc lion conducted HIV /AIDS c. Conduct

mass treatment campaigns

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 52

Energy

Executive Summary The losses incurred during the disaster ment of immersed poles will have to be included loss of revenue by Electricity done gradually and can be done within The damage to electricity infrastructure Supply Corporation of Malawi (ESCOM) the utility’s budget. It is therefore im- Limited, loss of revenue to some enter- as a result of the floods which occurred portant that this should be incorpo- in January 2012 was not extensive as prises, and additional costs incurred for rated in the risk management plan of compared to other sectors. The damage alternative source of lighting due to loss only involved one transformer that fell of power after the transformer got the utility. The table below shows sum- down due to weakened poles. It is im- damaged. The period for loss of power mary of the damages, losses and needs. portant to note that some of the poles was only two days. It should be noted that the DRR needs which were immersed in flood water have been addressed under the envi- will have their life span reduced and The needs after the disaster include ronment chapter, and that the recovery will need replacement earlier than replacement of the damaged transform- needs have already been made availa- planned. er and supply of power to the reloca- ble through the power utility.

tion site. The need for earlier replace-

Table 26: Energy Sector Summary Damages and Losses (all figures in MK million)

Damages Losses Recov- Reconstruc- Sub-District or TA Total Total DRR Pri- Pri- ery tion Public Public vate vate GVH Karonga and Sam- 1.242 18.938 17.71 18.938 2.5 1.232 0.005 0.005 bani 1.242 18.938 17.71 18.938 2.5 Total 1.232 0.005 0.005

Pre-disaster Situation er, ESCOM Ltd is the national power Karonga District the remaining elec- utility responsible for the genera- tricity is generated on Shire River Electricity generation and trans- tion, transmission and distribution whose swelling waters caused the mission: The Power Sector in Mala- of electricity in the country. The total flooding of the area in question. The- wi is currently undergoing reforms installed capacity is 282.5 mega se are: following the formulation of the Na- watts (MW) for the country. Except  Nkula A with a capacity of tional Energy Policy and enactment for a 4.5 MW Wovwe mini hydro- 24MW power station on Wovwe River in of the Energy Laws in 2008. Howev-  Nkula B with a capacity of

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 53

100MW at 1% and renewable energy sources vided into three regional distribution  Tedzani I, II, and III with a capaci- at 0.2%. networks namely; South Electricity ty of 90MW Supply, Centre Electricity Supply and Malawi does not import power from  Kapichira with a capacity of North Electricity Supply. The rate of neighbouring countries but does ex- 64MW port to border towns in Mozambique access to electricity in Malawi is about

and Zambia. The current peak de- 9% of the total population, and in the Other energy sources include liquid mand for power is at 347MW. Elec- rural areas it is about 2% of the rural fuels and gas, biomass (firewood and tricity is transmitted at 132kV and population. As such over 90% of the charcoal), renewable energy sources 66kV. (solar and wind) and coal. Over 90% energy demand in Malawi is met by of the energy demand is met by bio- biomass energy which includes fire- mass, while liquid fuels and gas con- Distribution: Distribution of electric- wood, charcoal and agricultural resi- tribute 3.5%, electricity at 2.3%, coal ity is at 33kV and the facilities are di- dues.

Table 27: Electricity Penetration in TA Mlolo

Households

Sub district or TA Electrified Households Total # of House- holds % of Electrified House- Total with Electricity Grid Solar holds Mlolo 2887 378 378 0 13%

Source: ESCOM Ltd and Final Report on Flooding Disaster in TA Mlolo and Mbenje Area by DODMA

Damages power was restored earlier by connecting to an existing transformer. The fallen poles were not replaced but were merely put The damage caused by the disaster to the back to position. Except for the fallen poles electricity infrastructure was not extensive the rest were partly immersed in the flood- and limited to the distribution facilities ing waters. It is therefore likely that the since there are no electricity generation replacement of these poles will be within a and transmission facilities in the affected shorter period than normal. All the dam- area. The damage included a few poles for aged houses were not connected to elec- the power distribution lines and one distri- tricity so there was no replacement of en- bution transformer which fell down due to ergy meters. The table below contains de- weakening of the soil supporting these tails of the damages to electricity infra- structures. structure in the affected area. Replacement of the damaged transformer Over knee high level of flood water on the was done after two and half weeks but electricity poles

Table 28: Damages to Electricity Infrastructure Type of Equipment Quantity Unit Cost (MK) Total Cost (MK) Distribution Transformer 1 1,232,000 1,232,000 Total 1 1,232,000 1,232,000

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 54

Table 29: Losses to ESCOM clients

Type of Customer Quantity Period (Days) Revenue/Cost (MK) Total Revenue in 2 Days (MK) Maize Mills 8 2 4,250 68,000 Domestic 252 2 150 75,600 Total Revenue 143,600

Table 30: Losses to power utility due to loss in electricity sales Type of Customer Quantity Period (Days) Unit Revenue per Total Revenue in 2 Days Month (MK) (MK) Domestic 252 2 284.42 4,778.30 Maize Mills 8 2 8,891.39 5,471.63 Total Revenue 10,249.93

Socio-economic impact energy resources without com- there is need to enhance its promo- promise to environment. tion. The social and economic impact of the disaster has been mainly to the loss of In pursuit to these policies the gov- Challenges power for two days. Economically ernment is implementing the Malawi people had to spend more money Rural Electrification Programme Since energy saving stoves uses bio- looking for alternatives sources of (MAREP) through electricity grid ex- mass energy the challenges for their electricity, others lost revenue since tension and stand alone mini grid sys- promotion are the same as those re- their businesses wouldn’t operate. tems, promotion of renewable energy lated to biomass energy. Apart from Refer to the damages and losses above technologies and use of energy saving the major challenge pertaining to the for resources spent for alternative technologies. type of settlement in the area, other energy sourced and revenue due to challenges include: the disaster. The major concern is the supply of  Dependence on inefficient tech modern energy services and efficient nologies; use of energy sources in the newly Proposed sectoral recovery and Market regulation is very difficult occupied area. Considering that fire-  resilience building analysis because biomass is a free re- wood is the major source of energy as of now, the first priority will be the source; The key energy policies relevant to this situation include: promotion of energy saving stoves to reduce the amount of firewood re- There is need for permanent struc-  Reliable supply of modern energy tures as these stoves are fixed and services; quired for cooking in the relocated area. The introduction of the energy need to be protected from rains. As  Increased access to electricity; for the provision of modern energy and saving stoves has already been done in the area by Total Land Care but services, such as electricity the major  Sustainable and efficient use of

Table 31: Cost for Electricity provision to new settlement

Item Cost (MK) Remarks Provision of Electricity to new Settlement 17,706,500 This involves construction of a 33kV power lines for 6.5km from Makhanga to Osiyana and a 400V power lines for 1.5km and installation of a 100kVA transformer.

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 55

challenge is financing. where there is a natural forest. During forest resources. investigations it was observed that Key objectives of recovery and there is unnecessary cutting down of The electrification of the area will in- resilience building in this sector tress far beyond resettlement require- volve construction of power lines to the area. Coincidentally, Sankhulani ment. Indications were that some of The key objectives include: Trading Centre in Nsanje District has the cut trees are used for firewood.  Supply of affordable and modern been identified to be electrified under energy services; and There is no other alternative to fire- MAREP Phase Seven which is ex-  Sustainable and efficient use of wood for cooking energy since fire- pected to commence early next year. energy resources. wood has been the source of energy The area can then be electrified under prior and post disaster. Therefore the this project. The rationale for electrifi- Needs estimation immediate intervention required if to cation of the area is to supply power to the upcoming trading centre and introduce energy saving cooking other facilities. The damaged transformer has already stoves. This technology has already been replaced. The replacement was been introduced in the area by Total financed by ESCOM Ltd. The fallen Methodology poles have also been put back to the Land Care, but intensive promotion original position and supply has been needs to be strengthened. The methodology employed to come restored. However, since some people up with the chapter included field are being relocated to a new area Strategic initiatives trips, collection of information there is probability that certain facili- through officers in the field and inter- ties that will need provision of elec- Two projects have been identified and tricity will be established and provi- these are promotion of the energy viewing of people in offices. Inter- sion of electricity will be required. saving stoves and electrification of the viewed people included, ESCOM Of- relocated area. Activities in the pro- ficer, Officer-In-Charge for the area, motion of energy saving stoves will government extension staff from vari- Since most existing poles were im- include training of the villagers on ous departments, small scale business mersed in flood waters their life span construction and efficient use of the enterprise at District and Village lev- stoves. The training will be conducted is expected to reduce and there is els. The major limitation was lack of need for a replacement plan (see pic- through extension officers for government and non-governmental organi- readily available data from ESCOM Ltd ture). The estimated cost of providing zations within the area. The rationale on the actual power demand for the electricity to the relocation site and for this project is to intervene on the area. pole replacement plan is detailed in efficient use of the energy sources table 31. The relocation site is up hill within the area thereby saving the

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 56

Table 32: Energy Sector Recovery Plan

Activities - Current What has Sug- How Will Roadblocks to be Done Existing gested Suggest- At What Level this Inter- Indica- Baseline (e.g. Infor- to Resolve Esti- Initiatives Indica- ed Indi- Challenge in Should this Responsi- vention be tive and Need mation, the Need mated and Part- tor of cator of Sector Activity be ble Different Timefra 2014 Institution- and to Cost ners to be Output Outcome Undertaken in Deliver- me Target al Capacity Overcome leveraged Pro- Success ing Impact etc) the Road- gress blocks

60 Training of Lack of Villag- IA. All people villagers on information Total Land Focused ers resettled in construc- Number on technol- Care Pro- targeting trained the area are tion of of stoves ogies and Dept. of motion of of benefi- Sept in trained in energy District and 2,500,0 con- 0% and practices Energy Energy ciaries and 2012 to Con- construction saving Village 00 structed 90% for efficient Affairs Saving a manda- Feb 2013 structio and efficient stoves and by the use of Stoves tory M&E n of use of Energy their use trainees energy Project framework Energy Saving Stoves. and bene- resources saving I. Efficient use fits of Energy stoves Resources in area in the next 6 months Training of villagers on Total Land Focused construc- Numbe IB. All house- Care Pro- targeting Cultural tion of r of Number holds in the Dept. of motion of of benefi- Sept believes energy District and stoves of stove 0% and area own and - Energy Energy ciaries and 2012 to and practic- saving Village con- being 90% use energy Affairs Saving a manda- Feb 2013 es stoves and structe used saving stoves Stoves tory M&E their use d Project framework and benefits

Dept. of Focused Number II. Supply of Energy targeting Constr of house- Constructio Dept. of affordable Relocation Affairs of benefi- uction holds Lack of n of power District and 17,706, Energy 2013 to 0% and and modern area is electri- Rural ciaries and of and funding lines to the Village 500 Affairs and 2014 20% energy ser- fied Electrifica- a manda- power facilities area ESCOM Ltd vices tion Pro- tory M&E lines connect- gramme framework ed

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 57

Environment

Executive summary

Disasters such as floods are natural phenomena, but man-made factors influence their intensity, frequency and more importantly, the severity of damages and losses. The impact of the floods on the environmental is complex which makes quanti- fication particularly tricky when baseline data is not readily available. The process is further complicated by the difficultly in gathering data during and after the floods.

Background of public awareness and promotion of ment Committees (VNRMC) public participation. It also prescribes The following is a summary of rele- cooperation with other governments Fisheries Policy (2001) vant policies referenced for the as- and relevant international/regional The main goal of the fisheries policy sessment: organizations in the management and formulated in 2001 is to maximize the protection of the environment. The sustainable yield from the national National Environmental Policy NEP objectives set a foundation for waters of Malawi and made-made (2004) addressing a broad range of environ- water bodies. The policy aims at im- mental problems facing Malawi. proving the efficiency of exploitation, National Environmental Policy (NEP) processing and marketing of quality was developed in 1996, and revised in National Forestry Policy (1997) fish products, and promotes invest- 2004. The overall policy goal of the This policy main goal is to promoting ment in the fishing industry, rural fish NEP is promotion of sustainable social sustainable contribution of national farming units and exploits all oppor- and economic development through forests, woodlands and trees towards tunities to expand existing and devel- the sound management of the envi- the improvement of the quality of life op new aquatic resources. ronment in Malawi. The NEP high- in the country by conserving the re- lights the areas of priority including sources for the benefit of the nation Wildlife policy (2000) efficient utilization and management and to the satisfaction of diverse and The wildlife policy (2000) was formu- of natural resources. It accommodates changing needs of Malawi population, lated to ensure proper conservation the private sector, CBOs, NGOs and particularly rural smallholders. The and management of wildlife in order the community to participate in the policy provides an enabling frame- to provide for sustainable utilization, initiation and mobilization of re- work for promoting the participation equitable access and fast sharing of sources, to achieve sustainable envi- of local communities and the private benefit from wildlife resources for ronmental management. It also pro- sector in forest conservation and both present and future generations. vides for the involvement of local management, eliminating restrictions To achieve this, the policy set several communities in environmental plan- on sustainable of essential forest objects such as: ensuring adequate ning. The policy empowers the com- products by local communities, and protection of representative ecosys- munities to protect, conserve and sus- promoting planned harvesting and tems and their biological diversity tainably utilize the nation's natural regeneration of forest resources by through promotion and adoption of resources. It advocates enhancement Village Natural Resources Manage- appropriate land management prac-

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 58 tices that adhere to principles of sus- the Republic of Mozambique. The dis- stood, they house significant biologi- tainable use; enhancement public trict has several important ecological cal diversity in terms of fauna and awareness and understanding of the sites which include Ndindi Marshes, flora. The area has more than 13 fish importance of wildlife conservation, Elephant Marshes, Mwabvi Wildlife species, a diverse range of birdlife management and its close relation- Reserve, Matandwe and Masenjere including migratory birds, some wild- ships with other forms of land use and Forest Reserves which serve as cen- life such as hippos and crocodiles others. ters for the conservation of biological which are some of the endangered diversity. species under the Convention on In- Important Ecological Sites The flood affected areas in TA Mlolo ternational Trade in Endangered Spe- TA Mlolo is in Nsanje district and is have two main ecological sites; Ma- cies (CITES) and a variety of plant bordered by Thyolo in the north, senjere and Elephant Marshes. Alt- species (Nsanje DSOER). Table 33 be- Chikwawa in the northeast and the hough the economic benefits of the low, lists the locations of some of the remaining areas are surrounded by elephant marshes are not fully under- important ecological sites.

Table 33: Location of important ecological sites Ecological Sites Location Elephant Marshes TA Mlolo Masenjere Forest Reserve TA Mlolo Matandwe Forest Reserve TA Mbenje, TA Tengani, TA Malemia Mwabvi Game Reserve TA Mbenje, TA Tengani, TA Malemia

Damages and Impact that 36 hectares of forests were defor example assisted the flood affected stroyed by displaced people who were people in TA Mlolo by providing tents, Biodiversity cutting down trees for firewood, char- plastic sheets and also dug and built coal and temporary shelter construc- temporary toilets. In all these activi- Flora tion. Similarly, Matandwe Forest Re- ties blue gum, pine, acacia and neem As mentioned above, TAs Mlolo and serve, which has a total area of 26,381 poles were used but they were bought Mbenje are within forestry, ecological hectares lost 10 hectares in the same and indigenous trees were not used. . and important sites. All the three re- manner. It was also reported that en- At the relocation site, where about serves were affected by the floods that croachment in the Masenjere and 850 households are relocating, trees affected TA Molo and Mbenje directly Matandwe Forest Reserves for culti- are wantonly cut for fuel wood and and indirectly. vation was a survival strategy in the other purpose such building of tempo- event that fields in Dambo lands were rary shelters. The building of tempo- Masenjere Forest Reserve covers an affected. rary shelters using indigenous trees is area of 1100 hectares. After the attributed to the absence of alterna- floods, people were moved to an area Some efforts were made to minimize tive building materials and a lack of near the reserve and according to the destruction of indigenous trees in the environmental awareness despite the Acting District Officer, it is estimated response to the floods. The Red Cross availability of Village Natural Re-

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 59 sources Management Committees munities also use Nyika as a source of have increased. The District National (VNRMC) in the area. income by selling it in markets. Parks and Wildlife Officer further said that the floods that hit TA Mlolo cou- Fauna Impact on other aquatic animals pled with dry spells has increased The floods also affected other aquatic poaching and illegal timber sawing in Impact on Fish animals such as crocodiles and hippo- Mwabvi Game Reserve. The increase The impact of the floods on the fishing potamus both directly and indirectly. in the illegal activities in these pro- industry in TA Mlolo was both posi- The directly impact of floods on croco- tected areas by the communities is a tive and negative. It is estimated that diles was the siltation and destruction direct result of the floods and dry 20% of the population of people in TA of breeding ground and nests. Alt- spells that hit the district and the peo- Mlolo are fishermen. The floods affect- hough it is difficult to assess the num- ple have resorted to unconventional ed an important ecological site, the ber of nest destroyed, the floods de- coping strategies. The animals that Elephant Marshes. The Elephant posited a lot of silt along the river are easy targets for poachers are ku- Marshes are regarded as natural dams banks which might have covered croc- dus and buffaloes. or ponds and cover 1200ha, where odile nests. most of the fishing is done. Floods are Land degradation advantages in the area because they The indirect impacts of floods accord- The use of land in the affected areas is assist in restocking fish in the marsh- ing to National Parks and Wildlife Of- not based on recommended practices es. ficer were caused by farmers. Most of that support the sustainability of the the famers tend to rely on residual land and this leaves it susceptible to There are several types of fish species moisture in the marshes to cultivate erosion. During the second dekade of which are caught in the area, but the winter crops. While winter cropping, January, 2012 Ruo catchment re- most common ones are: Orieochromis farmers clear bushes in the marshes, ceived more than 1311mm cumula- Mossambiccus locally called Makaka- disturbing the breeding and feeding tive rainfall which translates to 158% na or Mphende; Clarius Nganmensis grounds for crocodiles and hippopota- more than normal for that decade. locally known as Chikano; Clarius mus. This creates conflicts whereby Gariepinus locally known as Mlamba. animals attack farmers and destroy At this time, soil water content was crops and during this period there already high as such much of this wa- It is estimated that there was a 40% was an increase in crocodile attacks. ter translated into run off that was reduction in fish production in the dumped in the Ruo river and resulted months preceding the disaster espe- To protect farmers from crocodile in floods in TA Mlolo where erosion cially in January 2012. This was as a attacks, the officials from National was a secondary problem. However, result of losses in fishing gear as well Parks and wilds life kill crocodiles the extent of the damage due to ero- as displaced people. However in the which are found or reported to be in sion is difficult to quantify as field month of February, the tonnage in- shallow water near the crops fields. measurements of erosion are not creased. This was because the flood After the floods about 58 crocodiles available no institution measures this. water left behind numerous fish in the were killed by parks official and the shallow waters and it became easy for national crocodile hunters associa- It should also be noted that soil ero- fishermen to catch the fish. tion. Apart from winter cropping, dur- sion due to floods is exacerbated by ing floods, crocodiles tend to move many other factors including unsus- The District Fisheries Officer was inland with flood waters. When water tainable farming practices that are quick to point out that sometimes rescinds, the crocodiles get stranded common in the catchment. These in- fishermen disturb the ecosystem by and attacks on people increase. clude tillage of agricultural lands that burning grass in the marsh that dis- breaks up soil into finer particles, in- turbs aquatic life such as Nyika Impact on terrestrial animals creasing the amount of soil available (tubers that grow in the Shire River as The floods also affected other terres- for erosion. Other such practices in- well as Elephant Marshes). Nyika act trial animals. Relocated to uplands is clude cultivation on steep slopes and as a coping mechanism in Nsanje occurring in natural habitats for hye- the usage of chemical fertilizers that when there is food shortage as the nas. The loss of their habitats has kill microorganisms that bind soil to- tubers are pounded into flour and forced hyenas to move around villages gether. There is a high rate of defor- eaten as nsima. Some vulnerable com- where reports of attack on livestock estation in the catchment of Ruo River

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 60 which also increases soil erosion. lowed) to watewr erosion has a po- After the floods, relief activities from tential of losing soil 10mg per hectare the government, NGOs, Churches, and In TA Mlolo, covers 36082 hectares annually. other well wishers poured into the where 21500 is arable land for agri- affected area. Most of the relief prod- culture. Agriculture requires remov- Soil erosion also results in siltation of uct contains packaging materials ing of trees that produce a layer of leaf rivers that raises the river bed and which are supposed to be disposed litter and humus that cover the floor. then provides a positive feedback of properly. None of the institutions, These layers form a protective mat floods by increasing chances of flood which provided relief materials after over the soil that absorbs the impact occuerences since rivers fill more the floods, had waste management of rain drops. The layers allow rain- quickly as is noted in TA Mlolo. Floods plans and the people were not sensi- water to slow and percolate into the that break the banks as is common in tized on proper waste management soil. The roots of the trees also hold TA Mlolo chage the pathe of the river such as reuse and disposal Losses soil particles together preventing and cause additional erosion where them from being washed away. Culti- water flows. The losses caused by the damage to vating very close to river banks also the environmental sector are poorly increases soil erosion due to loosen- Water quality understood due to difficulties in quan- ing of the soil during plowing. Heavy tifying the economic benefits of the grazing reduces vegetative cover and The major impact/damage of floods ecosystem to the community in Mala- causes severe soil compaction, of on water quality was the pollution of wi. The baseline information on the which increases erosion rates. drinking water sources. Most people benefits derived from the ecosystem in TA Mlolo depend on unprotected services in TA Mlolo were not availa- During floods a lot of sand was depos- shallow wells, bore holes, and rivers ble making it difficult to quantify the ited along the productive dambo soils. as a source of drinking water that losses incurred by the community. About 23 hectares of fertile dambo were polluted by overflowing pit la- soils was covered with sand and ren- trines. Challenges dered unproductive. The rate of soil The environmental sector is facing erosion is also a function of popula- several challenges which affect the tion (Reich Eswaran and Beinroth, TA Mlolo had 2649 latrines that were severity of the floods, the quantity of Global Dimensions of Vulnerability to damaged by floods. Most of these pit damages and losses, recovery and Wind and Water Erosion, http:// latrines are usually shallow due to construction as well as recovery soils.usda.gov/use/worldsoils/ sand loams soils which characterized needs of the area. While forestry sec- landdeg/papers/ersnpaper.html ) For the area. Diffuse source was another tor disaster management plans exist, instance a population density of 41 to source of pollution for drinking water the challenge lies in their implementa- 1000 persons per square kilometer is sources. tion as the sector does not have ade- very moderate vulrenability quate funds to implement the various (moderate land conseravtaion is fol- Waste management activities. At the community level,

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 61 officials mention that VNRMCs have ucts (honey, mushroom, fruits, tim- Strategic Initiatives been trained in natural resource ber, phalambungu), and offer a natu- The main objectives of recovery and management. In TA Mlolo for exam- ral defense from floods. However resilience to the environmental sec- ple, there are 18 VNRMCs. Each due to limited knowledge on commu- tor are: VNRMC also has a work plan but the nity-based natural resource manage-  To safeguard the environment major problem is implementation by ment, these areas are exploited thus from recovery and reconstruc- the committees and supervision by increasing the vulnerabilities of the tion impacts; forest officials. communities to floods. Apart from  To increase environmental resili- this increased vulnerability, there ence to flood impacts; There are several benefits from the are also possibilities of impacts on  To increase community resili- forest reserves such as bee keeping, livelihoods, although the economic ence to floods; fuel wood, mushroom collection, values of ecosystem services are  To protect and manage the grass cutting and herbs such as Jatro- poorly understood. catchments in highlands. pa (Tabalaba). However it is difficult to quantify the benefits because data c. Lack of an alternative source of Needs estimation is not collected on the economical income value of forestry to community. Some Lack of an alternative source of in- additional challenges are: come is one of the major drivers for The needs of the environment sector the overexploitation of natural re- are derived from mitigation/ a. Deforestation and Land Degra- source products in TA Mlolo and the rehabilitation measures which will dation. catchment areas of the major rivers. be put in place to mitigate environ- Deforestation, especially in the catch- Communities engage in the produc- mental impacts caused by relief opment areas of the major tributaries tion of charcoal as an alternative erations as well as potential environ- of Ruo and Shire Rivers, has affected source of income. mental impact from others sectors the water retention capacities. As a recovery process. Apart from mitiga- consequence, after heavy rains water d. Uncoordinated and conflicting tions/ rehabilitation needs, direct runs quickly into these two major sectoral policies. recovery and reconstruction needs rivers thus increasing the severity of Government policies, especially in have also been estimated. floods. Apart from deforestation, environment and natural resources cultivation long river banks and management, agriculture, water, dis- overgrazing has caused land degra- aster management and other sectors Methodology dation along most rivers in the area. are not coordinated resulting in conflicts in terms of implementation. The following methods were used to b. Limited knowledge in commu- write this environment section; nity based natural Resource Man- e. Climate Change  Desk based studies: A review of agement Climate change is increasing the vul- important national and interna- The areas affected by floods are en- nerability and lessening the resili- tional documents relevant to the dowed by several areas of ecological ence of communities in TA Mlolo. study. value, such as the elephant marshes The increasing frequency of the dry  Field Interviews: Interview were and forest reserves. These areas pro- spells in the area is attributed to cli- conducted at the district and vide the community with ecosystem mate change. community levels. services such as forest-based prod-

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 62

Table 34: Environmental Sector Recovery Plan

Prior- Indicative Timeframe ity At What Level S Should this Estimated Cost h Lo Challenge in Sector Need Responsible Activity be (MK) or Me- ng Undertaken t dium Te T term r er m m Limited Knowledge in Community Promote Based Natural Re- awareness Community 2,000,000 Dept. Forestry 3 source Manage- in CBNRM ment

Lack of al- 10,000,000 NGOs, Minis- 2 ternative Create market try of Agricul- source of mechanism for ture income Natural resource based Community products

Promotion of Alter- 5,000,000 NGOs, Dept Of native Income Forestry generation activities Community

Uncoordinated and Harmoniza- National 5,000.000 5 conflicting sectoral tion of sec- policies toral policies Land Degradation Afforesta- Community 2,000,000 Forestry Dept. 1 tion long River Banks Promotion Community 4,000,000 Min. of Agri- 1 of conser- culture vation agriculture Rehabilita- Community 450,000 Roads Author- 4 tion of ity gravel pit

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 63

Education

Executive Summary

Overall the education sector was affected by this disaster to a magnitude of MK 2,234,000. The majority of this figure corre- sponds to damages inflicted on furniture, education materials and a school building. The socio-economic impact of the floods in significant to education continuity and dropout rates especially for girls. The reconstruction and recovery needs center on items such as skirting of classroom blocks, construction of storage compartments and the provision of education materials which amount to MK 633,000. The key longer terms DRR needs include relocation of the schools to safer areas, mitigation works and the incorporation of disaster preparedness in education planning.

Table 35: Education Sector Summary of Damages and Losses

Sub Dis- Damages Losses Recon- Total Recovery Total DRR trict or TA struction Public Private Public Private Mlolo 2,232,000 2,000 2,234,000 325,000 308,000 633,000 72,000,000 Total 2,232,000 2,000 2,234,000 325,000 308,000 633,000 72,000,000

Background ing on the specifics of the programme difference in the primary completion pursued. rate is 14 percent between boys and The education system in Malawi fol- girls and 34 percent between urban lows an 8-4-4 pattern comprising pri- Of the current total of 45,075 primary and rural students. And the disparity mary, secondary and tertiary levels. school teachers only 23,429 have is still greater between the richest 20 Primary education consists of eight qualifications from official teacher percent of the population and the years in school, divided into three training colleges (TTC), leaving ap- poorest 20 percent. Furthermore, uni- sections: infant (Std 1 and 2), junior proximately 21,000 (42% of the total versity students from the poorest (Std 3 and 4) and senior (Std 5, 6, 7 number of teachers) unqualified and quintile make up only 0.7 percent of and 8). poorly trained. students, while the richest quintile accounts for 91 percent. In Std 8 pupils take the Primary Furthermore, the distribution of un- School Leaving Certificate Examina- trained teachers is of significant dis- Access to education is not so obvious tions in order to gain access to sec- advantage to rural schools, with often in Malawi despite the Malawian con- ondary school. Secondary education only a minority of teachers in these stitution giving every child a right to lasts for four years and is split into schools being fully qualified (Kunje education. This is added to the fact two sections each of two years. The and Stuart, 1996). Access to each level that primary education in Malawi is duration of tertiary education varies of education suffers even more from free but not mandatory. between two and four years depend- location and income disparities. The

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 64

Nsanje district is located in the south- qualified teachers representing pupil: old. These buildings, left without any ern part of country, some 180 km qualified teacher: pupil ratio of 121:1 renovations have made it very diffi- from Blantyre which lies on either which is above the national average of cult to adapt to changing environmen- relatively flat or hilly areas. The dis- 80:1. Of the 104 schools 23 are locat- tal conditions resulting from degrada- trict is particularly vulnerable to both ed in T.A Mlolo. These schools have a tion and expanding human settle- flooding and prolonged dry spells. total of 18,796 pupils and 140 quali- ments. The flooding of January 2012, Flooding occurs on a more annual fied teachers; representing 22.5 % of affected six schools. Of the six schools basis due to the flatness of the area the total pupils in Nsanje and a quali- affected in the area 5 are public and the presence of big rivers. Accord- fied teacher ratio of 134:1. schools while 1 is a private school ing to the District Education Manager which has not been in use for some (DEM), flooding has negatively im- Although the National Education Sec- time. The five schools have a total of pacted education in the district in as tor Plan indicates commitment by the 4,722 pupils, about 5.6 % of the pupil far as attendance and condition of Ministry of Education to among other population in Nsanje District. Table classrooms are concerned. Nsanje things, improve the quality of educa- below shows the affected schools and district has a total of 104 schools with tion, most education infrastructure in number of pupils in the affected a total of 83,173 learners and 686 Mlolo area are more than 50 years schools.

Table 36: Number of pupils and teachers in affected schools

Name Pupils Total Teachers Total Boys Girls Male Female Namiyala 343 304 647 11 2 13 Chikonje 433 332 765 9 1 10 Makhanga 769 699 1,468 12 5 17 Chikali 636 473 1,109 10 1 11 Muona 376 357 733 11 3 14 Muona Islamic Boarding (disused)

Total 2557 2165 4722 53 12 65

Damage and Losses school blocks had their foundations had school feeding interventions, and Assessment weakened as a consequence of waters the school authorities informed the that flooded the schools and stayed team that some school feeding materi- for some time. als like Corn Soya Blend was dam- Damages aged, but they have since been re-

The floods affected school attendance placed by the World Food Programme According to the Nsanje DEM, a total in two ways. Some schools were (WFP). In total the education sector of six (6) schools were affected by the closed for a period of four (4) weeks. registered very low damages i.e. MK floods in January, 2012. Although Two primary school head-teachers 2,234,000. This amount comprises none of the school blocks collapsed also reported to the PDNA team that damage to skirting at Namiyala due to floods, some schools reported attendance during the floods dropped school, teaching and learning materi- damage to teaching and learning ma- significantly as pupils feared to walk als and Likuni Phala for school feed- terials due to poor storage systems as the long distance due to presence of ing. flood waters rushed into classrooms crocodiles which come to the shallow and offices. In other cases, some flood waters. For schools that also

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 65

Losses education that the pupils are getting, School were built as early as and hence the quality of human capi- 1910. This has meant that the Under losses, teaching and learning tal that is supposed to be part of the structures were built on very low time was disrupted for a period of one country's development ingredients. foundations making it easier for month which resulted in teachers do- flood waters to rush into class- ing double shifts of lessons per day in Girls are at a particular risk of exploi- rooms and offices. There are no order to make up for lost time. In tation and abuse during displacement deliberate drainage systems terms of revenue losses, the schools due to floods. Inadequate lighting and hence flood waters tend to stay in were not affected because primary bathing facilities in temporary shel- classes longer, thereby affecting education is free and those that were ters make girls and women vulnerable the buildings. affected were all public primary and fearful of sexual abuses as well as schools. The only private school that harassment.  Shortage of permanent toilets in was affected did not register any loss- the schools also poses a big chal- es as learning was off so no classes The DEM explained that many girls lenge to both teachers and pupils. were disrupted. The only loss record- dropout in the district either because Each school may only have one or ed was negligible as the opportunity of early marriage due to poverty or to two permanent toilets for pupils cost of using parents of the pupils to look after their siblings due to the while the temporary toilets are remove mud trapped in classroom. deaths of their parents. The decrease easily washed away during floods. The assumption is the same service if in the number of girls in upper classes  The presence of crocodiles cannot obtained from hired labor would have is higher, especially from standard 5 be overlooked, since this poses a cost MK 2,000. There was also an ad- up to standard 8. major challenge to people in the ditional loss incurred by parents who surrounding areas as crocodiles were expected to pay a total of MK Bearing in mind dropout cases for take refuge in shallow water, dur- 4,000 for the overtime of teachers girls, the Ministry of Education, Sci- ing floods. towards extra classes to make up for ence and Technology in collaboration lost time. with key development partners like  Shortage of classroom blocks is a WFP introduced a take-home package constraint as well - for instance, Socio-economic impact and cross- every three months. Each girl from Chikonje Primary School has only cutting issues Standard 5 to Standard 8 is given 25 four (4) classrooms for standard kg of flour as an incentive to continue 1 to 8. Schools drop outs and low primary schooling.  Shortage of teachers and staff school completion rates are some of houses has been a major chal- the concerns that Education authori- Challenges lenge for these schools before and ties in the district raised. This is an after floods. Most of the staff re- issue as the countrys’ MGDS sees edu-  Both the DEM and Member of Par- side some kilometres away from cation as contributing to Economic liament for Nsanje North be- their respective schools and this Development drop outs and low com- moaned of poor natural disaster causes a challenge during rainy pletion rates however rob the country rapid response and recovery sys- season as paths and roads be- of quality human capital that could tem at the district level. They pro- come impassable hence pupils otherwise have contributed to the posed equipping the district with miss out on learning. development of the country. Addition- resources for recovery interven- ally pupils who drop out end up in tions, which could alleviate some Sector strategies and priorities early marriages which in turn have far of the issues for people living in reaching consequences in terms of flood prone areas in the district. The Malawi Growth and Development pressure exerted on basic social ser- Strategy (MGDS) recognize education vices. In addition to these issues the  Most of the schools were built as a catalyst for socio-economic devel- suspension of classes that occurs fol- long time ago and have not under- opment, industrial growth and as an lowing flooding leaves the pupils at a gone periodic maintenance or instrument for empowering the poor, disadvantage compared to their fel- renovations, for example, some the weak and voiceless. Educating low pupils in other non affected areas. schools such as Muona Primary children helps in building knowledge This in turn might affect the quality of Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 66 which is necessary to eliminate pov- ii. Improve quality and relevance of which, according to preliminary esti- erty and hunger, combat diseases and education to reduce drop-out and rep- mates would cost MK 66,000,000. A ensure environmental sustainability. etition and promote detailed assessment would however effective learning, and be required to finalize this amount. The Government introduced Universal iii. Improve governance and manage- The table below provides a breakup of Primary Education (UPE) in 1994/95 ment of the system to enable more these costs and the detailed action which is aimed at increasing access to effective and efficient plan in the annex below goes into fur- basic education. Reforms are current- delivery of services.. Given the above ther details. ly being implemented to improve ac- goals flooding has definitely negative cess, retention, quality and relevance impact on the ambitions of the plan as Methodology of education in the country. The cur- access to education at all times is not rent priorities being implemented guaranteed for pupils in the flood af- Data was collected to assess the dam- include construction of additional fected schools. ages, human recovery and losses. The classrooms, training of more teachers education team conducted interviews and upgrading of existing under- Needs estimation with responsible authorities, that is, qualified ones. head-teachers and primary education The recovery and reconstruction advisors in T.A. Mlolo. Quantitative The education sector remains one of needs for the education sector amount and qualitative data was analyzed to the key priority areas under the MGDS to MK 2,745,000. On the recovery develop the basis of the recovery since human capital development is side, this constitutes MK 325,000 to- framework. regarded as key in facilitating socio- wards provision of education materi- economic development. als while on the reconstruction side, Education is guided by the National the MK 308,000 covers the skirting of Education Sector Plan (2008 – 2017), classroom blocks for the public school which highlights the following pillars: in GVH Mouna and the construction of i. Expand equitable access to educa- storage compartments. Longer term tion to enable all to benefit, DRR requires relocation of the Chikonje public school to a safer area

Table 37: Education Sector Recovery, Reconstruction and DRR Needs

Subsector needs by province for TA Mlo- Recovery Reconstruction Total DRR Needs lo Needs Needs Relocation of school to safer area 0 66,000,000

Skirting of classroom blocks 200,000 200,000

Construction of storage compartments 108,000 108,000 Education materials 325,000 325,000 Mitigation works at Namiyala School 2,500,000 Incorporation of Disaster Preparedness 3,500,000 and in Education planning Total 325,000 308,000 633,000 72,000,000

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 67

Table 38: Education Sector Recovery Plan

Current Road- Activities - At What blocks What has to be Level Existing Suggested How Will this Suggested (e.g. Infor- Done to Re- Should Initiatives Indicator Challenge in Estimat- Responsi- Intervention be Indicator Need mation, solve the Need this and Part- of Out- Sector ed Cost ble Different in De- of Output Institu- and to Over- Activity ners to be come livering Impact Progress tional come the be Un- leveraged Success

Capacity Roadblocks dertaken etc)

Lack of Improved National , MoEST, Relocation Failure to basic so- Provide water attendance Relocation of District DoDMA, of the This would en- Safe water attend cial ser- and health 66,000,0 rates Chikonje P. and MLUD, whole hance protection provided at school dur- vices in facility in relo- 00 through- School Commu- Public communi- of people in the new site ing flooding new loca- cation site out the nity Works ty area from floods tion year

This would help in ensuring that Ensure Construct learning and UNICEF Office Destruction teaching and Lack of raised storage Public teaching materi- Safe teach- National donated fitted with of teaching learning resources facilities for Works, als are safe from ing and and 108,000 some flood proof and learning materials are and teaching and DoD- floods and that learning district textbooks, storage materials safe from awareness learning mate- MA,MoEST schools do not materials pens, etc; shelves flood waters rials experience short-

age of teaching and learning materials MOEST in Disaster School collabora- Safe school Prepared- National, Will enhance plans in Capacity tion with planning Gaps in ness and districts DoDMA, preparedness at place, for safe Awareness and 3,500,00 DoDMA main- Contingency planning and MoEST, the school level Drills every schools training 0 should streamed Planning should be commu- MICE or within educa- Year at the planning carry out into educa- incorporate d nity tion sector start of awareness tion plans in Education academic cam- planning year paigns Education District Education materials and 525,000 continuity and skirting commu-

of classroom nity blocks Ministry of Educa- Will control flow School Mitigation District Public tion Flooding at Lack of Construction of of displaced Drainage blocks works at and 2,500,00 Works, should Namiyala Mitigation Mitigation water hence channels founda- Namiyala commu- 0 DoD- construct School Structures Structures controlling floods construct- tions are School nity MA,MoEST reliable at community ed not eroded drainage level systems in all schools

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 68

Transport

Executive Summary to connect to Thabwa. The floods caused damage to two sec- TA Mlolo is located to the northern tip ondary roads S151 and S152 running A short section of the railway line of Nsanje District. The total damage to through the area but bridges re- passing through the area also suffered transport infrastructure in TA Mlolo mained unaffected. During the period some siltation. However, this had no as a results of the floods in January of the floods, vehicular traffic to the impact to the operations of rail traffic 2012 is estimated at MK 46,660,000. area reduced drastically. Operators in the area as by the time the floods The assessment findings reveal that who took the risk during this period occurred, rail transport had already the losses experienced that were at- resorted to increasing fares by up to been suspended in October 2011 and tributable to the floods were mainly 70% (MK 700 to MK 1200) and this only resumed in February 2012. due to the poor road conditions fol- resulted in the increased cost of basic lowing the floods and the losses were commodities. Shops that had these The total needs for recovery recon- in the form of unrealised income for basic commodities in stack increased struction and Disaster Risk Reduction private transport operators who expe- their prices as demand could not (DRR) sum up to MK 47,932,000. This rienced a loss in income for two match supply. Disruption in transpor- includes reconstruction of the dam- weeks when the floods rendered the tation resulted in an increase in the aged roads, culverts and drifts and roads impassable. The total value of price of basic commodities like sugar, erosion protection works through the losses is estimated at MK 11,760,000. soap and paraffin by almost 100 per construction of gabion baskets and The total effects of the damages and cent. Additionally, passenger travel masonry protection works. losses of the floods is thus MK time increased to 6 hours from the 58,420,000. four hours it takes people in the area Table 39: Transport Sector Summary of Damages and Losses

Sub Dis- Damages Losses Total Recov- Recon- DRR Total trict / TA ery struction Public Pri- Public Private vate Mlolo 46,660,000 11,760,000 58,420,000 46,660,000 1,272,000 47,932,000 Total 46,660,000 11,760,000 58,420,000 46,660,000 1,272,000 47,932,000

Background of Sector area is hilly while the rest of the adja- topographical characteristics . cent area is in a flood plain bordered Road Network by the Shire River on the west and the The area is served by two major sec- Ruo River on the southern extreme of ondary roads S151 and S152. S151 TA Mlolo is located to the northern tip the area. During the rainy season, connects the area to Thyolo District of Nsanje district. In topographical flooding and wash-aways are a com- while S152 connects the area to terms, the north-eastern side of the mon occurrence in the area due to this Chikhwawa and Blantyre. Initially

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 69

S152 connected the area to Bangula cessed from Bangula using boats and dition to the secondary roads net- and Nsanje but a major wash-away canoes. For vehicles travelling from work, the area is also served by a eroded the road embankment render- Nsanje Boma to the TA, the vehicles number of undesignated community ing the road unusable in the 1990s. have to go through Thabwa in road networks. The baseline infor- Since that time, the area can be ac- Chikhwawa to access the area. In ad- mation below provides details of the

Table 40: Road network in TA Mlolo

TYPE OF SUR- NAME OF BRIDGES ALONG THE No. CLASSIFICATION DESIGNATION LENGTH FACE ROAD 1 S 151 Bangula - Chiphwanya 32 Spot Gravel Chiromo Bridge, Mbwazi Bridge 2 S 152 Fatima –Masenjere 15 Spot Gravel Thangadzi and Chinoro Bridges 3 D 394 Chiphwanya– Makhanga 41 Earth

4 UD/B Muona – Chipondeni 4.5 Earth

5 UD/B Fatima – Gatoma 5 Earth

6 UD Gowoke – Muona 5 Earth

7 UD Fatima – Makhapa 5.5 Earth

8 UD Tchereni – Mchacha James 5 Earth

9 UD Bitoni – Alufazema 5.8 Earth

10 UD Gundani – Zuwaki 8.8 Earth

11 UD Makhanga – Mwala 4.2 Earth

12 UD Kalulu – Mchacha 10 Earth

13 UD Chabuluka – Osiyana 7 Earth

14 UD Napasha – Gelevulo 8 Earth

Mlambala – Chapinga via 15 UD 8 Earth Weyere 16 UD Fatima – Mathiya 6 Earth

17 UD Sankhulani – Gundani 10 Earth

18 UD Ng’ombe – Mchacha 5 Earth

19 UD Thaboni – Msamboni 4 Earth

20 UD Osiyana – Namiyala 5 Earth

21 UD M’bwazi – Kambadza 6 Earth

22 UD Maheya – Mulalana 9 Earth

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 70 road network in TA Mlolo.Routine waters from the escarpment. Other Interventions Maintenance Interventions Recurrent road maintenance works The undesignated community feeder The Roads Authority has been carry- are carried out on a yearly basis. The roads are maintained by the district ing out routine maintenance activities last time this was undertaken was in council through interventions funded on the two secondary roads above. 2011. However, these interventions by the Roads Fund Administration Works have concentrated on spot im- are superficial as the roads (S152 and and other NGO or donor supported provements, grading and repairing of S151) require complete upgrading programmes. The table below illus- drainage structures. However, be- with need for significant investment trates the length of road for which cause the road network is sandwiched in the raising and improvement of the maintenance was performed under between the Thyolo Escarpments, the drainage structures, especially on the the Public Works Programme and the Shire River and the Ruo River, it is S152 which is low lying and runs par- number of beneficiaries before the usually damaged by flooding from allel to the escarpments. floods. rivers and the effects of fast flowing

Table 41: Public Works Maintained Roads Before Floods

N Cla Designation Length Type of No. of Male Female Total Amount Dis- o. ss (KM) Maintenance beneficiar- bursed ies 3 UD Napasha – Gelevulo 8 Hand Reshap- 238 128 110 571, 200 ing 4 UD Mlambala – Chapinga 8 Hand Reshap- 238 138 100 571, 200 via Weyere ing 5 UD Tchereni – Mchacha 8 Hand Reshap- 240 145 95 576, 000 James ing

Rail Transport tions were suspended in October Hospital. 2011 before the floods due to fuel Rail Transport also connects the area scarcity and operations have re- Erosion and wash-away of embank- to Luchenza and Blantyre. The train sumed in July, 2012. The major ments and approaches to drainage ideally was meant to go as far as Bei- modes of transportation (trucks, structures. ra in Mozambique but due to the civil pickups and trains) carry both pas- war in Mozambique and a major sengers and goods The railway stretch at Osiyana suf- wash-away of the rail line at Chiro- fered some siltation mo in the early 1990s, it only goes as Damages far as Makhanga just before the Chi- Between Mbwazi ADMARC and Ma- romo Bridge. The sector experienced damages on khanga the damage to the road oc- People of the area transport their the major secondary road S152 and curred to an extent that vehicular bulky goods in the form of firewood, railway line. The summary of damag- traffic and cyclists were completely rice, cotton, maize, cassava and vege- es is as follows: unable to connect between the two tables among many things mostly points for the duration of the flood. using rail transport. However it Damage to drainage structures like The total damage as captured in ta- should be noted that train opera- drifts and culverts at Fatima Trinity ble 39 is MK 46,660,000.

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 71

A section of the major wash away that occurred in the 1990s Part of the damage to the road within the Mbwazi AD- that has disconnected access between the affected areas and MARC and Makhanga Stretch the district council.

Losses running costs skyrocketed. The losses fare prior to the floods for a distance for vehicle operators were in the from the affected area to Thabwa. There was significant disruption to form of lost income. During the two Disaster relief items were transport- normal flow of vehicular traffic serv- weeks in which the vehicles com- ed by helicopter from Bangula to the ing the area. Only small vehicles (pick pletely stopped going to the area, affected area after lorries from Blan- -ups and four wheel drive vehicles) there was a total of MK 23,520,000 in tyre had brought the relief items. could access the area. This increased lost incomes as the table below illus- the transportation costs as vehicle trates. Note that the MK 700 was the

Table 42: Losses of Vehicle Operators Vehicle Number of Passengers Passenger fare Total Passenger Duration of Grand Total Type return trips a carried per trip (MK) fare per trip floods day Pick up 2 20 700 28000 14 392,000

Total average number of vehicles to and from the area per day is 30 (from a study that was done by Bua Consulting Engineers and also as shown in the annex of damages and losses). Total number of one 11,760,000 -directional trips per vehicle per day is 2

Socio-Economic Impact tation fares from TA Mlolo to Thabwa items after the disaster. This implies The socio-economic impact was sig- in Chikhwawa resulted in shop own- households were affected greatly and nificant because of the dependency of ers’ increasing the price of groceries had to adjust their expenditure pat- other sectors to the transport sector. terns to suit the price adjustments. For example, the cost of transporta- Shops ran out of groceries and other The changes in prices as of August tion was felt in increases in prices of essentials and table 44 captures the 2012 are more today with the changes various commodities as shown in ta- changes in prices of household items. in the economic environment and not ble 43 & 44. The increase in transpor- Households paid more for the same with the flood.

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 72

Table 43: Impact on Transport Cost – Unit Cost Per Person: TA Mlolo to Thabwa

Transport Mode Price Pre-Disaster Price Post-Disaster Price as of August 1, 2012 Lorries 700 1200 1200 Pick Ups 700 1200 1200 Oxcart 400 1000

Table 44: Impact on businesses and cost of items

Item Price Pre-Disaster (MK) Price Post-Disaster (MK) Price as of August 2012

Soap (Nima) 50 100 60 Paraffin (Per Litre) 300 400 250 Sugar (1 packet) 270 550 350 Aspirin (1 tablet) 5 15 10 Salt (50 Kg) 1200 1700 1500 Maize (basin) 200 450 300

Needs through construction of gabion  Install proper road furniture in- baskets and masonry protection cluding road safety signage Immediate Short-Term Needs works The following reconstruction and The immediate short-term transport Long-Term Needs DRR activities have been identified to infrastructure needs centred on re- be undertaken in the next six months storing passability to the sections of  Raising of the road embankment and the following priority order. De- the roads which were damaged by above the flood prone level tails regarding the action plan for the floods. These included the follow-  Installation of adequate and per- recovery and reconstruction are pro- ing: manent drainage structures to vided in table 45 below. cater for the flooding and wash a  Repair to erosion damage  Repair to erosion damage ways which are perennial to this  Installation of new culvert pipes  Installation of new culvert pipes area.  Repairs to damaged drainage  Repairs to damaged drainage  Upgrade the road surfacing from structures structures the current earth/gravel to bitu-  Erosion protection works  Erosion protection works minous surfacing through construction of gabion

Table 45: Transport Sector Reconstruction and DRR Needs

Recovery Needs Reconstruction Needs DRR Needs Total

46,660,000 1,272,000 47,932,000

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 73

baskets and masonry protection transportation sector has produced Challenges works the Transport Sector Investment Pro- gram (TSIP) document and the Five The challenges in the transport sector Existing sectoral policies and pri- Year Strategic and Business Plan doc- are enormous. Due to funding con- orities ument. The main objective of the straints, there is a backlog in mainte- Transport Sector Investment Pro- nance and rehabilitation activities The Malawi Government has devel- gramme is to guide selection, prioriti- which makes it difficult to allocate oped policies which guide implemen- zation and ranking of programmes adequate funding for emergency tation in the transportation sector. and projects for investment in the works. Due to acute shortages of fuel The policies are the Malawi Growth transport sector among the various in the local market, generation of road and Development Strategy which is modes of transport. More specifically levy was reduced to a minimum re- the government’s overarching policy the TSIP will assist in road pro- sulting in significant reductions in agenda and the National Transport grammes selection, prioritization and road maintenance activities. Although Policy whose goal is to ensure the pro- ranking including financing. The TSIP there is an annual provision for emer- vision of a coordinated transport envi- builds on achieving the objectives of gency works in the Annual National ronment that fosters a safe and com- the National Transport Policy. The Roads Programme, this usually falls petitive operation of commercially Five Year Strategic and Business Plan short of the requirement on the viable, financially sustainable, envi- articulates the strategic issues, road ground. Capacity constraints exist in ronmentally friendly and gender and programmes and resource require- the sector in terms of personnel quali- HIV responsive transport services and ments for road construction, mainte- fication and experience as well as fi- enterprises. nance and rehabilitation over the nancial and administrative capacity of planned period and is contributing the contractors and consultants. Final- towards the attainment of the objec- ly, the Malawi Kwacha is highly unsta- Programs and priorities in this sec- tives of the TSIP. ble and subject to intermittent fluctu- tor ations. This results in huge price fluc- The Roads Authority in conjunction tuations with huge adverse effects on with various stakeholders in the the construction industry.

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 74

Table 46: Transport sector Recovery Plan

Sug- Existing gested At What Level Indica- Suggested Challenge Current Esti- Initiatives Indica- Should the activ- Respon- tive Indicator of in the Sec- Need Road- Activities mated and Partners tor of ity be undertak- sibility Time Outcome tor blocks Cost to be lever- Output en Frame success aged Pro-

gress

Emergency Repair to Limited Generate National (fuel 47,932 Roads Ministry of July- Dam- Passability repairs to erosion dam- budget in more money levy adjustment), ,000 Authority Transport & Dec 12 aged restored restore age and in- the Road by raising fuel Institutional Public struc- access only stallation of Mainte- levy rate and (implementation Works, Road tures new culvert nance carry out re- issues) Fund Admin- re- pipes, con- programs pair works istration paired struction of erosion protection works like gabion baskets

Medium Raising of the Limited Generate National (fuel Realis- Roads Ministry of Janu- Well Damage to term re- road em- budget in more money levy adjustment), tic Authority Transport & ary engi- road mini- pairs to bankment, the Road by raising fuel Institutional esti- Public 2013- neered mized ensure and provision Mainte- levy rate and (implementation mates Works, Road De- road in transitabil- of adequate nance carry out re- issues) can be Fund Admin- cembe place ity drainage programs pair works de- istration, r 2015 with structures rived donors ability from a to with- de- stand tailed effects design of study flooding

Inadequate Sensitization Limited Conduct International, Roads Ministry of Janu- Ade- Disaster dam- funds dealt of the gov- budget in awareness National and Authority Transport & ary quate age and losses with by ernment and the An- campaigns Institutional Public 2013- emer- adequately adequate various nual Na- with stake- Works, Road De- gency and timely provision stakeholders, tional holders in- Fund Admin- cembe budget addressed. in the including Roads cluding donors istration, r 2014 in place budget donors on Program Ministry of the need for Finance, provision of donor com- adequate munity budget

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 75

Housing

Overview snapshot to guide the elaboration of a permanent houses (thatch, burnt The following section details the find- probable reconstruction and recovery bricks/ iron sheets, un-burnt bricks) ings of Needs Assessment in the hous- project. Emphasis has been given to and traditional houses (thatch and ing sector following the flood disaster post-flood disaster reconstruction mud). According to a report produced which occurred in TA Mlolo’s area in needs. January, 2012. The housing profile by DoDMA, a large fraction of the pop- provides a brief damage overview, Summary ulation in affected group village head- identifies current recovery initiatives There were three types of houses in men’s areas (GVH’s) were residing in and progress made thus far, and the disaster affected areas: perma- traditional houses. It is estimated in short, medium, and long-term needs nent houses (made of burnt bricks, the report that 6159 people were af- and priority interventions. This is not cement and iron sheets), semi- fected. an exhaustive sector review but a

Table 47: Housing Sector Summary of Damages and Losses

GVH IN TA Damages Losses Recov- Reconstruc- DRR MLOLO ery tion Pub- Private Total Pub- Private Total lic lic Osiyana 0.0 50,721,764.8 50,721,764.8 0.0 6,266,648.3 6,266,648.3 642,981.1 372,259,539.9 5,175,093.0 Mchacha 0.0 46,523,129.8 46,523,129.8 0.0 5,747,909.1 5,747,909.1 589,756.6 341,444,722.4 4,746,710.3 James Kalonga 0.0 57,794,633.1 57,794,633.1 0.0 7,140,497.6 7,140,497.6 732,641.3 424,169,064.6 5,896,731.0 Sambani 0.0 24,261,910.8 24,261,910.8 0.0 2,997,546.8 2,997,546.8 307,559.3 178,064,146.6 2,475,419.5 Namanya 0.0 535,396.4 535,396.4 0.0 66,148.0 66,148.0 6,787.0 3,929,406.3 54,626.0 Chitseko 0.0 8,397,270.0 8,397,270.0 0.0 1,037,478.4 1,037,478.4 106,449.1 61,629,634.9 856,765.4 Gooke 0.0 2,930,590.9 2,930,590.9 0.0 362,073.0 362,073.0 37,150.0 21,508,329.0 299,005.4 Chipondeni 0.0 11,384,218.3 11,384,218.3 0.0 1,406,514.4 1,406,514.4 144,313.5 83,551,585.6 1,161,520.9 Chapinga 0.0 2,000,691.8 2,000,691.8 0.0 247,184.5 247,184.5 25,362.0 14,683,570.7 204,128.7

Total 0.0 204,549,606 204,549,606 0.0 25,272,000 25,272,000 2,593,000 1,501,240,000 20,870,000

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 76

DoDMA estimates that a total of 2887 external assistance for rebuilding. It meet the needs of the affected house- houses which were either partially or is estimated that a total cost of holds that are expected to relocate to fully damaged by the floods still need MK1,524,703,000.00 is required to a flood flee site.

Table 48: Number of houses by GVH before the floods

GVH in TA Mlolo Type of housing unit

Permanent. Semi- Traditional Total permanent 1 Osiyana 226 110 882 1218 2 Mchacha James 3 0 55 58 3 Kalonga 5 16 1039 1060 4 Sambani 204 320 337 861 5 Namanya 1461 6 Chitseko 1346 7 Gooke 1287 8 Chipondeni 918 9 Chapinga 71

Total 8280

Background Damages summary is as per Table 49 below. In Malawi, houses are classified into Most houses affected by the 2012 three categories based on the build- flood disaster in TA Mlolo were the The average value for damaged housing materials used in construction of traditional type. A total of 1384 housing units varied basing on the house the structures, namely: (a) tradition- es were completely damaged of which type. As a result, as many as 6159 al/temporary houses, (b) semi- 928 houses (67.05%) were tradition- people were without shelter. A total permanent houses, and (c) perma- al, 240 houses (17%) permanent and nent houses1. Before the floods the 216 houses (15.6%) were semi- of 4886 people had to be accommo- affected area, TA Mlolo, had 57,075 permanent. In addition, 1503 houses dated in 7 relief camps and the re- people (27,428 male and 29,647 fe- were partially damaged. TA Mlolo has mainder had to seek shelter from rel- male) out of whom 10.8% (6159 peo- 14 Group Village Headmen (GVH) and atives. The estimated cost for a per- ple) were affected by the 2012 flood the Villages affected were those in manent house was MK260, 000; semi- disaster. It was further reported that low lying areas under 9 Group Village permanent was MK 195,000; and tra- before the floods occurred there were Headmen: Mchacha James, Kalonga, ditional was MK39, 000. The total 8280 housing units as per table 48 Osiyana, Sambani, Chipondeni, above. Gooke, Chitseko, Kadyamba and Na- estimated damage was valued at manya, (Area Civil Protection Com- MK 204 549,606.00 mittee reports). Detailed damage (US$743816.7), see table 47.

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 77

Table 49: Housing Sector Damages and Losses Details

Description Type of housing unit Disaster effect

Estimation of Perm. Semi- Trad. total damage losses Total Damage

Houses fully de- -number of hous- 240 316 828 1384 stroyed es

-houses partially -number of hous- 130 172 450 752 destroyed es -furniture, kitchen -household goods ware, etc for fully 52,000 39,000 7,800 destroyed

Total damage 204,549,605.75 204,549,606 757,591

Estimation of

Losses Duration of reconstruction 534,000 12,816,000 period Cost of demolition and rubble 3,000 720,000 948,000 2,484,000 4,152,000 removal Construction using locally avail- Cost of temporary able materials, 1,440,000 1,896,000 4,968,000 8,304,000 housing scheme and salvaged materials

Total loss 25,272,000 25,272,000

Total damage and loss 229,821,606

Losses building materials from partially and environment. If not checked, this may The affected households incurred fully damage houses for reconstruc- lead to other risks in the near future. losses amounting to MK 25, 272, tion of temporal shelter resulting in a 000.00 arising from loss of rentals, further loss of MK 4,152,000. Existing sector priorities and major meeting cost constructing temporal programmes shelter and demolition/rubble re- Socio-economic impact Key and major policies that are useful moval. Thus, in the two year recon- The disaster made most people home- in the housing sector include the Na- struction period, households lost an less, especially child headed house- tional Housing Policy (revised draft), accumulated value of MK 12,816,000 holds, the elderly and other vulnerable the Malawi Land Use Planning Policy, from 178 houses that were being groups. There were 16 child headed and Malawi National Land Policy. The rented out at an average value of and 210 elderly headed households National Housing Policy advocates MK3, 000 per month. Furthermore, who had to be provided with tents and equitable access to good quality hous- through construction of temporal other household goods. Construction ing by all Malawians as such afforda- shelter, the affected households in- of temporal shelter mainly uses locally ble and good quality building stand- curred a loss of MK 8,304,000.00. found materials such as grass and ards are being promoted. As an at- Lastly, households had to salvage trees which negatively is affecting the tempt to address risks caused by dif-

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 78 ferent disasters such as floods, earth- TA Mlolo would provide an oppor- tion whereby MK 1,501,240,000 is quakes and windstorms, construc- tunity for promotion of such pro- being estimated to cover the Con- tion guidelines have been developed grammes in rural areas also. struction of 1 safe haven and 7 for use in both rural and urban areas. Use of these guidelines has been pi- Challenges demonstration houses and Sup- loted in TA Makhwira in Chikhwawa The major challenges of the housing port reconstruction of better District through construction of one sector are those related to financial and safer houses for 2887 af- safe haven and eight demonstration and human resources. House con- fected households. houses under the Living with Floods struction and resettlement demand Project. The idea is to roll out the substantial amount of financial invest- project ideas and lessons learnt to all ment in the short term, medium term In construction, a model three disaster prone areas. and long term intervention. In addi- roomed house (10.0m X 5m) is In line with the National Land Policy, tion, house construction is usually estimated at total construction land in Malawi is in three categories: viewed as a personal endeavor, as cost of MK 1,300,000.00 each. Government land, public land and such; there is usually limited external However, there are number of sug- private land. Government land com- financial support to individual house gested options to support house re- prises land acquired by Government developers. In additional, settlement construction for the affected house- and privately owned by Government. in rural areas is done locally and hap- holds which may vary the financial Public land is land held in trust and hazardly without seeking guidance requirement. The proposed options managed by Government or Tradi- from physical planners. Institutional- are as follows: (a) allow the affected tional Authorities and openly used or ly, there is wide gap in both numbers meet the cost on their own; (b) pro- accessible to the public such as Na- of personnel at all levels and in vide 40% financial support ; (c) pro- tional Parks and forest reserves. Pri- knowledge and skill related to disas- vide soft house loans ; (d) provide vate land is land that is occupied un- ters affecting housing and land use over 50% financial support the most der freehold tenure, customary ten- planning. vulnerable households, elderly, fe- ure and leasehold tenure. Currently, male, child and poor headed house- government is in the process of regis- Key objectives of recovery and re- holds. tering all land in all tenure categories silience building in this sector Furthermore, there is an urgent need to ensure land titling for ownership. The key objective is to reduce the im- to conduct training of artisans, Site Much of the land in the affected area pact of disasters on housing and hu- is customary land and households do man settlement currently and in the planning for relocation of affected not have title to land yet. As regards future: this would be achieved people to safer site and awareness on Land Use Planning Policy, the policy through mapping of flood prone areas, safer site location and safer and better seeks to ensure sustainable utiliza- land use planning of the relocation house construction guidelines. tion of land by putting it to specific site and use of safer and better con- uses according to its optimum re- struction guidelines quirements for present and/or future purposes. Needs estimation In order to manage the impact of the Basically, emphasis on building flood disaster on the affected house- standards, land use planning and holds there is need to address issues titling of land is mainly done in urban of recover y, reconstruction and DRR areas and little is done for rural are- which has been estimated at a total as. The proposed relocation of the cost of MK 1,524, 703.00. The most flood disaster affected households in critical requirement is on reconstruc-

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 79

Table 50: Housing Recovery, Reconstruction and DRR Needs

Reconstruction Subsector needs by province Recovery needs DRR needs Total needs

TA MLOLO provision of temporal shelter for child, elderly and other needy headed households 100 Tarpaulin 495,000 495,000 20 household tents 1,705,000 1,705,000 2 Rectangular tents 110,000 110,000 10 shelter kit 183,000 183,000 50 plastic rolls 100,000 100,000 Construction of 1 safe haven 12,600,000 12,600,000 and 7 demonstration houses Support construction of better and safer houses for 2887 1,501,240,000 1,501,240,000 affected households training of artisans 1,350,000 1,350,000 production and distribution of 1,500,000 1,500,000 construction guidelines site planning for relocation of 1,060,000 1,060,000 affected people to safer site awareness on safer site location and safer and better 3,300,000 3,300,000 house construction mapping of flood prone areas 1,060,000 1,060,000 2,593,000 1,501,240,000 20,870,000 1,524,703,000

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 80

Strategic initiatives

Key programmes /projects/initiatives have been proposed in line with the identified need as note in the table 51 below.

Table 51: Key Housing Sector Initiatives and Rationale

Identified Key projects/initiatives Rationale

Provision of temporal shelter for child, elderly and other needy Rain season is approaching and the need for provision of headed households shelter to the homeless Provision of long term practical lessons in construction Construction of 1 safe haven and 7 demonstration houses Support construction of better and safer houses for 2887 affected Aid the needy with technical and financial support households Impart knowledge and skill to key players in construction Training of artisans Provide reference material to artisans and local communi- Production and distribution of construction guidelines ty Guide settlement patterns during relocation Site planning for relocation of affected people to safer site Awareness on safer site location and safer and better house con- Provide civic education to the affected community and struction relevant players Establish safer zones for settlement Mapping of flood prone areas

Methodology are relocating were also visited. months after the disaster for the To come up with this chapter, infor- PDNA to be conducted. It was also mation was collected through offic- Nevertheless, during the data collec- discovered that disaggregated data ers at Nsanje District Council offices tion, the following challenges were on the housing sector could not be and some NGO’s, from a certain faced: limited time, lack of some found anywhere may be due to prob- building construction contractor, baseline data and low quality data. able oversight of the attention it de- Civil Rights’ Protection Committee, a The data quality was due to the fact serves by the enumerators. Member of Parliament and tradition- that specific sector experts, especial- al leaders. The actual locations ly the housing sector were not in- Finally, an action plan was developed where the flood disaster occurred, volved during data collection after based on the identified needs as per the victims were camping and people the disaster and that it also took six table 3.

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 81

Table 52: Housing Sector Needs Prioritization

NEED COST (Mk) PRIORITY PRIORITY LEVEL JUSTIFICATION TIME FLAME LEVEL Provision of temporal 2593000 1 Urgently required to accommodate homeless Short Term shelter for child, el- vulnerable groups (elderly, child and poor head- derly and other needy ed households as rainy season is approaching headed households . 1,060,000 2 Urgently required as the affected are already Short term relocating to the new site and some have started house construction. Hence the need to pro- Site planning for relo- vide guidance on settlement patterns and prop- cation of affected peo- er land use. ple to safer site Awareness on safer 3,300,000 3 Provision of useful information to the affected Short term- medi- site location and safer households is vital throughout the relocation um term and better house con- and house reconstruction period struction 1,350,000 4 Artisans are key to the reconstruction process Short term as such there is an urgent to equip them with the necessary knowledge and skill for safer and Training of artisans better house construction production and distri- 1,500,000 5 These guidelines will go along with the training Short term bution of construction of artisans and the awareness campaign. guidelines 1,501,240,00 6 As the affected are engaging in reconstruction Medium term 0 of the houses there is need to support them Support construction financially bearing in mind that most of them of better and safer will be building completely new houses while houses for 2887 they are still suffering from the shock of the affected households flood disaster Construction of 1 safe 12,600,000 7 Provision of long term practical lessons in con- Long term haven and 7 demon- struction stration houses 1060,000 8 Very necessary to establish safer zones for Medium term settlement but might be taken care of by the Mapping of flood Integrated Flood Risk Management Plan for the prone areas Shire Basin

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 82 Table 53: Housing Sector Recovery Plan

Activities- How Will At What Current What has to this In- Level Existing Roadblocks be Done to terventio Should Initiatives Challenge in (e.g. Infor- Resolve the Estimated n be Indicative Need this Activi- Responsible and Part- Sector mation, Need and to Cost Different Timeframe ty be ners to be Institutional Overcome in Deliv- Undertak- leveraged Capacity etc) the Road- ering en blocks Impact Provision of Ministry of temporal Lands and shelter for Housing, child, elderly GVH 2,593,000 Ministry of Short term and other Local Govern- needy head- ment and ed house- DoDMA holds Ministry of 1. Limited training of Lands and UN-Habitat, long term human re- National personnel in Housing, CCODE, solution source skills and Dis- 400,000 Medium term mapping at Ministry of Christian to floods to do map- trict level all levels Local Govern- Aid disaster ping. 1A. Ensure ment mapping of develop all flood project pro- Ministry of prone areas posal for Lands and UN-Habitat, availabil- 2. Insufficient National external Housing, CCODE, ity of financial and Dis- 660,000 Medium term funding and Ministry of Christian baseline resources trict level conduct Local Govern- Aid data mapping ment exercise 1.provision 1. Limited of safer financial settlement resources to sites in carry out Nsanje in 1B. Aware- awareness Mobilize commu- the next 2 ness and on risks for financial nity em- years education on settling in Ministry of National resources powerme risks regard- flood prone Lands and Initiative and conduct nt on ing settle- areas; limited National Housing, for Civic awareness disaster Short- medium ment in human re- and Dis- 3,300,000 Ministry of Education, campaigns; risk re- term flood prone sources, trict level Local Govern- Malawi Red conduct duction areas and knowledge ment and Cross Soci- training of and pre- better house and skills to DoDMA ety trainers parednes construction conduct (ToT) s guidelines awareness campaigns on better and safer house construction community em- 1. Limited Ministry of 1C. site Mobilize powerme financial Lands and World planning for financial nt on resources to National Housing, Bank, UN- relocation of resources disaster carry land and Dis- 1,060,000 Ministry of Habitat, Short term affected and conduct risk reuse planning trict level Local Govern- Christian people to the planning duction of the new ment and aid safer site exercise and pre- site DoMA parednes s Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 83

Activities- What has Existing How Will Current Road- to be Done Initia- this Inter- At What Level blocks (e.g. to Resolve tives and vention Challenge Should this Estimated Responsi- Indicative Need Information, the Need Partners be Differ- in Sector Activity be Cost ble Timeframe Institutional and to to be ent in Undertaken Capacity etc) Overcome lever- Delivering the Road- aged Impact blocks train local artisans in World safer and Ministry Bank, UN better of Lands - 1. Lack of house and Hous- HABITAT, trained artisans construc- 1,350,000 National and ing, Minis- DoDMA, pilot pro- in better and tion and & Short term District level try of Malawi ject safer house production 1,500,000 Local Red construction and distri- Govern- Cross bution of ment Society, construc- TEVETA tion guidelines Support Ministry Lack of funds to 2. provision construc- of Lands introduc- 2B. Con- support affect- of disaster tion of and Hous- tion of struction of ed vulnerable resilient better and TA and GVH 1,501,240 ing, Minis- Disaster disaster risk households in Medium term houses in safer hous- level ,000 try of risk resili- resilient construction of the next 2 es for 2887 Local ent hous- houses. better and safer years affected Govern- es houses households ment World Bank, UN construct Ministry - one safe of Lands HABITAT, Lack of stand- haven at TA and Hous- DoDMA, ard house for level and 7 ing, Minis- Malawi demonstration TA and GVH 12,600,00 model demonstra- try of Red Long term of better and level 0 structures tion house Local Cross safer construc- in each of Govern- Society, tion practices the seven ment and TEVETA, GVHs DoDMA Habitat for Hu- manity

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 84

Disaster Risk Reduction

Nsanje Historical Hazard Risk – Nsangwe zone, along Lalanje river – Shire River basin is the poorest and Furthermore, documented infor- Lalanje zone, and settlements along most vulnerable region in Malawi, mation several analyses conducted the Shire river (east bank) with flood which is regularly ravaged by floods show that from 1970s flooding in the waters from 11 east bank rivers – and droughts. In Malawi 23 flooding basin occurs once in every 2 - 5 years. Changambatuka – Masenjere zone. events have occurred in 29 years Every flooding year is followed by a (1979 – 2008) which cumulatively drought year exacerbating the vulner- Existing Institutional set up and affected 1.9 million people (Hay & ability situation in certain areas. With challenges Phiri, 2008). The highest flooding fre- this trend in mind, climate change The DRR stage in Malawi is populated quency in Malawi is in the Lower vulnerability assessment indicates with numerous players. The stake- Shire valley due to flooding from Shire that Malawi (and more importantly holders are divided into three groups, River and other notorious rivers and the Shire basin) will experience both viz., Government Line Ministries, Do- streams in the Shire basin. Further to extremes of floods and droughts that nor (UN Agencies, International Aid flooding, drought is another hazard would increase in frequency as well as Organisations and in some cases In- which is also problematic in the basin. intensity, within a short period as the ternational Non Governmental and The six drought episodes occurring in next 10 years. Faith Based Organisations (NGOs and 29 years (1979 – 2008) cumulatively FBOs) and Civil Society (viz., NGOs affected 19.7 million people (Hay & The main sources of flood in the area and FBOs that receive funding from Phiri, 2008). are Shire and Ruo and other small Donors and do not themselves inde- rivers / streams in the basin. Heavy pendently raise funds for distribu- Flooding adversely affect Chikwawa flooding occurs at the confluence of tion). and Nsanje districts, which are locat- Ruo and Shire Rivers affecting Chiro- ed in the lower section of the shire mo area, in Nsanje District. Makhanga The DPR Act of 1991 provides the le- basin. In Nsanje 70% of the people are area, which is located between Muona gal and institutional framework for affected by the floods and in Chikwa- and Makhanga, is affected by the addressing disasters in Malawi. The wa 40% of the people and floods flooding from the same Ruo River Act stipulates the establishment of somewhat affect Mangochi district which adversely ransack Mchamcha institutional functions required for which is located in the upper section James village and Makhanga Trading disaster management. The office of of the shire basin. This has resulted Centre and up to Fatima. In Chikwawa the Secretary and Commissioner for into higher poverty and vulnerability District, the areas which are affected Disaster Management Affairs, the Na- levels in these districts. The overall by the floods include Islands in the tional Disaster Preparedness and Re- poverty headcount shows that Nsanje Shire river and Elephant marsh, set- lief Committee (NDPRC) and Civil Pro- and Chikwawa have the highest pro- tlements along the Mukombedzi river tection Committees (CPCs) were cre- portion of households classified as – Ndakwera zone and Sekeni (Nchalo) ated through the Act for the coordina- ultra poor in the country (Shela, et al., zone, the Mukombedzi / Mwanza riv- tion of disaster response programmes 2008). Two-thirds of the economically ers – Tomali zone (TA Chapananga), and activities in the country. active population is engaged in sub- the Mwanza river – Bereu zone, the sistence farming which is yearly se- Nyakamba / Shire (west bank) rivers In recent years, disasters have been verely affected by either floods or – Makande / Ngabu zone, the identified as a key hindering factor to drought. Nsangwe – John area by Chidyamanga Malawi’s growth and poverty reduc-

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 85 tion efforts in major policy documents disaster reduction activities; activities including the MGDS. Combining DRR  Lack of an updated and upgraded  Mainstreaming DRM into policies, and Disaster Management concepts, risk assessment system for early strategies and programmes; Disaster Risk Management (DRM) was warning;  Strengthening DRM coordination adopted as one of the core focuses in  Limited investment in knowledge mechanisms among stakeholders the MGDS. This thrust requires a shift and education for disaster risk  Enhancing capacity on the use of from ‘disaster response culture’ to reduction; space information and technolo- ‘integration of disaster risk into sus- gies tainable development planning and Deducing from the challenges above,  Developing an integrated national programming’. although contact exists between the EWS and conduct survey to iden- various organizations on national and tify potential national and across Gaps and challenges in DRM provincial / local level, it is very clear border risk  Slow progress in shifting the that an institutionalization of a Multi-  Promoting awareness, access, mindset set from emergency re- ple Stakeholder Platform (MSP) for distribution and utilization of reli- sponse to disaster risk manage- disaster risk preparedness, response able and relevant DRM infor- ment. and management is required at basin mation; and  Limited mainstreaming of DRM in level. Possibilities should be checked  Incorporating DRM in all school development programs, policies how to effectively bring together on curricula. and plans periodical basis all the stakeholders in  Weak instruments to ensure ef- the basin to map out, iron out and fective rolling out of the DRM – discuss issues relate to flood and DRM STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS e.g. financial provision, poor coor- drought in the basin. Furthermore, the There are a number of stakeholders dination mechanism, disjointed sustainability of this platform should that are involved in the implementa- operations in the implementing be considered in terms of financial, tion of disaster risk management initi- area. social and political setting, equity of atives in TA Mlolo. These include gov-  Limited information access to participation and voice, and manage- ernment ministries and departments, critical people for DRM operation- ment. nongovernmental organisations alisation eg. poor people, women, (NGOs), civil society organisations the elderly, children, people with In view of the challenges highlighted (CSOs), community based organisa- disabilities and people living with above, the following strategies should tions (CBOs) and development part- HIV and AIDS be implemented to ensure effective ners providing funding for the imple-  Weak capacity at all administra- rolling out of DRM in Malawi: mentation of the initiatives. Table x tive levels in the engagement of  Strengthening DRM policy (which shows the stakeholders and the inter- the DRM. has been developed) and relevant ventions they are involved  Local and national levels to effec- institutional frameworks; in:REDUCING RISKS tively carryout DRM activities;  Ensure effective financial provi-  Insufficient coverage and depth of sion for implementation of DRM Given the alternate recurrence of

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 86

Table 54: DRM Stakeholder Analysis

Name of Area of Opera- Activities being implemented Cost of Donor Time Frame Organi- tion Project sation / Stake- holder Total 3 Group Village  Train 60 volunteers in water treat- MWK USAID 6 February 2012 –5 Land Heads namely ment, sanitation and hygiene promo- 13,750,00 March 2012 Care Osiyana, tion techniques 0 (WALA) Mchacha James,  Conduct one general hygiene sensiti- Chitseko zation in the flood affected area  Conduct one general hygiene sensitization in the flood affected area  Provide Chlorine, buckets & soap (bathing and washing soap) to 1,000 households  Distribute seeds to 1,000 households for replanting Churches 3 GVHs Osiyana,  Relief food distribution MWK DANIDA/ March to June, 2012 Action in Mchacha James, 15,000,00 DCA/Act Relief Kalonga, 0 Alliance and De- velopme GVH Osiyana.  Sanitation project, construction of MWK DCA/ From February to July nt Villages for this sand plats 60,000.00 European 2012 officially. Have (CARD) project include  Training of health committees Commissi requested for a no even some in TA  Distribution of ITN’s on cost extension from th Mbenje  Development and distribution of Humanita the 24 of July to posters and other information mate- rian Office September, 2012 rials on water and sanitation (ECHO) Action GVHs Kalonga,  Village Savings &Loans promotion DFID 5 years period from Aid Mala- Osiyana, Gun-  Participatory Vulnerability Assess- April 2012 wi dani, Chipondeni, ment Chapinga and  Seed systems development Chitseko.  Small scale irrigation  Enterprise development  Livestock development  Policy work  Early warning systems  Conservation agriculture  Agri-forestry and watershed management  Water, Hygiene and Sanitation

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 87

Organisation/ Area of Opera- Activities being implemented Cost of Pro- Donor Time Stakeholder tion ject Frame Malawi Red Cross soci- Kalonga, Osiyana,  Awareness and sensitization EURO Malawi Red January to ety Clemence,  Capacity building on emer- 93,940 Cross Society June 2012 Mchacha 58, gencies Chiponndeni,  Provision of first aid during Mphwiri, Cham- emergencies buluka, Alfazema,  Provision of relief items Gatoma, Mchacha Non Food Items James,  Water, sanitation and hygiene promotion  Provision of emergency shelter Agriculture All 14 GVHs  Soil conservation MWK Ministry of Monthly  Conservation agriculture 25,000 Agriculture  Irrigation agriculture  Promotion of drought toler- ant crops  Agricultural extension services Forestry Department All 14 GVHs  Afforestation MWK Forestry De- Monthly  Environmental rehabilita- 25,000 partment tion  Afforestation awareness and sensitization Ministry of Gender, All 14 GVHs  Human rights awareness MWK Ministry of Monthly Child Welfare and and sensitization campaigns 25,000 Gender, Child Community Develop-  Capacity building / trainings Welfare and ment in human rights Community Development Ministry of Health All 14 GVHs  Sanitation and hygiene sen- MWK Ministry of Monthly sitization and awareness 25,000 Health  Provision of HTH / chlorine  Public health awareness floods and droughts in Mlolo, it will deemed acceptable for the affected tification, assessment and moni- be critical for the Government to district and minding the difference toring strengthen is disaster risk manage- between normal development and  Development and strengthening ment strategy. The January 2012 recovery activities. of a people-centred early warn- flood offers an opportunity to review ing system lessons learned from previous disas- The following 6 main policy priority  Promotion of a culture of safety, ters and mitigation projects. Coupled areas have been identified to reduce and adoption of resilience en- with the calculated costs for response disaster risk in the country: hancing interventions it is clear the DRR programs need to  Mainstreaming disaster risk  Reduction of underlying risks be implemented in accordance with management into sustainable  Strengthening preparedness ca- the Draft DRM Policy objective. How- development pacity for effective response and ever, the early recovery decisions will  Establishment of a comprehen- recovery depend largely on the level of safety sive system for disaster risk iden-

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 88

These categories follow the priorities the different levels and in different timely and appropriately. This reduc- of the Hyogo Framework for Action. geographical areas are performing es the possibility of injury and loss of their duties in a similar manner. lives and livelihoods, and enables Mainstreaming disaster risk man- them to take measures to limit dam- agement into sustainable develop- For districts to act as is currently age to property and the environment. ment practised mainly at National level, the For TA Mlolo a community driven ear- It is important to consider and inte- districts would need to have funds for ly warning system (EWS) should be grate DRM into all sustainable devel- implementation of the policy. Current- layed out and will enable the commu- opment and planning processes at all ly there is no budget line for either nities to warn each other while gov- levels in the country. This would in- Disaster Management (DM) or Disas- ernment at a later stage will develop a clude the Early Recovery phase. ter Risk Reduction (DRR) activities. more comprehensive and automated One major challenge in the main- Even for basic monitoring of NGO and EWS. The rivers that are targeted for streaming of disaster risk manage- development partners, funding lacks. the community based EWS are the ment in the country is lack of effective A need for high level advocacy to es- Ruo, the Tangadzi and a third as of yet and appropriate institutional and le- tablish a budget line for DRM at the unidentified river. More consultation gal frameworks. While Malawi drafted district council is urgently required. will be required to identify the third the Disaster Risk Management (DRM) most appropriate river system. Policy in 2011, it needs to be enacted Establishment of a comprehensive to catalyse the implementation. In system for disaster risk identifica- Promotion of a culture of safety, addition the 1991 National Prepared- tion, assessment and monitoring and adoption of resilience enhanc- ness and Relief Act needs to be re- The establishment of a system to ef- ing interventions viewed to ensure DRM roles and re- fectively identify, assess, monitor and Promotion of a culture of safety en- sponsibilities are in line with the poli- map disaster risks is an essential first tails the use of practices that promote cy. step towards developing and imple- disaster mitigation and preparedness menting evidence-based sustainable through the use of education, Similarly at the district level there is a development and planning processes knowledge and innovation. Raising clear need for a District Disaster Risk that are focused on reducing disaster awareness and understanding of dis- Management Plan that will guide both risks. The system must have the ca- aster risk reduction amongst the pop- the response at this level, as well as pacity to track hazards, monitor, regu- ulation at large nurtures changes in the mitigation options. This document larly update, document and dissemi- behaviour that will contribute to will also inform the development and nate disaster risk assessment infor- building a culture of safety and resili- in particular the mainstreaming of mation and to develop integrated risk ence. DRM into the District Development maps to identify areas and communi- Plans in a sectoral manner. ties at risk. Hazard and vulnerability One elevated demonstration house mapping is key to early recovery and shall be built in each of the 7 GVH’s in Institutional capacity building at dis- shall be conducted in by community the low lying areas with one demon- trict TA and village level is another participatory means as this method stration evacuation centre per TA that necessity to ensure policy implemen- has proven its value in other parts of can also be used for other purposes, tation at these levels. This shall be Malawi. such as meetings, a nursery etc. The accomplished through the sensitisa- development of these structures will tion of CPCs on their roles and respon- Development and strengthening of simultaneously train local artisans of sibilities and by including communi- a people-centred early warning each GVH on how to build according ties. Communities need to know what system to accepted building standards. De- CPC can add to their benefit under An integrated and people-centred ear- tails are given in the Housing Section. different circumstances such as in ly warning system is necessary for preparedness as well as response and effective disaster preparedness and Reduction of underlying risks mitigation situations. Some commu- response. When individuals, commu- Reducing underlying risks involves nities need to form or revamp CPCs. nities and organisations that are improving building safety and the Government will need to develop a threatened by hazards have access to protection of critical lifeline infra- standardised DRM Training Manual timely and meaningful early warning structure; wise management of the for CPCs to ensure a that all CPCs at information, it enables them to act environment and natural resources;

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 89 and aligning disaster risk reduction to reduced by integrating disaster risk the communities as well as the CPCs climate change adaptation. It aims at reduction into sustainable develop- and the district officials. increasing the resilience of the poor ment policies and planning processes and most vulnerable to disasters and and by strengthening the institutional Disaster risk management such as the is the responsibility of government, basis for building resilience. However, Civil Protection Committees exist at civil society organisations, develop- not all disasters can be predicted nor district, area and village levels to un- ment partners and other stakeholders can their magnitude be pre- dertake preparedness, response and at all levels. determined. When a disaster occurs recovery interventions. Adequate re- the response operation engages the sources to support the implementa- Limited investments on mitigation participation of a diverse range of tion of the activities has been the lim- hamper development and brings ma- stakeholders and experience has iting factor for implementation of in- jor and recurrent setbacks for TA Mlo- shown that a rapid and effective re- terventions. lo. Some immediate risks need to be sponse relies on the optimal applica- addressed such as the inadequate tion of resources. This can only be A district contingency plan was, for flood-control infrastructure that can achieved through an effective disaster example, developed to assist the dis- be mitigated through a combination of preparedness system. trict council to be in a state of prepar- riverbank stabilisation and river edness to respond to different haz- dredging. To prevent further deterio- As the District Commissioner for ards. The plan is, however, not re- ration and strengthen riverbanks, af- Nsanje said: “Financial resources to viewed annually due to lack of re- forestation is required along the support emergency relief operations at sources. In addition, resources for the banks with at least 5 year after-care. district level are provided late. This operationalisation of the plan are also DRR awareness programs targeting delays the provision of relief assistance not available. These two factors dete- communities and their environments to affected people. Imagine that it took riorate the relevance of the plan. through various media will be part of four weeks after floods occurred in these interventions. For the relocated Traditional Authority Mlolo for the The PDNA and the Integrated Flood community a market shall be planned Department of Disaster Management Risk Management Plan for the and constructed. Affairs to provide funding to the dis- Shire Basin trict council for disaster response to The framework below fleshes out Village savings and loans programmes support the relief operation we were some of the key recommendations of will be introduced to help the affected undertaking to assist people who were the PDNA with respect to DRM. As a communities increase their own resil- affected by the floods. Having a budget next step, it is recommended that fu- ience and will enhance the growth line for disaster risk management at ture resilience building initiatives rate of private businesses on top of the district council would address this such as the Integrated Flood Risk the normal farming activities. Details problem.” Management Plan for the Shire Basin are given in the Agricultural Section. Disaster preparedness and contingen- review this framework to identify ac- cy planning at district and TA level are tivities that could be taken up or lev- Strengthening preparedness capac- below par. Plans need to be developed eraged by such programs where syn- ity for effective response and re- and/or reviewed and preparedness ergies exist. covery strengthened through field simula- Disaster losses can be measurably tions with many stakeholders from

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012

cess

of Out- of

Indicator Indicator

come Suc- come

Suggested

Number of Number that CPCs regularly and meet for plan DRRactivi- ties of Number that CPCs regularly and meet for plan DRRactivi- ties of Number that CPCs regularly and meet for plan DRRactivi- ties of number communi- with ties functional CPCs of number communi- with ties func- fully tionalCPCs

ups ups

Progress

Indicator Indicator

of Output Output of

Suggested

No. of No. CPCs trained of No. CPCs trained of Number follow to visits all at CPCs level of Number CPCs formed of Number CPCs formed

and and

tives tives

Part-

Initia-

be lev- be

eraged

ners to nersto

Existing Existing

NGOs (Goal, Action AID, CARD, CRS, TLC, of River Life, Malawi Red Cross, MSF). Devel- opment Part- ners (WB, UNDP, MCC, JICA)

Re-

sible

spon

DCP C DCP C DCP C DCP C DoD- MA

Esti-

Cost Cost

(MK)

mated mated

560,00 0 771,58 0 734,70 0 100,00 0 3,936, 800.00

Level Level

At What What At

Undertak-

Activity be Activity

Should this Should

DCPC District, and Area Village. DCPC members sensitize and ACPC VCPC National, District, and Area Village National, District, and Area Village National, District, and Area Village

4 4

What has has What

ADDRMO ADDRMO

blocks

up and mentor- up

come the Road- the come

to be Done to Over- to Done be to

Activities Activities

DRM consultation consultation DRM vilage at meetings (1) area (14) and level Sensitization of CPCs roles and their on and responsibilities the on communities of CPCs importance at district, meetings (14) village and area fol- regular Conduct low to visits at CPCs ing levels all DCPC some and visiting members VCPCs & ACPC communi- Mobilize to form ties/villages CPCs orrevamp re- VCPCsto be vamped distrib- and Procure equip- relevant ute bikes, (push ment reflectors, whistles, wear, protective torches)

blocks

Table 55: Table Disaster Risk Management Action Plan

CurrentRoad-

human, finan- human,

Lack of resources Lackof resources - and hazard cial; vulnerability not assessment done yet at CPCmembers not levels all of aware their respon- and roles sibilities levels all at CPCs ap- not do have equip- propriate to support ment operations their

Pri-

orit

5 2

- -

Tim

efra

Shor t term Shor t term

Need

Develop an an Develop Disas- Area Risk ter Manage- Plan ment Institution- capacity al building

in Sector in

Challenge Challenge

Lackof a District Disaster Man- Risk agement Plan Limited institution- capacity al

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012

Success

Outcome

Suggested Suggested

Indicator of of Indicator

budget used line Hazard andvul- nerability Maps developed Simula- con- tions ducted Protec- tionin place Protec- tionin place

Progress

tor of Output Output of tor

Suggested Indica- Suggested

budget line established HazardMaps available Contingency plansdevel- oped,simula- tionexercise written Plandevel- oped Plandevel- oped

Re-

spo

nsib

Do DM A Do DM A Do DM A Do DM A Do DM A

(MK)

ed Cost edCost

Estimat-

0 5,400, 000 3,321, 920 3,600, 000 4,120, 000 22,545,000

taken

At What

beUnder-

this Activity Activity this

Level Should Should Level

National National, District, Area and Village National, District, Area and Village National, District, Area and Village National, District, Area and Village

What has to be to has What

blocks

Activities Activities

Done to Overcome the Road- the Overcome to Done

Advocate for for Advocate theneed toa establish budget for line at DRM thedis- trict council Communitybased hazardand vulnerability mappingbased on USD 60,000 per district Contingency planning review meeting, under- takesimulations Catchment toFloodplain protection@ 1,200,000 assumption per river, 3 required;awareness, transport,equipment, infrastructure Afforestationalong riverbanks with5yr care incl@275,500MKW/ha awareness + programs

Road-

blocks

Current Current

No decen- tralizati onof DRM funding Inade- quate flood control infra- structu re

Pri-

orit

1 4 3 6 7

- -

rame

Timef

Shor t term Long - term Shor t term Me- diu m term Long - term

Need

Establisha budget for line at DRM district level Hazardand vulnerability assessment Strengthening emergency preparedness capacity Strengthening earlywarning systems mitigationRisk investments

Sector

Challenge in in Challenge

Inade- quate funding DRM for at district in- level cluding disaster response Inade- quate risk assessment Inade- quate emergen- cyprepar- edness Inade- quate early warning systems Limited invest- on ments mitigation Total

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012 92

Nsanje Disaster Impact Assessment & Transitional Recovery Framework Report, 2012