Molecular Mechanisms of Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Melanoma Treatment: an Update
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Mapping Influenza-Induced Posttranslational Modifications On
viruses Article Mapping Influenza-Induced Posttranslational Modifications on Histones from CD8+ T Cells Svetlana Rezinciuc 1, Zhixin Tian 2, Si Wu 2, Shawna Hengel 2, Ljiljana Pasa-Tolic 2 and Heather S. Smallwood 1,3,* 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; [email protected] 2 Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA; [email protected] (Z.T.); [email protected] (S.W.); [email protected] (S.H.); [email protected] (L.P.-T.) 3 Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, TN 38105, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-(901)-448–3068 Academic Editor: Italo Tempera Received: 10 October 2020; Accepted: 2 December 2020; Published: 8 December 2020 Abstract: T cell function is determined by transcriptional networks that are regulated by epigenetic programming via posttranslational modifications (PTMs) to histone proteins and DNA. Bottom-up mass spectrometry (MS) can identify histone PTMs, whereas intact protein analysis by MS can detect species missed by bottom-up approaches. We used a novel approach of online two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem MS with high-resolution reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), alternating electron transfer dissociation (ETD) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) on precursor ions to maximize fragmentation of uniquely modified species. The first online RPLC separation sorted histone families, then RPLC or weak cation exchange hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (WCX-HILIC) separated species heavily clad in PTMs. Tentative identifications were assigned by matching proteoform masses to predicted theoretical masses that were verified with tandem MS. We used this innovative approach for histone-intact protein PTM mapping (HiPTMap) to identify and quantify proteoforms purified from CD8 T cells after in vivo influenza infection. -
Nitric Oxide Mediated Redox Regulation of Protein Homeostasis T Irmgard Tegeder
Cellular Signalling 53 (2019) 348–356 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Cellular Signalling journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cellsig Nitric oxide mediated redox regulation of protein homeostasis T Irmgard Tegeder Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Nitric oxide is a versatile diffusible signaling molecule, whose biosynthesis by three NO synthases (NOS) is tightly regulated Nitric oxide at transcriptional and posttranslational levels, availability of co-factors, and calcium binding. Above normal levels of NO Chaperone have beneficial protective effects for example in the cardiovascular system, but also contribute to the pathophysiology inthe Ubiquitin context of inflammatory diseases, and to aging and neurodegeneration in the nervous system. The effect specificity relieson Aging the functional and spatial specificity of the NOS isoenzymes, and on the duality of two major signaling mechanisms (i) Proteostasis activation of soluble guanylycylase (sGC)-dependent cGMP production and (ii) direct S-nitrosylation of redox sensitive cy- Nitrosylation steines of susceptible proteins. The present review summarizes the functional implications of S-nitrosylation in the context of proteostasis, and focuses on two NO target proteins, heat shock cognate of 70 kDa (Hsc70/HSPA8) and the ubiquitin 2 ligase (UBE2D), because both are modified on functionally critical cysteines and are key regulators of chaperone mediated and assisted autophagy and proteasomal protein degradation. SNO modifications of these candidates are associated with protein accumulations and adoption of a senescent phenotype of neuronal cells suggesting that S-nitrosylations of protein homeo- static machineries contribute to aging phenomena. 1. Introduction PKG1, [15] leading to smooth muscle relaxation via regulation of intracellular calcium stores [16] and actin-myosin dynamics. -
An Overview of the Role of Hdacs in Cancer Immunotherapy
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Immunoepigenetics Combination Therapies: An Overview of the Role of HDACs in Cancer Immunotherapy Debarati Banik, Sara Moufarrij and Alejandro Villagra * Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, 800 22nd St NW, Suite 8880, Washington, DC 20052, USA; [email protected] (D.B.); [email protected] (S.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +(202)-994-9547 Received: 22 March 2019; Accepted: 28 April 2019; Published: 7 May 2019 Abstract: Long-standing efforts to identify the multifaceted roles of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) have positioned these agents as promising drug candidates in combatting cancer, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and infectious diseases. The same has also encouraged the evaluation of multiple HDACi candidates in preclinical studies in cancer and other diseases as well as the FDA-approval towards clinical use for specific agents. In this review, we have discussed how the efficacy of immunotherapy can be leveraged by combining it with HDACis. We have also included a brief overview of the classification of HDACis as well as their various roles in physiological and pathophysiological scenarios to target key cellular processes promoting the initiation, establishment, and progression of cancer. Given the critical role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) towards the outcome of anticancer therapies, we have also discussed the effect of HDACis on different components of the TME. We then have gradually progressed into examples of specific pan-HDACis, class I HDACi, and selective HDACis that either have been incorporated into clinical trials or show promising preclinical effects for future consideration. -
Determining HDAC8 Substrate Specificity by Noah Ariel Wolfson A
Determining HDAC8 substrate specificity by Noah Ariel Wolfson A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Biological Chemistry) in the University of Michigan 2014 Doctoral Committee: Professor Carol A. Fierke, Chair Professor Robert S. Fuller Professor Anna K. Mapp Associate Professor Patrick J. O’Brien Associate Professor Raymond C. Trievel Dedication My thesis is dedicated to all my family, mentors, and friends who made getting to this point possible. ii Table of Contents Dedication ....................................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. viii List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. x List of Appendices ......................................................................................................................... xi Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1 HDAC8 substrates: Histones and beyond ...................................................................... 1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 1 HDAC introduction -
Transcriptional Analysis of Sodium Valproate in a Serotonergic Cell Line Reveals Gene Regulation Through Both HDAC Inhibition-Dependent and Independent Mechanisms
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/837732; this version posted November 12, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Transcriptional analysis of sodium valproate in a serotonergic cell line reveals gene regulation through both HDAC inhibition-dependent and independent mechanisms Priyanka Sinha1,2, Simone Cree1,2, Allison L. Miller1,2, John F. Pearson1,2,3, Martin A. Kennedy1,2. 1Gene Structure and Function Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand. 2Carney Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand. 3Biostatistics and Computational Biology Unit, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand. Correspondence to: Prof. M. A. Kennedy Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science University of Otago, Christchurch Christchurch, New Zealand Email: [email protected] Keywords: RNA-Seq, NanoString, lithium, valproate, HDAC inhibitor, mood stabilizer 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/837732; this version posted November 12, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract Sodium valproate (VPA) is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, widely prescribed in the treatment of bipolar disorder, and yet the precise modes of therapeutic action for this drug are not fully understood. -
Primary and Acquired Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Metastatic Melanoma Tuba N
Published OnlineFirst November 10, 2017; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-2267 Review Clinical Cancer Research Primary and Acquired Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Metastatic Melanoma Tuba N. Gide1,2, James S. Wilmott1,2, Richard A. Scolyer1,2,3, and Georgina V. Long1,2,4,5 Abstract Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized the treat- involves various components of the cancer immune cycle, and ment of patients with advanced-stage metastatic melanoma, as interactions between multiple signaling molecules and path- well as patients with many other solid cancers, yielding long- ways. Due to this complexity, current knowledge on resistance lasting responses and improved survival. However, a subset of mechanisms is still incomplete. Overcoming therapy resistance patientswhoinitiallyrespondtoimmunotherapy,laterrelapse requires a thorough understanding of the mechanisms under- and develop therapy resistance (termed "acquired resistance"), lying immune evasion by tumors. In this review, we explore the whereas others do not respond at all (termed "primary resis- mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to immuno- tance"). Primary and acquired resistance are key clinical barriers therapy in melanoma and detail potential therapeutic strategies to further improving outcomes of patients with metastatic to prevent and overcome them. Clin Cancer Res; 24(6); 1–11. Ó2017 melanoma, and the known mechanisms underlying each AACR. Introduction Drugs targeting the programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1, PDCD1) showed a further increase in response rates, PFS (2), and Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized the treat- OS (14–16) compared with anti–CTLA-4 blockade. PD-1 is also ment of advanced melanoma (1–5) and have significant clinical expressed on the surface of activated T cells and binds to the activity across an increasing range of many other solid malignan- programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1, CD274) to negatively cies, including non–small cell lung cancer (6, 7), renal cell regulate T-cell activation and differentiation. -
Resistance to PD1/PD-L1 Blockade
Acta Scientific Cancer Biology Volume 2 Issue 6 August 2018 Mini Review Resistance to PD1/PD-L1 Blockade Bakulesh Khamar* R&D Department, Cadila Pharmaceuticals Limited, Ahmedabad, India *Corresponding Author: Bakulesh Khamar, R&D Department, Cadila Pharmaceuticals Limited, Ahmedabad, India. Received: June 18, 2018; Published: July 11, 2018 Abstract Monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1/PD-L1 as a monotherapy are useful in varieties of tumors to provide durable response not - seen with other therapies. However large majority patients do not respond. The major reason for lack of response is lack of inflamma immune cycle are also seen at the time of relapse in those who responded to therapy initially. In this article current information about tion. Even in tumors with inflammation other defects in cancer immune cycle are responsible for lack of response. Changes in cancer resistance mechanisms to anti PD-1/PD-L2 therapy are reviewed. Keywords: PD-1; PD-L1; Primary Resistance; Acquired Resistance; Resistance Mechanism CD8 Cells; T Cells; Cancer Immune Phe- notype; Check Point Inhibitors Introduction in varieties of advanced Cancer. However response rate following their administration in management of solid tumours is not very Cancer development and progression involve increasingly ac- high. They are approved for management of metastatic melanoma, cumulating mutations. These mutations leads to expression of a renal-cell carcinoma (RCC), advanced non-small-cell lung cancer diverse set of proteins (foreign antigens/neo antigens). Immune (NSCLC), classic Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL), bladder carcinoma, system uses them to recognise cancer cells as ‘foreign’ and destroys Merkel cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell cancer, solid them (immune surveillance). -
Valproate Protective Effects on Cisplatin-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: an in Vitro and in Vivo Study
ANTICANCER RESEARCH 28: 335-342 (2008) Valproate Protective Effects on Cisplatin-induced Peripheral Neuropathy: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study VIRGINIA RODRIGUEZ-MENENDEZ, ALESSANDRA GILARDINI, MARIO BOSSI, ANNALISA CANTA, NORBERTO OGGIONI, VALENTINA CAROZZI, LUCIO TREMOLIZZO and GUIDO CAVALETTI Department of Neurosciences and Biomedical Technologies, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza (MI), Italy Abstract. Background: Antineoplastic drugs, such as cisplatin and cisplatin animal models, without interfering with the (CDDP), induce disabling peripheral neuropathies, antitumoral activity of the antineoplastic drugs (6). ALC is representing a hindrance to effective cancer treatments. The a member of the family of carnitines, a naturally occurring exact pathogenesis of CDDP-induced neuropathy is not yet compound that has an essential role in intermediary understood, and the dysregulation of gene expression has been metabolism (7, 8). Recently, some clinical studies on proposed. Valproate (VPA) is an antiepileptic drug recently patients with neuropathies of different origin such as discovered to remodel gene expression, with hypothetically chronic diabetes, antiretroviral toxic neuropathy or putative neuroprotective effects. Materials and Methods: VPA paclitaxel- and cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathies was tested in both, in vitro and in vivo models of CDDP- have seemed to confirm the neuroprotective action of ALC neurotoxicity. Results: VPA administered in combination with suggested by the animal model experimental data (9-11). In CDDP promoted dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons survival. fact, several results from different experimental paradigms Moreover, this treatment induced in Wistar rats an have suggested that ALC treatment promotes peripheral improvement of body weight, sensory nerve conduction nerve regeneration and has neuroprotective activity (11-14). velocity, and DRG morphometric analysis. -
Design and Synthesis of Novel Classes of Hdacs and Kmts Inhibitors
University of East Anglia School of Pharmacy Design and synthesis of novel classes of HDACs and KMTs inhibitors by Remy Thomas Narozny Supervisor: Prof. A. Ganesan Second Supervisor: Prof. Mark Searcey Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2018 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived therefrom must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution. “Your genetics is not your destiny.” George McDonald Church Abstract For long, scientists thought that our body was driven only by our genetic code that we inherited at birth. However, this determinism was shattered entirely and proven as false in the second half of the 21st century with the discovery of epigenetics. Instead, cells turn genes on and off using reversible chemical marks. With the tremendous progression of epigenetic science, it is now believed that we have a certain power over the expression of our genetic traits. Over the years, these epigenetic modifications were found to be at the core of how diseases alter healthy cells, and environmental factors and lifestyle were identified as top influencers. Epigenetic dysregulation has been observed in every major domain of medicine, with a reported implication in cancer development, neurodegenerative pathologies, diabetes, infectious disease and even obesity. Substantially, an epigenetic component is expected to be involved in every human disease. Hence, the modulation of these epigenetics mechanisms has emerged as a therapeutic strategy. -
Development and Characterization of Immunogenic Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Pancreatic Cancer
Development and characterization of immunogenic genetically engineered mouse models of pancreatic cancer By Laurens J. Lambert MSc, Medical Biology Radboud University, 2014 Submitted to the Department of Biology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY September 2020 © 2020 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All rights reserved. Signature of Author………………………………………………………………………………. Laurens J. Lambert Department of Biology June 16, 2020 Certified by………..………………………………………………………………………………. Tyler Jacks David H. Koch Professor of Biology Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Thesis Supervisor Accepted by………………………………………………………………………………………. Stephen Bell Uncas and Helen Whitaker Professor of Biology Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Co-Director, Biology Graduate Committee 2 Development and characterization of immunogenic genetically engineered mouse models of pancreatic cancer By Laurens J. Lambert Submitted to the Department of Biology on June 16, 2020 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology Abstract Insights into mechanisms of immune escape have fueled the clinical success of immunotherapy in many cancers. However, pancreatic cancer has remained largely refractory to checkpoint immunotherapy. To uncover mechanisms of immune escape, we have characterized two preclinical models of immunogenic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In order to dissect the endogenous antigen-specific T cell response in PDAC, lentivirus encoding the Cre recombinase and a tumor specific antigen LSL-G12D/+; flox/flox (SIINFEKL, OVA257-264) was delivered to Kras Trp53 (KP) mice. We demonstrate that KP tumors show distinct antigenic outcomes: a subset of PDAC tumors undergoes clearance or editing by a robust antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response, while a fraction undergo immune escape. -
ASX ANNOUNCEMENT November 2Nd, 2011 ______
ASX ANNOUNCEMENT November 2nd, 2011 ___________________________________________________________________________________ ImmunAid Press Release Genetic Technologies Limited (ASX: GTG; NASDAQ: GENE) is pleased to attach a Press Release by its subsidiary ImmunAid Pty. Ltd. which was recently released at the BIO-Europe Conference in Düsseldorf, Germany. The name and number of the European patent mentioned in first paragraph of the attached Release is Method of Therapy, number EP1692516. Genetic Technologies Limited holds a 71.7% direct equity interest in ImmunAid Pty. Ltd. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE CONTACT Dr. Paul D.R. MacLeman Chief Executive Officer Genetic Technologies Limited Phone: +61 3 8412 7000 Genetic Technologies Limited • Website: www.gtglabs.com • Email: [email protected] ABN 17 009 212 328 Registered Office • 60-66 Hanover Street, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 Australia • Postal Address P.O. Box 115, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 Australia Phone +61 3 8412 7000 • Fax +61 3 8412 7040 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Break-Through Invention for Treating Cancer – Australian Biotech Company Awarded European Patent DÜSSELDORF, GERMANY (October 31st, 2011): ImmunAid Pty. Ltd. has been awarded a European patent for its pioneering work in the treatment of cancer, based on monitoring the immune cycle of each individual patient and then determining the optimal time to deliver treatment to that patient. Dr. Svetomir Markovic, chair of the Melanoma Group at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, says, “The discovery of the regulated immune response cycle in cancer patients is potentially of immense clinical significance with profound public health implications.” Approximately $32 billion is spent globally each year on cancer drugs, yet the cancer mortality rate in the United States is more than 11,000 per week. -
A High-Throughput Approach to Uncover Novel Roles of APOBEC2, a Functional Orphan of the AID/APOBEC Family
Rockefeller University Digital Commons @ RU Student Theses and Dissertations 2018 A High-Throughput Approach to Uncover Novel Roles of APOBEC2, a Functional Orphan of the AID/APOBEC Family Linda Molla Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.rockefeller.edu/ student_theses_and_dissertations Part of the Life Sciences Commons A HIGH-THROUGHPUT APPROACH TO UNCOVER NOVEL ROLES OF APOBEC2, A FUNCTIONAL ORPHAN OF THE AID/APOBEC FAMILY A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of The Rockefeller University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Linda Molla June 2018 © Copyright by Linda Molla 2018 A HIGH-THROUGHPUT APPROACH TO UNCOVER NOVEL ROLES OF APOBEC2, A FUNCTIONAL ORPHAN OF THE AID/APOBEC FAMILY Linda Molla, Ph.D. The Rockefeller University 2018 APOBEC2 is a member of the AID/APOBEC cytidine deaminase family of proteins. Unlike most of AID/APOBEC, however, APOBEC2’s function remains elusive. Previous research has implicated APOBEC2 in diverse organisms and cellular processes such as muscle biology (in Mus musculus), regeneration (in Danio rerio), and development (in Xenopus laevis). APOBEC2 has also been implicated in cancer. However the enzymatic activity, substrate or physiological target(s) of APOBEC2 are unknown. For this thesis, I have combined Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) techniques with state-of-the-art molecular biology to determine the physiological targets of APOBEC2. Using a cell culture muscle differentiation system, and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) by polyA capture, I demonstrated that unlike the AID/APOBEC family member APOBEC1, APOBEC2 is not an RNA editor. Using the same system combined with enhanced Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (eRRBS) analyses I showed that, unlike the AID/APOBEC family member AID, APOBEC2 does not act as a 5-methyl-C deaminase.