Vol. 25, No. 12 March 22, 1982

A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS

Chen Yun on Plonned Economy c Be o Sober-Minded Morxist and Economic Relations ex- HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK plains the policies and tasks of China's trade and economic ex- Be a Sober-Minded Marxist market? The first secretary of changes with foreign countries the Anhui provincial Party com- (p. 6). Underscoring the significance mittee gives his views on this of punishing criminals in the and related questions (p. 18). Sea Law Conterence economic field, Renznin Ribao China supports the stand of Commentator stresses the need National Atlorestation leading guard the developing countries that for cadres to Drive against decadent bourgeois deep seabed resources are the ideas. uphold the Party spirit People all over China, includ- common heritage of mankind and discipline, and remain clear- ing Party and government and therefore should not be ex- ploited headed in face of the new situa- leaders, turned out to plant by only a few countries (p. 1o). tion today (p. 15). trees as part of the national effort to expand the area of af- Planned Economy forested land (p. 5). In a discussion with leading members of the State Planning Accent on Economic Commission, Vice-Chairman of Results the Party Central Committee Chen Yun emphasized that the Premier Zhao Ziyang called planned economy should con- for a genuine and practicable tinue to play the major role and economic growth rate instead of market regulation the supple- pursuing an overly high rate of mentary role in r.rur socialist growth in total disregard of economy (p. 16). economic results (p. 6). In agriculture, how should New Minister on Foreign we implement the principle of Trade upholding the planned economy A bustling scene in ihe counlryside whil6 giving play to the supple- The newly appointed head of afler gathering in a rich harvest, mentary. regulating role of the the Ministry of Foreign Trade Papercut by Xin Hua

Monetory Stotistics for Fourth Chen Yun on Plonned Economy BEIJING REVIEW Quorter of 198'l Zhu Minzhi ond 7ou Technicol ond Monogement Aiguo- 16 Tro in in g Upholding Plonned Economy Foreign Minister of Upper everY MondoY bY in Agriculture Zhong Published Volto Visits Chino - l8 BEIJING REVIEW Chino-Britoin Jinfu 24 Boiwonzhuong Rood, Beijing Politicol Scheme Through Let the Focts Speok Yong The People's RePublic of Chino Softboll Chompionship Fongzhi - 22 Denounced The Lesson of on Americon's Life Philip F. Zeidmon CONTENTS INTERNATIONAT 10-14 (usA)- 21 FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 26-21 Vol. 25, No. 12 Morch 22, 1982 Deep Seobed Resources Belong to All Ren Yon CULTURE & SCIENCE 28.30 NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 3-4 Mitterrond's Visit- to lsroel ART PAGE 31 Zhong Toi - Sociolist Ethics ond Courtesy West Germony's Efforts to Month - Politicol Editor An Potch Relotions With the Zhiguo United Stotes-Xin Ping BEIJING REVIEW (USPS No 658-110) is TETTERS 1 Southeost Asio: Soviet Union lntensifies Espionoge Xie published weekly lor llSS 13 50 per year by EVENTS & TRENDS 5-9 Wenqing ond Zhong Junli- Beijing Beview, 24 Baiwanzhuang Boad, Greenlond ond the EEC--Wu Beiiing, China. Second-class postage paid Chino The Greening of Quondo ond Liu Xumin at San Francisco, CA. Postmaster: SBnd lndustry lncreose Economic to address changes to China Books & Results Production of Terylene-Cotton ARTICLES & OOCUMENIS Periodicals, lnc, 2929 24th Street, San Fobrics Reduced francisco, CA 94110 Chen Muhuo on Foreign Trode Be o Sober-Minded Morxist l5 .Nollrs firorrr lho lirlitors

to build and foster socialist ethics and morality. Socialist Ethics and Courtesy tlonth In fact. the Chinese people's spirit of collectivism, their lofty ethical principles and their val- Millions upon millions of streets during the socialist ues, as well as the remarkable Chinese have turned out to ethics and courtesy month, we public crder in Chinese society swebp the streets during the so- keep the general goal in sight. in the post-liberation cialist ethics and courtesy Success in these tasks will early years won praise from foreign month. Isn't this making a big mean a big step forward in the visitors. Although the gang of fuss over a trifting matter? building of a socialist code of f cannot blamed for ethics. our be We must not look down u1rcn every bad social trend of the the significance of environmen- In February Iast year. we last few years, it is true that tal sanitation. It has an im- Iaunched the campaign "f ive because they incited the anti- portant bearing on changing the stresses and four points of social practices of beating, prevailing habits and customs beauty" (stress on decorum, smashing and looting by pro- and improving the people's manners, hygiene, discipline mising promotions, they had a mental outlook. and morals, and beautification corrupting influence on the of mind, language, behaviour We have three major tasks people, on the Party's style of and environment). The move- during the socialist ethics and work and on social values. ment has improved to a certain courtesy month this year, which These evil influencqs cannot be extent the mental outlook of the is being launched in China's eliminated in only a few years. Chinese people and social big and medium-sized cities. trends in general. The socialist However, we are aware that lmproving environmental sani- ethics and courtesy month, the exploiting classes' idea of tation and getting rid of the which will be held every year "seeking personal gain" does "dirtiness" is one of them. The the future. institutionalizes not disappear when the system other two are improving public in the stresses four of exploitation is abolished. The order to put an end to "disor- "five and points of beauty." decadent bourgeois ideology der" and improving service and way of Iife are bound to which is "poor" at present. By ethics and moral- "socialist creep into our society, especial- ity" we mean raising the so- Hygiene in public places, or- Iy because China has adopted ciety's level of political, ideolog- derliness in riding buses, cour- an open-door policy. In recent tcal ethical development, tesy in sports, well-mannered and years, some weak-willed people to supplement development and efficient service on the the have been hit by the iugar- in the scope and level of educa- part of shop attendants, bus coated bullets of the bourgeoisie tion. science, literature drivers. doctors, nurses and the culture, and have degenerated into Chinese people police seem to be personal, or- and art. The smugglers, embezzlers and cherish ideals and foster dinary and insignificant mat- lofty other categories of economic the fine quality serving ters. But. taken as a whole. of criminals. Theref ore, it is a unite they reflect the general mood of others, They respect, long-term task to fight decadent with help and society and the image of the and each other bourgeois ideology and elim- country. They are not trifling uphold patriotism and interna- inate its bad influences. If tionalism. matters at all. Collectivism is at the we do not make unremitting ef- core of all these characteristics forts to win this struggle, the However, these our are not of socialist ethics and morAlity. building of socialist ethics and ultimate goal for this campaign; China has abolished the system morality will be out of the we seek to achieve a higher of exploitation of man by man question. level of socialist ethic-s and and has established a socialist morality.-This is a long-term economy dominated by public We are building a sosialist task that rnay well require the ownership. The fundamental country that will have a high efforts of several generations. interests of China's 1.000 million leyel of materiai accomplish- While tackling such problems people are identical. Only in ment. and that will show big as littering and spitting in the these cilcumstances is it possible improvements in people's live-

March 22- 1982 tween public and private interests many job opportunities were pro- is of primary importance. vided for a certain percentage of THTTffiR.-q the labour force. Nonetheless, I Since yours is A socialist coun- do not fully believe what Wang your government Slri.ilr.:r:l fivi!ii,.ltiorr try, institutions Dacheng said in the article. May- which are owned by the whole be the question he referred to has I was very much interested in people are no doubt for the pub- been settled in some localities of the article "Spiritual Civilization." Iic interests, therefore it can be China but it cannot be said that which appeared 4, said that it is easier for China to all the young people fully contri- in the issue public 1982 of Beijing Retsieus. The ac- clearly distinguish between bute to construction: private companying photograph of third-, and than for Japan. But China's whether this is or isn't done de- I think that Youth grade pupils from a primary should be directed into inland af- school in Nanchang, Jiangxi Prov- pends on the consciousness and the leading forestation, navigation, water con- ince, helping a paralytic pupil to determination of servancy port building cadres. and Pro- school aptly illustrates a true jects. These four fields of work, measure of highly developed In short, it is much harder to which form the basis of national spiritual civilization. A nation foster spiritual civilization than to construction, will directly affect which shows genuine i.nterest in build material civilization. This China's future development. its elderly, its less fortunate and is why the leading cadres are Maekawa its handicapped is a ,nation with exemplary Yukiko required to display Kagawa, JaPan highly developed spiritual con- behaviour. I am convinced that sciousness. as Although China, your leading cadres and the the said article indicated, has a Qn Beprorts /\borrt the Soviet go masses of people will splendidly way to in order to develop a fulfil the task of developing ttnicn completely spiritual civilization, it most assuredly is on the right spiritual civilization by displaying Beijing Reoieu is of great value track. the indomitable spirit unique to to me. Many members of SPain's the Chinese nation. working class find it hard 'to Paul Nedwell Tomizo Saito understand the nature of the Soviet New York, USA Yukosuka, Japan Union. Your journal Provides me with reports on the Soviet Uni'on's China has recently issued a call adventurist actions in the world for the building of socialist The article of "A Letter Asking and facilitates mY understanding material civilization and socialist to Adopt a Daughter" in issue 4. of what the "Leftists" in Spain as spiritual civilization. Here are my 1982 of Beiiing Revieu is an ex- those in China rePresent. I like views on developing spiritual cellent example of the love and Beiiing Reoieu. civilization. Chinese have the care ths for E. del Jesus y Teresa Gallissa elderly. there were only a uni- 1. While implementing the If Barcelona, SPain slogan "Selve the People," leading form method for the United States cadres of the Party and govern- to instill this idea into every young person, elderly people would ment. should set an example for our 0r, "Bo.:lts" fr61!11lnr,l the masses; not dread growing old believing "no one cares for old people." I particularly like the article 2. As masters of the country. Demogra- Darlene A. Classen "New China's First on the people not only can enjoy all Reuieto, issue No. Denver, Co., USA phy" in Beiiing rights and benefits but should 44, 1981, because it introduced fulfil their duties and obligations China's Popul,ation: Problems and as such. I was impressed by the article Prospects (in English), a book As to the above two points, "The Lost and Found Office" in written by Liu Zh.eng, Song Jian conceptualization is easier than issue No. 4, 1982. It shows that and others. implementation. In the final the people of China are very analysis, the exemplary and honest. The article deals with Produc- tion, the foundation of the exist- vanguard role of the leading ' Bateganya Mbutlu La0ifu cadres be decisive. Drawing ence and develoPment of societY, will Jinja, Uganda production that a clear line of demarcation be- as well as material concerns the growth of bopula- tion. {inrl lc'ymr:rrt in Chirer future. Ameho T.K. It"aphael lihood in the near Akuse, Ghana At the same time, we are striv- "Notes From the Editors" in issue 2, 1982 of Beiiing Reoieu ing for a higher level of social- My only objection to "Books" is suggests that China's employment ist ethics and morality. Only that prices of books Jare rarely prospect is good. but Chinese cur- when the people have improved Iisted in anyth'ing rency. If You list Prices in US their material well-being and When I was still a child, China at- population dollars, this will help readers' mental outlook can they had a of 400 to 500 tempts to make correct conver- million. Now the number exceeds sions to their own currency to buy achieve true happiness. 1,000 million, increase 500 an of the books. million in 40 years. China ob- - Political Editor viously has many young people. Peter Hunter An Zhiguo It is true that after liberation Ont., Canada Beijing Revieto, No. 72 "rRer"aD5 Ci"IINHF\ [\/ilFt'Fi &

smaller than counties and will ECONOi,IIC be directed by important Ieaders, in order to ensure ra- . Ihe Greening ol China tional planting. The Beijing 1\ municipal afforestation com- voluntarY national af- The mittee (Beijing municipality is drive got under forestation administratively equivalent to way on March 12 as millions of a province) was established on people liftecl sPades and shovels January 18, with Mayor Jiao the third annual "national for Ruoyu as its director. tree-planting day." The national campaign f or Chairman Hu Yaobang, Vice- Chairmen Deng XiaoPing and voluntary tree-planting arose Li Xiannian, Premier Zhao from a resolution passed last year People's Ziyang as well as other PartY by the National Congress which stipulated that and state leaders joined 30'000 army men and civilians in all citizens above the age of 11, planting trees on the outskirts except the elderly, disabled or volunteer plant of the Chinese caPital. ResPon- ill, should to sible members of the PartY, three to five trees each year. government and armY units in It supplemented 4 forest con- servation law passed in 1979. various places also took Part in which first designated the "na- voluntary tree Planting. tional tree-planting day." Hu Yaobang and Zhao Zi- Although March 12 is the of- yang told Xinhua corresPon- Pcasants in Guanxian County, Shan- dents that the nation should ficial day to begin planting, dong Province, planting trees. regard tree planting as an im- warmer climates in the south portant task for the next 20 to allow earlier planting. By mid- Compared to other countries, 30 years. The work should be January this year, the Guangxi China has a relatively small done with care and efforts to Zhuang Autonomous Region area covered by trees, and the on distribution un- see that the trees grow uP well. had dug holes for trees o" forests is 14,700 hectares of land and had even. Although trees have been On the eve of the designated 310 million saplings of different planted since the founding of day for planting, 10,000 PeoPie varieties ready for transplant- the People's Republic, not much in Beijing attended a rallY at ing. Leading cadres of the au- progress has been made because the Great Hall of the PeoPle' tonomous region joined in the of incorrect policies and im- where leaders called on citY planting in Nanning, the re- proper planning. residents to work together to gion's capital, and its suburbs. make the caPital green. Vice- A more serious problem was Premier Wan Li told the rallY By the end of Februar;i. PLA that some places indiscrimi- that tree-planting is one of the soldiers in six military com- nately felled trees and devastat- most important activities of mand areas in south China had ed the original forests, which re- the country:s current socialist planted 3 million trees and af- sulted in serious soil erosion ethics and courtesy month, and forested 320 hectares. and damage to the ecological equilibrium. This situation that he hoped Beijing would speed tree- In order to up aroused great concern from the Iead the country in improving planting, forces sectors of all government and led to the 1979 the environment. In have been mobilized. forest conservation law. The Vice-Premier heads the January alone, the Guangzhou Central Afforestation Commit- branch of the General Admin- In the countryside. the tee which was uamed on istration of Civil Aviation of peasants have been encouraged February 28 and has been China sent planes to seed an to plant trees and they have working to organize local af- area of 26,000 hectares in been guaranteed ownership of forestation committees. These Guangdong Province from the the trees they plant on their groups will administer areas no alr. own small plots and mountain

March 22, 1982 slopes for personal use as weil economic growth rate. This The conference, which lasted as of trees planted on waste- policy is applicable to all fields 13 days beginning February 20, Iand designated to them. of the national economy in- also planned the production and dustry, capital construction- and economizing of energy, coal According to the Ministry of transportation and restructur- Forestry, nationwide tree- commerce. ing the enterprises by stages. planting efforts will stress As a socialist country, China planting the vast stretches of must study its own needs and plains and hilly lands. To keep try to meet the growing demand Ghen Muhua on Foreign encroaching sands, the for goods, Premier Zhao said. off the Irade planting of a shelter belt, Economic plans must truly stretching from northwest to reflec+- and conform to the China's trade and other northeast China is being stepped' needs of society. economic exchanges with foreign up. Zhao Ziye,tg declared that countries will not be affected whether or not we can increase following the merger of the lndustry to lncrease economic results hinges on the State Administrative Commis- sion for Import and Export Af- Economic flesults successful readjustment of the economic structure and improve- fairs, the Minist,ry of Foreign China will search for new ment of the management system Trade, the Ministry of Economic methods to irnprove industry's now under way. However, he Relations With Foreign Coun- economic results this year, said said, we must not wait for the tries and the State Foreign In- Premier Zhao Ziyang at the completion of the overall re- vestment Commission into a National Conference on In- structuring. At present, we single authority, the MinistrY of dustry and Communications must ensure the role of planned Foreign Trade and Economic which closed recently in the guidance and administrative in- Relations. This was said bY north China port city of Tianjin. tervention and solve the exist- Chen Muhua, 61, the recentlY ing problems step by step, appointed head of the new To achieve this, he said, we ministry, at the news conference must focus production on sup- He reaf firmed the correct she gave to Chinese and for- plying a greater quantity of policies adopted after the Third eign correspondents in Beijing popular consumer goods while Session of the 11th Party Central on March 16. minimizing the cost of labour Committee held. in December and material. The mistake of 1978, policies that cali for ex- "Agreements already signed pursuing an unrealistically high panding China's economic rela- between China and the govern- production growth rate in total tions with foreign countries and ments of other countries will disregard of economic results for enliv.ening and boosting the remain valid, and current nego- must not be repeated. Inflated domestic economy. He stressed tiations with foreign govern- production figures, the Premier the importance of ensuring the ments and international organ- added, are harmful. What we stability and continuity of the izations on trade and econom- need is a genuine and practicable policies now in force. ic co-operation will continue," she said. The new ministrY will take over the work of the Production of Terylene-Cotton Fabrics Reduced original four units. After an investigation of the domestic market, the Ministry In the future, she said. it can yeat''s production of Textile Industry has decided to reduce this be expected that the volume of quota terylene-cotton fabrics 3,200 million to 2,600 mil- of flom faster lion metres in an effort to boost economic results. foreign trade will grow than the growth rate of the na- Because of their high output value and profitability, output wiii of these products has greatly exceeded market demands. Cutting tional economy and there output by 600 million metres will help achieve a basic balance 6e broad prospects.for the use between supply and demand this year. This will of course of foreign funds and the imPort reduce the total output value of the textile industry by 3 per of suitable advanced technologY. cent and state revenue by about 800 million yuan, but it is wol'th- while as far as actual economic results are concerned, as the cut The of the adminis- will save 2,400 million yuan of state funds and the commercial trimming departments will save 160 million yuan in storage fees. This will trative structure is aimed at also make it possible to increase the production o{ white cloth raising efficiency and qualitY of and other products that are needed and sell rvell work. It is conducive to strengthening the administra-

Beijtng Reuieto, No. 12 CillNli\ [V[I\.[S & TRTNDS

with foreign relations, The of such cadres, had undergone total number leaders at the necessary least Monetary Statistics lor of the training. At ministry level is now only one- 24 of the 29 provinces, munici- Fourth Quarter of third that of the original four palities and autonomous re- 1981 units. gions will have provided train- China's foreign exchange L'e- ing for enterprise managers at serves at the end of the lourth or above the county level before quarter of 1981 rvere 4,?73 mil- POI-ITICAI the end of the year. lion US dollars. and gold re- serves \vere I2.67 million troy Many senior cadres engaged ounces Iechnical and ilanagement in economic management are Total deposits amounted to Training also receiving training. Between 203,25i yuan million at the end March 1979 and December 1981, of the fourth quarter, 37,433 China is providing advanced yuan a special management seminar million more tharr at ttre technical and management end of 1980. Total loans came was conducted in Beijing by the to 276,467 million yuan, 35,037 training to large numbers of State Economic Commission and yuan people million more than at the in order to facilitate the the All-China Federation of end of 1980. nation's as effort to modernize Trade Unions. The seminar had quiekly as possible. The money in circulation at given training to 1,400 people in the end of 19Bl was 39,634 million yuan. 5,014 miliion yuan During the past three years, 12 batches from 96 major in- more than a year ago 1.6 out of ? rnillion leading cad- dustrial cities. re.s, managers techniciaru a,nd In order to provide seminar industrial communica- in and participants with a comprehen- tive work and promotlng the tions departments have received sive understanding of the in- development of China's foreign such training. dustriai success achieved by trade and economic relations Primary emphasis is being Shanghai and other seaboard with other countries, Chen Mu- piaced on training factory direc- cities, the State Economic Com- hua said. tors and managers. By the end mission and the Shanghai mu- jointly According to her, the new of 1981, 340.000 ieading mem- nicipality conducted the ministry will better irnplement bers of state-run enterprises at "Shanghai enterprise manage- relevant state pmlicies and and above the county level, or ment study class." It was at- conduct various forms of 64 per cent of the total number tended by 280 senior cadres economic activi.ties with foreign countries. While vigorously developing foreign trade, it will ensure economic and technical aid to and co-operation with third world countries. 11 will oversee the use of foreign capi- tal and imp<,.rt suitable advanced technology while organizing expol'ts of Chinese technologv. It will contract and provide labour for cons.ruction ploiects abload.

Leading members of the new ministry are socialist-minded. younger, better educated and professionallv more competent The average age of the minister and four vice-ministers is 58. Three ministerial representatives Zhou Zhicheng (rrght). prolessor oI the lndustrial I]lanagemcnt and Engineering Departmeni. of Jiaotong University in Shanghai, Riving a have been appointed to deal leeture to factory managers.

March 22, 1982 from various provinces, munic- sponsored during reoent years tries are poorer, we have rich ipalities and factories. will help improvs management resources and experience. We techniques and raise the rates must Iearn from each other's Particular attention is being of production. This will provide strong points to overcome our devoted to training middle-aged a major impetus to the nation's weaknesses and we should and young cadres with distin- modernization effort. support each other." He noted guished employment records. In that greater attention should 1981, industrial and communica- be paid to develop South- tions departments sent 7,000 FOREIGN South co-operation, for this such people to study in RELATIONS will promote the North-South institutes of higher learning dialogue and help bring about years. for one to three a lnew international economic Considerable attention is also Foreign Minister of Upper order. being devoted to foreign man- Uolta Uisits China Tiemtaraboum said: "The agement techniques. An in- friendship between Upper Vol- dustrial, scientific and technical r Felix Tiemtaraboum, Minis- jointly ta and China has withstood all training centre inau- ter of Foreign Affairs and Co- tests. Our two countries have gurated paid in 1980 by China and operation of Upper Volta, won successes in all fields the United States in Dalian, a visit to China in the middle since the establishment of di- March. northeast China, is exemplary. of plomatic relations and we are The has trained 350 fac- centre During the visit, Premier satisfied with the good rela- directors, managers, scien- tory Zhao Ziyang, Vice-Premier and tions between us." tific and technical cadres and Minister of National Defence A trade agreement between college professors. Vice-Premier Geng Biao and China and Upper Volta was The curriculum includes units and Foreign Minister Huang signed in Beijing on March 13. on the Party's economic policies, Hua exchanged views with It is the first trade agreement basic economic theories and him on the current African between the two governments. fundamental techniques of busi- and international situation and ness management. Some of those the deveiopment of bilateral The agreement stipulates that who study at the centre are relations. They reached agree- both countries will accord eacti also taught foreign languages. ment on , most of the issues other most favoured-nation Those who study at the centre discussed. Both sides express- treatment in the spirit of co- receive their regular salaries ed satisfaction at the develop- operation and mutual benefit. while there. Programm,es such ment of friendly relations and A commission comprising rep- as the one operated by the cen- co-operation between the two resentatives from both sides tre are vital to the nation's countries and pledged to make will be formed to promote goals of achieving socialist mod- continued efforts to strengthen trade relations between the ernization. anci consolidate these relations. two countries. The level of scibnce and tech- During his meeting with At the same time, a protocol nology in China is still relatively Minister Felix Tiemtaraboum, on sending a Chinese medical low and management is an acute Premier Zhao Ziyang said: team to Upper Volta was also problem in many enterprises. "The present struggle of the signed. Compared with similar busi- third world countries to streng- nesses abroad, many of China's then unity and strive for a new China-Britain industrial concerns have com- international economic order parable equipment and condi- is a continuation of the strug- A British parliamentary dele- tions. Nonetheless their effi- gles waged by various coun- gation led by Edward Du Cann, ciency is lower because of poor tries to win political indepen- Chairman of the Conservatives' management. And it is poor dence since the 1950s." He 1922 Committee, and Arthur managem.ent which has prevent- said that to change the unrea- Bottomley, Labour Merhber of ed enterprises with imported sonable international economic the House of Commons, recently modern equipment from play- order, unity and co-operation visited China. ing their full role in boosting among the developing coun- It was the first delegation to production. tries should be strengthened. visit China on behalf of the two The training programmes The Premier added: "Al- houses of the British Parliament which the government has though the third world coun- since the establishment of

8 Beijing Reoieus, No. 12 ci{thlA EVEN'TS & IREI\IDS

diplomatic relation.s between tested against calling Taiwan anthem depicting the "republic China and Britain. "the republic of China" by the of China." This stipulation is Chinese Taipei Softball Associa- consistent with a recent Interna- the banquet he gave on At tion in its "invitation telex" for tional Olympic Committee rul- March 11 in honour of the the 5th World Women's Softball ing and with the decisions of delegation, Vice-Chairman o! Championship sent from Los other international sport federa- the NPC Standing Committee Angeles on March 13. The mes- tions. In May 1981, the ISF Peng Chong said: "Since the sage drew attention to the fact congress meeting in Hawaii 1970s, Sino-British relations ihat the cable invitation was approved the ISF executive com- have further developed. China sent after consultations for a mittee's resolution mentioned and Britain share identical or long time between the ISF and above. similar views on many of the the Taipei Softball Association. major international questions." pointed This. the message declared, is a The reply message He expressed the hope that "the flagrant act of creating "two out that the Taipei Softball good relations betrveen the Chi- Chinas." It is by no means an Association of China is a local nese National People's Congress "inadvertence," as Porter body of the People's RePublic of and the British Parliament will would have others believe, but China, not a "national govern- help promote the relations be- a premeditated plot. The mes- ing body" as Porter said. The tween the countries and two sage firmly requested the ISF reason is .simple. Taiwan is onlY also be conducive the will to to declare null and void the a part of the People's Republic cause opposing hegemonism of March 13 cable invitation sent of China and ,not another and safeguarding world peace." ttcountry.t' by the Taipei Softball Associa- added that China hopes to He tion of China. develop economic co-operation Repudiating Porter who men- with Britain on the basis of On l{arch 14 the Softball tioned in his telex that the "ISF equality and mutual benefit. Association of the People's Re- is not concerned from a softball standpoint whether there is one speech Edward Du public of China sent a reply to In his or two Chinas, that is a political Cann said that there are the I\Iarch 8 telex message of "dan- assumption," the message de- gers facing us in thi-s troubled Don Porter, demanding that he clared that the problem Pow world" and that two na- abide by the assurance he had "our is precisely b€cause "you are tions, two governments and two made and act strictly in accor- attempting to create the peoples have much to strive for, dance with the ISF resolution ignominious political plot of much to defend, and much yet on the Taipei Softball Associa- tion of China. The repl;v pointed 'two Chinas' by making use of to achieve." He said that both the World Women's Softball sides should do their best to out that it is wrong and with Championship." Therefore it is achieve together the aspirations ulterior motives to call. this local useless to cover this fact with of the two peoples. body a "national body." the words "not concerned." Vice-Premier Yao Yilin also It is known to all that iu Moreover, it is not the correct met with the British guests. Novenrber 19?9, when the ISF attitude to soiving this Problem' They exchanged view.s on the exccutive committee decided to development of Sino-British accept the Chinese Softball As- An article by Xinhua Com- economic co-operation and trade sociation as its member, the mentator on March 13 Pointed relations resolution it adopted stipulates out that at Present some PeoPle that the softball organization in in the United States are actively create "two Chinas'" Political Scheme lhrough Taiwan should be called "the trying to Taipei Softball Association of On the question of US arms Soltball C hampionship China" and that it should not sales to Tair,van, theY are at- llenounced usr: its r>riginal flag or anthem. tempting to Push Sino-US rela- tions into a predicament. Un- The Chinese Softball Associa- The official publication of the der these circumstances, one tion in its March 16 message to ISF World Softball. stated clear- should watch more closelY Don Porter. Secretary-General ly in its November issue of 1979 what the American leading of the International Softball that Taiwan will not be allowed members in the ISF are reallY Federation (ISF). srrongly pro- to display its flag or use the uP to.

March 22, 1982 I INITTRNIT\ tIOI\i\!. &,EPO$ITS & COMXAENIS

Deep Seabed Resources Belong Common Heritoge Chinese repz'esentative Liang To Alt Yufan said the United States' decision to return to the con- rfiHE Third UN Conference on Haque, declared that the group ference was correct, but its I the Law of the Sea opened is determined to adopt the draft approach to the current session its final decision-making session convention during the present is unchanged, because it is recently with third world mun- session and is not prepared to demanding significant revisions tries pressing hard for the adop- countenance any questioning of in part 11 of ihe draft conven- tion of an international conrren- the fundamental elements of tion. He .said the principle of tion. the package negotiated in the the common heritage of man- summer of 1980. kind arrd the basic provisions of A draft treaty worked out by seabed exploitation should not 150 delegations has been pre- 'oe subject to fundamental sented to the conference. Some No Uniloterol Erploitoiion changes. He also said he hopes sections, particuiarly the one that the United States will adopt dealing with deep seabed min- In reference to efforts by a realistic position in the nego ing, are responsible for a con- some industrialized countries for tiations. tinuing dispute. Several im- concluding a mini-convention portant deposits of strategic among themselves for unilateral Earlier, some industrialized minerals, including manganese, exploitation of the resources of countries had expressed reserva- nickel, cobalt, lead, molyb- the international seabed area. tions about drawing up a "mini denum, vanadium and zinc he said the Group of 77 is treaty." Japan warned that it constitute the source of the determiled to contest any ar- could "lead to a direct con- dispute. For example, parts of rangements for deep seabed frontation between the Wesf the Pacific Ocean's floor contain mining outside the draft con- and the third world." enough of these minerals to meet vention negotiated at this principle globai needs for several cen- conference. The declaration of turies. passed by the conference had President of the conference affirrned that the seabed and its The United States and several Tommy T.B. Koh reiterated his resources were the heritage'of appeal France, Federal other industrialized nations to the mankind, and these resources Repubiic of Germany, the want to explcit the mineral de- must not be exploited by a few Uniled Kingdom and the United p

10 Beijing ReDie.Jt, No. 12 tions with Arab countries. Cheysson noted that the PLO was not sufficiently explicit However', some Arabs say they is the sole representative of the about recognition of the PLO are concerned about Mitter- Palestinians in these areas. as the sole representative of the Palestinians. rand's recent visit to Israel be- Begin's hasty rejection of that cause it may indicate Mitterrand and Cheysson's rec- PLO leader Abou Iyad says change its France intends to ommendations indicates that Mitterrand only offered "weak, policy towards the region. Israel's Ieaders were essen- obscure phrases that are of lit- Purpose. ' The French Socialist tially attempting to use the tle importance," A Lebanese Government apparently desires French President's visit as a newspaper described the visit to promote reconciiiation be- means of alleviating Israel's in- as "a dialogue between the tween the Arab countries and ternational isolation. deaf." Israel in order to stabilize the Reaction. Arab spokesmen have Some Western ceuntries have situation in the Middle East provided a range of opinions praised They and augment France's interests. Mitterrand's visit. about Mitterrand's trip. Some rela- When \'Iitterrand visited Saudi believe that the friendly say Mitterrand's comments Arabia iast September, he ex- tionship established between prove that his Middle East pressed eight- France and Israel does not support for the policy is balanced between the poini peace'plan put lorward necessarily mean the deteriora- Arab countries and Israel. by Crorvn Prince Fahd. He had tion of relations between France also long promised to visit The Egyptian Minister of and Arab countries. They Israel. However, his visit was State for Foreign Affairs seem to feel that France can postponed twice due to Israel's Butros Ghali has expressed influence Israel's policy and attack on the Iraqi nuclear Egyptian approval of Mitter- promote peac€. rand's speech to the Knesset. reactor and its annexation of People generally agreed that He said Mitterrand's suggestion the Golan Heights. Mitterrand's visit was bound to that the Palestinians have the was be difficult. In Paris, many Mitterrand's 3-day visit right to form a state will pro- highlighted 4 people fear that Mitterrand's by his March mote the peace process of the speech in the Knesset (Parlia- visit instead of contributing Middle East. - ment), where he presented to a peaceful Middle East set- France's position on the Mid- However, Syrian President tlement:-'has only provoked dle East crisis and the Pales- Assad and PLO Chairman the dissatisfaction of both tinian quesiion. He appealed Arafat were critical. Chedli Israel and the Arab world. to Israel and Paiestine to es- Klibi, Secretary-General of the tablish a dialogue based on Arab League, said Mitterrand -ZhaW Tai "mutual recognition." He also emphasized Israel's right to exist, called for the creation of an independent Palestinian West Germany's Efforts to state and suggesied that the PLO should be permitted con- Patch Relations With the ditional participation in nego- tiations. United States Israel's Stubborn Stand. Imme- diately after Mitterrand's between nouncement on March 3 that speech, lsraeli Prime Minister A LTHOUGH tension .fL suPport Begin rejected his proposal for tn" Federal Republic of West Germany will Germany and the United States the European economic coun- the establishment of a "Pales- some proposed trade sanctions tinian state." Begin also criti- has been inCreasing, cil's Soviet Union. 'Ihese cized French Foreign Minister recent adjustments in their against the diplomatic policies actions were designed to send Claude Cheysson's recent sug- and security noteworthy. a clear'"political signal" to the gestion made in Iraq and are - Soviet Union. Abu Dhabi that a Palestinian First. West GermanY an- state should- be set up on the nounced on February l7 that Second. a spokesman from West Bank of the Jordan River it will restrict its relations with the Defence Ministry of West and in Gaza Strip, both of the Soviet Union and Poland. Germany announced on Feb- which are occupied by Israel. This was followed by an an- ruary 23 that his government

Morch 22, 1982 t1 tNlrtRNll\ noNA!. POR tS & COMIAEN'TS

will sign a military agreement Reagan will only visit Rome, fore the sanctions commenced. with the United States under Paris and Loncion during his Moreover, Bonn apparently which US military forces in June tour of Europe. hopes to prevent cold war ad- West Germany will be doubled vocates from gaining an trpper during emergencies. The pro- West Germany's leaders ob- hand at the NATO summit posed agreement was imme- viously recognize the potential meeting in June. diately denounced by the Soviet gravity of their differences run Union. with the United States. The Although such moves West Germany's press has re- counter to West Germany's ef- Third, it has been reported ported a recent foreign f ort to mend relations with that West Germany has sug- ministry report r.vhich reccm- \\'ashington. the)- are consistent gested that the June meeting of mends increased emphasis on rvith its foreign policy. While the North Atlantic Treaty Or- stabilizing relations rvith the tr1-ing to mai.ntain good rela- ganization summit be convened United States anci the \\'estern tions '*'ith the US, West Ger- in Bonn. alliance. many has interests and con- siderations different from those This is a sig4 of West Ger- The report also criticizes of the United States. This is many's support for the West- Chancellor Helmut Schmidt for also the case for most other ern military alliance. More- calling himself an "inierpreter" West European countries, over, these policy announce- between the United States and ments are clear indications of the Soviet Union, because it West Germany's efforts to im- has given the impression that Western Europe ond the US prove relations with the United West Germany is trying to act States. as a neutral entity betureen the The tensions between West- two superpowers. Foreign ern Europe and the United Minister Hans-Dietrich Gen- States, which are manifested bY Differences Significont scher has reportedly instructed Western Europe's refusal to provide unqualified support Nonetheless, significant dif- his staff to avoid contradicting rvhenever for all US policies, are contrib ferencres have developed be- the United States possible. uting to the development of tween West Germany and the isolationist tendencies in the United States since Soviet lead- United States. The primarY er Leonid Brezhnev's third Controversiol Moves source of the problem is the US visit to Bonn late last year. US attempt to get the West Euro- officials do not believe that However, some observers pean countries to fullY suPPort West Germany has made satis- believe West Germany has pro- its efforts to counter Soviet factory increases in its military Soviet tendencies. Herbert po$'er. Western EuroPe, how- budget and peace marches op- Wehner, chairman of the par- ever, wants to maintain some posed to additional US missile Iiamentary group of the Social independence in order to Pre deployments in West Germany Deriiocratic Party to which mote its own f oreign PoIicY have been increasing. West Schmidt belongs, recently paid priorities, some of which differ Germany has signed a gas -with a four-day visit to Poland, the from those of the United States. pipeline agreement the first by a prominent politician Soviet Union in defiance of the from the West since the Decem- As long as US-Soviet affairs United States and vehemently ber 13 military takeover, At a remain tense and the Western criticized the high interest rate time when most Western coun- economies continue to be ham- policy of the United States. tries are foilowing the United pered by "stagflation," rela- West German officials have States in imposing sanctions tions between Western EuroPe also been indifferent towards against the Soviet Union and and the United States u'ill con- US sponsored sanctions against Poland, the visit could easily tinue to be strained. the Soviet Union because of arouse controversy. the situation in Poland. if the Soviet Union does not West Germany has also change its aggressive expan- These actions have generated claimed that trade sanctions sionist policy, these strains US criticism. It is rumoured against the Soviet Union should will not jeopardize the Western that US President Ronald not breach contracts signed be- alliance. Since JanuarY, lead-

12 Beijtng Reuietu, No. 72 ers from West European coun- summit conference should extra facilities for Soviet navy tries have visited the United prove particularly important. and air forces in Da Nang and States to discuss potential so- These meetings will offer Rea- Cam Ranh-and an extra airbase. lutions to the problems facing gan good opportunities to Hundreds of Soviet military the alliance and more visits are meet many Western leaders experts and technicians recently planned for the future. Rea- and to co-ordinate policies. arrived in Con Dao to set up a gan's upcoming visit to They will also provide the third Soviet naval base in Viet Western Europe should help Western alliance with oppor- Nam. ease tensions. tunities to develop a common The Fleet with strategy opposing the Soviet Pacific The June summit meeting of for Soviet Union. its 319 warships is the biggest the seven industrialized coun- in the world. tries of the West and the NATO Xin Pin4 - The Soviet Union constitutes a grave military threat to the Southeost Asio ASEAN countries. During Ogarkov's "goodwill visit" to Soviet Union lntensifies Espionoge three Indochinese countries, Viet Nam intensified its military activity in Kampuchea and pre- rF HE Soviet KGB has inten- understand. The five ASEAN pared to extend the war to the I sified. espionage activities countries are located on the Thai-Kampuchean border area. in Southeast Asia since the strategically important sea lanes Soviet heavy reconnaissance Vietnamese invasion of Kam- linking the Pacific and Indian bombers based in Cam Ranh puchea and the Soviet presence Oceans. The waters in South- have made frequent flights over' in Viet Nam's Cam Ranh Bay easi Asia spread the over the territories of ASEAN coun- constitutes an additional military Strait of Nilalacca, Selat Sunda, tries. threat to Southeast Asia. Makassar, Selat Lombok, Molucca and Selat Sumba. The Meanwhile, Moscow has de- Soviet hegemonists are striving ployed a flotilla of its Pacific Collecting lnformotion About these Fleet China sea. Seo Lones for control over strategic in the South sea-lanes because the shallow Every month about six Soviet Following the expulsion of water in the Strait of Malacca is warships pass through the Strait Soviet secret agents from not deep enough to provide suf- of Malacca and its E-class Malaysia last autumn, new Soviet spies have been caught in Indonesia and Singapore, where they were collecting in- formation about Southeast Asian sea lanes. A high-ranking Indonesian official disclosed that Soviet ficient cover for Soviet sub- nuclear submarines -- equipped KGB agents in his country sur- marlnes. with cruise missiles ply con- reptitiously collected maps and stantly in the South -China Sea. information about Indonesia's Militory Menoce The Soviet aircraft carrier Natuna Islands and Tandjung The Soviet Pacific Fleet has Minsk has entered the Gulf Priok port and data about the extended its scope of activity of Siam, only 90 nautical miles temperature and salt content of thousands of miles southward from Thailand. the water in the Makassar to the waters of Southeast Asia Strait. The Philippine Foreign Many observers familiar with and Cam Ranh Bay and Da Ministry has disclosed that ASEAN countries are concerned Nang of Viet Nam have been Soviet surveyed about Soviet-Vietnamese at- "freighters" turned into Russian military the depth of Philippine waters. tempts to expand into Southeast ba.ses. Asia with warships and spies. The reasons why the Soviet During his visit to Hanoi last Singapore Prime Minister Lee Union is showing such great in- month, chief of general staff of Kuan Yew pointed out last terest in the waterways of the Soviet armed forces N.V. January that Soviet naval rein- Southeast Asia are easy to Ogarkov reportedly sought forcements in Southeast Asia

March 22, 1982 13 rN'tERNlA noNl\L RTPOTT tS & CO,\AMENI.IS

have created a "totally new Admiral Sudomo. Commander EEC it has received various condition." The Soviet objective in Charge of Operations for forms of aid totalling 600 mil- in the region, as is the case in Restoring Security and Order, Iion kroner and an additional 400 other strategic places in the said last year that the Soviet million kroner in low-interest world, is to initially make Union and Viet Nam constitute Ioans. They also point ciut that friends, then to become an ally big threats to regional security. Greenland is scheduled to re- and eventually become the The southward advance of ceive a further 100 million kron- rnaster. Soviet arrned forces and the er of aid. Opponents of with- drawal say that il Greenland Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yerv activities of its espionage agents pulls out. each man, and says that the Strait of Malacca, in Southeast Asia have ireight- ',1'oman child on the island will lose 10 gateway Indian ened public awareness ,:f Mos- the to the kroner each day. Moreover, Ocean, strategic cow's expansionist cbjectives. and other Greenland will have problems bottlenecks must never fall into Xie Wenqing attd, Zhang - drsposing of bigger catches. Soviet hands. Indonesian Navy Junli Approximately 40 per cent of tax-free r'ish are presentiy sent to the EEC countries each year. Import raxes on fish exports Greenlond ond the EEC from C-r'een]and rvould .substan- tially lower profits and competi- f.-r REENLAND'S recent refer- EuropeanizeC. They want closer tiveness. \f endum on EEC rnemberchip ties w-ith Eskimos in northern The ruling Social Democratic indicated that 52 per cent its Canada and Alaska of Party of Denmark would like to people want to pull out. Reosons for Stoying see the island stay in the eco- Although 42 per cent those of nomic community, but has said v',ho voted on the referendum The Progressive United Party it wili respect the vvishes of the favour continued EEC member- of Greenland favours remaining islanders. ship. there is a distinct possibil- in the EEC. It claims ihat ity that Greenland will become the first to actually withdraw. ARCTIC OCEAN lmpoct on Europe Reosons for Leoving Greenland is particularly im- Greenland joined the EEC in portant to the strategic confron- January 1973 as a province of tation betweerr the Soviet Union Denmark. After the island con- United States. The tinent was granted internal au- and the United States has a mutual de- tonomy in May 1979, the Siumut fence agreement with Denmark Party of Greenland spearheaded for Greenland. The United a drive for greater autonomy States has strategic air and proposed withdrawal from also a base and a missile warning sta- the EEC for three reasons. The tion in Greenland. The Soviet majority of Greenland's resi- Union has a nurnber of sub- dents were against joining at the marines and spy ships operating start; Greenland is losing a suL in waters near the island. The stantial quantity of its fish tcr Soviets have also offeled to other EEC members who were "help" Greenland develop its allowed 1o fish in its waters fishing and fish-processing in- (fishing provides Greenland with Custry. Greenland pulls out 55 per cent of its total exports): If from the EEC, there will be po- and, most of the island's half a great litical and economic repercus- million inhabitants are Eskimos Greenland will lose a deal sions in Western Europe, or descr:ndanLs of Eskimo-Euro- if it leaves the EEC. pean parents who fear losing Opponents of withdrawal say Quanda and their idcntity and becoming that since Greenland joined the -WuLiu Xumitt

I4 Beijino Reuiew, No. i2 Artielns & IDoeurnents Be a Sober-Minded Marxist

The follou;ing is a slightly abridged. tronsla- bourgeois ideas and feudal remnants and the tion of an article carned in "Renmin Ribao" by phenomena of worshipping foreign things have its cotnmentator orl March 15. Subheads are grown on a scale rarely seen since the birth of ours. - Ed. New China. qNIUGGLING, selling smuggled articles What is the major source of the danger? We v en'''oezzlement, bribery, speculation, swindl- are right in our frequent assertions that we ing. and other illegal and criminai activities that should guard against any attempt to invade and shift huge amounts of state and collective subvert China from abroad and against any property into private possession have become actions taken by the remnants of the overthrown lampant in the economic field in the last two Lin Biao and Jiang Qing counter-r'evolutionary or three years. What desen es particular atten- cliques. But at the same time we should clearly tion is the fact that some Palty members. bear in mind that our Party, the vanguard of cadres and c'ven some leading cadres have the working class, is the force ihat is leading taken part in such illegal and criminal activi- this big country of China. So long as our Party ties. Although they make up only a very small remains sound and healthy, effectively wards off part of the vast contingents of Party members erosion by unhealthy tendencies, does not become and cadre.s, they have greatly harmed the Party's rotten itself and ahvays stays in close touch with prestige. If their activities remain unchecked, the people, then no enemy force in the wclrld this would sulely mean the destluction of the can have its way in destroying us. In this sense, socialist cause and the revolutionary fruits the main danger is frorn no sourcc other than achieved by the Part-v- and the people through the Cegeneration of certain weak-willed mem- decades of arducus struggle. We should have a bers inside our Party. thorough understanding of this great danger and be trighly vigilant against it. The Focus of the Problem

focus of the problem DanEer of Evolution" For the Party itself, the "Peaceful Iies with the middle- and high-ranking leaders within our leading cadres at the There is no denying that through the untir- the Party. If nriddle and high levels are staunch, sober-mindc'd ing ef forts of all Party members since the good downfall of ihc gang of four more than five and active Marxists, tl'rey can set a example the whole Party and the Party will be years ago. and especially since the Third Plenary for strong enough to overcome all things that are Session of the llth Party Central Committee, 1938, Comrade Mao Zedong said the Party and the nation have averted a grave mistaken. In his article Roie o[ the Chinese Com- clisis resulting from the 10 years of domestic in "The Party in the National War": "So far as turmoil and have returned to the road towards munist main responsibilii,y of letrder- prosperity. This is an undeniable fundamental shouldering the concer,ned, our Party's {ighting capacity historic fact which our descendants wili never ship is will be much greater and our task of defeating forget. But does this mea,n that there will not imperialism will be more quickl.y ac- be any significant dangers other than war for Japanese complished there are one or two hundred our Party, our nation and our socialist cause? if Certainly not. Even in times of peace, there is still the diinger that could weaken our Party r This refers to the movement against thre.c' ilnd Iead tolvards evolution." evils (corruption, waste and bureaucracy) launched it "peaceful am()ng state functionaries at the end of 1951, and ln the economic tieid. criminal offences the movement against five evils (bribery of govern- ure f:rr more serious than ciuring the "san ment workers, tax evasion, theft of state property. fan" and "wu fan" movemenlst 30 years cheating on government contracts. and stealing economic information for private speculation) ago. In the idcrlogical and cultural alenas and launehed among capitalist industrialists and in social m

Mor<:h 22, 1982 ls comrades with a grasp of Marxism-Leninism sary for us to strengthen communist ideological which ls systematic and not fragmentary, education within the Party, and among the Party genuine and not hollow." cadres, especially among those middle- and high- ranking cadres. This point of view of Comrade Mao Zedong's is very profound and important. He Cadres of the Party, especially leadrng put the figure at 100 or 200 at that time. Now, cadres at the middle and high levels, must re- the historical conditions have changed and we view and really grasp Comrade Mao Zedong's need 10,000 or 20,000 today. Our Party's fighting theory and tactics of both unity and struggle capacity will greatly increa.se if 10,000 to 20,000 in the united front vvork. They should follow his of our cadres can really become staunch, sober- teachings of fighting against both Left-devia- minded and active Marxists. So long as our tionist closed-doorism anci Right-deviationist Party is strong and healthy, we are sure to ac- capitulationism; of both taking into consideration I complish our socialist modernization program- the interests of our allies and maintaining the me, no matter how arduous it is. On the con- ideological, political and organizational in- I trary, it would be very dangerous if some of dependence of the proletarian Party; of both our middle- and high-ranking cadres become adopting different sociai policies under different corrupt arid degenerate in peace time and if this conditions and seriously and resoluteiy main- tendency is not checked soon enough but is taining the communist purity of Party members allowed to spread instead. under whatevt:r conditions. They must also creatively apply these theories and tactics under From the analysis above, we can see that it the new historical conditions when China has is completely correct and necessary for the adopted an open policy towards the outside Party Central Committee to decide to deal res- world and flexible domestic policies to enliven olute blorvs at illegal and criminal activities the ecorromy. in the economic field and to stress meting out severe punishments for Party members and Ttre cadres of the Part.v, especially the cadres, especiaily leading cadres, who commit middle- and high-ranking cadres, must strength- illegal and criminal offences. This struggle is en their Party spirit, abide by Party discipline indeed connected with the life and death of and keep their heads clear in the new situation our Party as well as the prosperity of and in face of new tasks. Our Party rvill be our state. It is a severe test for all Party able to weather all storms so long as these members and cadres as to what attitude they cadres play their role as the mainstay of the should adopt towards the struggle. It is neces- nation. D

Chen Yun on Planned Economy

by Zhu Minzhi and Zou Aiguo f ANUARY 25 was the first day of the tradi- zhong from the State Planning Commission to J tional Chinese Spring Festival of 1982. Bei- his office to discuss the question of ensuring jing's atmosphere was lively. Having three planned economy to play the major role and days off, most people donned new clothes and market regulation the supplementary'role, visited relatives and friends. But leading com- rades of the Party Central Committee and the Planning ls Also Necessary in State Council continued working. Agriculture Chen Yun, Vice-Chairman of the Party "Ours is a socialisL planned economy." saici Central Committee, invited Yao Yilin. Song Chen Yun. "Industry must mainly practise Ping, Chai Shufan. Li Renjun and Fang Wei- planned economy and agriculture is no exceP-

16 Beijing Reuiew, No. 12 of planned economy is not clearll, understood by some comrades."

Living Standards and Construction Chen Yun continued: "The state has only this sum of money and there should be plans in using it. The pecple's livelihood should be earnestly improved. Our principle should be: first, the people mus1, have sufficient food; second, socialist construction must be carried out. If a country consumes all that it pro- duces, there is no future for it,. A country will have a bright future oniy when it has accurnula- tions for construction after the people have eaten their fill." Song Ping made the following comntent: "We must have a correct understanding of the relationship between the improvement of peo pie's livelihood and construction. Some enter- prises didn't handle this relationship properly "tion. Even after the responsibility system for and, as a result, they stopped some construction production has been introduced, planned econ- projects that should not have been stopped." omy prevail should still and the regulation by Chen Yun said: "We must have a clear the market can only be supplementary. We understanding of this problem We must let must not think that planning ean be discarded the people have sufficient and nice food, not the introduction after of various forms of re- that of poor quality. But the food cannot be sponsibilitl' s)-stem for production in agricul- 'Ihe " of the highest standard idea is that after ture. ensuring the people enough to eat, the state The responsibility system for production is still has surplus resource.s lor con-stru.ction." new management a form of adopted within a At this juncture. the topic of cc.rnversation collective economy after flexible economic poli- changed to how to spi'ead the respcrnsibility cies were put in force in the rural areas. It has system in enterprises and horv to carry out peasant won support because of its flexible readjustment and restructuring and increase & forms of labour management and its remunerb- economic returns. Chen Yun said: "We must tion principle of more pay for more work. It have plans in running enterprises. In running f; has been adopted by over 90 per cent of the socialist enterprises, rve should take into con- $ production teams. sideration the following factors: w'hether there Then, Chen Yun listed some examples: "For is a market for the products, rvht're the raw instance, vegetables must be planted well on the materials come from and how enterprises are outskirts of cities; targets must be fixed for pig managed. Now, some places in our country do , raising, so does the number of pigs sold to the not pay attention to this. In my opinion, we state; the acreage under tobacco should not be need some people to give an overall considera- grain growing tion to this question. Our departments in charge enlarged and the area should not i be reduced. . . . AII this falls in the field of of economic affairs should have a group of such i planning." strategists." He said: "There has been an old problem: Increasing the area under cash crops would dim- Key and Non-Key Proiects inish area growing grain This the crops. While stressing the importance of planned problem should be solved appropriately. Only economy, Chen Yun also said: "The construc- when agriculture is pJaced within planned the tion of the whole country must be carried out economy can the peasants reap long-term bene- in a sequence and in the orde'r of importance fits and the countrv be built well." and urgency. Which should be key projects and Here, Yao Yilin interposed a remark: "Yes, which are not, which should be carried out first this problem is very important. Now, the idea and u,hich later - this must be done according March 22, 1982 17 Chen Yun (right) greeting leading members of the Stale Planning Com- mieslon whom he invited to discuss economic problems.

to a plan. It will not do if construction is under'- and they want to change their backward condi- taken here and there without co-ordination." tions as quickly as possible," Chai Shufan said. Then, Yao Yilin took up the talk: "The Having heard the other comrades' opinions, present management system built up on the Chen Yun said: "Our economy rviil develop principle of combining planned economy with qui'ckly so long as we work in a down-to-earth regulation by the market is different from either and systematic manner. If we are too anxious our past praetice of rigid control or the market for quick success, the economic development economy r;f capitalism. It is because of this, would be slowed down." we can gradually control the economy but the control is not rigid, activate the economy with- The last statement which carries much out leading to confusion, raise economic results weight is a summary of our basic experiences and organize and develop production according during the past 30 years of economic work. to socialist needs." This discussion on China's important ect> "lt .seems that some places are too anxious nomic policies lasted an hour and a half. t-l

U pholding Plonned Economy ln Agriculture

by Zhang Jinfu rf HE Party's line. and general and specific production has steadily improved in the Iast t policies adopted after the Third Session of four years (drought in 1978 and flood in 1980. the ltth Party Central Committee held in but rich harvests in 1979 and l98i). The pro- December 1978 har.e brought positive results in duction of grain crops and other economic various econo,nric f ields, particularly in agri- undertakings grew apace in 1981; foI'estry. culture. In Anhui Province, for example, farm animal husbandry, sideline occupations and fishery also saw considerable growth. Compareci with previous year, output of grain rose The author is lirst secretary of the Anhui the plrtvinciaI Partr. committee more than 20 per cent; cotton, 1? per cent: oil-

Itj Beijing Revietu, No. 12 bearing crops, 95 per cent; tea. over 10 per cent; ture, China's national economy is expected to and cured tobacco, 3.4-fold. Total agricultural pick up more quickly. output value grew 24.6 per cent and commune members' average per-capita income registered This new situation gives rise to a number an increase of 50 yuan. All this sho'a,s that farm of new problems, the most conspicuous one production in Anhui has entered a progressive being how to handle the relationship between spiral. planned economy and regulation by the market. Now that the peasants have enough to Indications of this situation are: eat, agricultural production is able to increase Peasants' zest for socialism has been given the marketable portion of its products. In An- full play. Increased state purchasing prices for hui, the marketable rate of grain has grown farm produce. various forms of production re- ftom 22 to 25 per cent and that for rapeseed sponsibility system and revitalized rural fairs has exceeded 80 per cent. The bulk, or all in have, among other things, made everyone in the some cases, of other cash crops, farm and side- rural areas care about production. In times of line products are sold to the market. natural. advei'sities they worked with a will to Three kirrds of prices have appeared in the minimize losses, and in disaster-free years, thev market. after the state raised its purctrasing tremen

20 Beijino Reuieuo, No, 12 to growing vegetables in accordance with the kilogrammes of rice but with the new prices, state plan so as to ensure market supply. Big and they got 2 kilogrammes less. medium-sized cities and industrial and mining Another factor was that too many vegetable areas should become self-sufficient in poultry, gardens were designated for capital construc- eggs and milk as soon as possible. To fulfil tion and new ones were no'qhere to be {ound. the state purchasing plan for pigs, is neces- it In Hefei, the provincial capital, it'was stipulat- sary to implement the related policies and ac- ed that the acreage of vegetable gardens should tively expand pig-breeding. In developing a average 0.035 mu per city dweller, but it had diversified economy, stress shouid be laid on never been implemented. As a result, the vege- utilizing previously uncul.tivated hillside lands, table supply from state-run vegetable com- grasslands and water surfaces. panies declined and the gap had to be fiiled In Anhui, we intend to devote 6 miliion by local fairs. Middlemen who engaged in hectares of iand to grain production and steadily speculations and wilfully raised prices further increase per-unit yield, 330,000 hectares (con- aggravated the situation. centrated in certain areas) to cotton, and 66,000 Therefore, rural areas must now first en- hectares to tobacco with equal emphasis on sure vegetable and non-staple food supplies for per-unit output and quality. The fact that the city dwellers before they can engage in industry yields of major farm crops in Anhui are below and sideline occupations. To meet this require- the national averages indicates that we have ment, it is necessary to emphasize the planned great potential f or improvement. Moreover, economy and supplement it with the market's cash crops can be developed by utilizing barren regulating role, fix production quotas on the hills and other wasteland. Land sown to the basis of demand. and make up for the vege- major crops should be rationally distributed ac- table-growing acreage lost to other purposes. It cording to the state's need, and their targets is imperative for the state vegetable companies should be allotted to each county. to control 70 per cent bf the supply of vege- planned However, inappropriate intervention in tables and market them according to then be supplied by the work of production teams and individual prices. The remainder can peasants should be avoided. In this way, the the local fairs. state plan wili be brought in line with necessary decision-making power given to production teams and individual peasants. The commune members are willing to abide by the state plan so long as the policies remain stable and there are good prospects for them to increase pro- duction. The presence of a state plan will en- sure the supply of the means of production and an outlet for farm produce. Secondly, dovetail the state plan with the market's regulating role. Take the supply of vegetable and non-staple food in the cities for examp).e. For a period of time there were shortages and price increases of vegetables in the eight cities of Anhui Province. The people complained about this situation. After careful investigation and study. we found out this was due to several factors. First. the peasants on the outskirts were not as diligent in vegetable- growing as in the thriving industrial and side- line occupations. because they could make more money from the latter. Furthermore, the ,i I increase in state purchase prices of farm rt produce changed the price ratio between grain b and vegetables. They were reluctant to grow ',',:-,t vegetables because formerly they could ex- A brigade-run attorestation farm in Shangzhi County, change 50 kilogrammes oI vegetables tor 20 Heilongiiallg Provinee'

March 22, 1982 2t I Non-staple food consists mainly of meat, improved in practice and further popularized. i poultry and eggs. During one period in Anhui, To institute this system, it is imperative to take ! fewer pigs were sold to the state than before, into consideration the interests of the state, the a because the collective neglected to supply the collective and the individual. The peasants are i peasants with animal feed after the respon- committed to f ulfil state purchasing quotas, t sibility system for production was introduced. while the state is committed to supply them When contracts were concluded between ttre with the means of production according to plan production teams and the individual peasants, and, in good faith, to give the announced too much attention was paid to grain, cotton awards. According to the Law Concerning and oil-bearing crops at the expense of the pro- Economic Contracts adopted by the Fourth duction of pigs, poultry and eggs. The problem Session of the Fifth National People's Congress, was compounded by the fact that on the one both moral and material awards will be given hand the peasants now consume more of these to those who fulfil the contracts well and in and on the other they prefer to sell it at higher some cases penaltie-s will be meted out to those prices at local fairs. Clearly, the non-staple who fail. In this rvay the contracts have been food must also be brought into the orbit of a given legal power, planned economy. Fourthly, think of the country as a Thirdly, improve the contract system. After whole. Idmiogica). education should be com- the responsibility system was introduced in bined with specific measures. After fulfilling farm production, economic contracts, which the state purchasing plan of industrial raw ma- be allowed to pro- were seen formerly only in industrial and com- terials. the localities should mercial dealings, were also popularized in the cess their surplus portions But they should not rural areas. These contracts between the state use the raw materials allotted to big enter- purchasing departments and the production prises or build an excessive number of factories goods. is t

Let the Focts Speok

by Yang Fangzhi

John Zeiilmnn, a Vourlg Americon toho usas oJ the whole matter caine out a week later, stud.ging in Chirw, d.ied oJ oiral encephalitis last when the san1.e paper carried an orttcle e'ntitled January after intensiue medical care failed to "The Lesson of an American's Life" written by carry him through the ord.eal. Cashing in on his the bereaoed father Pltilip F. Zeidman. Here, d.eath, David Finkelstein, an Ameri- unfortunats Yang Fangzhi, trho is an adtsiser l,o the State can and a so-called China-hand, mnde many Foreigrt Erperts Administratiue charges against China in his article "The Les- Council's on reading Philip sons of an American's Death,," rohich appeared Bureau, sh.ares his thoughts published in "Washington Post" on January 24. The tnfih Zeidman's article. Yang's articLe usas

22 Beijino Reoieut, No. 12 in "Renmin Ribao" on March 6. Ercerpts from Zeidman was fair when he said that his Zei.dman's article are also published in this son's death was caused by the lack of protection gaa issue. - Ed,. from viral encephalitis. every foreign sJu- dent received inoculation against this disease A DI\{IRATION welled up in my heart as I pon- before he or she came to China, this tragedy might r L dered Philip F. Zeidman's soul-touching have been avoided. I think this should be drawn article "The Lesson of an American's Life," to the attention of both the Chinese and Amer- wlrich was reprinted in translation in Renmin ican medical authorities. Ribao on February 13. I have never met him, but all the same I was struck by his honesty Mr. Zeidman's explanation of the medical and far-sightedness. treatment his son received in China sounds rea- sonable. In the absence of any effective treat- Ever;' father shares Zeidman's Mr. sorrow ment for the disease, "the Chinese doctors and that saturaies every line of his article. When nurses were as well able to provide supportive v.'as barely Zeidman. he 20, John came to care as in any hospital in the world," he says. pursue his studies in China, far away from his "Within the limits of their capacities they parents and homeland. He came down with ministered to our son's needs with skill. and viral encephalitis and was sent back to the with dedication and love which compare favour- States. Despite United every effort made to ably to any we have seen in an American hos- res(:ue him, he died. pital." grief, In deep the bereaved father Anyone would be likely to regard the place sometrow picked himself up and wrote this that caused the death of his son with re- article. In he it, countered the anti-China lies pugnance or, to say the least, callousness. But, centring on his beloved son's death with solid taking his sorrow in stride, Zeidman presented facts. At the funeral he announced that he things as he saw them. would set up a scholarship to encourage more American young people to "study Chinese lan- As to what lesson one should draw from guage, history, politics and culture.l' He did this John's death, the two Americans' conclusions in the fundamental interests of the American are poles apart. While the author of "The Les- people. sons of an American's Death" chose to say that "despite much blather to the contrary, rela- What Mr. Zeidman challenged was the tions between China and America are far from article entitled Lessons "The of an American's 'normalized,'" Mr. Zeidman declared that he Death." pointed He out: The thesis of the article would seek to "perpetuate the values for which is that John's death was the "product of a John's life stood." woefully inadequate Chinese medical system; that the Chinese authorities sought to prevent What values, then, does the American the entry of American medical specialists and youngster's short life represent? As the bereav- made evacuation more difficult." Ttris was not ed father sees it, John came to China to study true. Citing what he witnessed during his stay the Chinese language and other subjects in of iess than a month in the Beijing Hospital for order to promote the mutual understanding be- Communicable Diseases, Mr, Zeidman testifies tween the Chinese and American peoples. Be- that China never delayed the arrival of a num- cause he died so young, he failed to fully mate- ber of noted Arnerican specialists who came to rialize the valuqs his life represented. But his is treat his son, and that the Chinese doctors wel- a noble and great cause. Though John is gone, comed these Americans' new ideas and more the father, in his characteristic sincerity, hopes advanced methods and equipment. "The formid- to see more American young people take John's able logistical task of staging an evacuation was road and undertake to fulfil the cause he left not obstructed by 'obdurate authorities,"' he behind. In other words, he wants more Amer- rvrites. "To the contlary, visas were issued, red ican youths to come to study in China so that tape was cut and bureaucratic proc€sses were they can pass on their knowledge about China accelerated to an apparently unprecedented to the American people. degree." He hit the nail on the head when he wrote that the author of "The [,essons of an To "encourage other enterprising young American's Death" sought to fit a prejudiced Arnericans to study Chinese language. history, argument into a preconceived theory that politics and culture," he announced at his son's simply didn't tally with the truth. funeral that he would set up the John Zeidman

March 22, 1982 Z3 mpmorial fund. "When we go back to China, While I do not challenge his right to write of as we surely rvill, we hope some day to find my son's death. or the Post's right to publish his article, one would think that a concern for either John Zeidman Memorial Scholars who have privacy or accuracy dictates that a writer would pursued their interest. to the benefit of both make some contact with the family, or that a news- nations, and have become doctors, teachers, paper would at least be curious as to whether he had done so. Nor do I write to dispute his version diplomats ." he says. of the facts, although there is ample basis to do so. Philip !-. Zeidman's article symbolizes the Instead I reluctantly reopen a painful chapter great American people's ever-Iasting spirit of of our lives because the writer has insisted on seeking truth from'facts and their upright and drawing from the episode a "deeper significance," seems me be fundamentally ago, Chinese a "lesson" which to to dauntless qualities.' Not long the at odds with the message of John Zeidman's death people affectionately commemorated the 10th and, more important, of his life. anniversary of Edgar Snow's death. Since this - world-famous journalist and writer found his The author's own predisposition is clear enough. His long article in The Neus Yorker ("A Reporter way into the revolutionary base area in north- at Large: When the Snow Thaws," September 10, west China after overcoming all sorts of hard- 19?9) is in large part a catalogue of the complaints ships decades zga, many justice-upholding of some Chinese about their government and a lead many warning that the visitor to China remains isolated Americans have followed his in dif- from its people and thus can'make no informed ferent rvays. They have all vi'orked for the in- judgment about what he sees. ierests of both nations and have promoted the mutual understanding between the two great His article in this newspaper is wholly con- sistent with those views; there are even identical peoples. Their ranks are constantly being ex- phrases, suggesting the haste with which the author panded by people who respect the facts. Their seized upon the opportunity to advance'his views hearts are linked. There is an adverse anti- agarn. going America, China current on notil/ in but "The Lessons of an American's Death" seeks to the trend of history is irreversible. Philip F. fit our son's illness and death into that preconceiv- Zeidman's article has borne this out. The Chi- ed theory. In my view, the facts simply won't fit nese people need sincere friends. With open the theory. arms rve welcome them, whether from America The author's thesis is that John Zeidman's or other parts of the world. death u,as the product of a woefully inadequate Chinese medical system; that the Chinese authori- ties sought to prevent the entry of American med- ical speciaiists and made el'acuation more difficuii. and that the problems associated l'.'ith treatment were due to the fact that. as the author conciudes, The Lesson of an "despite much blather to the contrarl'. relations be- tween China and America are far from 'normal- American's Life ized."' But John did not die of inadequate care or by Philip F. Zeidmon (USA) unsanitary medical facilities. He died of viral en- cephalitis. And specialists from all over the world have It 7f Y son John. while spending a year as a student now confirmed that, once the disease was contract- l-Yl i" China, feti ill on September 26, his 20th ed, no treatment exists rvhich could have saved our birthday. On January 3 at Johns Hopkins Hospital. son; even if he had somehow been whisked to Johris he died, Hopkins within minutes, the result would have been no different. It is still too soon-perhaps it wiU always be too soon - to write those words, "he died," with- He died because he had not been protected out experiencing a numbing sense of sorrow. And against the disease at the outset. That protection it is surely a strange sensation to write of his death would have been available if pharmaceutical com- fol publication. For even though hundreds of peo- panies were to produce a vaccine against the disease ple u'ere engaged in the struggle to save John, and a quite feasible undertaking and if our govern- thousands rrrore knew of the ordeal, the death of a ment- were to recommend sucb- inoculation. They child remains an intensely private matter. do not produce it today because, as an "orphan vaccine," it rvould simply not have an adequate I was thus startled to find it the subjec+" of an market to produce profits commensurate with the article ("The Lessons of an American's Death," industry's other products. January 24), bl. David Finkelstein in lhe Washing- ton Post. I have ne\rel met or spoken with the If Finkelstein has identified the lvrong villains author, who is described as "a Nerv York writer'' in the story, he has also failed to note its heroes. who "was the Ford Foundation's China specialist" Since there is no known treatment for encephalitis, until five years ago. the Chinese doctors and nurses were as weII able

24 Beijin.g Retsiew, No. 12 to provide supportive care as in any hospital in Indeed, John might well have read and been when the 'a,orld. thinking of Finkelstein's lVeto Yorker article he wrote: "It's interesting to see the things that Within the limits of their capacities they min- the reporters say you can't do. They say-'you istered to our son's needs with skill, and with can't go to eat in a Chinese restaurant unless you dedication and love which compare favourably to are fluent in Chinese,' 'you can't rent a bicycle' and any we have seen in an Amercian hospital. 'you can't ride the subway without permission.' I think it would be helpful if some of these reporters Our daughters received a letter written by one left their apartments occasionally." of John's classmates in Beiiing, teUing of an ex- traordinary moment when the chief doctor at the Just as John's life in China epitomized how an hospital "told your folks that he is caring for John open, concerned young man ian evoke similar re- as though John rvere his own son. And he spoke sponses from the Chinese with whom he came into with his soul. and he cried in your father's contact, so did John's illness elicit emotions and all peo- arms." actions which transcended differences between ple and nations. The Chinese doctors were well aware of their Ironically, one of the Chinese quoted in Finkel- own deficiencies in the sort of intensive care we stein's 1979 article provides not only an appropriate take for granted in America; indeed, it would be balance to the author's generally jaundiced view, surprising if a country in China's economic posture but also a summary of what John was doing in could (and perhaps even should) allocate scarce re- China as a youth, and what he might have done sources in that fashion. as an adult had he lived: "China's salvation lies with the younger generation. If their minds can be When they had reached their limiis, far from opened and to that end interaction with the West "balking" at the assistance of American specialists, is important- our society, too, might become a they welcomed new ideas and more advanced more open one."- methods and equipment, John's funeral was attended by 800 people (as tvvas Finkelstein describes it, "mourned only by his Our son seen in Beijing by the chief of family and friends"). We took the occasion to an- ttre Infectious Diseases Branch at the National In- nounce that we would seek to perpetuate the values stitutes of Health from Washington; by the heads of for which John's life stood by establishing a me- the departments of neurology at both Columbia morial fund to encourage other enterprising young University and the University of Chicdgo, and, ul- Americans to siudy Chinese language, history, poli- timately, by a remarkably gifted and dedicated tics and culture. man, Dr. David Jackson, director of the Centre for the Critically III at Case Western Reserve Univer- The Sidwell Friends School in Washington has sity Hospital. agreed to initiate such a programme with the funds we will raise. Dr. Jackson, whom we had never met, came to When we go back to China, as we surely will, Beijing, as later did his wife, a highly trained John Zeidman Memorial provided we hope some day to find nurse, and together they the kind of spe- Scholars who have pursued their interest, to the cialized care for vt,hich the Chinese are not benefit of both nations, and have become doctors, equipped. teachers, diplomats perhaps even a China specialist for the Ford Foundation. As the chiel doctor in Beijing \\'rote us: "It $'as a ver)'good idea to bring Dr. Jackson here; he is a The true lesson of John's iife and death is that fine doctor. And it rvas the right thing to do to we continue to believe that that is an effort worthy take your son home to try to saYe him." of his memory. From "Washington Post'^ The arrival of these doctors and the formid- - able logistical task of staging an- evacuation was not obstructed by "obdurate authorities " -

To the contrary, visas were issued, red tape was cut and bureaucratic processes were accelerated to an apparently unprecedented degree. In short. it was not only John's fellou'students, the Air Force, the American Embassy and a host of officials and unofficial sponsors, prodders and wellwishers in the United States, China and Japan who were feverishly at work to try to save John's life - it was the Chinese themselves, extending to the highest levels of the Chinese Government. Thus, far trom serving as ,.just one poignanr illustration o[ the deglee oI misinformation and mistrust that continue to haunt both sides,,' it seems to me that "the episode of John Zeidman,s sad, untimely death" may lllustrate a quite different proposition.

March 22, 1982 a1 25 '[i-![ i,k".-"r,,t,i r-i"!ll\eS[ [rRe55 o 6 recri6oas a.a-taaEi.aaaaoaaeaaa

f)PiN loi..: elective courses should be of- fered by the universities. Fei Xiaotong on Small il:ff}|'"si,,:i;"i:'";:':fl":: Production Men tality L':"jlt^:1,uilt'.":'j,':,j''l:X if they want to give up the f N a talk about the relationship about things that require only credit. I prefer open education. I between science and social a slight departure from their for science itself is open. This development, Professor Fei own speciality. kind of education not only can Xiaotong (Fei Hsiao Tung) said: enrich knowledge but can also The present college curricujum China's small production has a do away with the narrow men- seems to be leading the students history thousands of years. tality of small production and of to a blind alley that norv should Today, although small produc- reform the social psychology it be opened up. Science anci en- tion mentality does not occupy a iosters. gineering colleges should dominant position, it is still esiab- lish social science courses. rvhile Science ol Sciences and widespread and remains a social - liberal arts colleges should add S cie ntitic T echnicatr. M an- influence that is incompatible natural science courses. More aoenlenl. with modernization. Conditions should be created to eliminate it. , : i- ( Small production mentality t-i: ! exists not only among the peas- ants but also in the intellectual A Village in Anhui Protinee circles. People of different spe- cialities in a university have no Three Japanese iournalists system of responsibility in just common language, like the from Japan and. China, the farm production. Chinese proverb says: "Dif- that organ of the Japan-China ferent trades are like to be sep- The journaiists arrived at Friendship Association, visited just arated by mountains." This Houyang village at noon, as narrow outlook naturally Iimits Fengyang County in Anhui a wedding was taking place. the development of academic Province at the end of last year. They asked if they could observe ideas. Even those in the same This east China county is one of the ceremony. speciality seldom have mutual those that have undergone great They followed the guests as exchanges for fear that their changes after instituting the the'y poured int

26 Beijing Re'uieut, No. 12 decorated with lanterns and col- the peasants of Houyang village is a vast market for commerci:rl oured .streamers. They asked are full of joy. products the county needs - how the couple had met and 50,000 sewing rnachines. but thc. then congratulated Zhang Lin. i.eaving thc, newlyweds' statc c.r.n only plovide 5,000. the bridegroom, and Lu Xue- home, the Japanese visitors including ther 1.800 produccd by passed rong, the bride. Then they rvere through the house of the Shanghati Nr-r. i Scwing taken to see some rooms. one of commune mernber Yang Jingli. IVIachine Factory. which was stuffed u,ith nearl'r A cadre expiained that this his five tons of grain. household earns llive yuan a day After visit. Arai .said that from poultry alone. The fan'rily China',s -sociai uinr i,s to inrprovc people's \\'as Mr. Arai. one of the visitors. breeds 20 ducks and 38 hens and livelihood. This hi.s lirst close otx;ervation of tttc hld neve. before u,itnessed a collects 48 eggs every day (in wedding a problems o[ such a big co,intr'1,. ln foleign country. China a kilo of egg.s costs 2-2.4 He was confused begin- He rn'as quite surprised to find yuan). at the so much grain stored in a peas- ning. but felt he had a rnore ant househoid. Yang Jingxian, Arai and his colleagues later objer:tive view as a result of the production team accountant, visited a brigade-run taiioring his visit. lle had seen a part of figured out what was in the training class which helped them China's transf orrntrtion. guest's mind and described the understand that the countryside "Anhni R.ibao" changes in the village over the - past few years. There are 23 households with COMMENT 101 people in the team. The average cultivated land per An Adm,irable Spirit capita is 0.3 hectare. Prior to the founding of the People's Not long ago. Yu Shuzhen, a mendable spirit can be attribut- Republic of China, more than solo performer of the Tianjin ed to their foresight and half of the area's residents fled Opera and Ballet Thcatre, pro- sagacit;v'. from famine and begged for posed that a1 the theatre's food other places. Because in Shanghai conceri. the final When Guan Mucun expressed its poverty, young women misgivings of piece, which she usually per- her Lo Yu Shuzhen were unwilling to marry men in that she \A,as as yet incr:pablc forms. be presented instead by of this village. So became an performing piece. it young singer Guan Mucun. Yu the final Yu man" village. Shuzhen replied. "unmarried Until Shuzhen has long been famous "Don't be too the 1979, bachelons modest. Twenty years I end of ac- for her singing and is well liked ago. counted per was asked take place for 50 cent of all by audiences. She regards Guan to the of the adults in the team. the veteran, and my giving way Mucun as her younger sister. to you today. 20 years is However, the leadership advised after, Since 1980, Fengyang has car- a natural law. am confident her to perform as planned. She I ried out the system of responsi- that you do same in refused. saying, "The healthy will thc bility in production and guaran- yielding your place- to the yourlg growth of the young people teed more pay for more work. in the future. This is only should by no means be blocked the Commune members' vigour re- practical way f tcr by a veteran. Guan sings well or oul' art doubled and grain output in- flourish." creased year by year. Before and easily wins audience ap. proval. should give 1977, total grain output was I way to " Anhui Ribqo" her." - below 50 tons, but, 85, 100 and 182.5 tons were produced in On all fronts in our country, 1979, 1980 and 1981 respectively. there are a great many Nearly 90 , per cent of the "veterans," like Yu Shuzhen, peasant households produce 5 both well-known and unknown. tons of grain each, and annual In consideration of the long- per-capita income has reached term interests of the Party and more than 800 yuan. In lg80 people, they are yielding their and at the end of 1981, six places in order tol witness households of this production the early maturing of a team celebrated marriages. Now new generation. This com-

March 22, 1982 27 {f,i,[."f,r"!Tti{l itlqrlr-E

,':, i] :.' ;t i.Jl, [iC r*# G'f served female cortrxe was found Two embroidered quilt covers, in 1972. two brocade coverc, 12 pieces of clothing and one pair of brocade 2,300-Yeor-Old Silks The tomb is in a deposit of trousers are among the 50 silk white clay and consists of a Fifty well-preserved pieces of burial chamber, 2.9 metres by artifacts. With the exception of silk fabric, clothing and 50 other 1.5 metres, and a coffin, A two silk floss padded quilts all antiquities were recently ex- female skeleton was found in the silk fabric was wrapped cavated f rom the tomb of a the coffin with her two thumbs around the corpse. woman who lived 2,300 years and two big toes tied together ago in the state of Chu of the with red silk ribbons. The five One brocade quilt measures Warring States Period. fingers of the right hand re- 349 by 194 centimetres. It is mained intact the hair was pieces plain The tomb is 20 kilometres I lined with four of black and the teeth were in northwest of Jiangling County, white silk. The quilt cover is place. Hubei Province, an area known brown, decorated with embossed for its ancient culture. The Archaeologis:s e6::maie thal patterns of dragons, phoenixes, state Chu lasted for about of the rvoman dieci at the age of goocl-luck animals and dancing 800 years and Jiangling was its about 50. Judging b1' the abun- iigures in goiden yellow. capital for 410 years. dant burial accessories. thel' weaithy Anoiher q.-iilt is made of a Archaeologists say that the infer that she was a plain \\'eave s:1k embroidered tomb is a rare treasure house of woman, possibly the wife of an official. in the panchi moiif. a hornLess silk f abrics. Discovered on the grounds of the Mashan dragon of ancient legends. Brick and TiIe Factory, the tomb The coffin was draped in a garment silk is called the No. 1 Mashan Chu piece of silk which was decorat- A very thin of Tomb. It is 200 years older ed with lace. On top of this was gauze is embroidered with than the No. 1 Han Tomb at a 30-square-centimetre painting dragon, tiger and phoenix motifs Mawangdui on the outskirts of of a dragon and phoenix design which looked almost the same Changsha rvhere a well-pre- in reddish brown on white silk. on both sides.

Lcft: Archaeologists carefully unwrapping silk labric lrom lhe corpsc. Right: Brocade garment with embossed pataern of tigers and dragons.

28 Beijtng Reuiew, No. 12 The finds included brorlzes. On tigerback, the Qin Em- and adapted by Voltaire (1694- lacquered, wood and bamboo peror tours the Land; 1778) into L'Orphelin d.e La ware, pottery vessels and other Chine and, by Metastasio (1698- utensils. Among the burial ac- Wi,th radi.ance, his s'utord 1782) into L'Eroe Cinese. The cessories were four wooden makes the sky bluer. 18th-century critic Richard figurines with wigs and red lips Hurd and the Chinese scholar who are dressed in embroidered Wang Guowei (1877-1927) con- garments. CO M PITftATIVE sidered the poetic drama of the piece comparable to the great fl-ETERA"T'[J IT,E Greek tragedies. Bronze Weaponry ol Antiquity A Fl ourishing Discipline Qian Zhongshu makes re- mar:kably thorough efforts in Part of the over 10,000 weap In recent yeans, Chinese the study of parallels. Basing ons discovered near the tomb scholars have stepped up their himself on diff erent cultural of Emperor Qin Shi Huang (the studies of comparative litera- genealogies, he tries to seek the first emperor of the Qin ture. Many articles have been common laws of literary crea- Dynasty) are now on permanent published, such as A Brief Out- tions, i.e., "a common literary display in the museum of terra- line of Cornparatiue Ltterature mind." His Studies in Letters cotta warriors and horses in by Zhou Weirnin, European and and ldeas represents his contri- Xian, Shaanxi Province, American Literature in Ch"ina butions in this field. In this by Yuan Kejia, the Hi,story of work he presents his views on The weapons include dagger- Comparatiue Li.terature by Ji reading Authorized Annotateil axes, spears, battle-axes, cross- Xianlin, Lu Xun's Works and Edition oJ the Book of Songs bow triggers, swords, curved Their Relations With Foreign and nine other classics. He knives and long-handled trian- Literature by Wang Yao as well quotes more than 10,000 sample gular awl-shaped shu. With the as many special works such as sentenc'es from both Chinese and exception of five iron weapons, Qian Zhongshu's Four Old Es- foreign literary works or lit- all are bronze. says and Studies in Letters and erary theoretical works, to sup- ldeas. port his theory that Chinese and Bronze swords, arlorvheads foreign literatures are surpris- Two major areas of study can and other weapons, unearthed ingly harmonious and compa- be roughly delineated the from their burial piace five to tible. A character ftt Strange study of influences and- the metres underground after Tales of Liao Zhar. written by six study of parallels. The former 2,100 years are still polished. Pu Songling (1640-1715), a examines causal relations be- bronze sw-ords young girl named Qing Mei, is sharp. The tween writings, the source and can cut through 19 pieces of described as "apt at serving direction of particular literary newsprint one Some others, able to listen with her at stroke. instance, his elements. For in eyes and speak with her eYe- arrowheads, comprising most of article Foreign Dramas in the 10,000 pieces, are without brows," whereas in Troi.lus and, 1980, Mao Dun China written in Cressida by William Shakes- any trace of corrosion, how systematically described peare (1564-1616), the heroine is The state of Qin had abundant Japanese plays of the new referred to with the words, school influenced the emer- resources of copper ore. Some "There's language in her eYe, modern of the swords were cast in gence of China's her cheek, her lip; NaY her foot 1907 its develop bronze with a rather low per- drama in and speaks." centage of tin for strength and ment. By studying common then overlaid in bronze with a trends, scholars of this discipline In the Historg of the Later fairly high percentage of tin so search for evidence of influences Han Dynasty, General Ma Wu that the blade could be honed among different literature. For (?-61) was quoted as saying: "It sharp. Qin swords were long, instance, the Yuan Dynasty is hard- to collect the water thin and narrow. Srvords, (1271-1368) masterpiece of spilt," whereas the Old Testa- spears and axes were carefully poetic drama Orphan of the ment said: "As water sPilt uPon proportioned and skilfully House oJ Zhao aroused great in- the ground which cannot be crafted. terests among European schol- gathered up again." ars in the 18th century after it Li He, a poet of Tang Dynasty had been translated by the Je- The 2,000-year-old Book oJ suit missionary father Pr6maire, Songs described love affairs

March 22, 1982 29 as "It i.s hard to go upwards to sorrow," whereas Persy Bysshe and German Literature by Chen meet the girl standing on the Sheliey (1792-1822) said in his Quan. both in the 30s. other bank, for the rciad is iong A DeJence of Poetrg: "The and full of obstacles." whereas melancholy. is inseparable In the 40s, Zhu Guangqian Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) from the sweetest melody." published On Poetrg, in which said in The Dit:ine Corrtedy : he applied Western aesthetics "She smiled from the river's In i930, the Chinese translator and literary psychology to the right bank: three step.s away Fu Donghua rendered the study of Chinese poetry. Yang made it seem so distant." French scholar Ered6rie Loliee's Xianyi published Miscellaneous book Histoire des Literatures Jottings on Literature, in which The st be seen?" The parallel." tive literature in China is being spinnc.r replies. "The thrcad is conducted in an organized way extremely fine. It shows how Basing his views on the rise rather than by individuals skiiful I am. Even I cannot see and fall of some other countries, working alone as in the past. In it, how can others?" in 1907 Lu Xun wrote On the February last year. a compara- Demoni,ac Poets, one of the tive literature research society Zhuang Zhorr (c. 369-286 B.C.) greatest works of early com- was set up in Beijing University said in his Zhuangzi that parative literature, in which he which publishes two magazines, the soul flerv to the sky like a expoun'ded the common laws the Bulletin of the Socdety and butterfly. rvhereas Dante said: governing literary development Series of the Society. One of "Don't you see that we are and urged China "to seek new its series, Translation of Works worms born in order to become voices from other countries." of Comparatiue Literature has angelic butterflies." They lived just come off the press. fa.r apart and at different times. During the May 4th Move- It is impo.ssible that they could ment in 1919, China absorbed a Guan Jian have plagiarized each other. great deal of the West's advanc- - Qian believes that the study of ed scholarship, thus pushing its anthropology has suggested that study of comparative literature the similarity of life patterns in to a new height. For instance, early human society inevitably Guo l\lloruo published On Chi- left. similar imprints on th.e nese and German Literature in spirit of every nationality. 1923 and Xu Dishan Sanskrit Plays in China in 1925, which Chinese scholars also conduct were followed by the publica- their studles from the angle of tion of a series of valuable arti- p.sychological characteristics cles and works dealing with the common tr-r all nationalities. influences of Chinese literature Wang Bao (c. 513-576) said in on that of Europe, such as Chi- his Pro.se Poent on the Bamboo nese Drannas in Britain in the Flute : "Thosc. r,vh<; are ',veil lTth and 78th Centuries by Fan versecl in melody kn<>w its Cunzhong and Studg on Chinese

30 Beiji,ng Reuieut, No. 12 ART PAGB Charm of the Vest Lake - Papercuts by Song Shenglin

"Whilst there is paradise in the heaven, on the earth we have Suzhou and Hangzhou." Ttris is a Chinese proverb in praise of the picturesque scen- ery of Hangzhou on the shore of the \trest Lake. All year round throngs of tourists fill this city. Artists never lose a chancr to recapture its beauty. These papercuts here give a glimpse of Hangzhou's legen- dary lake-side landscape. Song Shenglin is a local pri- mary school teacher. He does papercutting as a hobby. AL ,f E tE* i fr t,, *

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