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June 2019 Volume 2 Number 3 June 2019 (214-223) Volume 2 Number 3 Welcome to subscribe Global Energy Interconnection

Journal of Global Energy Interconnection DOI: 10.14171/j.2096-5117.gei.2019.03.003 Global Energy Interconnection Global Energy Interconnection

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Research progress on integrated solar system for freshwater production

1 1 1 1 1 1 Lu Zuo , Ling Ding , Yue Yuan , Zihan Liu , Ning Qu , Pengzhan Dai 1. College of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, P.R.China

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Abstract: Under dual crisis of energy and freshwater, solar chimney technology has been widely applied in freshwater production in recent years. According to different access to freshwater, the research progress of the coupling of solar chimney with other technologies such as solar desalination technology, humidification and humidification desalination technology, as well as integrated systems that obtain freshwater output from ambient air were summarized respectively. The integrated solar chimney system can realize multi-target production of electricity and freshwater, and improve the comprehensive utilization of , which provides new possibility for the site selection and small-scale construction of solar chimney power plant in the future. It has certain practical significance and is conducive to the promotion and application of solar chimney technology.

Keywords: Solar chimney, Desalination, Multi-target, Freshwater output.

1 Introduction the density is decreased, and thus there will form a density difference inside and outside the system. A strong updraft Solar chimney power generation technology is one of is created by the chimney effect, which drives the turbine the feasible ways to realize large-scale development and at the bottom of the chimney to rotate and eventually utilization of solar energy, which is mainly composed of obtain electricity output. The concept of solar chimney collector, chimney and turbine. The heat storage layer under power technology was first proposed by Cabanyes [1] in the collector absorbs the solar radiation, then in turn heats 1903. Then Schlaich [2] put forward that solar chimney the air flowing inside the collector. As air temperature rises, technology could be applied to a power station on large scale, that is, a solar chimney power plant (SCPP). In 1981, the world’s first SCPP was launched in Manzanares under Received: 12 March 2019/ Accepted: 15 March 2019/ Published: 25 June the joint cooperation of Germany and Spain, of which 2019 the chimney is 194.6 m high, the chimney diameter is

Lu Zuo Zihan Liu 10.3 m, the radius of the collector is 122 m with inlet and [email protected] [email protected] outlet height of 2 m and 8 m, respectively [3, 4]. The plant Ling Ding Ning Qu operated safely for approximately 15,000 hours, which [email protected] [email protected] verified the technological feasibility of this concept. Yue Yuan Pengzhan Dai The structure of SCPP is simple and easy to implement, [email protected] [email protected]

2096-5117/© 2019 Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).

214 Lu Zuo et al. Research progress on integrated solar chimney system for freshwater production and can absorb both direct and diffuse solar radiation. 2 Combined with conventional solar still It’s vividly that the entire power generation process is environmentally friendly. However, the solar energy 2.1 Open-type solar still utilization rate of solo SCPP is very low, and is greatly affected by the weather, which make the power output With an open seawater pool directly placed under fluctuate obviously, resulting in the relatively lower the collector, Wang [5-7] proposed three integrated solar competitive compared with other solar thermal power chimney systems for power generation and seawater generation forms with regard to the large-scale engineering desalination. As is shown in Fig.1, the three systems are applications. Therefore, researchers tend to pay more namely direct condensation hydropower integrated system attention to the coupling of solar chimney power generation (a) and indirect condensation integrated system technology with other technologies to achieve multi- (b) and the indirect condensation hydropower integrated objective production and so as to improve the system system (c). when seawater is heated, the evaporated vapor efficiency, such as photovoltaic or wind power generation, would mix with incoming dry air to form the hot humid solar dryer, ventilation and seawater desalination. airflow, which then rapidly flowing upward due to the In recent years, the shortage of freshwater has attracted pressure difference between inside and outside the system. the attention of all over the world. Desalination is one of In the direct condensation system, the vapor would directly the most common methods of obtaining large quantities get condensed at certain height inside the chimney. At this of freshwater, but that process often requires high energy time, the gravitational potential energy of condensed water consumption. At present, the desalination system driven would convert into kinetic energy to drive the hydroturbine by in an environmentally friendly way installed at the bottom of the chimney to rotate. The indirect has been widely concerned by the society as an innovative condensation system is to add heat exchange tube bundles method. Based on the flow characteristics and the large-size at the base or top of the chimney to transfer heat through area of SCPP, scholars have continuously proposed new the partition wall surface. The heat generated during the integrated systems for obtaining freshwater outputs using condensation process can be used to heat the air to improve solar chimney technology. the system pressure difference, and thus results a larger Since there is no detailed summary of the application power generation. They also compared the two methods progress of integrated solar chimney systems for obtaining of condensation through experiment in [13], and pointed freshwater output, this paper aims to classify related out that the indirect condensation system could achieve researches from the perspective of freshwater acquisition twice freshwater yield of direct one, which also verified the methods, detailly introduces the coupling of solar chimney technical feasibility of the system. As for the condensation technology with solar distillation technology, humidification system, they established the model of the condensate and dehumidification distillation technology respectively. collection rate through theoretical analysis, and made a Research advances in obtaining freshwater from the preliminary design for the condenser. surrounding atmospheric environment are also involved. Based on this, Zhou et al. [8] considered two methods

High-efficiency Condenser condenser Cold air Cold air Chimney

Chimney Chimney Turbine hydroturbine Hot dry Collector Hydroturbine Collector Collector air Saturated air Cold air Cold · air

Seawater Condenser Cold air Seawater

abc

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of integrated systems by Wang [5-7]

215 Global Energy Interconnection Vol. 2 No. 3 Jun. 2019 of power generation at the same time, with wind turbine supercharging solar chimney power plant combined with and hydroturbine installed in the base inside and outside seawater desalination by indirect condensation freshwater the chimney, respectively, and proposed a combined production (WSSCPPSDIC), as shown in Fig. 3. When the solar chimney system for power generation and seawater seawater layer is heated and evaporated, a large amount of desalination (CSCSPD), the structure of which is shown in water vapor enters the upper space of the collector, and the Fig. 2. They established the mathematical model to predict moist air flows to the center of the collector under the action the system performance parameters such as power, payback of buoyancy and chimney effect and forms saturated moist period and feasibility, and carried out a comparative and hot air flow. Then as it flows through the condenser, study. It is pointed out that although the airflow velocity, the saturated airflow would get condensed into liquid temperature rise and wind or hydraulic power generated by water on the outer surface of the condenser tube bundle. the integrated system CSCSPD are smaller than the SCPP The condensation heat is expected to preheat the seawater of the same size, for systems with chimney height less than flowing into the distillation tank inside the tube bundle. 445 m, the CSCSPD is more cost-effective if the water The characteristics of WSSCPPSDIC flow field were production benefit is taken into consideration. studied by three-dimensional numerical simulation, and the Considering the transition section structure, Zuo et considerable freshwater yield was obtained. al. [9] specially designed a condenser and proposed wind Similarly, in Kiwan et al. [10], the open-type seawater pool is also adopted, while the humid air would directly get condensed on the inner wall of the chimney, which can obtain freshwater without special condenser equipment, as shown in Fig. 4. The area under the collector is composed High-efficiency condenser of ordinary heat storage layer of the outer ring and open seawater desalination area of the inner ring. The surrounding Cool and dry air enters the collector and is firstly heated, and then carries ambient air the water vapor when flowing through the sea pool area to form a hot and humid air stream. Heat exchange between Chimney humid airflow and the outside air occurs as it flows inside the chimney and then get condensed into freshwater on the inner surface of the chimney. The mathematical model was also established for the system, and the influence of Air turbines Water generator various parameters on the system performance were also Collector explored. It is pointed out that the comprehensive utilization Cool and dry ambient air rate of solar energy can be increased by more than 100 times compared with the traditional SCPP. In addition, each Seawater seawater desalination area has its corresponding optimal Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of CSCSPD [8] water depth.

Ventilator blade

H-vertical axis wind wheel blade

Low friction aloft wind Chimney

Condensed water

Pump Support Main pipe Chimney Seawater bundle Solar radiation Hot air Freshwater collector Collecting pipe Distributary pipe Turbine Collector Regulating valve Turbine

Collector Vapor Water Dry cold air Fresh water tank Base Diversion cone Seawater layer Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of Solar chimney power-water Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of WSSCPPSDIC [9] distillation plant [10]

216 Lu Zuo et al. Research progress on integrated solar chimney system for freshwater production

resulting in a lower power generation. For that reason, 2.2 Closed-type solar still Zuo et al. [17] installed a special designed wind pressure Disc solar still is one of the earliest traditional solar ventilator at the top of the chimney, and proposed wind distillation units. With the still roof closed, the water vapor supercharged solar chimney power plant combined with in the still could not contact with the ambient air, which also seawater desalination (WSSCPPCSD), which is shown be called the -type solar still. in Fig. 6. The ventilator blades are directly coupled to the With rings of closed disc solar still placed under the conventional vertical axis wind wheel blades to achieve collector, Zuo et al. [11] proposed a solar chimney power the purpose of rotating the ventilator blades simultaneously plant combined with seawater desalination (SCPPCSD). As while the wind wheel is driven to rotate by high altitude is shown in Fig. 5, the glass cover is used to separate the wind. The wind pressure ventilator is verified could seawater and the hot airflow in the collector, and to realize generate certain negative pressure on the top of the chimney between seawater and the airflow. Thus the through unsteady numerical simulation, resulting a higher released from the condensation of water vapor on pressure difference between inside and outside the system, the inner surface of glass cover can also be used to heat the and the power generation and freshwater production are airflow in the collector. Zuo [12] established a small-scale greatly improved. In Zuo et al. [18], they also discussed experimental model and conducted experimental research the effect of different structural parameters on the system to verify the scientificity and feasibility of this concept. performance. In addition, the unsteady energy transfer process was also With the area partially occupied by conventional analyzed, and the mathematical model of SCPPCSD was heat storage, Asayesh et al. [19] used the particle swarm established [13]. The system heat and mass transfer and optimization algorithm to optimize the system of Zuo flow characteristic under no-load condition were studied et al. [11]. In other words, the bottom of the collector is in Zuo et al. [14-16], the effects of structural parameters of only partially desalinated, and the rest is still the common collector and the operating parameters of solar still on the thermal storage layer. They verified the rationality of the system performance were also investigated. This structure algorithm through experiments, and calculated the optimal realizes the dual output of the freshwater output and seawater desalination range of the solar chimney with a electricity production, and the comprehensive utilization diameter of 250 m and a chimney height of 200 m from an rate of solar energy is greatly improved. economic perspective, which is between 85-125 m outward of the central axis of chimney.

Ventilator blade

H-vertical axis wind wheel blade

Wind supercharging system Solar chimney Low friction aloft wind

Supporting plate

Turbine Collector Chimney Glass cover Freshwater Collector Collector collecting trough Cold air Cold air Hot air

Freshwater Salt water Seawater Energy storage layer Seawater layer Insulation layer Bottom tank Wind turbine Collector Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of SCPPCSD [11] Cold air Freshwater Salt water Seawater In fact, the pressure difference between internal and Fig. 6 Schematic diagram of WSSCPPCSD [17] external airflow of SCPPCSD has not been improved. At the same time, due to part of energy taken away by the condensed freshwater, the temperature of the airflow in the 2.3 Integrated with solar pond collector is slightly decreased, which further reduces the Akbarzadeh et al. [20] analyzed the power generation pressure difference between inside and outside the system, capacity of SCPP combined with the salinity gradient solar

217 Global Energy Interconnection Vol. 2 No. 3 Jun. 2019 pond in the salt-affected areas, as shown in Fig. 7. The heat stored in the bottom of the solar pool is used to heat the air inside the chimney, which act as a collector. The salt hot water is pumped to a certain height in the tower, and then being sprayed to heat the incoming cold air, and the cold Air Turbine Air Turbine Spray brine would be collected at the bottom tank to flow back Nozzles Indirect Contact to the solar pond for recycling. The plant has the ability to Heat Exchanger generate intermittent power at any time. With a solar pond Pump area 10% larger than the Manzanares SCPP, such system Solar Pond Left over Pump can generate 60 kW of electricity. The research results water indicate that the water loss of the direct contact integrated system is large, and it is only suggested for systems that Low Salinity make-up water also seek freshwater output, in which extra condensing Fig. 7 Schematic diagram of combing solar chimney with equipment is needed. solar pond [20] Assem [21] proposed a hydro solar-pond-chimney power scheme. The bottom of artificial solar pond is seawater, and the top is reused water. Power output, which Cooling lower SCPP includes hydropower from seawater and reused water and power generated by wind turbine in solar chimney, is expected to reach 480 MW. The air flowing over the lake is Tunnel saturated with water vapor at 30 ℃ temperature, heat from the bottom of solar pond is extracted to heat the saturated Sea air on the pond surface, and conveys it into the bottom of Reused water the chimney. The air then rises up under the influence of the Seawater chimney effect, and reaches saturation again in the surface hydroturbine level with a lower temperature. It is then transferred to to obtain freshwater output. Fig. 8 Schematic diagram of solar-pond-chimney system [21] Zhang et al. [29] proposed an integrated solar chimney system coupled with air-source . Seawater pool under the chimney absorbs solar radiation and naturally forms layers of different concentration from top to bottom, thus to some extent could act as a solar pond to storage Wind turbine heat and to obtain freshwater by direct desalination. Under Collector Dry air the chimney effect, the airflow velocity on pool surface Throttle valve is increased, which then accelerates the evaporation of Freshwater seawater. The absorbs the heat released by Tank Water collecting trough Cold air saturated water vapor inside the collector as the air flows through the evaporator of the air-source heat pump, and Condenser Seawater replenis hing then vapor gets condensed into water on the outer surface entrance of evaporator, which would finally be collected in the Fig. 9 Schematic diagram of solar chimney combined with freshwater tank. In addition, heat of the refrigerant released air-source heat pump [22] by the condenser can heat the seawater to further increase the air temperature inside the collector. The updraft dry airflow then pushes the turbine at the bottom of the chimney 3 Combined with - to spin, which then generates power by generator and process partly provides the electricity consumed in air-source heat pump, enabling self-sufficiency. Besides, high-temperature Niroomand et al. [23] equipped the SCPP with concentrated brine in the bottom of the pool also can be humidifier and dehumidifier installed at the entrance of the used to generate electricity by means of solar pond power collector, and proposed a new integrated system. As shown generation system when it is on a large scale. in Fig. 10, interphase heat transfer occurs between the

218 Lu Zuo et al. Research progress on integrated solar chimney system for freshwater production

performance can be greatly improved by increasing the water flow, temperature and the number of dehumidifier Chimney tubes. However, increased freshwater production will lead to reduced power generation. Kabeel et al. [24] proposed an improved system, which both solar still and HDH were involved, as shown in Fig. Turbine 11. The system mainly consists of solar distillation tank, Collector Dehumidifier humidifier, dehumidifier and solar air-water heater. The Warm water Humidifier desalination process involves two cycles of water and air, respectively. Firstly, water is pumped to the solar water heater tubes for preheating, and then the water drops fall back to the Discharge Condensed water outlet bottom of the distillation tank through the spraying device. Fig. 10 Schematic diagram of solar chimney combined with During the air cycle, the ambient air is fed by the blower and HD process [23] heated by the solar-air heater. As hot air flows to the entrance of the chimney, it directly direct contact with the falling water warm droplets and dry air flowing through the humidifier, droplets to form the moist and hot air flow. Then the moist resulting in the hot and humid air flow, of which most water air flows upward toward the dehumidifier under the chimney vapor then gets condensed on the outer surface of heat effect, and the vapor gets condensed in the dehumidifier, the exchanger bundle as it flows through the dehumidifier. The dry air eventually flows out into the environment. In addition, dry air continues to flow through the system, and drive the there exists part of the seawater evaporates in the bottom solar turbine to rotate. For this system, there is no need to build distillation tank, and the water vapor rises and gets condensed large distillation tanks, and the land under the collector on the inner surface of the glass cover. By setting up a small- can still be used for farming. This type structure is suitable scale experimental device, the variation characteristics of for offshore areas or areas that near power stations which system performance and output under different operating discharge warm water. They made calculation about conditions were studied, and economic analysis was made. the main performance parameters of the system through The results showed that the output of freshwater increases theoretical analysis, and the influences of temperature, with the increase of water temperature and air mass flow rate. flow rate of inlet water in humidifier and dehumidifier In general, the system overall efficiency varies between 21% tube number were also studied. The comprehensive system and 39%.

Solar chimney ai r rm d wa

mi Glass cover Dehumidifier Hu Fresh water Cooling water inlet collector Glass cover Cooling water outlet Hot water sprayer Dry air outlet

Metal absorber Solar water PCM heat storage table heat tubes

Bleeding air From atmosphere Pump

Fig. 11 Schematic diagram of SS-HDH [24]

219 Global Energy Interconnection Vol. 2 No. 3 Jun. 2019

4 Freshwater harvest from atmosphere temperature, condensation begins, and the water is thrown out under the action of centrifugal force and collected on the chimney inner side. In addition, the heat released during 4.1 Solar cyclone the condensation process can further improve the system According to the hurricane principle, Kashiwa et al. pumping force. Based on the theoretical model established [25] proposed a solar chimney system coupled with cyclone for this system, the system power generation and freshwater separator to separate freshwater from ambient air, as shown output are calculated. The coupling system with a height in Fig. 12. The air flows into the collector and is heated of 500 m and a radius of 42 m can produce about 2 million in the radial flow process. After flowing through the swirl tons of freshwater and 3 MW power generation per year, blades, the hot airflow is equipped with certain rotational and the system output increases exponentially with the velocity component. As the hot air approaching the bottom chimney height. of the chimney, the rotational velocity component and radial 4.2 Aerological accelerator velocity component are increasing. According to the law of conservation of energy, the temperature, pressure and Ming et al. [26] proposed an improved solar chimney density of the gas are decreasing and reaching the minimum power station based on the high-altitude weather accelerator value in the contraction section. When the mixed hot air system (AeAc), as shown in Fig. 13. The plant uses black flows through the expansion cyclone separator, once the pipes filled with water instead of collector to heat the water average temperature of the hot air falls below the dew point and air, which can not only realize power generation but

Warm “Dried”Ai r Chimney Entrance

Swirl Vanes

Diffuser Baffle

Centrifuged water & air

Snorkel Pipe

Top View Liquid pool

Fresh water Greenhouse air

Entrance

Turbine Generator Swirl Vanes Fig. 12 Schematic diagram of solar chimney combined with expansion cyclone separator [25]

Solid porous surface

Liquid water inlet Chimney Condensation level Condensed level Wind turbine Hydroturbine Liquid water outlet

Power production

Hot and Humid air

Water Production

Black pipes

Fig. 13 Schematic diagram of solar chimney technology combined with AeAc [26]

220 Lu Zuo et al. Research progress on integrated solar chimney system for freshwater production also harvest freshwater from the air. The device provides a easily. This process partially replicates the natural new idea for SCPP in humid areas. The moist air is of warm humid air, which can realize recovery of liquid water first heated by the black-painted pipe at the bottom to form from the chimney internal heat flow, and greatly reduces the the moist and hot airflow, which then flows upward to push chimney size, leading to a lower construction investment. the turbine to rotate due to the density difference between The three-dimensional numerical simulation was carried out inside and outside the system. During the rising process, by Ansys Fluent, and the relationships between the flow field the airflow temperature drops continuously and the relative distribution, the relative of the updraft, the mass humidity increases, and the condensation begins when the flow rate, the desalination efficiency and the spray quantity relative humidity reaches 100%. To facilitate condensation, were analyzed. The results show that the temperature of the a porous surface is also settled at the condensation height. hot airflow would inevitably decrease after being humidified, Then the condensed water moves down along the outside resulting in the reduction of internal and external pressure wall of the chimney to drive the hydroturbine to generate difference of the system, which will slightly weaken the electricity. The effects of inlet air temperature, relative pumping force and flow performance. Under the condition humidity, turbine pressure drop factor and chimney height of constant external environment, the greater the amount of on inlet velocity, condensation height, system output and spraying, the larger the yield and efficiency of freshwater efficiency were studied by establishing the one-dimensional output, and the greater the influence on the microclimate of compressible flow and heat transfer mathematical model. the surrounding local environment. The results show that the higher the chimney, the more easily the condensation condition can be achieved. Under 5 Conclusion certain conditions, the higher the freshwater yield can be obtained by raising the height, and the power generated by In this paper, a comprehensive review of the hydroturbine will be greatly increased. The power generated research progress of integrated solar chimney system for by wind turbine is mainly affected by the temperature of the simultaneous power generation and freshwater output is air at the chimney inlet. presented. On the one hand, the flow characteristics of the solar chimney can be used to accelerate the evaporation 4.3 Hot water-sprayer system and condensation of water, on the other hand, the flow in Recently, Ming et al. [27] replaced bottom turbine with the system can absorb heat released during condensation seawater sprayer system to obtain freshwater, as shown to improve the pumping force of solar chimney. At the in Fig. 14. The water is sprayed into the chimney to add same time, water can act as a good thermal storage layer moisture to the heat flow, and the evaporation of water to balance the power output of the system and reduce the droplets further increases the relative humidity of airflow, impact of dynamic environmental conditions on the system. therefore the condensation condition can be reached more In the further exploration, more attention should be paid to the optimization the layout design from the perspective of system performance and economy, reducing the size and creating conditions for easier condensation. In addition, it has not been explored whether the systems of hot-humid air flowing and condensing inside the chimney will affect the performance of turbine blades. Solar radiation

Chimney Acknowledgements

This research is financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFB0900103).

Seawater sprayed

Collector References

[1] Cabanyes I. Las chimeneassolares (Solar chimneys) La Fig. 14 Schematic diagram of solar chimney combined with ernergíaeléctrica 1903 water-sprayer system [27] [2] Schlaich J, Mayer G, Haff W(1980) Aufwindkraftwerke-die

221 Global Energy Interconnection Vol. 2 No. 3 Jun. 2019

demonstration sanlage in Manzanares, Spanien. Proceedings Management, Vol.176, pp:372-383 of the National Conference on Power Transmission, Hamburg, [19] Asayesh M, Kasaeian A, Ataei A (2017) Optimization of a Germany, pp:97-112 combined solar chimney for desalination and power generation. [3] Haaf W, Friedrich K, Mayr G, et al(1983) Solar chimneys Part I: Energy Conversion & Management Vol.150, pp: 72-80 Principle and construction of the pilot plant in Manzanares. Int. J. [20] Akbarzadeh A, Johnson P, Singh R (2009) Examining potential Solar Energy, Vol.2, pp: 3-20 benefits of combining a chimney with a salinity gradient solar [4] Haaf W(1984) Solar chimneys: Part II: Preliminary test results pond for production of power in salt affected areas. Solar Energy, from the Manzanares pilot plant. Int. J. Solar Energy, Vol.2, Vol.83, pp:1345-1359 pp:141-161 [21] Assem A (2014) Hydro and solar-pond-chimney power scheme [5] Wang Y, Wang J, Zhu L, et al(2006) The study of sea for Qattara Depression, Egypt. International Journal of Water desalination and hot wind electric power integrated system by Resources & Environmental Engineering, Vol.6, pp:12-18 solar chimney. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, Vol.27, pp:731-736 [22] Zhang H, Deng B (2014) Based on the solar chimney power (In Chinese) generation and desalination air heat pump system technology [6] Wang Y, Fang Z, Zhu L et al (2006) Study on the integrated research. and , Vol.28, pp:447-450 utilization of seawater by solar chimney. Acta Energiae Solaris (In Chinese) Sinica, Vol.27, pp:382-387 (In Chinese) [23] Niroomand N, Amidpour M (2013) New combination of solar [7] Zhu L, Wang J, Wang Y et al (2006) Seawater Desalination and chimney for power generation and seawater desalination. Waterpower Integrated System with Solar Chimney. Journal of Desalination & Water Treatment, Vol.51, pp:7401-7411 Tianjin University, Vol.39, pp:575-580 (In Chinese) [24] Kabeel AE, El-Said EMS (2018) Experimental study on a [8] Zhou X, Xiao B, Liu W et al (2010) Comparison of classical modified driven hybrid desalination system. solar chimney power system and combined solar chimney system Desalination, Vol.443, pp:1-10 for power generation and seawater desalination. Desalination [25] Kashiwa BA, Kashiwa CB (2008) The solar cyclone: A solar Vol.250, pp:249-256 chimney for harvesting atmospheric water. Energy, Vol.33, [9] Zuo L, Liu Z, Zhou X et al (2019) Preliminary Study of Wind pp:331-339 Supercharged Solar Chimney Power Plant Combined with [26] Ming T, Gong T, de Richter RK et al (2017) A moist air Seawater Desalination by Indirect Condensation Freshwater Production. Desalination, Vol.455, pp:79-88 condensing device for sustainable energy production and water [10] Kiwan S, AI-Nimr M, Abdel Salam QI (2018) Solar chimney generation. Energy Conversion & Management, Vol.138, 638- power-water distillation plant (SCPWDP) Desalination Vol.445, 650 pp:105-114 [27] Ming T, Gong T, de Richter RK et al (2017) Numerical analysis [11] Zuo L, Zheng Y, Li Z et al (2011) Solar chimneys integrated with of seawater desalination based on a solar chimney power plant. seawater desalination. Desalination, Vol.276, pp:207-13 Applied Energy, Vol.208, pp:1258-1273 [12] Zuo L, Yuan Y, Li Z, et al (2012) Experimental research on solar chimneys integrated with seawater desalination under practical Biographies weather condition. Desalination, Vol.298, pp:22-33 [13] Zuo L, Zheng Y, Sha Y et al (2010) Unsteady state heat transfer Lu Zuo received the bachelor and master of solar chimney power generation system associated with degrees in Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, seawater desalination. In: Proceedings of the Csee, Vol.30, China, in 1987 and 1990, respectively, and the pp:108-114 Ph.D. degree from Hohai University, Nanjing, [14] Zuo L, Yuan Y, Li Z et al (2012) Numerical analysis of flow heat China, in 2010. She is working in Hohai transfer characteristics in solar chimneys integrated with seawater University. Her research interests include desalination. In: IET Conference Publications pp:1-7 renewable energy utilization, comprehensive [15] Zuo L, Yuan Y, Li Z et al (2012) The influence of heat collector reaserch of renewable energy and seawater structural parameters on the solar chimneys integrated with desalination, integrated research of renewable energy and building. seawater desalination. In: IET Conference Publications, pp: 1-7 [16] Zuo L, Zheng Y, Li Z et al (2012) The influence of chimney structural parameters on the solar chimneys integrated with Ling Ding received bachelor degree at Hohai seawater desalination. IET Conference Publications, pp:1-5 University, Nanjing, China, in 2017. She [17] Zuo L, Ding L, Chen J et al (2018) Comprehensive study of wind is working towards master degree at Hohai supercharged solar chimney power plant combined with seawater University, China. Her research interests desalination. Solar Energy, Vol.166, pp:59-70 include renewable energy utilization, [18] Zuo L, Ding L, Chen J et al (2018) The effect of different comprehensive application of renewable structural parameters on wind supercharged solar chimney power energy and seawater desalination. plant combined with seawater desalination. Energy Conversion &

222 Lu Zuo et al. Research progress on integrated solar chimney system for freshwater production

Yue Yuan received the bachelor and master Ning Qu received bachelor degree at Hohai degrees in Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, University, Nanjing, China, 2018. She is China, in 1987 and 1990, respectively, and working towards master degree at Hohai the Ph.D. degree from Hiroshima University, University, China. Her research interests Hiroshima, Japan, in 2002.He is working in include renewable energy utilization, Hohai University as a Professor. His recent comprehensive application of renewable research interests include power system energy and seawater desalination. operations and control, renewable energy and distributed generation, smart grid and micro grid.

Zihan Liu received bachelor degree at Hohai Pengzhan Dai is working towards bachelor University, Nanjing, China, in 2017. He is degree at Hohai University, China. His working towards master degree at Hohai research interests include renewable energy University, China. His research interests utilization, comprehensive application of include renewable energy utilization, renewable energy and seawater desalination. comprehensive application of renewable (Editor Chenyang Liu) energy and seawater desalination.

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