Science for Conservation ZSL Institute of Zoology Review 2012/13 science for conservation ZSL Institute of Zoology Review 2012/13 IoZ Research Strategy

We run a programme of meetings Our aim Our activities and publications: To undertake and promote relevant HEFCE-funded programme • Journal of Zoology and high-quality zoological and conservation Animal Conservation research, to help ZSL achieve its conservation We undertake research and research training • Annual programme of evening objectives, and to inform and influence in the following themes: science and conservation events conservation policy. • Biodiversity and Macroecology • Biannual international symposia on • Behavioural and Population Ecology topical themes in conservation biology • Technical publications to support • Evolution and Molecular Ecology best practice in zoos (International Zoo Our objectives • Wildlife Epidemiology Yearbook) and in field conservation 1. Encouraging and rewarding excellence in (Conservation Reports) the performance and communication of We provide education through MSc • Conservation Science and Practice book science, conservation and animal husbandry and PhD programmes series published with Wiley-Blackwell 2. Attracting and engaging a diverse range of people and organisations in the science of Science Plan With University College London zoology and conservation – from students The major topics: We maintain and develop research links with to leaders in their field • Biodiversity patterns and processes genetics, evolution and environment, and How can we explain and model biological other relevant departments, notably the Centre 3. Using our unique convening role as a diversity at a range of spatial, temporal and for Biodiversity and Environmental Research. leading learned society to foster and achieve biological scales? We aim to maximise the opportunities for international excellence in science relevant • People and the environment in a shared graduate training at masters and to our core conservation priorities changing world doctoral level. How can we manage wild species and 4. Managing and developing a relevant and habitats sustainably alongside human We contribute to London-wide activities in useful body of zoological knowledge population growth and development? ecology and evolution through membership 5. Providing policy makers, conservationists of the Centre for Ecology and Evolution. and the general public with the information With the rest of the Zoological Society needed to make informed decisions on of London With institutions in London We respond to research questions We maintain and develop research links with conservation issues and contribute to ZSL’s academic bodies, especially the Centre for 6. Raising the profile of conservation issues Conservation Programmes: Ecology and Evolution. We run MSc courses and priorities, and ensuring they are well • Conservation Breeding and in wild animal health and wild animal biology represented at policy level and in the media Reintroduction; EDGE; Indicators with the Royal Veterinary College and and Assessments; Marine and an MSc in conservation science. Freshwater; Wildlife Health • Africa; South and Central Asia; Our research is influenced by Southeast Asia; Mongolia; UK and Europe London-based conservation issues.

We respond to research questions Our programme of talks communicate and contribute to ZSL’s living science and conservation. animal collection: • Animal health and welfare research With other organisations • Reproductive monitoring We collaborate with most relevant outside bodies for our core research interests.

Our programme of talks communicate science and conservation.

2 ZSL conservation review 2013 ZSL ZOOLOGY review / welcome

Welcome The President and Director General of the Zoological Society of London introduce the Institute of Zoology Review 2012/2013.

The Zoological Society of London (ZSL) was founded I am proud to welcome you to IoZ’s annual review, in 1826, with one of its core aims being to promote in which you can read about some of our scientific the science of zoology. The kind of questions that highlights from the past year. this discipline addresses has changed out of all It is probably fair to say that most people who know recognition in the intervening 187 years. What the of ZSL know of it because of its world-famous zoos in founding fathers would have made of conservation London and Whipsnade. These attractions are fantastic genomics, macroecology or wildlife epidemiology shop windows for the work of the organisation, and is anyone’s guess, but I am sure they would be happy to see that ZSL many of the visitors to them leave knowing (and hopefully also caring) continues to be at the forefront of zoological research thanks to the more about the animals they share the planet with. scientists at its Institute of Zoology (IoZ). What many people don’t know is the incredible breadth of ways It is worth taking a moment to consider just how unusual a creature in which ZSL educates people about the natural world. A significant is IoZ. A world-class independent scientific research institute, part of a proportion of that comes from the work of the Institute. IoZ participates conservation charity but supported by funds from the UK government, in three MSc courses in conservation-related subjects in collaboration affiliated with one of the world’s top universities, based at a zoo in the with the Royal Veterinary College and Imperial College London, and centre of one of the world’s major cities, but with researchers away in this past year has started up an MRes course jointly with University studying animals from the tropics to the poles. It is truly a unique College London and the Natural History Museum. Around 60 students institution, and one of which ZSL is justly proud. take these courses each year. IoZ scientists currently co-supervise In the pages that follow, you can read about some of the ongoing almost 50 PhD students, while a further 10 PhD students are affiliated research projects being carried out by IoZ scientists. These span with IoZ, to the benefit of their research and ours. Many of these a wide range of topics, from the reasons for the extreme sexual masters and doctoral students are from overseas, helping to size dimorphism shown by the giant moa of New Zealand to the give ZSL a strong international profile. identification of zoonotic viruses in African fruit bats. They illustrate IoZ also has four staff dedicated to producing ZSL’s scientific why IoZ has the reputation it does within the scientific community, journals and to running ZSL’s programme of free scientific meetings and why it continues to attract so many high-quality students and for the general public, as well as our annual programme of international collaborators from around the world to work with its scientists. scientific symposia. All this means that ZSL is educating people The IoZ could not achieve so much without the support of its from their earliest visits as children through to their senior years. many partners, and most notably University College London, with I hope that you enjoy this review, and that in reading it you learn which we continue to develop our research interests. something new.

Professor Sir Patrick Bateson FRS Ralph Armond President, Zoological Society of London Director General, Zoological Society of London

ZSL zoology review 2012/13 3 ZSL zoology review / news Institute of Zoology news Over the past year, IoZ’s research has continued to improve our understanding of the natural world and address a wide range of conservation issues, while new staff, a new research theme and new laboratories will further advance our work.

People, Wildlife and Ecosystems This year, IoZ saw the introduction of a new research theme. The People, Wildlife and Ecosystems theme, headed by Sarah Durant (seated, right), will contribute to our understanding of humans as a component of ecosystems to develop solutions to ensure sustainable coexistence in the face of environmental change. Research in the theme will explore the processes that promote and impede human-wildlife coexistence, evaluate the contribution of ecosystem services to sustainable livelihoods, economies and society, and study the effects of policy and management interventions on conservation outcomes. Research under this theme will appear for the first time in next year’s Science for Conservation.

New Publications Ben Collen, Nathalie Pettorelli, Jonathan Baillie and Sarah Durant edited a new book in our Conservation Science and Practice series, co-published with Wiley- Blackwell. Biodiversity Monitoring and Conservation provides a multi-disciplinary perspective on the urgent need for information on biological systems for policy makers to meet global commitments to biodiversity conservation and respond to environmental change. October saw the publication of a themed issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B titled ‘Disease invasion: impacts on biodiversity and human health’. Articles in this issue, co-edited by Andrew Cunningham, focus on the extent to which wildlife pathogens threaten biodiversity and human health, the processes driving these disease threats, where future threats will arise, and how these might be mitigated.

Robin Freeman joins the IAU In July, Robin Freeman (above) joined IoZ as head of the Indicators and Assessments Unit (IAU). Previously a Research Fellow at UCL’s Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology (CoMPLEX), Robin has a background in software engineering, pattern recognition, machine learning, hardware development and web technology. He will combine ecological and behavioural research with computational techniques to further the research and delivery of population monitoring within the IAU.

4 ZSL ZOOLOGY review 2012/13 New IoZ Research Fellows Four IoZ Research Fellows were have significant welfare or appointed during the year: conservation implications, and New laboratories will Xavier Harrison (top left, above) wildlife population health. Becki put IoZ at the forefront joined us from Exeter University, also focuses on the epidemiology of genetic research where his research focused on of disease transmission between the genetic traits and ecological free-ranging wildlife, domestic processes that drive asymmetries animals and humans, and the Laboratory refurbishment in reproductive success among role that anthropogenic activity A major refurbishment of the second-floor laboratories in the individuals in wild populations. may have in influencing Nuffield Building is under way. Once completed, these new His current work at IoZ will these processes. laboratories will place IoZ at the cutting edge of DNA- and investigate the effect of variation Jon Bielby (bottom right, RNA-based research in advanced genetics and genomics. in vertebrate immunity genes – above) will research how extrinsic toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the factors – such as temperature, major histocompatibility complex resource availability and the a new MRes (MHC) – on key fitness traits such intensity of threatening processes This year we introduced a joint MRes in Biodiversity, as survival and reproduction in a – interact with intrinsic factors Evolution and Conservation in collaboration with University co-operatively breeding bird, the – such as species ecology, College London’s (UCL) Department of Genetics, Evolution white-browed sparrow weaver life-history and behaviour – to and Environment and the Natural History Museum. The (Plocepasser mahali). produce the patterns of species programme provides training in scientific approaches to Patricia Brekke (top right, mortality, decline and extinction studying and preserving biodiversity, and covers both basic above) will continue her studies that we observe in the natural research on the evolutionary and ecological processes that on the ecology, evolution and world. To address these issues, produced our present biodiversity, and applied research on conservation of reintroduced Jon will use data collected from how to preserve biodiversity in the future. species, particularly the scientific literature, field systems, evolutionary and genetic palaeontological records, and consequences of reintroduction of laboratory work, in several Staff moves wild bird populations. This research systems including amphibians, We have had to say goodbye to several key members of uses pedigrees (quantitative fungi and badgers. Jon will staff. In April, Ben Collen joined the Centre for Biodiversity genetics) and molecular tools to continue to work on projects that and Environmental Research at UCL. Since he was appointed understand the role of inbreeding, are relevant to science policy, head of ZSL’s Indicators and Assessments Unit in 2007, Ben genetic diversity loss and a species’ such as plans to cull badgers to contributed widely to our understanding of status and trends life-history traits on vulnerability address the spread of bovine in biodiversity with the development of the Living Planet to extinction. tuberculosis, and that help inform Index with WWF, the IUCN sampled approach to Red Listing Becki Lawson (bottom and implement ZSL’s applied and biodiversity indicators for the Convention on Biological left, above) will research the conservation – for example, Diversity. Seirian Sumner has joined the School of Biological effects of disease on free- with his work on the Sardinian Sciences at the University of Bristol, where she will continue ranging wildlife populations, brook salamander (Euproctus her research on social evolution and behaviour of insects. particularly where pathogens platycephalus).

ZSL ZOOLOGY review 2012/13 5 Introduction IoZ Director Professor Tim Blackburn reflects on how the scientific work of the Institute is advancing conservation and finding ways for humanity and wildlife to coexist.

I had wanted to visit South Africa’s Kruger National Park for as long as I could remember, so my first visit Impalas in the Kruger there in 2006 was the subject of huge anticipation. National Park The drive from Johannesburg took several hours, most of it through a countryside dominated by agriculture, until we finally arrived at the park border. A collection of small buildings and a barrier across the road breached a tall, heavy fence that ran as far as the eye could see in both directions. On one side, the landscape was low-cropped grassland and fields with a few goats and dogs. On the other, low thorny woodland and, within a few hundred metres, zebra, impalas and baboons. In terms of wildlife, Kruger certainly did not disappoint. It is a wonderful park, with a glorious diversity and abundance of birds and mammals (and I’m sure of plants, insects and herptiles as well). It has comfortable and scenic lodges, the road is as smooth as any urban street, and there’s that big, heavy fence to protect the animals. Or is it to protect the people from the animals? Either way, that big, heavy fence. I have many memories of that visit to Kruger, but one of the most abiding is the sharp delineation of the countryside marked by the fence. Driving through it was like entering the world’s largest safari sustainably with nature. This year, we have formally recognised this park – and in some ways, that is exactly what Kruger is. For me, that area of expertise with the introduction of our new research theme fence brought into sharp focus how the relationship between humans on People, Wildlife and Ecosystems. However, conservation science and the (rest of the) natural world has changed in the past century. relevant to human wellbeing is not limited to this theme. Our We have gone from a situation in which humans exist in a natural research on wildlife epidemiology includes studies of some of the landscape, to one in which nature exists in a human landscape. Nature wildlife reservoirs of potentially serious new diseases for humans. Our has always been precious, but as truly wild areas shrink in the face of research on the status and trends in biodiversity helps to identify areas the expansion of human populations and human endeavours, what is where humans are causing particular environmental damage, with left is becoming ever more so. In most parts of the world, we can no implications for the sustainability of livelihoods and economies. Indeed, longer simply fence off areas ‘for wildlife’ and expect nature to continue since people cannot live without the goods and services that nature to function, especially as so many other features of the environment provides – clean air, fresh water, fertile soils, medicinal compounds, change around us. Increasingly, we have to find ways for humans and climate regulation – and since the ultimate aim of our research is to wildlife to coexist within landscapes. As science is the best tool yet provide knowledge to help to conserve nature, it is fair to say that all of invented for solving problems and answering questions, increasingly our work benefits humanity just as much as it does nature. I would like these are the kinds of issues that the science of conservation is having to think that our research is helping us to move towards a world where to address. humans and wildlife can live sustainably together without the need for IoZ has a long history of high-impact research on questions of fences. If that is indeed the outcome then I, for one, will believe that we human-wildlife coexistence, and of how human societies can live have done our work well.

6 ZSL zoology review 2012/13 ZSL zoology review / research themes

Research themes Research at IoZ is organised into themes, and the following pages outline some of the recent work in each theme: 8 Biodiversity and Macroecology 10 Behavioural and Population Ecology 12 Evolution and Molecular Ecology 14 Wildlife Epidemiology

Our work also includes the development of indicators for biodiversity monitoring and provides the scientific basis for ZSL’s conservation programmes: 16 Indicators and Assessments Unit 18 Conservation Programmes

Further key objectives are to communicate our research outcomes to our collaborators, policy makers, conservationists and the public, and to train future scientists and conservation practitioners: 20 Communicating science 22 ZSL Scientific Awards 23 The ZSL Library 24 Education and training

IoZ’s research is advancing our understanding of wildlife populations, including chacma baboons in Namibia

ZSL conservation review 2013 7 ZSL ZOOLOGY review / research themes Biodiversity and Macroecology The Biodiversity and Macroecology research theme aims to describe patterns of diversity in the biology, ecology and distribution of animal species and their habitats at regional and global scales, and to test hypotheses about the evolutionary and ecological processes that may explain the origin and maintenance of this diversity. We also aim to work with practitioners to apply this knowledge in setting priorities for conservation action.

Below: now extinct, New The evolution of sexual dimorphism in Zealand’s female giant moa giant moa and other ratites could weigh up to 240kg. Opposite: the iBatsID tool Body size differences are often shown between male and female is making it easier to track birds. Males are typically larger, although some birds, notably ratites – species of European bats the largest modern birds, including ostriches, emus and cassowaries – show female-biased size differences.T his type of sexual size dimorphism, also called reversed sexual size dimorphism (RSD), was taken to the extreme by New Zealand’s recently extinct giant moa (Dinornis), where males weighed less than 100kg but females could weigh up to 240kg. There has been little consideration of the evolutionary mechanism that produced this massive level of dimorphism: was it the result of evolutionary adaptation, or just what might be expected for such a large bird that has smaller relatives also displaying RSD? Using male and female body mass data for extant ratites and the related tinamous, together with four extinct moa genera, we investigated whether giant moa were truly unusual with respect to RSD relative to other species using tests of phylogenetic dependence of body size evolution, and examined which sex was under greater pressure to change in size over evolutionary time. This research demonstrated that the extreme level of RSD exhibited by giant moa represents a straightforward consequence of positive scaling of overall body size, such that the level of sexual dimorphism seen in giant moa is no different from what we might expect based on wider evolutionary patterns across ratites. However, giant moa females have undergone more evolutionary change than males, and they also vary in body size in different environments: larger females in high-productivity environments are associated with greater differentiation, possibly driven by intraspecific competition and female-biased selection for increased offspring investment in a pre-human landscape that lacked mammalian predators.

Olson, VA and Turvey, ST (2013) The evolution of sexual dimorphism in New Zealand giant moa (Dinornis) and other ratites. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B – Biological Sciences 280 (1760). DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0401.

8 ZSL Zoology review 2012/13 Magnitude and variation of prehistoric bird extinctions in the Pacific

The largest extinction event in the Holocene recent advances in the Bayesian analysis of occurred on Pacific islands, where Late mark-recapture data to model gaps in the Quaternary fossils reveal the loss of thousands fossil record and to quantify losses of non- of bird populations following the first human passerine land birds on a sample of 41 Pacific colonisation of the region. However, the islands. These models suggest that around A continental-scale fossil record is incomplete, and its gaps mean two-thirds of Pacific bird species became tool for acoustic that considerable uncertainty surrounds the extinct soon after the first humans arrived, identification of magnitude and pattern of these extinctions. and that two-thirds of these extinct species European bats We can estimate the number of missing are missing from the fossil record. More species in the fossil record by seeing how species were lost from smaller, drier islands, Acoustic methods are used well fossils preserve bird species that survived probably because these suffered more habitat increasingly to survey and the arrival of people. If many extant species destruction and had fewer refuges from monitor bat populations. are missing from the fossil record, then many hunters. Flightless and large-bodied species However, the use of acoustic extinct species are likely to be missing, too. are the preferred targets of these hunters, and methods on a continental scale can be We can use the mismatch to estimate how were more likely to have become extinct. hampered by the lack of standardised and many. This is equivalent to the ‘mark-recapture’ Our results imply that around 1,300 bird objective methods to identify all species method for estimating animal population species were lost from all tropical Pacific islands recorded. This makes comparable continent- sizes. Nevertheless, further complications are following the arrival of the first humans.T his wide monitoring difficult, impeding added to the analysis because features of equates to the loss of around one in every progress towards developing biodiversity islands and species that affect the quality of 10 bird species that existed at the time. indicators, transboundary conservation the fossil record are also likely to have affected programmes and monitoring species how many species became extinct, and this Duncan, RP, Boyer, AG and Blackburn, TM (2013) Magnitude and variation of prehistoric bird extinctions in the Pacific. Proceedings distribution changes. may bias our estimates of extinction rate. We of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America We developed a continental-scale classifier dealt with these uncertainties by exploiting 110: 6436-6441. for acoustic identification of bats, which can be used throughout Europe to ensure Prehistoric Bird Extinctions Biogeographic region objective, consistent and comparable species The probability that a species of non-passerine land bird became extinct on each of 41 Pacific islands grouped by biogeographic region, with regions differentiated by colour. Melanesia identification.W e selected 1,350 full-spectrum The median predicted extinction rate for each island is shown as a filled square, along Micronesia with the 50% (thick horizontal lines) and 95% (thin horizontal lines) credible intervals. reference calls from a set of 15,858 calls of 34 West Polynesia Island European species, from EchoBank, a global East Polynesia Lifou Hawaii echolocation call library. We then assessed Toga Efate 24 call parameters to evaluate how well they Erromango Malakula distinguish between species, and used the 12 Grande Terre most useful to train a hierarchy of ensembles Tegua (Woga) Tinian of artificial neural networks to distinguish the Rota Saipan echolocation calls of these bat species. Calls Aguijan Guam were first classified into one of five call-type ‘Uiha Ha’ano groups, with a median accuracy of 97.6%. The Ha’afeva median species-level classification accuracy ‘Eua Lifuka is 83.7%, providing robust classification for Tongatapu Foa most European species, and an estimate of Tutuila Niue classification error for each species. Lakeba Aiwa Lailai These classifiers were packaged into the Aiwa Levu freely available online tool iBatsID, enabling Nayau Viti Levu anyone to classify European calls in an Ua Huka Hiva Oa objective and consistent way, and allowing Mangaia Tahuata standardised acoustic identification across the Huahine Atiu continent. This can provide key information Nuku Hiva to managers and conservation planners on Aitutaki Henderson distribution changes and differences in bat Molokai Lanai species activity through time. Kauai Maui Oahu Walters, CL, Freeman, R, Collen, A, Dietz, C, Brock Fenton, M, Jones, Hawaii G, Obrist, MK, Puechmaille, SJ, Sattler, T, Siemers, BM, Parsons, S and Jones, KE (2012) A continental-scale tool for acoustic 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 identification of European bats. Journal of Applied Ecology 49, Extinction probability Issue 5, 1064-1074.

ZSL Zoology review 2012/13 9 ZSL ZOOLOGY review / research themes Behavioural and Population Ecology Our research in Behavioural and Population Ecology has two major interlinked aims: to test fundamental hypotheses in behavioural and population ecology, and to use our knowledge of the behavioural and population ecology of wild species, and the human populations that interact with them, to inform conservation policy and management.

Flexible foraging behaviour in chacma baboons In a changing environment, increases in the amount of time an animal has to devote to foraging will restrict the amount of time it has left to devote to other important activities, such as looking for predators and resting. Predicting these changes in foraging time, and so the effects of environmental change, requires an understanding of how the factors influencing individual foraging decisions vary in different environments.T his is especially true in social animals, which are more time constrained due to their need to maintain social bonds with conspecifics, and whose decisions are influenced by the behaviour of other members. We studied the factors influencing foraging decisions in wild chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) at IoZ’s Tsaobis Baboon Project. We focused on how baboons make decisions about entering and leaving food patches. In the first case, we employed a technique originating from the study of human consumer choices known as discrete-choice modelling. Our analysis showed that the criteria baboons use to choose foraging patches were surprisingly flexible.T hey adjusted the factors influencing their decisions to reflect the level of competition in different environments.T hey also adjusted their decisions to reflect their social position in the group. Low-ranked individuals are more likely to receive aggression from higher-ranked group members during foraging. Individual baboons compensated for this when choosing a patch by placing more importance on their social bonds with other patch members, which are likely to moderate the aggression they receive. In the second case, we found that baboons made ‘Bayesian-like’ decisions about when to leave a patch, by using their experiences in previous patches as indicators of how profitable the next patch was likely to be in comparison to their current patch. This suggests that baboons are able to incorporate previous experiences in their decision-making and adjust the number of experiences in light of how reliably these experiences predicted future foraging. These findings add to mounting evidence that animal decision-making may be more flexible than traditionally thought, and indicate that animals may be able to cope with a degree of change in their physical and social environment. But once the limits of this individual flexibility are reached, and critical foraging time limits are exceeded for the group as a whole, the detrimental effects of environmental change may appear rapidly.

Marshall, HH, Carter, AJ, Ashford, A, Rowcliffe, JM and Cowlishaw, G (2013) How do foragers decide when to leave a patch? A test of alternative models under natural and experimental conditions. Journal of Animal Ecology 82: 894-902. Marshall, HH, Carter, AJ, Coulson, T, Rowcliffe, JM and Cowlishaw, G (2012) Exploring foraging decisions in a social primate using discrete-choice models. American Naturalist 180: 481-495. Marshall, HH, Carter, AJ, Rowcliffe, JM and Cowlishaw, G (2012) Linking social foraging behaviour with individual time budgets and emergent group-level phenomena. Animal Behaviour 84: 1295-1305.

10 ZSL ZOOLOGY review 2012/13 Extreme climatic Right: the yellow plumage events and the viability of this male hihi depends on of wildlife populations access to carotenoid pigments Extreme natural events such as cold periods, droughts, in its diet as a nestling cyclones and wildfires can drastically effect wildlife Opposite: chacma baboons were populations. Using globally distributed data for cyclones and the focus of a study on flexible droughts, as well as information on the distribution of 5,760 foraging behaviour terrestrial mammals, we showed that approximately a third of the species assessed have at least a quarter of their range exposed to cyclones, droughts or a combination of both. Using a global database of population collapses associated with cold periods, droughts, cyclones and wildfires, we then modelled the effects of key biological traits on the observed degree of population loss in terrestrial mammalian herbivores. The susceptibility to large population declines decreases with increased home-range size for a given body mass. With extreme natural events expected to become more frequent, identifying populations exposed to such events and least likely to be resilient to future impacts will help provide a Early-life environmental more informed evaluation of current conservation status and conditions and fitness in an develop tailored management interventions to avoid local endangered New Zealand passerine extinctions. This is particularly critical for populations already experiencing high levels of anthropogenic impact and Environmental conditions faced during development are important for an individual’s distributed in regions exposed to extreme natural events. subsequent quality and fitness. A range of environmental factors experienced during prenatal and early postnatal development, from temperature and stress exposure to immunological and nutritional conditions, can have long-term consequences for a Ameca y Juárez, EI, Mace, GM, Cowlishaw, G and Pettorelli, N (2013) Identifying species’ characteristics associated with natural population die-offs in mammals. diverse range of phenotypic traits. Animal Conservation, DOI: 10.1111/acv.12053. This phenomenon can provide important information. For example, the potential Ameca y Juárez, EI, Mace, GM, Cowlishaw, G, Cornforth, WA and Pettorelli, N (2013) for a bird to signal information about its developmental past, via colourful plumage, Assessing exposure to extreme climatic events for terrestrial mammals. Conservation Letters 6: 145–153. may provide potential mates with information about the direct or indirect benefits they stand to gain. Likewise, a better understanding of how nestling nutrition influences the subsequent growth and survival of endangered species will inform decisions about what, if any, supplementary food should be provided by conservation managers. We used a nestling feeding experiment to explore these issues in the hihi (Notiomystis cincta), an endangered New Zealand passerine. We found that nutritional conditions during development have an effect on the colourful plumage that males subsequently express as adults. Nestling access to dietary carotenoid pigments enhanced the subsequent quality of yellow breeding plumage, while nestling protein access reduced the subsequent quality of white breeding plumage. These same dietary manipulations also reveal that male and female nestlings have different nutritional requirements. Female fledging success was improved when a high-protein supplement was provided, while male success was reduced. Our results provide the Primate risk from global cyclones first evidence that colourful displays are accurate indicators of developmental nutrition Highlighted in red is the distribution of primate and provide important lessons for the implementation of supplemental feeding. species having at least 25% exposure to a high cyclone occurrence (1992-2005). Areas with the lowest frequency of cyclones are indicated in light brown, whereas dark Walker, LK, Armstrong, DP, Brekke, P, Chauvenet, ALM, Kilner, RM and Ewen, JG (2013) Giving hihi a helping hand: assessment of blue areas represent greatest cyclone frequency. alternative rearing diets in food supplemented populations of an endangered bird. Animal Conservation, DOI: 10.1111/acv.12026. Walker, LK, Stevens, M, Karadas, F, Kilner, RM and Ewen, JG (2013) A window on the past: male ornamental plumage reveals the quality of their early-life environment. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B – Biological Sciences 280: 20122852.

ZSL ZOOLOGY review 2012/13 11 ZSL ZOOLOGY review / research themes

Evolution and Molecular Ecology The Evolution and Molecular Ecology research theme aims to deepen our knowledge of the evolutionary processes that shape biodiversity across systems and on all scales. Although the tools of molecular genetics are commonly employed by theme members, projects also involve experimental ecology, modelling and long-term population studies, among other methods and approaches, to inform conservation practice and policy, and add to our basic understanding of evolution.

Genetic structure and patterns of gene flow among populations of Ethiopian wolf

The Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) is not only the rarest canid in the world, If these trends persist it may be necessary in the future to but also the most endangered carnivore in Africa. Three populations have manage wolf populations by artificially increasing population size become extinct over the past century and there are now fewer than 500 and genetic diversity. However, management of the species to restore adults living in six isolated habitat fragments in the Ethiopian highlands. gene flow could have detrimental effects for populations where local The wolves have become victims of their own specialisation, relying adaptation is strong. Therefore, a balanced in situ meta-population heavily on undisturbed Afroalpine habitat that supports large populations management approach, aimed at maintaining historic levels of of rodents, which are their main prey. The most persistent threat to the variation within, and dispersal among, Ethiopian wolf populations, species is the human-induced degradation of the Ethiopian highlands, would require identifying population genetic boundaries and and this is likely to accelerate if climate change allows agriculture to flourish patterns of gene flow. at higher elevations. Human expansion into wolf habitat also brings the The result of our genetic survey will provide vital information to threat of diseases carried by domestic dogs, as well as persecution. ln the assist the Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Programme in the successful past, rabies has reduced local densities by up to 75% in just a few months. management of the species. From a genetic perspective, the current isolation and small size of the extant populations could result in further disruption to gene flow, Gottelli, D, Sillero-Zubiri, C, Marino, J, Funk, SM and Wang, J (2013) Genetic structure and patterns genetic isolation and drift, and eventually loss of the adaptive potential. of gene flow among populations of the endangered Ethiopian wolf. Animal Conservation 16: 234-247.

12 ZSL ZOOLOGY review 2012/13 Computationally efficient sibship Effects of oil-palm Opposite: the and parentage assignment from plantations on diversity Ethiopian wolf is the most endangered multilocus marker data of tropical anurans carnivore in Africa. Knowledge of the genealogical relationships among individuals Agriculturally altered landscapes, especially Above: secondary in a population (sample) is important in many research areas oil-palm plantations, are rapidly increasing in forest stream in in behavioural, ecological and evolutionary genetics, and in Southeast Asia. Decreased diversity of several Southeast Asia. conservation biology. It is crucial in studying the social behaviours, taxonomic groups is commonly associated Below: disturbance- mating systems, and sex and reproductive allocations of wild with conversion to oil palm, but data on tolerant species such populations, in managing the conservation of populations of anuran diversity in plantations are lacking. as the leaf litter frog endangered species, and in assessing the genetic variation and We investigated how anuran biological (Kaloula pulchra) can inheritance of quantitative traits. diversity differed between forests and oil- thrive in plantations In practice, relationships can be estimated easily from pedigree palm plantations on Peninsular Malaysia. as well as secondary records. Unfortunately, however, detailed pedigree information is We compared species richness, abundance, forest rarely available for most natural populations. Genetic markers can be and community composition between employed instead to infer the relationships, parentage and sibship in plantation and forest areas, and between particular, among individuals using several statistical methods based on site types within plantation and forest (forest population genetics theory. The full likelihood method, which assigns stream vs plantation stream, forest riparian sibship and parentage relationships among all sampled individuals vs plantation riparian and forest terrestrial vs jointly, is by far the most accurate method, but it is computationally plantation terrestrial). Frogs were almost equally prohibitive for large data sets with many individuals and many loci. abundant in both plantations and forests, but The current study proposes a new likelihood-based method that frog community composition differed greatly is computationally efficient enough to handle large data sets. between forest and plantation. The method uses the sum of the log likelihoods of pairwise Although plantations supported large relationships in a relationship configuration as the score to measure numbers of breeding anurans, our study its plausibility, where log likelihoods of pairwise relationships are concluded that these were common, calculated only once and stored for repeated use. By analysing several disturbance-tolerant species that were of empirical and many simulated data sets, we can show that the new little conservation concern. Current oil-palm method is more accurate than pairwise likelihood and exclusion-based plantation practices are unlikely to encourage methods, but is slightly less accurate than the full likelihood method. forest-dependent species into plantation However, it is computationally much more efficient than the latter, and landscapes. Nevertheless, we believe that with for the cases of both sexes polygamous and markers with genotyping several management interventions, oil-palm errors, it can be several orders of magnitude faster. The new method plantations can provide habitat for some of the can handle a large sample with thousands of individuals and with the frog species that dwell in secondary forests. number of markers limited only by computer memory.

Faruk, A, Belabut, D, Ahmad, N, Knell, R and Garner, TWJ (2013) Wang, J (2012) Computationally efficient sibship and parentage assignment from multilocus marker Effects of oil-palm plantations on diversity of tropical anurans. data. Genetics 191: 183-194. Conservation Biology 27: 615-624.

ZSL ZOOLOGY review 2012/13 13 ZSL ZOOLOGY review / research themes Wildlife Epidemiology The Wildlife Epidemiology research theme aims to identify where disease is a threat to wildlife conservation, either as a primary cause of species declines or as a threat to remnant wildlife populations. It also aims to investigate the emergence of disease as a conservation threat and develop an understanding of the consequences of changes in wildlife disease epidemiology, both to wildlife conservation and welfare, and to human health and welfare, particularly where these changes are driven by anthropogenic forces.

Emergence of a novel What caused the UK’s avian pox disease in largest common dolphin British tit species mass stranding event?

While emerging infectious diseases are often On 9 June 2008, the UK’s largest mass stranding event caused by novel agents, known pathogens in of short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) new host species or new locations may also have occurred in Falmouth Bay, Cornwall. At least 26 dolphins a dramatic effect. Reports of garden bird morbidity died and a similar number were refloated or herded back and mortality have been collected by the Garden Bird to sea. IoZ scientists led by Paul Jepson and Rob Deaville Health initiative, a research programme co-ordinated by of the UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme IoZ to investigate causes of mortality in British garden birds since 2005. (CSIP) led the subsequent Defra-funded investigation. Avian pox is a viral disease of birds with a wide host range and is considered endemic All dolphins examined were in good nutritive status and in a range of non-Paridae hosts in Britain. Avian pox in Paridae species (birds of the tit had no evidence of infectious or non-infectious disease, family) was first diagnosed in a great tit (Parus major) from south-east England with physical injury or exposure to chemical or biological severe skin lesions in 2006, further to which the spatial and temporal patterns of avian toxins. A range of potential causes were therefore pox in all species were analysed between 2006-2011. Results showed several Paridae systematically excluded. species to be susceptible to Paridae pox. However, the majority of incidents involved The investigation concluded that international naval great tits, with multiple individuals affected.T here was an annual seasonal peak of exercises in very close proximity were the most probable reports in late summer, likely driven by environmental and demographic factors. Virus cause of the mass stranding event via a mechanism sequencing produced a single sequence from each of the 30 great tits tested from involving profound behavioural disturbance to the Britain that was identical to that of avian pox from great tits in central Europe and dolphin group. This was the first dolphin mass stranding Fennoscandia. In contrast, sequence variation was evident among virus samples tested event globally to be causally linked to naval activities. The from multiple non-Paridae hosts. investigation led to revisions to environmental mitigation Our findings show Paridae pox to be an emerging infectious disease in wild birds in of Royal Navy activities, including a direct role for CSIP Britain, possibly originating from viral incursion from central Europe or Fennoscandia. scientists in the early reporting of near-shore groups Ring recovery data does not support great tit migration as a likely route of viral spread; of pelagic cetaceans directly to Royal Naval Command. instead vector movement, perhaps via a wind-borne spread of mosquitoes, offers a The UK government (Defra, Ministry of Defence) also more likely explanation for the method of incursion. Spatial spread of Paridae pox from established the Marine Underwater Sound Stakeholders its origin in the south-east was observed, and in 2009 the disease was first observed at Forum to discuss the environmental mitigation of naval a site in Oxfordshire where wild tit populations have been studied for several decades. activities, which was later subsumed into the Underwater Monitoring the disease in this study showed that, while Paridae pox is not invariably Sound Forum with input from the oil and gas industry. fatal, it can cause a significant reduction in host survival. Particularly large effects were observed for juvenile survival. These results also showed that significant population decline due to the emergence of Paridae pox in Britain is unlikely. Indeed, national Fernández, A, Arbelo, M and Martín, V (2013) No mass strandings since sonar ban. monitoring of the great tit has revealed no evidence of population decline to date. Nature 497: 317. Jepson, PD, Deaville, R, Acevedo-Whitehouse, K, Barnett, J, Brownlow, A, Brownell Jr, RL, Clare, FC, Davison, N, Law, RJ, Loveridge, J, Macgregor, SK, Morris, S, Murphy, S, Lawson, B, Lachish, S, Colvile, KM, Durrant, C, Peck, K, Toms, M, Sheldon, BC and Cunningham, AA (2012) Emergence of a Penrose, R, Perkins, MW, Pinn, E, Seibel, H, Siebert, U, Sierra, E, Simpson, V, Tasker, ML, novel avian pox disease in British tit species. PLoS One 7: e40176. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040176. Tregenza, N, Cunningham, AA and Fernández, A (2013) What caused the UK’s largest Lachish, S, Bonsall, MB, Lawson, B, Cunningham, AA and Sheldon, BC (2012) Individual and population-level impacts common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) mass stranding event? PLoS One 8: e60953. of an emerging poxvirus disease in a wild population of great tits. PLoS One 7: e48545. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048545. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060953. Lachish, S, Lawson, B, Cunningham, AA and Sheldon, BC (2012) Epidemiology of the emergent disease Paridae pox JNCC (2013) Third UK report into the implementation of the EC Habitats Directive. in an intensively studied wild bird population. PLoS One 7: e38316. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038316. http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-6387.

14 ZSL ZOOLOGY review 2012/13 Identification of zoonotic paramyxoviruses from the African straw-coloured fruit bat Opposite: a great tit The increasing emergence from wildlife of new infectious (AchPV2). We developed specific assays for the detection with avian pox. Below diseases that are zoonotic (ie infect people) is a recognised of antibodies to these viruses, and found evidence that left: some of the 26 phenomenon. Often, the reaction of public health or other both viruses infect E. helvum throughout its range across dolphins that died governmental authorities to such zoonotic outbreaks is to sub-Saharan Africa. We also detected serological evidence in a mass stranding kill, or otherwise remove, the wildlife source. However, a of apparent human infection with AchPV2. Although no event in 2008. Below better understanding of the mechanisms leading to such reports of associated disease were obtained, it is likely that right: the African disease spill-over events might lead to improved methods clinically significant infection with bat paramyxoviruses straw-coloured fruit of control that protect both public health and wildlife. could be missed throughout much of Africa, where bat has been used as Several zoonotic diseases, including Ebola, Marburg, health surveillance and diagnostics are poor. a model to investigate SARS, Hendra, Nipah and several rabies-like diseases, have It has been hypothesised that healthy, intact ecosystems zoonotic diseases arisen from bats over recent years, and we have used the protect against zoonotic disease emergence from wildlife, African straw-coloured fruit bat (Eidolon helvum) in Ghana but interactions between ecosystem and human health as a model to investigate disease spill-over from bats to in this context are poorly understood, partly because people. E. helvum is widely distributed throughout Africa, they encompass a wide range of social, economic and lives in close proximity to humans and is commonly eaten ecological factors. We therefore developed a novel as bush meat. framework incorporating both the natural and social We used next-generation sequencing to characterise sciences for the holistic investigation of zoonotic disease the viruses carried by E. helvum, and identified a previously emergence from wildlife, using the spill-over of bat unknown adenovirus, as well as an abundance of novel pathogens as a case study. This framework will enable herpes viruses and papillomaviruses. We also detected, for a detailed interdisciplinary understanding of the first time, sequences of a chiropteran poxvirus, which is the mechanisms underlying disease emergence, closely related to the virus that causes the human disease thus informing policy for the improvement of both molluscum contagiosum. The presence of bat viruses public health and wildlife conservation. genetically similar to known human pathogens highlights the possibility of zoonotic transmission.

Previously, E. helvum has been shown to harbour a Baker, KS, Leggett, RM, Bexfield, NH, Alston, M, Daly, G, Todd, S, Tachedjian, M, Holmes, CE, Crameri, S, Wang, L-F, Heeney, JL, great diversity of paramyxoviruses. This is of particular Suu-Ire, R, Kellam, P, Cunningham, AA, Wood, JL, Caccamo, M and Murcia, PR (2013) Metagenomic study of the viruses of interest because several bat paramyxoviruses are known African straw-coloured fruit bats: detection of a chiropteran poxvirus and isolation of a novel adenovirus. Virology 441: 95-106. Baker, KS, Todd, S, Marsh, GA, Crameri, G, Barr, J, Kamins, AO, Peel, AJ, Yu, M, Hayman, DTS, Nadjm, B, Mtove, G, Amos, B, to cause often-lethal disease in people. Our continued Reyburn, H, Nyarko, E, Suu-Ire, R, Murcia, PR, Cunningham, AA, Wood, JLN and Wang, L-F (2013) Novel potentially zoonotic investigations into the paramyxoviruses of E. helvum paramyxoviruses from the African straw-coloured fruit bat (Eidolon helvum). Journal of Virology 87: 1348-1358. led to the isolation and characterisation of two novel Wood, JLN, Leach, M, Waldman, L, MacGregor, H, Fooks, AR, Jones, K, Restif, O, Dechmann, D, Hayman, DTS, Baker, KS, Peel, AJ, Kamins, AO, Fahr, J, Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y, Suu-Ire, R, Breiman, RF, Epstein J and Cunningham, AA (2012) A framework for the paramyxoviruses within the Rubulavirus genus, which we study of zoonotic disease emergence and its drivers: spillover of bat pathogens as a case study. Philosophical Transactions named Achimota virus 1 (AchPV1) and Achimota virus 2 of the Royal Society, Series B 367: 2881-2892. ZSL ZOOLOGY review / monitoring biodiversity Indicators and Assessments Unit The Indicators and Assessments Unit is a joint IoZ and Conservation Programmes initiative to monitor global biodiversity, and comprises around 20 staff and students.

Global environmental agreements such as the Convention on Biological of wildlife population dynamics in the Arctic, develop new methods Diversity (CBD) have set stringent goals for biodiversity conservation. for forecasting the effect of changes in environmental policy on wildlife, Scientifically robust biodiversity indicators are required to track progress and understand how robust our comprehension of invertebrate towards these goals and define the status and trends of biodiversity; biodiversity patterns is in the context of data uncertainty. Many of the Indicators and Assessments Unit (IAU) was formed in 2006 for this the projects are providing science to inform global biodiversity purpose. This year, work has expanded to build an understanding policy for the CBD 2020 strategic plan.

Broadening knowledge of lesser-known species

The importance and conservation comprehensive assessment of the world’s status of some of the world’s most invertebrates to date. While reacquainting the fascinating, and often overlooked, conservation community with the staggering species groups were the focus of two diversity of invertebrates, from microscopic studies led by the IAU this year. The zooplankton to giant squid, we were also able IUCN’s Red List of Threatened Species is to highlight some of the major threats to these a tool for assessing the extinction risk of species. The prevailing threat to freshwater a species, but there has naturally been a invertebrates is pollution, whereas for terrestrial predisposition towards well-studied, species it is habitat loss. These studies establish large-bodied and commercially important a baseline conservation assessment against taxa for the selection of species groups which future changes in the status of these to be assessed. species groups can be tracked, and measures To gain a greater understanding of the status to tackle the major threats addressed. of global biodiversity, the conservation status of a sample of 1,500 reptile species and more than 12,000 species of invertebrates was reviewed. Surprisingly, these groups are under similar 3% levels of extinction risk to other vertebrates and 6% plants, where one fifth of species were assessed 27% as threatened. However, the principal threats 6% Global status vary according to habitat and species. of invertebrates 14% The study on reptiles used research and currently assessed knowledge from more than 200 experts around on the IUCN Red List 7% (12,621 species) the world to make the assessments. We found that increasing rates of habitat loss are the primary threat to terrestrial reptile species, and 37% that freshwater turtles have a particularly high Above: invertebrates risk of extinction, suffering from over-harvesting, like this common blue EX CR EN illegal trade and pollution. Future research DD butterfly were the VU NT LC aims to establish trends in reptile extinction, focus of our Spineless pinpointing threats to these species, which, as report. Opposite: Collen, B, Böhm, M, Kemp, R and Baillie, JEM (2012) Spineless: status both predator and prey, play a vital role in the the poison dart and trends of the world’s invertebrates. UK: The Zoological Society functioning of the world’s ecosystems and are of London. frog inhabits one of sensitive indicators of ecosystem health. Böhm, M, Collen, B, Baillie, JEM, Bowles, P, Chanson, J, Cox, N, the planet’s many Hammerson, G, Hoffmann, M, Livingstone, SR, Ram, M, Rhodin, The results of our second study vulnerable ecosystems AGL et al (2013) The conservation status of the world’s reptiles. were published in Spineless, the most Biological Conservation 157: 372-385.

16 ZSL Zoology review 2012/13 New frameworks for detecting population declines and species recovery

One of the major challenges in conservation to detect threat types according to the shape and a broad-scale analysis of this process biology is to tackle biodiversity loss in time to of the decline curve of 124 population time has been lacking. Using a multi-species reverse the downward trend before species series and the algebraic function used to meta-analysis, a research framework was extinction becomes inevitable. Abundance model the data. The results revealed that broad developed by a collaboration including trends in wildlife populations can be a sensitive threat types could be attributed according to Ben Collen from the IAU to identify ‘red flags’ measure for gauging biodiversity change; the decline curve, and also that any increase that warn of impairment to the recovery of a population responses to anthropogenic in pressure over time could be identified species. If recovery potential can be predicted pressure can be noticed relatively quickly – a finding that could be used to prioritise at an early stage, this can influence the in comparison to other metrics such as conservation action for populations most decisions taken to initiate conservation efforts. geographic range change. One of the greatest under pressure. barriers to deciding whether and when to Detecting the potential of species recovery is Di Fonzo, M, Collen, B and Mace, GM (2013) A new method for intervene with conservation measures is just as important as identifying populations in identifying rapid decline dynamics in wild vertebrate populations. distinguishing real declines from natural decline in informing appropriate conservation Ecology and Evolution 3: 2378-2391. Hutchings, JA, Butchart, SHM, Collen, B, Schwartz, MK and Waples, population fluctuations. As part of her PhD measures. To date, most studies of recovery RS (2012) Red Flags: correlates of impaired species recovery. thesis, Martina Di Fonzo developed a method have been species, population or site-specific, Trends in Ecology and Evolution 27: 542-546.

Vulnerable ecosystems Known status of individual populations for nine ice-associated marine species

Polar bear In the context of limited resources, Brünnich’s guillemot prioritisation is essential to ensure that Ringed seal conservation efforts are allocated wisely. One Ivory gull important consideration is to establish what Pacific walrus the main threats to biodiversity are, where Narwhal they occur and whether certain species or Beluga whale ecosystems are particularly under pressure. Arctic cod The Living Planet Report 2012 revealed that Bowhead whale freshwater vertebrates showed the greatest decline in population sizes compared to 0 5 10 15 20 their terrestrial and marine counterparts, and stable or increasing declining # populations most critically in tropical regions. In a new study, which used the extinction risk from the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as particularly vulnerable to predicted changes in the monitoring tool, six groups of freshwater climate. A culmination of this research yielded species (both vertebrates and invertebrates) almost 900 population time series for more were found to be at a consistently higher risk than a third of all known Arctic vertebrate of extinction than their terrestrial counterparts. species. Using trends in population size can In addition, using geographical range data, we provide a sensitive indicator of how species were able to look at the congruence of species are faring in the face of environmental change. richness, the richness of threatened species The results revealed a mixed picture of trends, and endemism between these freshwater with population declines observed among groups. A lack of congruence between these High Arctic species and particularly in some diversity measures was found, which suggests populations dependent on sea ice. The next that when conservation decisions are being steps are to target the taxonomic and regional made, both the metric of biodiversity and the data gaps that were identified in the current taxa in question are important considerations. monitoring network to gain a more thorough Climate change is one of the threats to understanding of how biodiversity is changing biodiversity that is currently of great concern, in the Arctic. largely because the effects are as yet unknown but also because the visible signs, such as a Collen, B, Whitton, F, Dyer, E, Baillie, J, Cumberlidge, N, Darwall, W, Pollock, C, Richman, N, Soulsby, AM and Böhm, M (2013) Global reduction in sea ice extent in the Arctic, are patterns of freshwater species diversity, threat and endemism. happening at an increasingly rapid rate. The IAU Global Ecology and Biogeography. DOI: 10.1111/geb.12096. has been collaborating with the Conservation McRae, L, Gill, M, Bohm, M, Deinet, S and Collen, B (2012) The Arctic Species Trend Index: using vertebrate population trends of Arctic Flora and Fauna since 2009 to monitor to monitor the health of this rapidly changing ecosystem. biodiversity change in the Arctic, a region Biodiversity 13: 144-156.

ZSL Zoology review 2012/13 17 ZSL ZOOLOGY review / conservation Conservation Programmes

Research carried out at IoZ focuses on scientific issues relevant to the conservation of species and their habitats. This work directly supports ZSL’s field conservation programmes in more than 50 countries. The combination of applied and pure research means that we are engaged in and can inform conservation policy and practice at all levels.

Conservation Technology

Advances in technology are transforming the field of wildlife conservation, changing the ways we monitor species, manage protected areas and involve the public in our work. ZSL is developing creative technological tools, ranging from advanced camera traps to law-enforcement software. Innovative tracking devices relay data on species in remote habitats, which can now be monitored via satellites. ZSL’s potential was recognised in 2013 with a Google Global Impact Award. This award – voted for by the public – will enable us to develop new tools, including Instant Wild 2.0, a second-generation camera that will relay images via satellite, enabling use even in remote, forested areas. Our first success in using technology to stop the poaching of endangered species came in the Russian Far East in late 2012. Special camera traps in our ‘Forest Eyes’ Amur tiger project relayed pictures of poachers entering Lazovsky Nature Reserve directly to the smartphones of park staff, enabling an instant response and the arrest of four intruders. Meanwhile, our camera traps in Sembilang National Park on the Indonesian island of Sumatra captured pictures of tiger State of the Planet cubs: evidence of tiger breeding in the area. The successful implementation of any new tool hinges The Indicators and Assessments Unit (see page 16) has built up a global reputation as on effective monitoring and evaluation of management a leader in monitoring species and ecosystems throughout the world. By 2026 we aim practices. SMART – the Spatial Monitoring and Reporting to have defined and monitored the status of at least 20,000 species. In the past year we Tool – is a free computer programme that helps protected- have made significant progress towards this goal, with scientists from across ZSL and area managers improve their practices and assists them partner organisations coming together to publish several groundbreaking reports. in tackling poaching and other illegal activities. ZSL is The book Priceless or Worthless identified the 100 most threatened species in the a founding member of the SMART partnership and we world and Spineless reported on the most comprehensive assessment to date of the are committed to training our staff, and those in partner status of the world’s invertebrates (see page 16 for more details). Both were launched organisations, in its use. To date we have carried out at the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) World Conservation SMART training in Cameroon, Kenya and Indonesia. Congress and garnered impressive global media coverage, both for ZSL and to publicise the need for more species-focused conservation. In early 2013, ZSL continued to study underrepresented species by publishing visit the site an assessment of the global extinction risk for reptiles. We also published the first global assessment of centres of Evolutionary Distinctiveness and Globally Endangered species – EDGE zones. The resulting maps will be used to inform Learn more about our the spatial prioritisation of our conservation work. Finally, publication of the work at www.zsl.org/ IUCN Red List of mammals in Nepal and the Red List of birds of Mongolia will be invaluable in informing conservation action plans for the most threatened conservation species in these countries.

18 ZSL zoology review 2012/13 Next generation conservation leaders ZSL is committed to developing and supporting the next generation of Nature’s security systems Opposite: camera conservation leaders – wherever they may be trapping is being used found. Since 2007, 35 young conservationists Made from material also used in carpet tiles, discarded nylon to stop the poaching have passed through our flagship EDGE fishing nets can persist for centuries, wreaking havoc in the of endangered species. Fellows programme, receiving training marine environment. In Danajon Bank in the Philippines, Above: Pinamgo Beach for example, nets totalling around 400 times the length of in the Philippines, in technical scientific methods, as well the coral reef are discarded annually, covering beaches and where the local as instruction on approaches to project coral reefs, continually trapping and killing marine life. community is working management and fundraising. In 2012, Net-Works – an innovative collaboration between ZSL and with ZSL to collect we brought 13 early-career conservationists the carpet manufacturer Interface – is successfully tackling discarded fishing nets. this issue by establishing community-based collections of Below: A new Project working on mammal, amphibian and discarded fishing nets that are then converted into recycled Ocean initiative is coral EDGE species, including five Kenyan nylon yarn for use in carpets. Since August 2012, the changing attitudes participants, to the Coast Province of Kenya programme has collected 12,000kg of discarded fishing nets, to sharks for four weeks of training in the design, transforming the beaches and ocean floor of the Danajon Bank. The sale of these nets provides a sustainable source execution and management of conservation of revenue for residents in the area while also cleaning up projects. This included carrying out locally the marine ecosystem that provides their main income. This relevant fieldwork, for example, surveying successful pilot will be replicated in other countries and a the waters of Kisite Mpunguti Marine Park scoping visit to Mozambique has already taken place. for EDGE corals. Eight participants were Top Predators and megaparks awarded EDGE Fellowships and ZSL will continue to support them over the next two Following a highly successful launch in 2011, years while they spearhead action for some 2013 saw the return of Project Ocean to Selfridges. This year’s event focused on sharks, with the of the most neglected EDGE species. department store undertaking an extensive audit 2012 also saw 12 Chagossian trainees to remove all products containing shark oil from graduate from our first Chagos Environment its beauty and health lines. Selfridges worked Training Course – an intensive nine-weekend with ZSL and the Marine Reserves Coalition to highlight the diversity and plight of these much- course through which the group explored maligned species with unique art installations, elements of marine and terrestrial ecology imagery and a pop-up shark exhibition in its and conservation communication. One London store. trainee was also awarded a place on our The event also kick-started a brand new scientific expedition to Chagos in early 2013. Project Ocean initiative, ‘Shark Parks’, which will use the amazing diversity and charismatic nature Finally, through our annual field course in of sharks to advance ocean conservation through Mongolia we provided 20 students (both the establishment of new marine protected areas. international and Mongolian) with training To date, six candidate shark parks have been identified, including the Galápagos Islands in conservation biology and ecological in the Pacific, Sudan in the Red Sea and the Sahara Seamounts in the Atlantic, and ZSL is now working with partners around the world to take the initiative forward. census techniques.

ZSL zoology review 2012/13 19 ZSL ZOOLOGY review / communicating science Communicating Science A major part of IoZ’s work is facilitating the communication of science among researchers and professional zoologists, and to the public. We achieve this through a varied programme of meetings and the publication of scientific journals and books.

Science and Conservation Events

Science and Conservation Events

ZSL’s popular Science and Conservation Events lecture series is free and open to the public. Held on the second Tuesday of each month throughout the academic year, each meeting provides an overview of the latest developments in conservation and zoological research. This year’s programme included lectures on: ‘The small things that rule the world: conserving the world’s invertebrates’; ‘Saving the tiger: innovation, tradition or both?’; ‘Can the food security agenda and the conservation agenda be reconciled?’; ‘Deserts: a neglected ecosystem’; and ‘Invasive species: one of the four horsemen of our apocalypse’. A collaborative event with the Wellcome Collection, ‘Surviving the century: a key species debate’, was held in November.

Science for Conservation Symposia Seminar Series

ZSL’s symposia bring together teams of international experts to discuss This series provides the IoZ’s staff and students with the opportunity important topics in conservation science, providing an opportunity to learn more about the work of visiting researchers, collaborators for leaders to exchange ideas on best practice and communicate and invited speakers. A range of subjects was covered during the year, their research. The November symposium ‘Protected Areas: are they including: ‘Biodiversity research in Indonesia: marrying science with safeguarding biodiversity?’ reviewed the extent to which the world’s practical conservation’; ‘Monkey see, which monkey do? Personality and protected areas are effectively conserving species, ecosystems and social learning in wild baboons’; ‘Pathways to fitness: what is the link ecosystem services, and identified new tools and technologies that are between signal expression and quality in sexually selected animals?’; necessary to ensure effective biodiversity preservation within the global and ‘Islands, conservation and research: lessons from 40 years of species protected-area network. translocations in New Zealand’. Our May symposium, ‘New technologies for monitoring biodiversity’, described the ways in which advances in technology are contributing to the surveillance of wildlife – for example, by using autonomous OUR EVENTS PROGRAMME sensors to gather information at larger scales, over longer periods and in more inaccessible places. An international team of experts discussed the application of satellite, aerial, ground-based and Please see www.zsl.org/ underwater technologies, and considered the challenges of science/events for our current designing smaller, stronger, cheaper, more sensitive and more flexible sensors for biodiversity monitoring. programme of events

20 ZSL ZOOLOGY review 2012/13 PUBLICATIONS

Journal of Zoology Published monthly, the Journal includes hypothesis-driven studies that advance our knowledge of animals and their systems. The 2013 Thomas Henry Huxley Review, ‘Social competition and its consequences in female mammals’ by Tim Clutton-Brock and Elise Huchard, was published in March. A virtual issue to celebrate Alfred Russel Wallace, including contributions from proceedings of ZSL, is available via the Journal homepage. Three further episodes of the popular Journal of Zoology podcast can also be downloaded from the homepage – visit www.zsl.org/ science/publications.

Animal Conservation Animal Conservation provides a forum for rapid publication of novel research into the conservation of animal species and their habitats. Feature papers and commentaries, published in each issue, continue to be well received. A themed virtual issue on protected areas is available via the journal homepage. Stamford Raffles Lecture Animal Conservation sponsored the student poster competition at the International Congress for Conservation Biology The 2013 Stamford Raffles Lecture was given by Sir Brian Hoskins FRS, conference in Maryland, USA. First prize was awarded to Hilton Director of the Grantham Institute for Climate Change, at Imperial Oyamaguchi for his poster ‘Importance of the Amazon-Cerrado College London. ‘A very dangerous experiment with our planet’ gradient in preserving adaptive variation in a changing world’. described the scientific basis for the concern over climate change and reviewed observational evidence for the changes currently taking International Zoo Yearbook place. The likely implications of climate change, for both the natural Volume 47 of the International Zoo world and the human species, were also explored. Visit www.zslsites. Yearbook adds to its reputation as an org/lectures/stamfordraffles2013 to view the lecture online. invaluable resource for researchers, students and animal managers. The focus Opposite: ZSL’s of the current volume is freshwater fishes symposia reviewed the and their conservation, guest-edited potential of protected by Gordon McGregor Reid, director areas to conserve emeritus, North of England Zoological biodiversity. Above: Society (Chester Zoo). The biodiversity of freshwater fish and ‘Deserts: a neglected the valuable ecosystem services they provide are reported on, ecosystem’ was a recent and descriptions are given of the co-ordinated action being lecture topic. Left: the undertaken to conserve freshwater-fish species from habitat 2013 Stamford Raffles modification, overfishing, pollution, the introduction of alien Lecture was given by species and climate change. Sir Brian Hoskins FRS Conservation Science and Practice book series Books in the Wiley-Blackwell/ZSL Conservation Science and Practice series aim to address the multidisciplinary aspects of conservation by looking at how biological scientists and ecologists are interacting with social scientists to effect long- term, sustainable conservation measures. Titles published this year include: Biodiversity Monitoring and Conservation: Bridging the Gap Between Global Commitment and Local Action, edited by Ben Collen, Nathalie Pettorelli, Jonathan Baillie and Sarah Durant; and Biodiversity Conservation and Poverty Alleviation: Exploring the Evidence for a Link, edited by Dilys Roe, Joanna Elliott, Chris Sandbrook and Matt Walpole.

ZSL ZOOLOGY review 2012/13 21 ZSL ZOOLOGY review / awards and library ZSL Scientific Awards 2012 ZSL recognises outstanding achievements in conservation and zoological research through its annual presentation of awards and prizes. In 2012, the following awards were presented:

ZSL Frink understanding and appreciation of Thomson biology. Awarded to: Emily Award ladybird ecology and conservation. Reuters Seccombe, Brighton College, Presented to a Zoological for her project ‘An investigation professional scientist ZSL Record into the accuracy of the Habitat for substantial and Stamford Award Suitability Index as an indicator original contributions to zoology. Raffles Presented for the communication of great crested newt (Triturus Awarded to: Georgina Mace FRS, Award of zoology. Awarded to: David cristatus) populations’. University College London, for Presented for Liittschwager for his book the development of pioneering distinguished contributions by A World In One Cubic Foot. ZSL Award for approaches to advance research amateur zoologists. Awarded to: Outstanding in population biology and Stephen Petty, for significant ZSL Thomas Contributions biodiversity conservation. long-term monitoring and data Henry Huxley to the Zoo collection that has contributed to Award and Community ZSL Scientific our understanding of the ecology Marsh Prize Awarded to: Gordon McGregor Medal of tawny owl populations, their Presented for the Reid, former director general and Presented to vole prey and other raptors. best zoological doctoral thesis chief executive of Chester Zoo, research scientists produced in the UK. Awarded who stepped down in 2010 after with no more Marsh to: Mary Caswell Stoddard, 18 years at the zoo and 15 years than 15 years' Award for University of Cambridge, for her at the helm. postdoctoral Conservation thesis ‘The evolution of colour, experience for Biology pattern and structure in avian eggs’. ZSL Honorary distinguished For contributions Fellowship work in zoology. to fundamental science and its ZSL Charles Awarded to persons Awarded to: Jane Reid, application to the conservation Darwin who, by their University of Aberdeen, for of animal species and habitats. Award and association with significant contributions to our Awarded to: Dave Goulson, Marsh Prize ZSL, have promoted the objectives understanding of evolutionary University of Sussex, for Presented for the of ZSL. Awarded to: Desmond ecology and conservation biology, significant contributions to our best zoological project by an Morris, world-renowned zoologist, and Jason Wolf, University of understanding of bumblebee undergraduate student attending author and artist. Bath, for influential research biology, ecology and conservation. a university in the UK. Awarded to: on evolutionary genetics. Katrina Spensley, University of ZSL Staff Marsh Oxford, for her project ‘Population Medal ZSL Silver Award for structure of the malarial protein Presented for Medal Marine and Plasmodium falciparum Apical outstanding For contributions to Freshwater Membrane Antigen 1’. service and the understanding Conservation contributions to ZSL over and appreciation For contributions to fundamental ZSL Prince an extended period of time. of zoology, including such science and its application to Philip Award Awarded to: Ian Meyrick, activities as higher and public conservation in marine and/or and Marsh Director of Human Resources. education in natural history and freshwater ecosystems. Awarded Prize wildlife conservation. Awarded to: Alex Rogers, University Awarded to an ZSL thanks the Marsh Christian to: Helen Roy, Centre for Ecology of Oxford, for outstanding A-level (or Higher) student Trust and Thomson Reuters and Hydrology, for significant contributions to deep-sea ecology, for the best zoological project for their generous support contributions to the scientific biology and conservation. involving some aspect of animal of the awards programme.

22 ZSL ZOOLOGY review 2012/13 The ZSL Library During 2012 more than 3,100 book titles were added to our online catalogue, 2,363 journal issues accessioned and 2,124 loans were made to ZSL staff and Fellows, while the ZSL Library online catalogue at library.zsl.org was used 11,300 times.

The ZSL Library manages, develops and facilitates access to a relevant At the Library and useful body of zoological and conservation knowledge, and inspires interest in animals, habitats and conservation to a wide Displays in the Reception and Reading Room included a historic audience. A key element of this is the development of the ZSL online collection of materials to show how ZSL’s housing for big cats has catalogue (http://library.zsl.org), which acts as a portal to aid access developed since the Zoo’s inception. This feature was chosen to and discovery of a range of resources. The new-look online catalogue celebrate the imminent opening of Tiger Territory at ZSL London Zoo. was launched in April and includes details of more than 37,000 books, The display in the Reading Room Gallery also featured the Fish House, serial holdings, ZSL’s Archives, artworks and links to relevant online the first public aquarium, celebrating 160 years since it first opened resources. Over the past year, Alfred Russel Wallace books have been its doors in May 1863. added to the online catalogue in preparation of our Wallace centenary A special Library tour for Fellows was held during March to celebrate celebrations, while a special collection of books on climate change the contribution of women to the history and development of zoology. is being added to the Library and the catalogue. Tours for external groups have included the Bartlett Zoo History Society, the London Appreciation Society, Sparsholt College, artists from the In the public eye Zoo-topia project, which is a collaboration between ZSL, the Royal College of Art, The Hungarian Cultural Centre and the British Council. The Public Catalogue Foundation Numerous items from the Archives and Special Collections were has catalogued and photographed consulted, including the letters of Dr John Anderson of the Indian oil paintings in our collection. These Museum, drawings by PJ Smit, manuscripts of Brian Houghton appear on the Your Paintings website Hodgson, the history of Zoological Record, historic images of dolphins www.bbc.co.uk/arts/yourpaintings. and sea monsters dating back to the 16th century, 19th-century letters Major donations included copies of of the Rothschild family and information on Kenneth Martin, creator of zoo-related magazines and newsletters the mobile suspended in the ZSL Meeting Rooms. presented by International Zoo News. The During May our team of Wednesday Library volunteers completed family of the late Bernard Owens kindly donated a ZSL Silver Medal the rehousing of the negatives in our historic photograph collections; and a Queen Victoria Golden Jubilee Medal. The ZSL Silver Medal an estimated 20,000 images! The negatives are now in conservation- had been presented to His Highness Nripendra Narayan Bhup, in quality storage. Acknowledgement of Valuable Donations to the Society in 1887. The Our Artefact of the Month series is available on the ZSL website medals were purchased in 1989 by Bernard Owens, a ZSL Fellow and (www.zsl.org/about-us/library and click on Artefact of the Month). former ZSL Council member. In August we featured The Coulton Portfolio, which consists of 55 There has been continued interest in the manuscripts of Brian mainly watercolour drawings of vertebrate animals from the collection Houghton Hodgson. The mammal drawings were used in The status of of Charles Hamilton Smith (1776- Nepal’s mammals: the national Red List series, compiled by SR Jnawali et 1859). The portfolio was presented al and published by WWF. The bird paintings have been photographed by ZSL’s former secretary, Professor for The status of Nepal’s birds, which will be published in 2013. R McNeill Alexander, in 2012. The Royal Society borrowed three items illustrated by Edward Lear We are extremely grateful for their exhibition Edward Lear and the Scientists, held to celebrate for the continued help of our the bicentenary of his birth. The BBC also made a slideshow of the dedicated team of volunteers and exhibition featuring an original painting from our collection at the many Fellows and Members www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19409112. of ZSL who continue to support the Library with their time, and Above: the family of the late Bernard Owens donated this ZSL Silver Medal, by donating books, archives, previously owned by an Indian Maharajah. Top of page: the ZSL Library. Right: zoo ephemera and funds for recent acquisitions include wildlife watercolours by artist and naturalist Charles the conservation of items in Hamilton Smith, among them this painting of two South American cats our collections.

ZSL ZOOLOGY review 2012/13 23 ZSL ZOOLOGY review / education Education and training Education and training are central to IoZ’s activities and we have a strong commitment to hosting research projects, particularly those leading to a PhD degree.

Conservation Science MSc course Left to right: Michael Walters (Co-Director MScWAB/WAH Royal Veterinary College); Ralph Armond; Antonia Dalziel; Victoria The MSc course in conservation science, run in partnership with Imperial Franks; Natalie Reinhart; Jonathan Elliott (Vice Principal College London, the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and Durrell Wildlife Research, Royal Veterinary College); Tony Sainsbury Conservation Trust, is becoming increasingly popular with those strongly Below: Natalie in the field focused on starting or enhancing their career in conservation research or action. As such, it continues to attract good numbers of high-quality applicants from the UK, Europe and further afield. In 2012, 35 students graduated. Heather Gurd received the Thomas Henry Huxley Award for best overall grade, Katherine Sainsbury received the Joseph Hooker Award for best coursework grade, and Lia Vieira da Silva received the Gerald Durrell Award for the best project, with her study evaluating the ecosystem services of the Steart Peninsula in Somerset. The project carried out by students on the course is a substantial piece of research, and a critical element of their studies. Three-quarters of the projects involved an element of fieldwork in 2012, mostly overseas, and were carried out in 17 different countries across Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America. Several of these projects are now in the process of being published.

Wild Animal Health and Wild Aisyah Faruk’s PhD Animal Biology MSc courses project looked at In 2012, 22 students graduated from the MSc courses in wild animal oil-palm plantations health and wild animal biology. Victoria Franks received the award for the MScWAB student with the highest aggregate marks and Natalie Reinhart received the prize for the best MScWAB research project for her work on ‘An assessment of killer whale (Orcinus orca) rake mark occurrence in the Eastern Canada-West Greenland bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) population’. PhD students Toni Dalziel was a double prize-winner for the MScWAH, as the Our PhD students are co-registered at a university department, but most student with the highest aggregate marks and the best MScWAH spend the majority of their time at the IoZ. In the 2012-2013 academic research project for her work on ‘Relocation, Relocation – DRAs to year, PhDs were awarded to Aliénor Chauvenet (Imperial College London) DRATs: disease risk analysis for selected parasites in hihi (Notiomystis for her research on the dynamics of translocated populations; Johanna cincta) translocations’. The 329 graduates of these two courses (from Nielsen (University of Edinburgh) for her study on the evolutionary 54 countries, 25 of which are developing) working in wild animal genetics of meerkats (Suricata suricatta); Kate Baker (University of health and conservation are in contact with ZSL through our alumnus Cambridge) for her investigation into the African straw-coloured fruit association, Wild Animal Alumni. Our graduates continue to take up bat (Eidolon helvum) as a reservoir host for viral zoonoses; Harry Marshall important positions in conservation medicine and wildlife health; for (Imperial College London) for his study of social foraging behaviour in a example, Rodrigo Cunha Serra is now director of the Centro Nacional varying environment; Paddy Brock (University of Leeds) for his research de Reprodução de Lince Ibérico and Jörg on immunity, life history and conservation in Galápagos sea lions Mayer is associate professor of Zoological (Zalophus wollebaeki); Martina Di Fonzo (Imperial College London) for Medicine at the University of Georgia her examination of extinction risk and causation from population trends College of Veterinary Medicine. in vertebrates; Aisyah Faruk (Queen Mary University of London) for her The curriculum structure of both MSc evaluation of the effect of oil-palm plantations on tropical amphibians; courses has been amended so that a Eric Isaí Ameca y Juárez (Imperial College London) for his research into certificate, a diploma or a full MSc degree natural population die-offs as lessons for conservation; and Fay Clark (Royal can be awarded in line with the European Veterinary College) for her study on cognitive challenge as a means to Credit Transfer and Accumulation System. enhance the psychological wellbeing of large-brained mammals in zoos.

24 ZSL ZOOLOGY review 2012/13 ZSL zoology review / people and projects People and projects Find funding information and full details of our collaborations, publications and staff positions in this section.

26 Funding 33 Publications 27 Collaborations 38 Governance and staff 32 Staff representation

Our scientific research is directly influencing conservation teamwork on the ground ZSL zoology review / people and projects Funding In 2012 we received our annual core income from the Higher Education Funding Council for England via University College London, while 55% of our income came from other sources. In total, 27 new grants were received during the year.

Amphibian chytridiomycosis

Trenton Garner has received funding from the National Environment Research Council for the project ’The spatial epidemiology and molecular evolution of panzootic amphibian chytridiomycosis’. Currently, several lines The Garden Wildlife Health project will of argument suggest monitor the health of species such as hedgehogs. the pandemic form Inset opposite: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) evolved Garden Wildlife Health in Africa. The IoZ and Imperial College London, in Andrew Cunningham and Becki Lawson have received funding from collaboration with Consejo the Esmée Fairbairn Foundation and the Department for Environment, Superior de Investigaciones Food & Rural Affairs for the project Garden Wildlife Health. As landscape Científicas (Spain), University change continues in Great Britain, gardens are becoming an increasingly of Zurich (Switzerland), North- important refuge for many wildlife species. Launched in 2013, Garden West University (South Africa), the Wildlife Health is a collaborative project between IoZ, the British Trust Natural History Museum, University College for Ornithology, Froglife and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. London and the Natural History Museum (all UK) and the University The project aims to monitor the health of, and identify infectious and of Copenhagen (Denmark), will investigate this ‘Bd Out-of-Africa’ non-infectious disease threats to, British garden wildlife, with particular hypothesis by sequencing the genomes of Bd isolates from across focus on garden birds, amphibians, reptiles and hedgehogs. This research Africa and Europe, and undertaking fine-scale studies of pathogen builds on the success of the long-running Frog Mortality Project and impact where it has been introduced into new environments. The Garden Bird Health initiative, which IoZ has helped co-ordinate for many researchers will twin these genomic approaches with experimental years. Garden Wildlife Health relies on the help of the public to submit approaches to determine whether invasive ‘outbreak’ lineages have reports of sick or dead garden wildlife at www.gardenwildlifehealth.org altered their virulence and infectivity owing to accelerated evolution and to submit samples for analysis. Disease surveillance will be integrated by the action of natural selection. The expectation is that outbreak with population monitoring, so that we can determine whether diseases lineages that are adapting to new environments and hosts will have are having an effect at the population level and are therefore of potential increased virulence and transmission rates when compared with conservation concern. Findings will be used to offer best-practice advice the ancestral lineage in its original geographic background. to optimise garden management and safeguard wildlife health.

Funding bodies

American Museum of Natural History King Saud University Rufford Foundation Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency Natural England Society for General Microbiology Berks, Bucks & Oxon Wildlife Trust Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) St Louis Zoo Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs New Zealand Department of Conservation University College London Denver Zoological Foundation Percy Sladen Memorial Fund University of Cambridge EcoHealth Alliance Primate Society of Great Britain Vodafone Foundation Esmée Fairbairn Foundation Rewilding Europe WWF International Higher Education Funding Council for England Royal Society Zeitz Foundation (HEFCE) Royal Society for the Protection of Birds

26 ZSL zoology review 2012/13 ZSL zoology review / collaborations Collaborations IoZ’s work is carried out in conjunction with a host of international collaborators and partners to whom we extend our thanks.

Adelphi University (USA) indicators for 2010 and beyond; Cambridge Research Institute Circumpolar Biodiversity and social constraints in IUCN Sampled Red List Index Monitoring Ganges river dolphin Cetacean strandings around the UK Monitoring Programme group-living vertebrates Adnan Menderes University in southern Bangladesh Cardiff University Living Planet Index Doğa Derneği (Turkey) (Turkey) IUCN Sampled Red Bat Conservation Trust Phylogeography and conservation Clemson University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index List Index Conservation status of bats genetics of okapi; Metapopulation IUCN Sampled Red List Index Dokuz Eylül University (Turkey) African Technology Policy in Europe genetics in Mauritius pink pigeons Colorado State University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Studies Network (Kenya) Berks, Bucks & Oxon Wildlife Care Earth Trust (India) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Downstream Research Group Biodiversity, ecosystem services, Trust Health of Vipera berus IUCN Sampled Red List Index Columbia University (USA) (USA) Conservation of the social sustainability and tipping populations in England Carnegie Museum of Natural Anthropogenic drivers of Yangtze River dolphin points in African drylands Bermuda Institute of Ocean History (USA) IUCN Sampled emerging infectious diseases DPPVN – Society of Bird Research American Museum of Natural Sciences IUCN Sampled Red Red List Index Comisión Nacional para el and Nature Protection (Slovenia) History (USA) IUCN Sampled List Index Centers for Disease Control Conocimiento y Uso de la IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean and Prevention (USA) Samburu- Biodiversidad (Mexico) Durrell Wildlife Conservation American University of Beirut Sciences (USA) IUCN Sampled Laikipia Wild Dog Project IUCN Sampled Red List Index Trust Chytridiomycosis (Lebanon) IUCN Sampled Red Red List Index Central Connecticut State Conservation of Arctic Flora emergence in Dominica; West List Index Biodiversity Consultancy University (USA) IUCN Sampled and Fauna Living Planet Index Indian mammal extinctions; Amphibian and Reptile IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index Conservation, Information Chytridiomycosis in Leptodactylus Conservation (ARC) Disease risk Biodiversity Synthesis Center Central Ecology Health of Vipera and Research on Cetaceans fallax in Montserrat; Conservation analysis and health surveillance for (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index berus populations in England (Spain) Zoonotic potential of the mountain chicken frog; the species recovery programme; BIOSCAPE IUCN Sampled Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle of whale watching Ecology of the solenodon and IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Red List Index et Evolutive (France) IUCN Conservation International hutia in agricultural and native Health of Vipera berus populations BirdLife International Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index forest systems in Dominica; in England IUCN Sampled Red List Index Centre de Recherche sur les Consortium for Leptodactylus fallax and Alytes Animal Health and Veterinary Bishop Museum (USA) Mammifères Marins (France) Conservation Medicine (USA) muletensis as models to investigate Laboratories Agency Cetacean IUCN Sampled Red List Index Cetacean strandings around the UK Anthropogenic drivers of mitigation strategies for strandings around the UK coast; Bohol Island State University Centre for Ecology & Hydrology emerging infectious diseases chytridiomycosis; Metapopulation Disease risk analysis and health (Philippines) IUCN Sampled Management of bumblebee Consorzio Nazionale genetics in Mauritius pink pigeons surveillance for the species Red List Index habitat in agricultural landscapes; Interuniversitario per le Scienze Earlham College (USA) recovery programme; Potentially Bombay Natural History Society Disease risk analysis and health del Mare (Italy) Deep-sea fauna IUCN Sampled Red List Index zoonotic virus infections in African (India) Conservation of Gyps spp surveillance for the species of oceanic islands Eastern Kentucky University bats; Garden Bird Health Initiative; vultures in India recovery programme Convention on Biological (USA) IUCN Sampled Red Zoonotic disease spillover from Bournemouth University Centre for Environment, Fisheries Diversity (Canada) IUCN Sampled List Index fruit bats to humans in Ghana IUCN Sampled Red List Index & Aquaculture Science Cetacean Red List Index; Living Planet Index Eden Project IUCN Sampled Applied Biomathematics (USA) Brigham Young University (USA) strandings around the UK coast; Convention on Migratory Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index Species Living Planet Index Edith Cowan University Arafura Timor Research Facility British Antarctic Survey Centre of Environmental Studies Coastal Oceans Research and (Australia) IUCN Sampled (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red IUCN Sampled Red List Index Demetra (Italy) IUCN Sampled Development in the Indian Red List Index List Index British Divers Marine Life Rescue Red List Index Ocean (Kenya) IUCN Sampled Ege University (Turkey) IUCN ArtDatabanken (Sweden) Cetacean strandings around the Centre for Genomic Regulation Red List Index Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index; UK coast (Spain) Genetics of caste Cornwall Wildlife Trust Marine El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Regional Red List Programme British Hedgehog Preservation determination in polistine wasps Strandings Network Cetacean (Mexico) IUCN Sampled Red Auburn University (USA) Society Garden Wildlife Health Centre National de la Recherche strandings around the UK coast List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index; British Herpetological Society Scientifique (France) Occurrence, Committee on the Status of Enciclopedia de la Flora Signal content of plumage colour Assessing the conservation issue distribution and abundance of Endangered Wildlife in Canada Chilena (Chile) Regional Australian Freshwater Turtle of Aesculapian snakes introduced African mammals; Role of biology Regional Red List Programme Red List Programme Conservation and Research onto Crown lands in determining population-level CSIRO Australian Animal Health Environment Agency Association IUCN Sampled Red British Trust for Ornithology processes in vertebrates Laboratory (Australia) Potentially IUCN Sampled Red List Index List Index Garden Bird Health Initiative; Centro Internacional de Ecología zoonotic viruses in Eidolon helvum; Essex Wildlife Trust Australian Museum and Garden Wildlife Health Tropical (Venezuela) Regional IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index Department of Environment and Brunel University Otters Red List Programme Davidson College (USA) European Bird Census Council Conservation IUCN Sampled Red as a model species to Centro Regional de IUCN Sampled Red List Index Living Planet Index List Index investigate biomagnification Investigaciones Científicas Deakin University (Australia) European Commission Australian National University of pharmaceuticals y Tecnológicas (Argentina) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Determinants of occurrence, Evolution of personality in social Butterfly Conservation Regional Red List Programme Department of Economic distribution and abundance species; IUCN Sampled Red IUCN Sampled Red List Index Charles Darwin University Development, Environment of African mammals List Index CAB International (Australia) IUCN Sampled and Tourism (South Africa) European Environment Agency Avila University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index California Academy of Sciences Charles University (Czech Rep) Department of Forests (Cyprus) Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Babraham Institute Molecular (USA) IUCN Sampled Red IUCN Sampled Red List Index Regional Red List Programme y Museo (Argentina) IUCN basis of a major evolutionary List Index Chennai Snake Park (India) Département de l’Etude du Sampled Red List Index transition; Epigenetics of California State University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Milieu Naturel et Agricole Farmed Environment Company phenotypic plasticity in a IUCN Sampled Red List Index Chinese Academy of Sciences (Belgium) IUCN Sampled Ltd Management of bumblebee eusocial wasp Cambridge Infectious Diseases (China) IUCN Sampled Red List Red List Index habitat in agricultural landscapes Bangor University IUCN Sampled Consortium Fruit bats as Index; Quaternary mammal Desert Research Foundation of Fauna & Flora International Red List Index; Biodiversity bushmeat in Ghana extinction dynamics in Asia Namibia Individual optimisation Conservation priorities for

ZSL zoology review 2012/13 27 EDGE mammals; Pygmy Göteborg Natural History Institute for Environmental IUCN Species Survival understanding urogenital hippopotamus monitoring Museum (Sweden) Protection and Research (Italy) Commission IUCN Sampled Red carcinoma in California sea lions in Sapo National Park, Liberia; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Ecology and evolution of invasive List Index; Conservation of the Marine Research Institute IUCN Sampled Red List Index Government of Azores Habitat alien species Yangtze River dolphin; Protected (Iceland) Deep-sea fauna Federal Office for the suitability of oceanic cetaceans Institute for Nature Conservation areas: trends in biodiversity of oceanic islands Environment (Switzerland) Government of the of Serbia IUCN Sampled Red James Cook University (Australia) Marshall University (USA) Regional Red List Programme; Commonwealth of Dominica List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index Amphibian conservation Institute of Agricultural and James Hutton Institute Massey University (New Federal University of Amazonas in the Caribbean Environmental Sciences (Estonia) Susceptibility of social species Zealand) Sexual selection and (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red Government of Montserrat Regional Red List Programme to population decline in the hihi; Modelling dynamics of List Index Leptodactylus fallax and Institute of Cancer Research changing environments translocated populations; Effects of Federal University of Rio Grande Alytes muletensis as models A biomolecular approach to Joint Nature Conservation multiple stressors on reproduction do Sul (Brazil) IUCN Sampled to investigate mitigation understanding urogenital Committee IUCN Sampled and development in cetaceans Red List Index strategies for chytridiomycosis carcinoma in California sea Red List Index; Regional Red Max Planck Society (Germany) Field Museum (USA) Griffith University (Australia) lions; Zoonotic potential of List Programme The role of individual biology IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index whale watching Kadoorie Farm and Botanic in determining population- Finnish Environment Institute Group on Earth Observations Institute of Ecology and Garden (China) Constraints on level processes in vertebrates; Regional Red List Programme Secretariat (Switzerland) Biological Resources (Vietnam) recovery of small populations: the Determinants of occurrence, FishBase IUCN Sampled Red IUCN Sampled Red List Index; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Hainan gibbon as a case study distribution and abundance List Index Biodiversity indicators for 2010 Institute of Ecology and Katarniaghat Foundation (India) of African mammals Fisheries Research Services and beyond Systematics (Cuba) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Merritt College (USA) Odorant receptor gene expression Groupe de Recherche sur IUCN Sampled Red List Index Kenya Wildlife Service IUCN Sampled Red List Index in homing in Atlantic salmon les Cétacés (France) Habitat Institute of Hydrobiology (China) Samburu-Laikipia wild dog project Midwest Biodiversity Institute Food and Environment Research suitability of oceanic cetaceans Conservation of the Yangtze Kwame Nkkrumah University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Agency Disease risk analysis and Guana Tolomato Matanzas River dolphin of Science and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, health surveillance for the species National Estuarine Research Institute of Marine Research in Kumasi (Ghana) Ecosystem Trade, Land, Housing and the recovery programme Reserve (USA) IUCN Sampled (Norway) Deep-sea fauna of services in Ghana: understanding Environment (Montserrat) Forestry and Wildlife Division Red List Index oceanic islands the human component Conservation of the mountain (Dominica) Chytridiomycosis Guiyang University (China) Institute of Zoology (China) Kunming Institute of Zoology chicken frog emergence in Dominica; Disease threats and conservation Ecology and evolution of (China) Disease threats and Ministry of Environment (Japan) Amphibian conservation of the Chinese giant salamander invasive alien species conservation of the Chinese Regional Red List Programme in the Caribbean Hainan Normal University (China) Instituto de Biología, UNAM giant salamander Ministry of Environment (Czech Frankfurt Zoological Society IUCN Sampled Red List Index (Mexico) IUCN Sampled Red La Trobe University (Australia) Rep) Regional Red List Programme (Germany) Long-term Harvard University (USA) List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index Ministry of Environment and demography of the Serengeti IUCN Sampled Red List Index Instituto Butantan (Brazil) Laurentian University (Canada) Tourism (Namibia) MHC, parasite cheetah population Hebrew University of IUCN Sampled Red List Index Landscape epidemiology of loads and mate choice in desert Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Jerusalem (Israel) IUCN Instituto de Ecología (Mexico) ranavirus in Ontario baboons; Individual optimisation Erlangen-Nürnberg Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index Leeds Institute of Genetics, and social constraints in group- Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands Hellenic Centre for Marine Instituto Nacional de Health and Therapeutics living vertebrates Friedrich-Loeffler Institute Research (Greece) Deep-sea Pesquisas da Amazônia DNA damage and cancer: a Ministry of Lands and (Germany) Potentially zoonotic fauna of oceanic islands (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red biomolecular approach to Resettlement (Namibia) MHC, viruses in Eidolon helvum Helmholtz Centre for List Index understanding urogenital parasite loads and mate choice FrogLife Garden Wildlife Environmental Research Instituto Tecnológico carcinoma in California sea lions in desert baboons; Individual Health; Are humans spreading (Germany) Determinants of de Chetumal (Mexico) Liberian Forestry Development optimisation and social constraints wildlife disease between Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis IUCN Sampled Red List Index Authority Pygmy hippopotamus in group-living vertebrates British frog populations? emergence in European Instituto Tecnológico de monitoring in Sapo National Ministry of Nature Protection Fundación Amigos de la amphibian populations; Huejutla (Mexico) IUCN Park; Conservation priorities (Armenia) IUCN Sampled Red Naturaleza (Bolivia) IUCN IUCN Sampled Red List Index Sampled Red List Index for EDGE mammals List Index Sampled Red List Index Herpetological Society of the Instituto y Nucleo Zoologico Lighthouse Foundation Mississippi Department of Fundación AndígenA Philippines IUCN Sampled Red ARCO (Spain) IUCN Sampled Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands Wildlife, Fisheries & Parks (USA) (Venezuela) IUCN Sampled List Index Red List Index Lincoln University (New Zealand) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index Hokkaido Fisheries Experimental Instytut Ochrony Przyrody Ecology and evolution of invasive Missouri Botanical Gardens (USA) Galapagos Conservation Trust Station (Japan) IUCN Sampled PAN (Poland) Regional Red alien species IUCN Sampled Red List Index Building capacity and determining Red List Index List Programme London School of Economics Missouri Department of disease threats to Galápagos taxa Humboldt Institute (USA) Interdisciplinary Centre for Saving Sumatran swamps: Conservation (USA) IUCN Galápagos National Park Regional Red List Programme Marine Sciences (CICIMAR) carbon credits and biodiversity Sampled Red List Index Building capacity and determining Humboldt State University (USA) Zoonotic potential of conservation in Indonesia Monash University (Australia) disease threats to Galapagos taxa IUCN Sampled Red List Index whale watching Louisiana Fauna Project (USA) Ecology and evolution of Game and Fisheries Research Hungarian Natural History International Association IUCN Sampled Red List Index introduced avian malaria; Cultural (Finland) IUCN Sampled Red Museum IUCN Sampled Red of Astacology IUCN Sampled Louisiana State University (USA) and biological values of highland List Index List Index Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index lakes in Papua, Indonesia; Georgia College & State Illinois Natural History Survey International Livestock Research Ludwig Maximilian University IUCN Sampled Red List Index University (USA) IUCN (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Institute (Kenya) Biodiversity, Munich (Germany) IUCN Moredun Research Institute Sampled Red List Index Illinois Wesleyan University (USA) ecosystems, sustainability and Sampled Red List Index Epidemiology of poxviruses German Aerospace Center IUCN Sampled Red List Index tipping points in African drylands Lund University (Sweden) in squirrels Determinants of occurrence, Indianapolis Zoo (USA) International Pacific Halibut Ecology and evolution of Museo Nacional de Ciencias distribution and abundance IUCN Sampled Red List Index Commission Conservation introduced avian malaria Naturales (Spain) Mitigating the of African mammals INIBIOMA (Argentina) genetics of Pacific sleeper sharks Macquarie University (Australia) emergence of Batrachochytrium Ghent University (Belgium) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Iowa State University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index dendrobatidis in the Mallorcan IUCN Sampled Red List Index Institut Français de Recherche IUCN Sampled Red List Index. Makerere University (Uganda) midwife toad; Determinants of Global Marine Species Pour L’Exploitation de la Mer Irish Whale and Dolphin Group Living Planet Index Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Assessment IUCN Sampled (France) Deep-sea fauna of Cetacean strandings around Mampam Conservation European amphibian populations; Red List Index oceanic islands the UK coast IUCN Sampled Red List Index Role of host movement and Gobabeb Training & Research Institut National Agronomique Israel Ministry of the Marine Environmental sexual behaviour in transmission Centre (Namibia) MHC, parasite Paris-Grignon (France) Dynamics Environment Regional Red Monitoring Cetacean strandings of chytrid fungus in amphibians; loads and mate choice in desert of species extinctions List Programme around the UK coast IUCN Sampled Red List Index; baboons; Individual optimisation Institut Royal des Sciences Istituto per le Piante da Legno e Marine Mammal Center (USA) Comparative transcriptomics of and social constraints in Naturelles de Belgique (Belgium) l’Ambiente (Italy) IUCN Sampled DNA damage and cancer: a midwife toads associated with group-living vertebrates IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index biomolecular approach to emergence of ranavirus in Iberia

28 ZSL zoology review 2012/13 ZSL zoology review / collaborations

Museo de Historia Natural (Peru) National University of Ireland, chytridiomycosis; IUCN Sampled Royal Netherlands Institute for Society for Southeast Asian Regional Red List Programme Cork Deep-sea fauna of Red List Index Sea Research Deep-sea fauna Herpetology (Germany) Museo Nacional de História oceanic islands Northern Michigan University of oceanic islands IUCN Sampled Red List Index (Uruguay) IUCN Sampled Red National University of Ireland, (USA) IUCN Sampled Red Royal Society for the Protection South African National List Index Galway Deep-sea fauna of List Index of Birds Conservation of Gyps Biodiversity Institute Museo de Zoología (Venezuela) oceanic islands; IUCN Sampled Norwegian Institute for spp vultures in India; Disease risk IUCN Sampled Red List Index; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index Nature Research The role of analysis and health surveillance for Regional Red List Programme Museo di Storia Naturale National University of Mongolia individual biology in determining the species recovery programme; South Australian Museum dell’Università di Firenze (Italy) Regional Red List Programme population-level processes Living Planet Index; Garden IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index National University of Singapore in vertebrates Wildlife Health Southeastern Louisiana Museo Nacional de Historia IUCN Sampled Red List Index Ohio University (USA) Royal Veterinary College Wildlife University (USA) IUCN Natural (Chile) IUCN Sampled Natural England Disease risk IUCN Sampled Red List Index health bridge; Problem-solving in Sampled Red List Index Red List Index analysis and health surveillance for Old Dominion University (USA) primates; Individual optimisation Species 2000 IUCN Sampled Museo Tridentino di Scienze the species recovery programme; IUCN Sampled Red List Index and social constraints in group- Red List Index Naturali (Italy) IUCN Sampled Conservation genetics of O’Malley Fisheries (Ireland) living vertebrates; Epidemiology State Institute for Nature Red List Index adders in the UK; Assessing the Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands of parapoxvirus in squirrels Protection (Croatia) Regional Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle conservation issue of Aesculapian Omsk State Pedagogical Russian Academy of Sciences Red List Programme (Switzerland) IUCN Sampled snakes introduced onto Crown University (Russia) IUCN IUCN Sampled Red List Index State Museum of Natural History Red List Index lands; Health of Vipera berus Sampled Red List Index Rutgers, the State University of (Stuttgart, Germany) Regional Muséum National d’Histoire populations in England; Methods Ovidius University of Constanta New Jersey (USA) Comparative Red List Programme; IUCN Naturelle (France) IUCN Sampled of disease risk analysis for (Romania) IUCN Sampled Red studies linking ecology, evolution Sampled Red List Index Red List Index reintroduction programmes List Index and physiology; Ecology and State Natural History Museum Museum für Naturkunde Natural History Museum Paignton Zoo Environmental evolution of invasive alien species Braunschweig (Germany) (Germany) IUCN Sampled Cetacean strandings around the Park Disease risk analysis and Sahara Conservation Fund IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index UK coast; IUCN Sampled Red health surveillance for the Determinants of occurrence, State University of New York NanJing Normal University List Index; Developing species species recovery programme distribution and abundance (USA) IUCN Sampled Red (China) Conservation of the identification systems for bat Palacký University Olomouc in African mammals List Index Yangtze River dolphin; IUCN echolocation calls; Disease risk (Czech Republic) IUCN Sampled Saint Petersburg Scientific Station d’Ecologie Expérimentale Sampled Red List Index analysis and health surveillance for Red List Index Center (Russia) IUCN Sampled du CNRS à Moulis (France) National Aeronautics and Space the species recovery programme Panthera Tiger conservation and Red List Index Determinants of Batrachochytrium Administration (USA) Biodiversity Natural History Museum of Bern dam development in the tribal Salmonella Reference Unit, dendrobatidis emergence in indicators for 2010 and beyond; (Switzerland) IUCN Sampled forests of northeast India Public Health England Garden European amphibian populations; Determinants of occurrence, Red List Index Pamukkale University (Turkey) Wildlife Health Ecology and evolution of distribution and abundance Natural History Museum of IUCN Sampled Red List Index San Diego Natural History introduced avian malaria of African mammals; Role of Crete (Greece) IUCN Sampled Parks Canada Protected areas: Museum (USA) IUCN Sampled Statistics Netherlands individual biology in determining Red List Index trends in biodiversity Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index population-level processes Natural History Museum of Pennsylvania State University San Diego Zoo (USA) Stellenbosch University in vertebrates Zimbabwe IUCN Sampled (USA) IUCN Sampled Red IUCN Sampled Red List Index (South Africa) Comparative National Agricultural Research Red List Index List Index ScarabNet IUCN Sampled Red studies linking ecology, evolution Foundation (Greece) IUCN Naturalis Biodiversity Center People’s Trust for Endangered List Index and physiology; Ecology and Sampled Red List Index (The Netherlands) IUCN Sampled Species Chytridiomycosis in Scenic Hudson (USA) evolution of invasive alien species; National Birds of Prey Trust Red List Index Leptodactylus fallax in Montserrat; IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index Conservation of Gyps spp Nature Conservancy Disease risk analysis and health Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC) Stony Brook University (USA) vultures in India IUCN Sampled Red List Index surveillance for the species Cetacean strandings around the West Indian mammal extinctions National Institute for Nature Protection Trust of recovery programme UK coast Swedish Board of Fisheries IUCN Medical Research Modelling Seychelles IUCN Sampled Pontificia Universidad Sea Fisheries Research Institute Sampled Red List Index amphibian response to Red List Index Cathólica de Chile (South Africa) IUCN Sampled Red Swedish Species Information Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis NatureServe (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index List Index Center IUCN Sampled Red National Institute for Public IUCN Sampled Red List Index Plymouth University Cetacean Sea Life London Reproductive List Index Health and the Environment Netherlands Institute of Ecology strandings around the UK coast biology of the seahorse Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, (The Netherlands) IUCN Sampled Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands Queen’s University Belfast Sea Mammal Research Unit Snow and Landscape Research Red List Index Newcastle University IUCN Sampled Red List Index Cetacean strandings around the IUCN Sampled Red List Index National Institute of Water and Epidemiology of poxviruses in Queen’s University Canada UK coast; Parasitism, immunity Tanzania National Parks Atmospheric Research (New squirrels; Cetacean strandings IUCN Sampled Red List Index and sexual dimorphism in the Long-term demography of the Zealand) IUCN Sampled Red around the UK coast Queensland Museum (Australia) Galapagos sea lion Serengeti cheetah population; List Index New York State Diagnostic IUCN Sampled Red List Index Sea Watch Foundation Cetacean Implementation of a national National Museum (South Africa) Laboratory (USA) Samburu- RAMAS IUCN Sampled Red strandings around the UK coast plan for carnivore conservation IUCN Sampled Red List Index Laikipia Wild Dog Project List Index Senckenberg Naturmuseum in Tanzania National Museum of Natural New York State Museum (USA) Rajarata University of Sri Lanka Frankfurt (Germany) Tanzania Wildlife Research History of Spain IUCN Sampled Camera trapping as a census tool IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index Institute Long-term demography Red List Index New Zealand Department of Razi University (Iran) Shaanxi Normal University of the Serengeti cheetah National Museum of Nature and Conservation Sexual selection IUCN Sampled Red List Index (China) Disease threats and population; Implementation Science (Japan) IUCN Sampled and the hihi; Regional Red List Rebikoff-Niggeler Foundation conservation of the Chinese of a national plan for carnivore Red List Index Programme; IUCN Sampled Red (Portugal) Deep-sea fauna of giant salamander conservation in Tanzania; National Museum of the List Index oceanic islands Simon Fraser University (Canada) Implementation of a national Philippines IUCN Sampled Nordens Ark (Sweden) Receiver of Wreck, Maritime and Odorant receptor gene expression plan for carnivore conservation Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index Coastguard Agency Cetacean in homing in Atlantic salmon in Tanzania; Determinants of National Museum Wales North Carolina Museum of strandings around the UK coast Smithsonian National Museum occurrence, distribution and IUCN Sampled Red List Index Natural Sciences (USA) IUCN Rewilding Europe of Natural History (USA) IUCN abundance in African mammals; National Oceanic and Sampled Red List Index Rewilding Europe Sampled Red List Index CUT plan for large carnivore Atmospheric Administration North of England Zoological Rothamsted Research Smithsonian Tropical Research management in Tanzania (USA) IUCN Sampled Red Society IUCN Sampled Red Management of bumblebee Institute (USA) Genetics of caste Tarangire Elephant Project List Index List Index; Chytridiomycosis habitat in agricultural landscapes determination in polistine wasps; (Tanzania) Implementation of National Science Foundation emergence in Dominica Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh Camera trapping as a census tool a national plan for carnivore (USA) IUCN Sampled Red North-West University (South IUCN Sampled Red List Index Sociedad Ornitólogica de la conservation in Tanzania List Index Africa) Behavioural ecology of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Hispaniola (Dominica) West Technical University of Denmark National Taiwan Ocean Pyxicephalus adspersus; Testing the IUCN Sampled Red List Index Indian mammal extinctions IUCN Sampled Red List Index University IUCN Sampled ‘Out of Africa’ hypothesis for the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Société Audubon Haiti Teesside University West Indian Red List Index emergence of lethal amphibian Arts IUCN Sampled Red List Index West Indian mammal extinctions mammal extinctions

ZSL zoology review 2012/13 29 Tel Aviv University (Israel) Universidad San Francisco de University of Bath Cooperation University of Exeter Genetics of population level processes IUCN Sampled Red Quito (Ecuador) IUCN Sampled in a eusocial tropical paper wasp; caste determination in polistine in vertebrates List Index Red List Index Comparative studies linking wasps; Ecology and evolution University of Koblenz-Landau Texas A&M University (USA) Universidade de Brasília (Brazil) ecology, evolution and physiology of introduced avian malaria; (Germany) IUCN Sampled Red IUCN Sampled Red List Index; IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Bayreuth (Germany) Comparative transcriptomics List Index Honey wasps: a vespid honeybee? Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil) Determinants of occurrence, of midwife toads associated University of Eastern Finland – Tidewater Inc (USA) Regional Red IUCN Sampled Red List Index distribution and abundance with emergence of ranavirus Kuopio (Finland) IUCN Sampled List Programme Universidade do Estado do Rio in African mammals in Iberia; Susceptibility of social Red List Index Toledo Zoo (USA) IUCN Sampled de Janeiro (Brazil) IUCN Sampled University of Birmingham species to population decline in University of Las Palmas (Spain) Red List Index Red List Index Comparative studies linking changing environments; Cetacean Cetacean strandings around the Tour du Valat (France) Universidade do Vale do Itajaí ecology, evolution and physiology strandings around the UK coast UK coast; IUCN Sampled Red Living Planet Index (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red University of Bonn (Germany) University of Florida (USA) List Index Truman State University (USA) List Index Predator-prey size relationships IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Lausanne IUCN Sampled Red Universidade Federal da Bahia and evolution of giganticism University of the Free State (Switzerland) Evolution of nest List Index (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red in dinosaurs (South Africa) IUCN Sampled drifting by workers of the tropical Tsaobis Nature Park (Namibia) List Index University of Braunschweig Red List Index paper wasp Individual optimisation and Universidade Federal da Paraíba (Germany) IUCN Sampled University of Fribourg University of Leeds Parasitism, social constraints in group- (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red Red List Index (Switzerland) Ecology and immunity and sexual dimorphism living vertebrates List Index University of Bremen (Germany) evolution of invasive alien species in the Galápagos sea lion; UNEP World Conservation Universidade Federal de Mato Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands University of Ghana Potentially Determining disease threats Monitoring Centre IUCN Grosso (Brazil) IUCN Sampled University of Bristol Individual zoonotic viruses in Eidolon helvum; to endemic Galápagos taxa; Sampled Red List Index; Living Red List Index optimisation and social constraints Drivers of disease dynamics Dynamics of reproductive Planet Index; Diagnosing Universidade Federal do in group-living vertebrates; in Africa dominance in dinosaur ants; deleterious biodiversity change; Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil) Unicolonial ants, electricity University of Glasgow IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Wildlife in a changing world: IUCN Sampled Red List Index and conservation IUCN Sampled Red List Index Parasites as tools for biogeography Linking abundance dynamics to Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná University of California (USA) University of Granada (Spain) and population history of ecosystem function for enhanced (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red Samburu-Laikipia Wild Dog Project; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Galápagos giant tortoises environmental decision making List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Guam University of Liverpool Cetacean Uniformed Services University Università di Firenze (Italy) University of Cambridge IUCN Sampled Red List Index strandings around the UK coast; (USA) Potentially zoonotic viruses IUCN Sampled Red List Index MHC, parasite loads and mate University of Guayaquil The role of individual biology in in Eidolon helvum Université Cadi Ayyad (Morocco) choice in desert baboons; (Ecuador) Building capacity determining population-level United States Department IUCN Sampled Red List Index Evolutionary genetics of and determining disease threats processes in vertebrates of Agriculture Forest Service Université de Poitiers (France) cooperation in meerkats; Wildlife to Galápagos taxa; Parasites University of Ljubljana (Slovenia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index immunogenetics; Sexual selection as tools for biogeography IUCN Sampled Red List Index United States Geological Université de Savoie (France) and the hihi; Potentially zoonotic and population history of University of London, Imperial Survey IUCN Sampled Red List Determinants of Batrachochytrium viruses in Eidolon helvum; IUCN Galápagos giant tortoises College Comparative studies Index; Disease risk analysis for dendrobatidis emergence in Sampled Red List Index; Signal University of Hong Kong linking ecology, evolution and reintroduction programmes European amphibian populations content of plumage colour; Risk IUCN Sampled Red List Index physiology; Energetic constraints Universidad Andrés Bello (Chile) Universiti Malaysia Sarawak of zoonotic disease spillover University of Hyogo (Japan) on animal ecology; Mammalian Saving mouth brooding frogs: (Malaysia) IUCN Sampled from fruit bats to humans in IUCN Sampled Red List Index community structure and the impact of chytridiomycosis Red List Index Ghana; Epidemiological aspects University of Illinois (USA) dynamics across gradients of on Darwin’s frogs University of Aberdeen Cetacean of amphibian chytridiomycosis; A biomolecular approach to land-use intensity in Malaysian Universidad Autónoma de strandings programme; Deep-sea Role of host movement and understanding urogenital Borneo; Determinants of pathogen Aguascalientes (Mexico) fauna of oceanic islands; Odorant sexual behaviour in transmission carcinoma in California sea lions; distribution and prevalence in IUCN Sampled Red List Index receptor gene expression in of chytrid fungus in amphibians; IUCN Sampled Red List Index a multi-host and island system; Universidad Autónoma de homing in Atlantic salmon Influence of climate change on bat University of Innsbruck (Austria) Alternative livelihood approach Ciudad Juárez (Mexico) University of Adelaide (Australia) communities and effectiveness IUCN Sampled Red List Index to improving sustainability of IUCN Sampled Red List Index Ecology and evolution of invasive of protected areas in Mexico; University of Kansas (USA) bushmeat hunting in West and Universidad de Castilla-La alien species; Sexual selection Adaption to captivity in corncrake; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Central Africa; Mitigating the Mancha (Spain) Wildlife and the hihi; Ecology and Sexual conflict and social control University of Kent Mitigating the emergence of Batrachochytrium immunogenetics evolution of introduced avian of female mating strategies in a emergence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the Mallorcan Universidad Complutense malaria; Comparative studies wild primate; Drivers of disease dendrobatidis in the Mallorcan midwife toad; Determinants of de Madrid (Spain) Ecology linking ecology, evolution and dynamics in Africa; Health-seeking midwife toad; Invasive species as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and evolution of introduced physiology; Extinction, island behaviours relating to febrile vectors of disease and amphibian emergence in European avian malaria biogeography and community and encephalitic illness in rural declines; Factors influencing amphibian populations; Universidad de Los Andes structure in island birds; Prayer Ghana; Investigation of a novel cooperative behaviour and Population-level cost of (Venezuela) IUCN Sampled animal releases in Taiwan: henipavirus in African bats group performance in humans; Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Red List Index analysis of an Eastern pathway University of Canberra (Australia) Conservation status of European infection in the Pyrenean midwife Universidad Nacional Autónoma to biological invasions; Global IUCN Sampled Red List Index; bats; Implications of infectious toad; Spatial global biodiversity de México IUCN Sampled Red study of the richness, spread Extinction, island biogeography disease for the global trade and monitoring in the context of data List Index and impacts of exotic birds and community structure in conservation of amphibians; uncertainty; Invasive species as Universidad de Puerto Rico University of Agricultural island birds Invasive species as vectors of vectors of disease in amphibians; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Science and Veterinary Medicine University of Copenhagen disease in amphibians; Sexual Emerging disease threats to Universidad de Salamanca (Spain) (Romania) IUCN Sampled Red (Denmark) Evolution of selection and the hihi; Assessing newts in the UK; Epidemiology IUCN Sampled Red List Index List Index personality in social species the conservation issue of of amphibian chytridiomycosis; Universidad del Valle (Colombia) University of Alberta (Canada) University of Dublin (Ireland) Aesculapian snakes introduced Modelling amphibian response to IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index onto Crown lands; IUCN Sampled chytrid infection; IUCN Sampled Universidad del Zulia (Venezuela) University of Auckland University of East Anglia Red List Index; Metapopulation Red List Index; Modelling the IUCN Sampled Red List Index (New Zealand) Automatic Management of bumblebee genetics in Mauritius pink dynamics of translocated Universidad Juárez Autónoma detection, parameterisation habitat in agricultural landscapes; pigeons; Improving the impact populations; Ecosystem services de Tabasco (Mexico) and species identification systems Garden Wildlife Health; IUCN of amphibian conservation in Ghana: understanding the IUCN Sampled Red List Index for bat echolocation calls Sampled Red List Index; Evolution programmes; New analytical human component; Dynamics Universidad Nacional Mayor de University of Aveiro (Portugal) and diversification of ants methods for camera-trap of large mammal range collapse San Marcos (Peru) IUCN Sampled Mammal diversity and soil University of Edinburgh data; Disease risk analysis for and extinction: evidence from Red List Index functional integrity across Beeworm: bumblebee-nematode reintroduction programmes; the Holocene record; Bovine Universidad Rey Juan Carlos habitat gradients in Brazil host-parasite interaction; Emergence, epidemiology and tuberculosis in cattle and (Spain) Role of individual biology University of the Azores Emerging disease threats to UK impact of chytridiomycosis in the badgers; Determinants of tiger in determining population level (Portugal) Deep-sea fauna newts; Evolutionary genetics of mountain chicken frog; Role of occurrence and population processes in vertebrates of oceanic islands cooperation in meerkats individual biology in determining viability in fragmented landscapes;

30 ZSL zoology review 2012/13 ZSL zoology review / collaborations

Disease susceptibility in three around a West African marine community interactions using dynamics in Africa; Health-seeking Virginia Tech University (USA) amphibian species; The role of protected area; Factors influencing camera traps behaviours relating to febrile and Hunting behaviour in individual biology in determining cooperative behaviour in group University of the Pacific (USA) encephalitic illness in rural Ghana Serengeti cheetah population-level processes in performance in humans; Human- IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Sydney (Australia) West University of Timisoara vertebrates; Susceptibility of social wildlife conflict, wellbeing and University of the Philippines IUCN Sampled Red List Index (Romania) IUCN Sampled Red species to population decline economic opportunity: coexisting IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Tasmania (Australia) List Index in changing environments; with carnivores in the Gobi Desert; University of Portsmouth IUCN Sampled Red List Index Wetlands Institute (USA) Management interventions Climate change, drought impacts Genomic aspects of DNA University of Tennessee (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index for large mammal populations and mitigation of human-wildlife damage induced by IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Whittier College (USA) in Cambodia; Ecological and conflict in East African rangelands: germplasm cryopreservation Extinction, island biogeography IUCN Sampled Red List Index genetic determinants of grey the case of Amboseli; Effectiveness University of Presov (Slovakia) and community structure in Wildlife Conservation Society squirrel expansion in Italy and of marine protected areas for IUCN Sampled Red List Index island birds (USA) Long-term demography of Britain; Whole genome analysis of protecting migratory pelagic University of Pretoria University of Texas (USA) the Serengeti cheetah population; Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; fish species; Drivers of disease (South Africa) IUCN Sampled Regional Red List Programme; Occurrence, distribution and Patterns and processes in natural dynamics in Africa; Primates of Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index abundance of African mammals; population declines; Testing the the Caribbean: using historical University of Queensland University of Trier (Germany) The role of individual biology in ‘Out of Africa’ hypothesis for the era introductions of primates to (Australia) Comparative studies IUCN Sampled Red List Index determining population-level emergence of lethal amphibian the Lesser Antilles to understand linking ecology, evolution and University of Tromsø (Norway) processes in vertebrates; CUT plan chytridiomycosis; Comparative rates of island evolution; physiology; IUCN Sampled Red Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands for large carnivore management transcriptomics of midwife toads Mobile gaming, citizen science List Index University of Victoria (Canada) in Tanzania; Implementation associated with emergence of and biodiversity; Phenotypic University of Quintana Roo Conservation genetics of the of a national plan for carnivore ranavirus in Iberia; Diagnosing plasticity in tropical paper wasps; (Mexico) IUCN Sampled Red Pacific sleeper shark; Determinants conservation in Tanzania deleterious biodiversity change; Unicolonial ants, electricity List Index of pathogen distribution and Wildlife Division (Ghana) Inferring extinction risk from and conservation; Addressing University of Reading Ecology prevalence in a multihost and Potentially zoonotic viruses vertebrate population trends; information needs in cheetah; of the solenodon and hutia in island system in Eidolon helvum African lion population genetics; Cultural and biological values of agricultural and native forest University of Virginia (USA) Wildlife Trust for India Effects of agricultural intensification highland lakes in Papua, Indonesia; systems in Dominica Energetic constraints on IUCN Sampled Red List Index on biodiversity in Chaco Argentina; Prayer animal releases in Taiwan: University of Rochester (USA) animal ecology Wildlife Trusts UK Disease risk Adaptation to captivity in analysis of an Eastern pathway to Modelling the amphibian University of Wageningen analysis and health surveillance for corncrake; Leptodactylus fallax biological invasions; Comparative response to infection by (The Netherlands) Camera the species recovery programme and Alytes muletensis as models to transcriptomics of midwife toads Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis trapping as a census tool; WildScreen IUCN Sampled Red investigate mitigation strategies associated with emergence of University of Roehampton Comparative studies linking List Index for chytridiomycosis; Evolutionary ranavirus in Iberia; Global study Individual optimisation and ecology, evolution and physiology Woods Hole Oceanographic potential of living fossils of richness, spread and impacts social constraints in group-living University of Washington (USA) Institute (USA) Cetacean University of London, Kings of exotic birds; Tiger conservation vertebrates; Sexual conflict and Long-term demography of the strandings around the UK coast College Environmental change in and dam development in the social control of female mating Serengeti cheetah population Worcester Polytechnic Institute riparian ecosystems: development tribal forests of northeast India strategies in a wild primate University of the West Indies (USA) IUCN Sampled Red of a new policy-planning tool University of Lyon (France) University of Salzburg (Austria) (Jamaica) IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of London, Queen The role of individual biology in IUCN Sampled Red List Index List Index Working Dogs for Conservation Mary Sex, flies and fungus; determining population-level University of San Carlos University of Western Australia (USA) Long-term demography of Epidemiology of poxviruses in processes in vertebrates (Philippines) IUCN Sampled IUCN Sampled Red List Index the Serengeti cheetah population squirrels; Identifying emerging University of Marburg (Germany) Red List Index University of Western Sydney World Dragonfly Association disease threats to UK newts; Forest IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of San Diego (Australia) Susceptibility of social IUCN Sampled Red List Index fragmentation and parasitism University of Minnesota (USA) (USA) Energetic constraints species to population decline World Wildlife Fund International of Malaysian amphibians; IUCN Sampled Red List Index on animal ecology in changing environments Living Planet Index; Drivers of Learning and social information University of Missouri (USA) University of Sheffield University of Wisconsin (USA) extinction: lessons from recent use in foraging bumblebees; Building capacity and determining Comparative studies linking IUCN Sampled Red List Index extinctions; Developing national Comparative transcriptomics of disease threats to Galápagos taxa ecology, evolution and University of the Witwatersrand measures of biodiversity change midwife toads associated with University of Montpellier physiology; Ecology and (South Africa) IUCN Sampled Red Xerces Society for Invertebrate emergence of ranavirus in Iberia (France) Sexual conflict and evolution of invasive alien List Index Conservation (USA) University of London, Royal social control of female mating species; Cascading extinctions University of Würzburg IUCN Sampled Red List Index Holloway West Indian mammal strategies in a wild primate and the design of ecological (Germany) Evolution of nest- Xuzhou Normal University extinctions; Primates of the University of New Mexico risk indicators; Genomic aspects drifting by workers of the tropical (China) IUCN Sampled Red Caribbean: using historical era (USA) Energetic constraints of DNA damage induced by paper wasp; Determinants of List Index introductions of primates to the on animal ecology germplasm cryopreservation; occurrence, distribution and Yale University (USA) Ecology and Lesser Antilles to understand University of Niš (Serbia) Wildlife in a changing world: abundance of African mammals evolution of invasive alien species rates of island evolution; IUCN Sampled Red List Index linking abundance dynamics to University of York IUCN Sampled Yibin University (China) Beeworm: bumblebee-nematode University of Oklahoma (USA) ecosystem function for enhanced Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index host-parasite interaction; Are IUCN Sampled Red List Index environmental decision Yüzüncü Yıl University (Turkey) ‘Zirichiltaggi’, Sardinian Wildlife bumblebees the extended University of Oslo (Norway) making; Microevolutionary Signal content of plumage colour Conservation (Italy) Disease phenotype of nematodes? The role of individual biology in response to climate change University of Zurich threats to endangered Sardinian A transcriptomics approach; determining population-level in wild populations (Switzerland) Determinants of newts; Using spatial genetics Quaternary mammal extinction processes in vertebrates University of Siena (Italy) Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis to infer host movement and dynamics in Asia University of Otago (New Ecology and evolution of invasive emergence in European transmission probability University of London, University Zealand) IUCN Sampled Red alien species amphibian populations; IUCN Zoo Atlanta (USA) College London Constraints on List Index University of Southampton Sampled Red List Index; Micro- IUCN Sampled Red List Index recovery of small populations: University of Oxford Population Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands evolutionary response to climate Zoological Museum of the Hainan gibbon case study; genetic units in the Ethiopian University of St Andrews change in wild populations Copenhagen, Natural History Biodiversity, ecosystem services, wolf; Conservation genetics IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Veterinary Services Division Museum of Denmark social sustainability and tipping of adders in the UK; Camera Ecosystem service provision (Dominica) Chytridiomycosis IUCN Sampled Red List Index points in African drylands; Large trapping as a census tool; IUCN and adaptive management emergence in Dominica; Zoological Survey of India felid ecology and interactions with Sampled Red List Index; West in the Solomon Islands; Implementation of a regional IUCN Sampled Red List Index humans in the Algerian Sahara; Indian mammal extinctions; Monitoring Ganges river management plan for amphibians Zoologisches Social and ecological dynamics of Antarctic monitoring; Regional dolphin in southern Bangladesh in the Caribbean Forschungsmuseum the bushmeat trade; How many Red List Programme; Role of University of Sussex Molecular Veterinary Services Division Alexander Koenig tigers? Investigating validity of social information in mediating basis of a major evolutionary (Ghana) Zoonotic virus infections (Germany) IUCN Sampled population estimates from camera individual fitness and population transition; Chytrid effects on in Eidolon helvum Red List Index trap data; Marine resources, dynamics; Quantifying effects of natterjack toad population Villanova University (USA) Zootropic (Guatemala) IUCN livelihoods and conservation environmental disturbance on genetics; Drivers of disease IUCN Sampled Red List Index Sampled Red List Index

ZSL zoology review 2012/13 31 ZSL ZOOLOGY review / staff representation Staff representation IoZ staff play a significant role within a wide range of professional organisations and are involved in some leading scientific and conservation publications.

Professional Andrew Cunningham (Member, Specialist Group); Andrew Primate Society of Great Britain Trent Garner (Member, Affiliations Amphibian Health Advisory Cunningham (Member, Wildlife Juliet Wright (Member) Executive Committee) American Society of Committee); Trent Garner (Member, Health Specialist Group; Member, Rainforest Life Zebra Foundation for Veterinary Ichthyologists and Amphibian Health Advisory Conservation Breeding Specialist Ben Collen (Member, Zoological Education Herpetologists Committee); Paul Jepson (Member, Group); David Curnick (Member, Environmental Becki Lawson (Council Member) Trent Garner (Member) CSIP Project Steering Group) Mangrove Specialist Group); Sarah Advisory Committee) Zirrichiltaggi, Sardinia Animal Health Information European College of Durant (Member, Cat Specialist Ramsar Jon Bielby (Member); Specialists (UK and Ireland) Zoological Medicine Group); John Ewen (Member, Nathalie Pettorelli (Invited Trent Garner (Member) Ann Sylph (Member) Andrew Cunningham (Diplomat, Reintroduction Specialist Group); Expert, Scientific andT echnical Ape Alliance Chair, Wildlife Population Health); Trent Garner (Member, Amphibian Review Panel) Editorial Juliet Wright (Chair, Bushmeat Paul Jepson (Diplomat, Wildlife Specialist Group); Dada Gottelli Reef Conservation UK Positions Working Group) Population Health); Anthony (Member, Canid Specialist Group); David Curnick Animal Conservation Bat Conservation Trust, UK Sainsbury (Member) Paul Jepson (Member, Wildlife (Committee Member) Tim Blackburn (Associate Editor); Kate Jones (Trustee) European Society for Health Specialist Group; Member, Royal Veterinary College Trent Garner (Editor); Nathalie Biodiversity Indicators Evolutionary Biology Cetacean Specialist Group); Andrew Cunningham Pettorelli (Editor) Partnership Trent Garner (Member) Kate Jones (Member, Chiroptera (Visiting Professor); Paul Jepson Computational and Mathematical Louise McRae (Partner) European Wildlife Specialist Group); Nathalie (Honorary Senior Lecturer); Methods in Medicine Board of Studies (Wildlife) of Disease Association Pettorelli (Member, Mangrove Anthony Sainsbury (Honorary Jinliang Wang (Member, Kerala Veterinary Animal Science Becki Lawson (Member, Specialist Group); Anthony Senior Lecturer) Editorial Board) Anthony Sainsbury (Honorary Student Activities Council) Sainsbury (Member, Wildlife Societas Europea Herpetologica Diseases of Aquatic Organisms Senior Lecturer) Fisheries Society Health Specialist Group); Samuel Trent Garner (Member, Andrew Cunningham (Editor) British Ecological Society of the British Isles Turvey (Member, Cetacean Conservation Committee) EcoHealth Jon Bielby (Member); Tim David Curnick (Member); Specialist Group; Member, Saola Society for Conservation Biology Andrew Cunningham (Member, Blackburn (Council Member); Kirsty Kemp (Member) Working Group; Conservation Tammy Davies (Member); Editorial Board) Patricia Brekke (Member); Frances Genetics Society Co-ordinator, Small Mammal John Ewen (Member); Louise Ecological Applications Clare (Member); David Curnick Trent Garner (Member) Specialist Group); Rosie Woodroffe McRae (Member); Nathalie Trent Garner (Member, (Member); Tammy Davies GEO BON (Core Member; Co-ordinator, Pettorelli (Member) Editorial Board) (Member); Ellie Dyer (Member; Louise McRae (Member); African Wild Dog Working Group; Society for the Study of Emu: Austral Ornithology Member, Macroecology Special Nathalie Pettorelli (Member) Member, Canid Specialist Amphibians and Reptiles John Ewen (Associate Editor) Interest Group); Trent Garner Herpetologists’ League Group; Member, Wildlife Health Trent Garner (Member) Endangered Species Research (Member); Kirsty Kemp (Member); Trent Garner (Member) Specialist Group) Student Conference on Andrew Cunningham (Editor); Nathalie Pettorelli (Member) Hihi Recovery Group Kenya Wildlife Service Conservation Science Marcus Rowcliffe (Editor) British Herpetological Society Patricia Brekke (Member) Rosie Woodroffe (Member, Guy Cowlishaw (Member, European Journal of Frances Clare (Member) Imperial College London Steering Group on Conservation Conference Advisory Committee) Wildlife Research British Veterinary Trent Garner (Honorary and Management of UNEP ASCOBANS Anthony Sainsbury Zoological Society Research Fellow) Large Carnivores) Paul Jepson (Member, (Associate Editor) Katie Beckmann (Member); International Advisory Group Kerala Veterinary and Advisory Group) Global Ecology and Andrew Cunningham (Member) for the Northern Bald Ibis Animal Science University UNEP WCMC Biogeography Bushmeat Working Group Andrew Cunningham Anthony Sainsbury (Member, Ben Collen (Honorary Fellow; Kate Jones (Editor) Guy Cowlishaw (Member); Marcus (Committee Member) Expert Committee) Lead Author, Global International Journal Rowcliffe (Member); JulietW right International Council for King Saud University Environmental Outlook) of Parasitology (Member) the Exploration of the Sea Tim Blackburn (Member, University College London Anthony Sainsbury Centre for Ecology and Evolution Paul Jepson (Member, Distinguished Scientist Tim Blackburn (Honorary (Associate Editor) Kate Jones (Member, Working Group on Marine Fellowship Scheme) Professor); Andrew Cunningham Journal of Applied Ecology Steering Committee) Mammal Ecology) Laurentian University (Honorary Professor); David Nathalie Pettorelli (Associate Editor) Centre of Excellence for Invasion International Foundation Trent Garner (Adjunct Professor) Curnick (Honorary Research Journal of Evolutionary Biology Biology, South Africa for Science London Biology Librarians Group Associate); Ellie Dyer (Honorary Jinliang Wang (Member, Board Tim Blackburn (Honorary Marcus Rowcliffe (Member, Ann Sylph (Member) Research Associate) of Reviewing Editors) Research Associate) Scientific Advisory Committee) London Invasive University of Birmingham Journal of Zoology Charity Archivists and Records International Primatological Species Initiative Tim Blackburn Jon Bielby (Member, Editorial Managers Group Society Ellie Dyer (Committee Member) (Honorary Professor) Board); Trent Garner (Member, Michael Palmer (Member) Juliet Wright (Member) London Learned and University of Liverpool Editorial Board) Chartered Institute of Ecology International Union for the Professional Societies Andrew Cunningham (Honorary NeoBiota and Environmental Management Study of Social Insects Librarians’ Group Senior Research Fellow) Tim Blackburn (Editor) Kelly Moyes (Member) Seirian Sumner (Member, Michael Palmer (Member) University of Oxford Scientific Reports Committee on Earth Secretary for British Section) Nature Conservation Trust, Tim Blackburn (Visiting Professor) Andrew Cunningham (Editor) Observation Systems IUCN SSC South Africa Veterinary Research Club Tropical Conservation Science Nathalie Pettorelli (Member, Tim Blackburn (Member, Invasive Sarah Durant (Trustee) Becki Lawson (Council Member) Ben Collen (Associate Editor) Biodiversity Steering Group) Species Specialist Group); Monika New Zealand Department Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust Wildlife Research Conservation Commons Böhm (Member, Snake and Reptile of Conservation Katie Beckmann (Member) Andrew Cunningham Ben Collen (Member, Red List Authority); Jessica Bryant John Ewen (Co-chair, Wildlife Disease Association (Associate Editor) Steering Committee) (Member, Primate Specialist Hihi Recovery Group) Becki Lawson (Member, Defenders of Wildlife Group on Small Apes); Ben Collen Office International Awards Committee) Rosie Woodroffe (Member, (Member, Red List Committee; Co- des Épizooties Working Dogs for Conservation Scientific Advisory Board) Chair, National Red List Working Andrew Cunningham Rosie Woodroffe (Member, Department for Environment, Group; Member, Red List Technical (Member, Ad hoc Group on Science Advisory Board) Food and Rural Affairs Working Group; Member, Hippo Amphibian Diseases) World Congress of Herpetology

32 ZSL zoology review 2012/13 ZSL zoology review / publications Publications IoZ staff and students have contributed to a huge range of publications over the 2012–2013 academic year.

Alemu, JB, Cazabon-Mannette, in a captive population of Bataille, A, Fournié, G, Cruz, in deliberately introduced exotic wild marine mammal PLoS MNE, Cunningham, AA, African straw-coloured fruit M, Ceden˜o, V, Parker, PG, species: fact or artefact? Biological One 8(6): e67132. Dempewolf, L, Hailey, A, Mannette, bats. Sustaining Ecosystems, Cunningham, AA and Goodman, Invasions 15: 1459-1469. RP, Naranjit, KT, Perkins, MW Supporting Health, the 4th Biennial SJ (2012) Host selection and Brown, TA, Belt, ST, Ferguson, and Schmidt-Roach, ACJ (2013) Conference of International parasite infection in Aedes Bogich, TL, Funk, S, Malcolm, SH, Yurkowski, DJ, Davison, NJ, Presence of the chytrid fungus Association for Ecology and taeniorhynchus, endemic disease TR, Chhun, N, Epstein, JH, Barnett, JEF and Jepson, PD (2013) Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Health, Kunming, PR China, 15-18 vector in the Galápagos Islands. Chmura, AA, Marm Kilpatrick, A, Identification of the sea ice diatom in a vulnerable frog in Trinidad, October 2012: abstract no 28. Infection, Genetics and Evolution Brownstein, JS, Clyde Hutchison, biomarker IP25 and related lipids West Indies. Endangered Species 12: 1831-1841. O, Doyle-Capitman, C, Deaville, R, in marine mammals: a potential Research 20: 131-136. Baker, K, Todd, S, Marsh, G, Barr, Morse, SS, Cunningham, AA and method for investigating regional J, Suu-Ire, R, Hayman, D, Peel, Bateman, AW, Ozgul, A, Nielsen, JF, Daszak, P (2013) Using network variations in dietary sources Ameca y Juárez, EI, Mace, GM, A, Kamins, A, Yu, M, Fernandez- Coulson, T and Clutton-Brock, TH theory to identify the causes of within higher trophic level marine Cowlishaw, G, Cornforth, WA Loras, A, Murcia, P, Crameri, G, (2013) Social structure mediates disease outbreaks of unknown systems. Journal of Experimental and Pettorelli, N (2013) Assessing Wood, J, Cunningham, AA and environmental effects on group origin. Journal of the Royal Society Marine Biology and Ecology 441: exposure to extreme climatic Wang, L (2012) Assessing the size in an obligate cooperative Interface 10: 20120904. 99-104. events for terrestrial mammals. threat of zoonotic transmission breeder, Suricata suricatta. Ecology Conservation Letters 6: 145-153. of paramyxoviruses from African 94: 587-597. Böhm, M, Collen, B, Baillie, JEM, Cantú-Salazar, L, Orme, CDL, fruit bats. Sustaining Ecosystems, Bowles, P, Chanson, J, Cox, N, Rasmussen, PC, Blackburn, Ameca y Juárez, EI, Mace, GM, Supporting Health, the 4th Biennial Bell, E and Sumner, S Hammerson, G, Hoffmann, M, TM and Gaston, KJ (2013) The Cowlishaw, G and Pettorelli, Conference of International (2013) Ecology and social Livingstone, SR, Ram, M, Rhodin, performance of the global N (2013) Identifying species’ Association for Ecology and organisation of wasps. eLS, DOI: AGL et al (2013) The conservation protected area system in characteristics associated with Health, Kunming, PR China, 15-18 10.1002/9780470015902.a0023597. status of the world’s reptiles. capturing vertebrate geographic natural population die-offs in October 2012: abstract no 27. Biological Conservation 157: ranges. Biodiversity and mammals. Animal Conservation, Bielby, J, Bosch, J, Fisher, M 372-385. Conservation 22: 1033-1047. DOI: 10.1111/acv.12053. Baker, KS, Leggett, RM, Bexfield, and Garner, T (2012) Stuff the NH, Alston, M, Daly, G, Todd, envelope: temperature-associated Borowik, T, Pettorelli, N, Carter, AJ, Feeney, WE, Marshall, Ansari, MS, Rakha, BA, Andrabi, S, Tachedjian, M, Holmes, CE, mortality does not match the Sönnichsen, L and Jędrzejewska, HH, Cowlishaw, G and Heinsohn, SMH, Ullah, N, Iqbal, R, Holt, WV Crameri, S, Wang, L-F, Heeney, JL, expectations of laboratory B (2013) Normalized difference R (2012) Animal personality: and Akhter, S (2012) Glutathione- Suu-Ire, R, Kellam, P, Cunningham, estimates of Batrachochytrium vegetation index (NDVI) as a what are behavioural ecologists supplemented tris-citric acid AA, Wood, JL, Caccamo, M and dendrobatidis physiological predictor of forage availability measuring? Biological Reviews extender improves the post-thaw Murcia, PR (2013) Metagenomic requirements. World Congress of for ungulates in forest and field 88: 465-475. quality and in vivo fertility of study of the viruses of African Herpetology Conference 2012, habitats. European Journal of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) bull straw-coloured fruit bats: Vancouver, Canada, 8-14 August Wildlife Research, DOI: 10.1007/ Carter, AJ, Marshall, HM, Heinsohn, spermatozoa. Reproductive detection of a chiropteran 2012: 61-62. s10344-013-0720-0. R and Cowlishaw, G (2012) How Biology 12: 271-276. poxvirus and isolation of a not to measure boldness: novel novel adenovirus. Virology 441: Bielby, J, Bovero, S, Angelini, C, Bosch, J, García-Alonso, D, object and antipredator responses Arbelo, M, de los Monteros, AE, 95-106. Favelli, M, Gazzaniga, E, Perkins, M, Fernández-Beaskoetxea, S, are not the same in wild baboons. Herráez, P, Andrada, M, Sierra, Sotgiu, G, Tessa, G and Garner, TWJ Fisher, MC and Garner, TWJ (2013) Animal Behaviour 84: 603-609. E, Rodríguez, F, Jepson, PD and Baker, KS, Todd, S, Marsh, GA, (2013) Geographic and taxonomic Evidence for the introduction of Fernández, A (2013) Pathology Crameri, G, Barr, J, Kamins, AO, Peel, variation in Batrachochytrium lethal chytridiomycosis affecting Cassey, P, Mikšík, I, Portugal, SJ, and causes of death of stranded AJ, Yu, M, Hayman, DTS, Nadjm, dendrobatidis infection and wild Betic midwife toads (Alytes Maurer, G, Ewen, JG, Zarate, E, cetaceans in the Canary Islands B, Mtove, G, Amos, B, Reyburn, H, transmission within a highly dickhilleni). EcoHealth 10: 82-89. Sewell, MA, Karadas, F, Grim, T (1999-2005). Diseases of Aquatic Nyarko, E, Suu-Ire, R, Murcia, PR, endemic amphibian community, and Hauber, ME (2012) Avian Organisms 103: 87-99. Cunningham, AA, Wood, JLN and Diversity and Distributions 19: Bowman, A, Martinez-Levasseur, eggshell pigments are not Wang, L-F (2013) Novel, potentially 1153-1163. LM, Acevedo-Whitehouse, K, consistently correlated with colour Ariani, CV, Pickles, RSA, Jordan, WC, zoonotic paramyxoviruses from Gendron, D and Birch-Machin, measurements or egg constituents Lobo-Hajdu, G and Rocha, CFD the African straw-coloured fruit bat Bird, JP and Blackburn, TM MA (2013) The simultaneous in two Turdus thrushes. Journal of (2013) Mitochondrial DNA and (Eidolon helvum). Journal of Virology (2011) Observations of large detection of mitochondrial DNA Avian Biology 43: 503-512. microsatellite loci data supporting 87: 1348-1358. raptors in northeast Sudan. damage from sun-exposed skin a management plan for a critically Scopus 31: 19-27. of three whale species and its Chatterjee, HJ, Tse, JSY and Turvey, endangered lizard from Brazil. Balaz, V, Civis, P, Vojar, J, Literák, I association with UV-induced ST (2012) Using ecological niche Conservation Genetics, DOI: and Garner, T (2012) Amphibian Blackburn, TM and Bird, JP (2013) microscopic lesions and apoptosis. modelling to predict spatial and 10.1007/s10592-013-0484-9. chytrid fungus surveillance in the The distribution of gull Larus Mitochondrion 13: 342-349. temporal distribution patterns in Czech Republic. World Congress species on the Red Sea coast Chinese gibbons: lessons from Asher, CL, Nascimento, FS, Sumner, of Herpetology Conference 2012, of Sudan. Scopus 32: 10-18. Brekke, P, Cassey, P, Ariani, C the present and the past. Folia S and Hughes, WOH (2013) Vancouver, Canada, 8-14 August and Ewen, JG (2013) Evolution Primatologica 83: 85-99. Division of labour and risk taking 2012: 36. Blackburn, TM, Monroe, MJ, of extreme-mating behaviour: in the dinosaur ant, Dinoponera Lawson, B, Cassey, P and Ewen, patterns of extrapair paternity in Chauvenet, ALM, Ewen, JG, quadriceps (Hymenoptera: Balázˇ, V, Vörös, J, Garner, T and JG (2013) Body size changes in a species with forced extrapair Armstrong, DP, Blackburn, Formicidae). Myrmecological Bielby, J (2012) Taxonomic passerine birds introduced to copulation. Behavioral Ecology TM and Pettorelli, N (2013) News 18: 121-129. and geographic selectivity of New Zealand from the UK. and Sociobiology 67: 963-972. Maximizing the success of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis NeoBiota 17: 1-18. assisted colonizations. Animal Baker, K, Barr, J, Hayman, in Europe: assessing risk and Brock, PM, Hall, AJ, Goodman, SJ, Conservation 16: 161-169. D, Crameri, G, Suu-Ire, R, directing future monitoring. Blackburn, TM, Prowse, TAA, Cruz, M and Acevedo-Whitehouse, Broder, C, Wang, L, Wood, J World Congress of Herpetology Lockwood, JL and Cassey, P K (2013) Immune activity, body Clark, FE and Smith, LJ (2013) and Cunningham, AA (2012) Conference 2012, Vancouver, (2013) Propagule pressure as a condition and human-associated Effect of a cognitive challenge Henipavirus infection dynamics Canada, 8-14 August 2012: 36-37. driver of establishment success environmental impacts in a device containing food and

ZSL zoology review 2012/13 33 non-food rewards on chimpanzee has holes. Ecology Letters, DOI: Proceedings of the National Garner, T, Fisher, M, Bosch, J Hayman, DTS, McCrea, R, Restif, O, well-being. American Journal 10.1111/ele.12145. Academy of Sciences of the United and Bielby, J (2012) The baby Suu-Ire, R, Fooks, AR, Wood, JLN, of Primatology 75: 807-816. States of America 110: 6436-6441. or the bathwater: are invasive Cunningham, AA and Rowcliffe, Cunningham, AA, Dobson, AP parasites really more dangerous JM (2012) Demography of Clements, CF (2013) Public and Hudson, PJ (2012) Disease Eastwood, G, Goodman, SJ, than unstable host/parasite straw-coloured fruit bats in interest in the extinction invasion: impacts on biodiversity Cunningham, AA and Kramer, environments? World Congress Ghana. Journal of Mammalogy of a species may lead to an and human health Philosophical LD (2013) Aedes taeniorhynchus of Herpetology Conference 93: 1393-1404. increase in donations to a large Transactions of the Royal Society of vectorial capacity informs a pre- 2012, Vancouver, Canada, conservation charity. Biodiversity London Series B 367: 2804-2806. emptive assessment of West Nile 8-14 August 2012: 238. Hilborn, A, Pettorelli, N, Orme, and Conservation, DOI: 10.1007/ virus establishment in Galápagos. CDL and Durant, SM (2012) s10531-013-0535-z. Cunningham, A, Feng, Z, Meredith, Scientific Reports 3: art no 1519, Gill, DJC, Fa, JE, Rowcliffe, JM Stalk and chase: how hunt H, Wei, G, Liu, X and Wu, M DOI: 10.1038/srep01519. and Ku¨mpel, NF (2012) Drivers stages affect hunting success Clements, CF, Worsfold, NT, (2012) Conservation threats and of change in hunter offtake and in Serengeti cheetah. Animal Warren, PH, Collen, B, Clark, N, opportunities of the Chinese giant English, AK, Chauvenet, ALM, hunting strategies in Sendje, Behaviour 84: 701-706. Blackburn, TM and Petchey, OL salamander farming industry. Safi, K and Pettorelli, N (2012) Equatorial Guinea. Conservation (2013) Experimentally testing Sustaining Ecosystems, Supporting Reassessing the determinants of Biology 26: 1052-1060. Horton, DL, Lawson, B, Egbetade, the accuracy of an extinction Health – the 4th Biennial breeding synchrony in ungulates. A, Jeffries, C, Johnson, N, estimator: Solow’s optimal linear Conference of International PLoS One 7(7): e41444. Gottelli, D, Sillero-Zubiri, C, Marino, Cunningham, AA and Fooks, AR estimation model. Journal of Association for Ecology and J, Funk, SM and Wang, J (2013) (2013) Targeted surveillance for Animal Ecology 82: 345-354. Health, Kunming, PR China, 15-18 Ewen, JG, Adams, L and Renwick, Genetic structure and patterns of Usutu virus in British birds (2005- October 2012: abstract no 51. R (2013) New Zealand Species gene flow among populations of 2011). Veterinary Record 172: 17. Codron, D, Carbone, C, Müller, Recovery Groups and their role the endangered Ethiopian wolf. DWH and Clauss, M (2012) Davies, TK, Stevens, G, Meekan, in evidence-based conservation. Animal Conservation 16: 234-247. Huang, ZYX, de Boer, WF, van Ontogenetic niche shifts in MG, Struve, J and Rowcliffe, JM Journal of Applied Ecology Langevelde, F, Olson, V, Blackburn, dinosaurs influenced size, diversity (2012) Can citizen science monitor 50: 281-285. Gower, DJ, Aberra, RK, Schwaller, TM and Prins, HHT (2013) and extinction in terrestrial whale-shark aggregations? S, Largen, MJ, Collen, B, Spawls, S, Species’ life-history traits vertebrates. Biology Letters Investigating bias in mark- Ewen, JG, Bensch, S, Blackburn, Menegon, M, Zimkus, BM, De Sá, explain interspecific variation 8: 620-623. recapture modelling using TM, Bonneaud, C, Brown, R, Cassey, R, Mengistu, AA, Gebresenbet, F, in reservoir competence: a identification photographs P, Clarke, RH and Pérez-Tris, J (2012) Moore, RD, Saber, SA and Loader, possible mechanism underlying Codron, D, Carbone, C, Müller, sourced from the public. Wildlife Establishment of exotic parasites: SP (2013) Long-term data for the dilution effect. PLoS One DWH and Clauss, M (2013) Research 39: 696-704. the origins and characteristics of endemic frog genera reveal 8(1): e54341. Ecological modelling, size an avian malaria community in an potential conservation crisis in distributions and taphonomic Davison, NJ, Barnett, JEF, Perrett, isolated island avifauna. Ecology the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. Huchard, E, Charpentier, MJ, size bias in dinosaur faunas: LL, Dawson, CE, Perkins, MW, Letters 15: 1112-1119. Oryx 47: 59-69. Marshall, H, King, AJ, Knapp, reply to Brown et al. Biology Deaville, RC and Jepson, PD (2013) LA and Cowlishaw, G (2013) Letters 9: 20120922. Meningoencephalitis and arthritis Faruk, A, Belabut, D, Ahmad, N, Gower, DJ, Doherty-Bone, TM, Paternal effects on access to associated with Brucella ceti in a Knell, RJ and Garner, TWJ (2013) Aberra, RK, Mengistu, A, resources in a promiscuous Collen, B, Böhm, M, Kemp, R short-beaked common dolphin Effects of oil-palm plantations Schwaller, S, Menegon, M, de Sá, primate society. Behavioral and Baillie, JEM (2012) Spineless: (Delphinus delphis). Journal of on diversity of tropical anurans. R, Saber, SA, Cunningham, AA Ecology 24: 229-236. status and trends of the world’s Wildlife Diseases 49: 632-636. Conservation Biology 27: 615-624. and Loader, SP (2012) High invertebrates. London: Zoological prevalence of the amphibian Hutchings, JA, Butchart, SHM, Society of London. Dawson, EH, Avarguès-Weber, A, Faruk, A, Belabut, D, Norhayati, chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium Collen, B, Schwartz, MK and Chittka, L and Leadbeater, E (2013) A, Knell, R and Garner, T (2012) dendrobatidis) across multiple taxa Waples, RS (2012) Red flags: Collen, B, Whitton, F, Dyer, EE, Learning by observation emerges Evaluating the impact of oil and localities in the highlands of correlates of impaired species Baillie, JEM, Cumberlidge, from simple associations in an palm plantations on tropical Ethiopia. Herpetological Journal recovery. Trends in Ecology N, Darwall, WRT, Pollock, C, insect model. Current Biology 23: amphibians. World Congress of 22: 225-233. and Evolution 27: 542-546. Richman, NI, Soulsby, A-M and 727-730. Herpetology Conference 2012, Böhm, M (2013) Global patterns Vancouver, Canada, 8-14 August Gower, DJ, Doherty-Bone, T, Imrat, P, Mahasawangkul, S, of freshwater species diversity, Di Fonzo, M, Collen, B and Mace, 2012: 204. Loader, SP, Wilkinson, M, Kouete, Gosálvez, J, Suthanmapinanth, threat and endemism. Global GM (2013) A new method for MT, Tapley, B, Orton, F, Daniel, P, Sombutputorn, P, Jansittiwate, Ecology and Biogeography, identifying rapid decline dynamics Fernández, A, Arbelo, M and OZ, Wynne, F, Flach, E, Müller, S, Thongtip, N, Pinyopummin, DOI: 10.1111/geb.12096. in wild vertebrate populations. Martin, V (2013) No mass H, Menegon, M, Stephen, A, Colenbrander, B, Holt, WV Ecology and Evolution 3: 2378-2391. strandings since sonar ban. I, Browne, RK, Fisher, MC, and Stout, TAE (2012) Effect of Colvile, KM, Lawson, B, Pocknell, Nature 497: 317. Cunningham, AA and Garner, cooled storage on quality and AM, Dagleish, MP, John, SK Doherty-Bone, TM, Gonwouo, NL, TWJ (2013) Batrachochytrium DNA integrity of Asian elephant and Cunningham, AA (2012) Hirschfeld, M, Ohst, T, Weldon, Foster, J, Smith, F and dendrobatidis infection and lethal (Elephas maximus) spermatozoa. Chlamydiosis in British songbirds. C, Perkins, M, Kouete, MT, Cunningham, A (2012) chytridiomycosis in caecilian Reproduction, Fertility and Veterinary Record 171: 177. Browne, RK, Loader, SP, Gower, Working with volunteer amphibians (Gymnophiona). Development 24: 1105-1116. DJ, Wilkinson, MW, Rödel, MO, surveyors to determine the EcoHealth 10: 173-183. Cornforth, WA, Fatoyinbo, TE, Penner, J, Barej, MF, Schmitz, distribution of chytrid fungus Imrat, P, Suthanmapinanth, P, Freemantle, TP and Pettorelli, N A, Plötner, J and Cunningham, in the UK. 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populations. Imperial College killing of birds in southern Caribbean pine Pinus caribaea (Xerus inauris): the effects of MSc Theses – Wild London, UK. Portugal: the unmatched var bahamensis in the Turks resource availability. Animal Health count technique. and Caicos: treating scale and Awarded by the University of Clark, F (2013) Can cognitive burning broadleaf. Franks, V (2012) Native versus London, UK challenge enhance the Fouda, L (2012) Noisy neighbours: alien range sizes in introduced psychological well-being of using Automatic Identification Mitchell, W (2012) An assessment bird species. Castan˜os Abreu, A (2012) large-brained mammals in System (AIS) and passive acoustic of community-managed The effect of regulations. zoos? Royal Veterinary College, monitoring data to measure marine reserves in the central Gliddon, R (2012) Development Prevalence of exotic ticks in London, UK. individual vessel source levels Philippines and the identification of personality profiles in chicks imported reptiles into the UK in critical whale habitat. of key variables impacting and juvenile common crane through Heathrow Airport. Di Fonzo, M (2012) Inferring reserve success. (Grus grus) for reintroduction. extinction risk and causation from Gossa, C (2012) Mind the Dalziel, A (2012) Relocation, population trends: case studies in Gap! How conservation Nuttall, M (2012) Systematic Hehmeyer, A (2012) Russian Relocation – DRAs to DRATs: the vertebrates. Imperial College practitioners and researchers conservation planning for West Far East Tiger Action Plan – disease risk assessment for enteric London, UK. in developing countries African snakes: a comparison threat assessment. pathogens in hihi (Notiomystis exchange scientific information. of methods. cincta) translocations. Faruk, A (2012) Evaluating the Levesque, S (2012) Social impact of oil-palm plantations on Griffin, O (2012) Modelling the Panait, A (2012) Eurasian behaviour of common dolphins Jaffe, J (2012) Field anaesthesia tropical amphibians. Queen Mary severity of deforestation in coastal beaver (Castor fiber) former (Delphinus delphis) potentially in mountain gorillas, Gorilla University London, UK. Tanzania and comparison of and proposed reintroductions contributing to mass strandings beringei beringei: evaluating the data sources. in Romania: a comparative on shores of Cape Cod, MA, USA. medetomidine-ketamine and Marshall, H (2012) Social attitudinal study. dexmedetomidine-ketamine foraging behaviour in a varying Groenenberg, M (2012) Morrison, B (2012) The effect combination protocols. environment. Imperial College Matrix-mitigated edge and area Preston, A (2012) Small scale of habitat integrity on the London, UK. effects on neotropical bats in a alternatives to bushmeat: success abundance, distribution and Kukielka, E (2012) Spatial and fragmented landscape. or failure? ecology of the fishing cat, temporal interactions between Nielsen, J (2012) The evolutionary Prionailurus viverrinus, in livestock and wildlife in south genetics of meerkats (Suricata Gurd, H (2012) Evaluating Sainsbury, K (2012) Evaluating Chitwan National Park, Nepal. central Spain. suricatta). University of the success of ‘Warrior an evaluation method: testing Edinburgh, UK. Watch’: a community-based the ranked outcomes framework Parsons, H (2012) Investigation of Reid, C (2012) Investigating conservation initiative in using a community conservation the health of female hedgehogs capture myopathy post snaring MSc Theses – Samburu, northern Kenya. case study in Tanzania. living in differently managed in Amur tigers (Panthera tigris Conservation agricultural habitats, including altacia) using serum biochemistry Science Hing, S (2012) A survey of Scheske, C (2012) A critical analysis a faecal parasite assessment. and telemetry. Awarded by Imperial College endoparasites in endangered of socio-economic monitoring in London, UK Bornean elephants Elephas the context of community-based Pinion, V (2012) Is pasture Sharma, D (2012) Screening and maximus borneesis in continuous marine conservation. structure and plant-composition identification of intestinal parasitic Allen, A (2012) How does the and fragmented habitat. the key to explaining the mass fauna in wild caught mountain landscape structure shape Scott, D (2012) Habitat condition die-off of the Saiga antelope, chickens from Montserrat and the movement and feeding Hobson, K (2012) An investigation assessment for Langholm Moor. Saiga tatarica tatarica, in the qualitative and quantitative patterns of red deer (Cervus into prey selection in the Scottish Borsy region of Kazakhstan? comparison of intestinal parasitic elaphus) in Sweden? wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris). Tragett, C (2012) From fauna in captive bred mountain romanticised women to Reinhart, N (2012) Killer whale chickens (Leptodactylus fallax) Alvares, R (2012) Estimating Holland, T (2012) An exploration politicised gender: how has Orcinus orca predation pressure at Durrell Wildlife Conservation abundance of marine otter of the coverage, ecological the literature addressed gender on bowhead whales Balaena Trust, Jersey. populations (Lontra felina, Molina representativeness, and and natural resource use? mysticetus in the changing 1782) through binomial N-mixture management effectiveness North American Arctic. Werthan, S (2012) Songbird models from replicated counts in of Latin America’s protected Washington, H (2012) Evaluating chlamydiosis – an emerging southern Chile. area network. the effectiveness of conservation Sharratt, H (2012) Developing a infectious disease or missed attention at a species level. protocol for trap-side sampling endemic infection? Blackhurst, D (2012) Biodiversity Hudson, A (2012) Recovery in badgers. offsetting: a qualitative exploration of the endemic Caicos pine: West, K (2012) Investigations of applicability and thresholds. invasive pest management into the Senegalese trade Van Braeckel, I (2012) Play and restoration. in CITES-listed seahorses, behaviour in the wild Asian Blossom, T (2012) Fishing for data: Hippocampus algiricus. elephant (Elephas maximus) calf. potential for citizen science to Kriwaczek, R (2012) An extinction conserve freshwater ecosystems. analysis for lemurs using Winney, K (2012) Quantifying Vanlerberghe, S (2012) Developing random forests. land use change and a standardised system for the Bodenham, R (2012) Law identifying predictors of forest objective measurement of enforcement monitoring Lam, J (2012) Estimating the clearance in Seima Protection pathological lesions of feet in patrolling in Gabon, illegal activity extent of illegal traditional Chinese Forest, Cambodia. captive elephants in the UK and patrol effectiveness. medicine trade in Guangzhou, and Ireland. China using occupancy See www.iccs.org.uk/publications/ Boron, V (2012) Are jaguars paying modelling. thesis-archive-msc-con-sci to Williams, D (2012) Which the price of our thirst for palm oil? download projects. environmental factors influence Lindner, R (2012) Evaluating mammalian species richness and Croes, J (2012) Closing shop? evaluation: exploring evaluation MSc Theses – Wild occurrence along the Swakop An analysis of cultural, spatial methods to assist WWF UK Animal Biology River, western Namibia? and temporal trends of programme management. Awarded by the University of Indonesian wildlife markets London, UK Youl, L (2012) Optimising the though traders’ eyes. Lyon, J (2012) The ‘anatomy of qPCR Assay for the detection of disturbance’: a study of anthropic Bramhall, H (2012) Biological Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis da Silva, L (2012) Ecosystem disturbance on Barbary macaque and ecological correlates of infection in archived specimens: services assessment at Steart (Macca sylvanus) troops in the extinction risk in Nearctic and comparison of current methods Peninsula, Somerset, UK. Middle Atlas, Morocco. Neotropical squamates. with the inclusion of a commercial DNA clean-up step and with Fairbrass, A (2012) Using novel Mark, J (2012) Conservation Costantini, N (2012) Sociality the inclusion of bovine serum techniques to measure illegal and management of the in the cape ground squirrel albumin.

ZSL zoology review 2012/13 37 ZSL zoology review / Governance Governance and staff ZSL would like to thank its students, interns, volunteers and collaborators, as well as its staff.

Robert Deaville (Cetacean Strandings Programme Manager) Christopher Durrant (Senior Technician and Biosafety Officer) Marta Gaworek-Michalczenia (Research Technician) Veronica Gomez-Pourroy (Research Technician) Dada Gottelli (Chief Technician) Shinto John (Microbiology Technician) Johanna F Nielsen (Research Technician) Gabriela Peniche (Pathology Technician) Staff at the IoZ Matthew Perkins (Pathology Technician) Senior Research Staff Aliénor Chauvenet Sean Morrow Judith Reise (Research Technician) ZSL/University Faye Willman (Technician) College London Andrew Cunningham, Deputy Heather Gurd Sahil Nijhawan Director of the Institute of Tim Hopkins Hannah O’Kelly Louise Wong (Research Joint Committee Zoology; Theme Leader, Louise McRae Leandro Patino Technician) University College London Wildlife Epidemiology Kayna Prescott Stephen Price Research Assistants Professor Andrew Pomiankowski Chris Carbone, Theme Naomi Stratton Nadia Richman Amy Collins (Head of Genetics, Evolution Leader, Biodiversity Postgraduate Research Students Silke Riesle Project Administrators and Environment) and Macroecology Claudia Amphlett Jennifer Sears Stefanie Deinet Dr Helen Chatterjee (Senior Guy Cowlishaw, Theme Claire Asher Su Shan Becky Shu Chen Lecturer in Biology and Leader, Behavioural and Kate Baker Lisa Signorile Honorary Research Fellows Deputy Director of Museums, Population Ecology Farid Belbachir Freya Smith Dr Andrew Balmford Collections and Public Sarah Durant, Theme Emily Bell Olutolani Smith Professor Malcolm Bennett Engagement) Leader, People, Wildlife Lucie Bland David Stanton Professor Tim Coulson Professor Mary Collins (Dean of and Ecosystems Mariana Bobadilla Suárez Leila Walker Dr Peter Daszak Life Sciences; Committee Chair) Trent Garner, Theme Paddy Brock Charlotte Walters Dr Matthew Fisher Professor Neil S Millar (Molecular Leader, Evolution and Sarah Brooke Oliver Wearn Professor John Gittleman Pharmacology, Acting Director, Molecular Ecology Jessica Bryant Emma Wombwell Professor Katherine Homewood Division of Biosciences, Vice- Paul Jepson Emmelianna Bujak Juliet Wright Dr E J Milner-Gulland Dean (Enterprise), Faculty of Kate Jones UCL and ZSL Rose Cairns Verónica Zamora-Gutiérrez Professor Ian Owens Life Sciences) Chair, Ecology and Biodiversity Frances Clare Affiliated Postgraduate Professor Andy Purvis ZSL Anthony Sainsbury Fay Clark Research Students Professor Paul Watson Ralph Armond (Director General) Samuel Turvey Chris Clements Alice Baniel Honorary Research Associates Professor Geoff Boxshall FRS Jinliang Wang Murray Collins Julio Benavides Anne-Lise Chaber (Natural History Museum, Rosie Woodroffe, Jennifer Crees Anne-Sophie Bertrand Julie Leonard ZSL Secretary) Postgraduate Tutor Helen Cross Alecia Carter Sarah Whitmee Sir Cyril Chantler (appointed Postdoctoral Research Staff David Curnick Marc Fernandez Morron Visiting Research Fellows Chair UCL Partners) Jon Bielby Jeremy Cusack Alexander Gorbachev Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse Professor Ian Owens (Natural Monika Böhm David Daversa Anne Hilborn Scientific Publications History Museum) Patricia Brekke Tammy Davies Thibault Lengronne and Meetings In attendance: Kate Ciborowski Julieta Decarre Kirsten McMillan Linda DaVolls (Head of Ian Davis (Senior Management Ben Collen Martina Di Fonzo Kate Richardson Scientific Publications Accountant, Faculty of Stephanie Dreier Caitlin Douglas Claudio Soto-Azat and Meetings) Biomedical Sciences, UCL) John Ewen Simon Dures Richard Suu-Ire Fiona Fisken (Managing Editor, Arun Mistry (Director of Finance, Robin Freeman Ellie Dyer Administrative and Support Staff International Zoo Yearbook) Faculty of Biomedical Xavier Harrison Rhys Farrer Christina Herterich (Institute Elina Rantanen (Journals Sciences, UCL) Tom Hart Aisyah Faruk Administration Manager) Manager) Loren Moyse (Admin Manager, Aidan Keane Henry Ferguson-Gow Amrit Dehal (Administrator – Megan Orpwood-Russell Faculty of Life Sciences, UCL) Kirsty Kemp Ben Garrod Information Systems) (Scientific Events Co-ordinator) Professor Tim Blackburn Becki Lawson Gianfranco Gliozzo Idrish Dudhwala Library (Director of the Institute Ellouise Leadbeater Michael Hudson (Administrator, Finance) Ann Sylph (Librarian) of Zoology, ZSL) Kelly Moyes Eric Isaí Ameca y Juárez David Hitchcock (Administrator – Michael Palmer (Deputy Ian Meyrick (Human Resources Sinead Murphy Andrew Jacobson Buildings and Capital Projects) Librarian/Archivist) Director, ZSL) Nathalie Pettorelli Natoya Jourdain Joanne Keogh (PA/Administrator Ruth Jones (Assistant Michael Russell (Finance David Redding Alexandra Kamins to Director, Administration Librarian) Director, ZSL) Marcus Rowcliffe Gita Kasthala Manager and Theme Leaders) Emma Milnes (Assistant Christina Herterich (Institute Grigorios Skolidis Rosalind Kennerley Lynne Rushton (Administrator – Librarian) Administration Manager, ZSL); Seirian Sumner Alexander Lee Health and Safety) James Godwin Committee Secretary Ian Warren Harry Marshall Research Technicians (Library Assistant) IoZ Christopher Yesson James McNamara Gemma Clucas (Laboratory Professor Tim Blackburn Postgraduate Research Assistants Helen Meredith Technician) We thank all others working (Director of the Institute Katie Beckmann Peter Minting Olivia Daniel (Research at IoZ, including volunteers of Zoology) Ricardo Castro César de Sá Elizabeth Moorcroft Technician) on projects in the field

38 ZSL conservation review 2012 Patron Publication Her Majesty The Queen acknowledgements Design and editorial coordination: Think ZSL Council Members 2012 Head of Scientific Publications and Meetings: Linda DaVolls President: Professor Sir Patrick Bateson This Institute of Zoology Review Secretary: Professor Geoff Boxshall is printed on 100% recycled paper. We extend our thanks to ZSL staff Treasurer: Paul Rutteman and other colleagues for the use of photographs in this publication: Vice presidents: Jon Bielby, Tim Blackburn, Patricia Brekke, Alecia Carter, David Curnick/ Ray Heaton+ ZSL, Jenny Davis, Sarah Durant, Matthew Elizabeth Passey Fisher, Robin Freeman, Xavier Harrison, David Hitchcock, Rebecca Jackrel, Becki Lawson, Hannah Peck, Rod Penrose Council members: (Marine Environmental Monitoring), Sheila Anderson Natalie Reinhart, Shutterstock, Eric Wilson, Nick Upton/naturepl.com, ZSL. Richard Melville Ballerand Cover image: European bee-eater Dr Brian Bertram (Merops apiaster). © Shutterstock/JDCarballo Michael Bird Martin Cooke* John Edwards The Hon Sir William McAlpine* Professor Anna Meredith Dr Ruth Padel+ Mark Ridgway Sean Rovai Ken Sims* Robert Wingate+

*to 19 June 2012 + from 19 June 2012

Directors Contact Us IoZ enquiries 020 7449 6610 Director General: Ralph Armond The Zoological Society of London Conservation Programmes Director: Professor Jonathan Baillie Regent’s Park London NW1 4RY Director, Institute of Zoology: Professor Tim Blackburn zsl.org/science Zoological Director: David Field Registered charity in England and Wales: no 208728 Human Resources Director: Ian Meyrick

Financial Director: Michael Russell

Commercial and Communications Director: Rich Storton

Development Director: James Wren

ZSL zoology review 2012/13 39 Science for Conservation ZSL Institute of Zoology Review 2012/13

The Zoological Society of London Registered Charity in England and Wales: no 208728

Regent’s Park London NW1 4RY and at: ZSL Whipsnade Zoo Dunstable Bedfordshire LU6 2LF

zsl.org

For a closer look at ZSL’s work, look out for our other annual publications at zsl.org/about-us/annual-reports

ZSL Living Conservation: ZSL Conservation Review 2012 The Year in Review 2012 An in-depth look at our Our overview of the year, featuring our conservation fieldwork and research, zoos, fieldwork, science, engagement showing how we’re achieving our activities and ways to get involved. key targets at home and abroad.

2 ZSL conservation review 2013