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Late Pleistocene Climate of Europe: a Review

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Late Pleistocene Climate of Europe: a Review H. E. WRIGHT, JR. Dept. Geology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. Late Pleistocene Climate of Europe: A Review Abstract: The Pleistocene periglacial environment tional zonation, the maps are considered useful as a of Europe is believed to have been marked by in- basis for discussion of Pleistocene atmospheric circu- tensive frost action and wind action and by the lation patterns. spread of arctic and subarctic plants and animals The sequence of climatic changes for the last south to the Alps. The frost action is recorded by cold period is inferred largely from the stratigraphy ice-wedge casts, involutions, solifluction deposits, of periglacial loesses and intercalated soils, and from block fields, and related deposits, some of which their correlation with the Alpine glacial sequence. may record permafrost. The occurrence of extensive The controversy concerning the classification of the sand dunes and loess deposits may be related to the Wiirm period as single (following Penck) or as distribution of glaciofluvial plains, strong winds, multiple (following Soergel) is reviewed; the and the absence of forest cover. The occurrence of validity of the Gottweig interstadial is questioned a tundra zone in the basal levels of Late-glacial on the basis of recent field studies and radiocarbon pollen sequences in central Europe indicates a frigid dates in Austria and adjacent areas. climate, and molluscan and mammalian faunas pro- The reduction of mean annual temperature dur- vide similar information. ing the late Pleistocene, as inferred from the snow- Poser and Biidel have separately attempted to line depression in the mountains, amounted to represent the Pleistocene climatic-vegetational 5°-8°C under the general assumption of a 0.5°- zones of Europe on maps. Poser located the south- 0.7°C/100 m vertical temperature gradient (lapse ern limit of permafrost according to the distribution rate) in the atmosphere. Calculations based on the of ice-wedge casts and involutions, and the northern occurrence of frost features and fossil plants in limit of forest from pollen-analytical evidence sum- lowlands, however, suggest a temperature depres- marized by Firbas. These two map lines were then sion of 10°-12° C. The discrepancy may result from used to help delineate several vegetational-climatic different lapse rates over mountains and over low- provinces. An additional study on the Late-glacial lands, according to Mortensen. Studies of modern sand dunes led to the presentation of a map of mean lapse rates in arctic, subarctic, and subtropical summer air pressure for Europe. regions are reviewed in order to evaluate this Biidel located the Pleistocene frost limit on the hypothesis. basis of its presumed relation to the 1000-m snow Maps of mean atmospheric pressure and circu- line, which is identifiable in the mountains of central lation patterns are commonly based on extrapola- Europe. His representation differs from Poser's tion from those modern patterns that are related chiefly tor Hungary and France, where there is a to snowy winters, cool summers, and other condi- dearth of pollen studies from which vegetational tions favorable to glaciation, on the assumption that relations can be inferred. Biidel distinguishes several the Pleistocene climate was marked primarily by a vegetational zones throughout Europe on the basis different frequency of certain air-mass movements of loess distribution and also from pollen diagrams and related storm tracks compared to today. where available. Biidel believes that the ice sheet Possible causes for circulation changes are still had only a minor effect on the climatic zonation of highly speculative, although much recent interest Europe during the Pleistocene. is centered on variations in solar radiation such as Although exception is taken to many details of are exhibited in Sunspots. the criteria used by Poser and Biidel for vegeta- Zusammenfassung: Es wird allgemein angenom- Flugsand- und Lossablagerungen muss an der men, dass die periglaziale Zone Europas wahrend Verbreitung fluvioglazialer Flachen, starken Win- des Pleistozans starker Frost- und Windwirkung den und dem Fehlen einer Waldbedeckung liegen. ausgesetzt war, infolge welcher arktische und Die Pollenspektren in den untersten Teilen subarktische Pflanzen sich damals in siidlicher spatglazialer Ablagerungen in Mitteleuropa weisen Richtung auf die Alpen zu verbreiteten. Die auf ein kaltes Klima hin, ebenso wie die Mollusken Frostwirkung zeigt sich in Eiskeilnetzen, Taschen- und Saugetiere. boden, Fliesserden, Blockfeldern und ahnlichen Unabhangig vonemander haben Poser und Biidel Ablagerungen. Einige davon sind Anzeichen eines versucht, Karten der klimatisch bedingten Vegeta- Dauerfrostbodens. Das Vorkommen ausgebreiteter tionsgiirtel Europas wahrend des Pleistozans Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 72, p. 933-984, 9 figs., June 1961 933 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/72/6/933/3416904/i0016-7606-72-6-933.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 934 H. E. WRIGHT, JR.—LATE PLEISTOCENE CLIMATE zusammenzustellen. Die Siidgrenze des Dauerfrost- ungen andererseits abgeleitet. Die Streitfrage iiber bodens 1st von Poser auf Grund der Verbreitung die Wiirmeiszeit als ein einmaliger (nach Penck) von Eiskeilnetzen und Taschenboden gezogen oder mehrmaliger (nach Soergel) Kaltevorstoss worden, wahrend die Nordgrenze des Waldes mit wird diskutiert, wahrend die Haltbarkeit des Hilfe der pollenanalytischen Daten nach Firbas Gottweiger Interstadials auf Grund von rezenten festgestellt wurde. Diese beiden Linien wurden Untersuchungen im Gelande und von Radio- benutzt, um die verschiedenen Vegetations- und karbon Datierungen in Osterreich und in angren- Klimaprovinzen abzugrenzen. Eine erganzende zenden Gebieten in Frage gestellt wird. Untersuchung spatglazialer Binnendiinen hat zu Unter der iiblichen Annahme eines Reduktions- der Zeichnung einer Karte der mittleren Luft- faktors von 0.5 bis 0.7° C. fiir 100 m lasst sich aus druckverteilung wahrend des Sommers in Europa der Senkung der Schneegrenze im Gebirge eine gefuhrt. Erniedrigung der mittleren Jahrestemperature von Biidel hat die pleistozane Frostgrenze auf Grund 5 bis 8° C. berechnen. Aus dem Vorkommen von der angenommenen Beziehung zur 1000 m-Schnee- Frosterscheinungen und fossilen Pflanzen im grenze festgestellt, die in den Mittelgebirgen Flachland lasst sich dagegen ein Temperaturriick- nachgewiesen werden kann. Seine Darstellung gang von 10 bis 12° C. berechnen. Nach Mortensen weicht von der Posers hauptsachlich fur Ungarn konnte diese Diskrepanz ungleichen Reduktions- und Frankreich ab, wo noch wenig pollenanaly- faktoren im Gebirge und im Flachland zugeschrieb- tische Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung der Vege- en werden. Um diese Hypothese auszuwerten, tation durchgefiihrt worden sind. Auf Grund der werden in diesem Aufsatz die Untersuchungen Lossverbreitung sowie auf Grund von Pollendia- uber den jetzigen Reduktionsfaktor in arktischen, grammen, wo solche zur Verfiigung standen, subarktischen und subtropischen Gebieten bes- unterscheidet Biidel verschiedene Vegetationszonen prochen. in Europa. Biidel meint, dass das Inlandeis nur Karten der mittleren Luftdruckverteilung und einen untergeordneten Einfluss auf die Klimazonen der Windrichtungen sind meistens auf einer Ex- Europas wahrend des Pleistozans ausgeiibt haben trapolation derjenigen rezenten Luftdrucklagen kann. basiert, die schneereiche Winter, kiihle Sommer Obwohl man in manchen Einzelfragen Bedenken und andere fiir Vergletscherung giinstige Bedingun- gegen die von Poser und Biidel fur die Vegeta- gen hervorrufen. Dabei wird angenommen, dass tionszonierung benutzten Normen haben kann, das pleistozane Klima im wesentlichen durch eine miissen diese Karten doch als sehr wertvoll fiir von der gegenwartig abweichenden Haufigkeit die Diskussion der Luftdruckverteilung und von Stromungen bestimmter Luftmassen und Windrichtung wahrend des Pleistozans beachtet damit in Verbindung stehender Sturmbahnen werden. charakterisiert war. Uber die moglichen Ursachen Die Aufeinanderfolge der Klimaschwankungen der A'nderungen des Stromungsbildes lasst sich wahrend der letzten Eiszeit wird hauptsachlich noch wenig sagen, obwohl sich das heutige Interesse aus der Stratigraphie der periglazialen Lossschichten besonders auf die Schwankungen der Sonnen- und der eingeschalteten Boden einerseits und aus strahlung, wie sie in Sonnenflecken zum Ausdruck ihrer Verkniipfung mit den alpinen Vergletscher- kommt richtet. Resume: On considere en general que, pendant le la limite sud du sol perpetuellement gele d'apres Pleistocene, le milieu periglacial d'Europe etait la repartition des fentes en coin et des involutions, caracterise par une action du gel intense, par et la limite nord de la foret d'apres les indications Faction du vent, et par 1'extension vers le sud, de 1'analyse pollmique telles qu'elles sont resum6es jusqu'aux Alpes, de plantes et d'animaux arctiques par Firbas. Ces deux lignes sont ensuite utilisees et subarctiques. L'action du gel est indiquee par pour permettre de separer plusieurs provinces de des fentes en coin, par des involutions, par des climat et de vegetation. Une etude supplemental depots de solifluxion, par des champs de blocs et des dunes de sable du Tardiglaciaire permit de autres depots analogues, dont certains peuvent dresser une carte de la pression atmospherique indiquer un sol gele en permanence. La presence moyenne d'ete pour 1'Europe. de dunes sableuses importantes et de loess est
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