TM ISSN 0186 • 9418 Voices of Mexico is published by El Centro de Investigaciones sobre América del Norte, CISAN (Center for Research on North America), of the Office of the Coordinator of Humanities, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM (National Autonomous University of Mexico). Director José Luis Valdés-Ugalde Editor-in-Chief Editor Editorial Advisor Diego Bugeda Bernal Elsie Montiel Dolores Latapí Ortega Assistant Editor Copy Editor & Translator Art Director María Cristina Hernández Escobar Heather Dashner Monk Patricia Pérez Layout Sales & Circulation Manager Business Manager Ma. Elena Álvarez Tonatiuh Soley DíazWalls María Soledad Reyes Lucero Rector, UNAM Juan Ramón de la Fuente Coordinator of Humanities Olga Elizabeth Hansberg Director of the Center For Research On North America (CISAN) José Luis Valdés-Ugalde EDITORIAL BOARD Sergio Aguayo, Adolfo Aguilar Zínser, Jorge Bustamante, Jorge Carpizo, Emilio Carrillo Gamboa, Alonso García Chávez, Guadalupe González, Rosario Green, Roberto Gutiérrez López, Andrés Henestrosa, Julio Labastida, Miguel León-Portilla, Jorge Alberto Lozoya, Antonio Luna Arroyo, Paz Consuelo Márquez Padilla, Mario Melgar, Silvia Núñez García, Olga Pellicer, Elena Poniatowska, Federico Reyes Heroles, José Sarukhán, Rodolfo Stavenhagen, María Teresa Uriarte, Mónica Verea, Luis Villoro. Address letters, advertising and subscription correspondence to: Voices of Mexico, Canadá 203, Col. San Lucas, Coyoacán, 04030 México, D.F. Tel: 5336-36-01, 5336-35-95 and 5336-35-96. Electronic mail: [email protected]. Web site: http://www.unam.mx/voices. Annual subscription rates: Mexico Mex$150; USA U.S.$34; Canadá CAN$44.80; other countries U.S.$68.50, prepaid in U.S. currency to UNAM. Opinions expressed by the authors do not necessarily represent the views of Voices of Mexico. All contents are fully protected by © copyright and may not be reproduced without the written consent of Voices of Mexico. The magazine is not responsible for the return of unsolicited manuscripts. Publicación trimestral, año dieciséis, número 61, octubre-diciembre de 2002. ISSN 0186-9418. Certificado de Licitud de Contenido No. 2930 y Certificado de Licitud de Título No. 3340, expedidos por la Comisión Calificadora de Publicaciones y Revistas Ilustradas. Reserva al uso exclusivo del título No. 04-2002- 060413383000-102, expedida por el Instituto Nacional del Derecho de Autor. Correspondencia nacional de segunda clase. Registro 0851292. Características 220261212. Correspondencia internacional de segunda clase. Registro Cri D F 002-92. Preprensa: Ediciones de Buena Tinta, S.A. de C.V., Insurgentes Sur 1700, 6o. piso, Col. Florida, Álvaro Obregón, 01030 México, D.F. Tels. 5661-66-07, 5662-28-3. Impresa por Editorial Offset, S.A. de C.V., Durazno No. 1, Col. Las Peritas, Tepepan, Xochimilco, México, D.F. TM Contents Editorial 4 Our Voice Number 61 October • December 2002 Politics 7 Visions of Mexico’s Future Interview with the Presidents Of the Three Main Parties 13 The Reform of the State Chronicle of an Impossibility Francisco Valdés-Ugalde 17 Did WeReally Win? A Balance Sheet Of Fox’s First Two Years Alejandro Hope Society 21 Why Rub Salt in the Wound? Finding Out the Truth about 1968 and the Dirty War Adolfo Sánchez Rebolledo 26 The Files of the Secret War Gustavo Hirales 29 1968, Human Rights And Mexican Democracy Roberto Escudero Art and Culture 33 SusanaAlfaro’s Tonal Painting Aureliano Sánchez Tejeda 40 Mariana Yampolsky An Impassioned Eye Elizabeth Ferrer Cover 45 Myth Gatherers Susana Alfaro, Homage to Efraín Huerta, 29 x 24 cm, no date The Sculptures of Maribel Portela (etching and aquatint). Agustín Arteaga Back Cover Susana Alfaro, Comets, 120 x 90 cm, 1993 (acrylic on canvas). Economy Museums 49 How the U.S. Economy 92 The National Puppet Museum Looks from Here Elsie Montiel Elaine Levine Literature United States Affairs 98 Women Writers Of 53 Mexamerica, Inc. TierraAdentro Publishers. Part II Mexican Multinationals In Graciela Martínez Zalce The United States Leopoldo Eggers 99 I Prefer Funerals Carolina Luna 59 Southern U.S. Markets A New Niche for Mexican Exports 101 The Search Brenda Méndez Carolina Luna 104 The Most Mine (Fragments) Canadian Issues Cristina Rivera-Garza 64 Intraprovincial TradeAnd In Memoriam Intelligent Borders in Canada Delia Montero 107 Guillermo Floris Margadant Law Scholar Beatriz Bernal History Reviews 68 Tlaxcala In Defensa of Its Past 109 El nuevo norteamericano: integración Carolina Figueroa Torres continental, cultura e identidad nacional Teresa Gutiérrez-Haces The Splendor of Mexico 110 Bandidos, héroes y corruptos o nunca es bueno robar una miseria 73 Allegory in the Cacaxtla Murals Rafael Yaxal Sánchez Pablo Escalante Gonzalbo 78 The Blue Eyebrow In the Cacaxtla Murals Andrés Santana Sandoval Errata 83 Echoes and Reflections of Franciscan Culture In In Voices of Mexico 60, in Dr. Alejandro Chanona’s article "Mexico, Sixteenth-Century Tlaxcala Modern Diplomacy and the European Union," on page 51, second col- umn, third paragraph, "Finally, in his last European tour from May 14 to Milena Koprivitza 18, President Zedillo inaugurated a program…" should read, "Finally, on his last European tour from May 14 to 18, 2002, President Fox ina- 88 Carnival Fiestas in Tlaxcala ugurated a program…" In addition, the complete name of the author of "Ten Years of NAFTA. A Mexican Perspective," p. 56, is Antonio Ortiz Mena L. N. We apologize to our readers for these errors. OUR VOICE year after the September 11 terrorist attacks, a reflection on their different implications and the state of Athe world as a result of those tragic events is obligatory. As we have already said in previous editorials, in a single stroke, the attacks caused the highest number of civilian casualties in the recent history of interna- tional terrorism. This fact alone gives us the idea that the ultimate objective of world terrorism (now presum- ably headed up by Al Qaeda) is to escalate the offensive and directly attack the crucial points of its declared Western enemies, among whom the United States is the central one. While this ill-fated act of terrorism does have precedents in colonial memory and the disorder inherited from the end of the Cold War, it is also true that it has significantly damaged the precarious post-Cold War world order. In addition to pointing out that international, national, transborder, land and aviation security as well as other matters in which the most important actor (and victim) is international civil society have been the most acutely affected by the terrorist attacks, five other fronts have felt the impact: 1) the nature and integri- ty of the democratic political regimen, both worldwide and locally have been damaged; 2) the urgently need- ed economic arrangement that would allow an alternative distribution of wealth to compete with the unfor- tunate saga of globalization has been delayed even more; 3) significant indications about the psychological and emotional impact among parts of civil society —mainly Americans— who have been exposed to unprecedented risks and instability because of the role both the state and non-state actors are now playing have begun to come to light; 4) international consensuses have seriously deteriorated, mainly among the European Union allies, from the very moment the decision was made to attack Afghanistan; and, last, but not least, 5) it has become clear that Washington has re-initiated a “no policy” period vis-à-vis Latin America, which has already had significant implications in the economic and social life of the hemisphere. In international relations theory, there is an analogy that links international and local society. In any case, today more than ever, it is becoming clear that the persistent trend of world events with an influence on the nature of international relations affects and will continue to profoundly affect the life of national soci- eties. Just as much as global economic and financial trends or the pressures of international crime —to mention just a couple of these phenomena— today, terrorism intensely disturbs the life of nations. National societies have been harshly exposed to the economic, political and social factors from “the exte- rior,” understanding “the exterior” to mean mainly the United States. This means that the inevitable U.S. influence, today expressed in an increasingly unilateral, total fight against terrorism, involves broad sectors of the national. The fact is that the United States has not been calm since September 11; this means that the world surrounding it —that is, the entire reality and all the international actors who have been inter- connected one way or another with U.S. interests— has been put at risk in an unprecedented fashion by virtue of the fact that it is a relationship completely lacking in minimal equilibria or counterweights that can give coherence (beyond the defense of its national security) and moderation to Washington’s decisions. Today, the possibility of an attack on Irak and the escalation of a conflict of unknown consequences is a matter of major importance. Clearly, in Washington there is an intense discussion about the suitability of orienting the response to the September 11 attacks in this way. In this debate, the hard-line group of President George W. Bush’s national security cabinet seems to have the upper hand. Both the United Nations Security Council and the European Union countries, as real factors of power in the world con- cert, together with Washington, must be those who resolve a conflict (organized terrorism, whether it be on the part of private, nongovernmental groups or of nation states that promote it) that corresponds to the entire world community and cannot have a single country as its custodian. If this balance in the decisions about a comprehensive fight against international terrorism is not achieved in the coming weeks, there will be a risk of dangerously erasing the consensuses necessary up until now for dealing with many other issues on the world agenda that unfortunately have been postponed.