DOCSLIB.ORG

Preliminary Evaluation of Otamiri River Sands for the Production of Plain Glass

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Preliminary Evaluation of Otamiri River Sands for the Production of Plain Glass J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Mgt. 2005 JASEM ISSN 1119-8362 Full-text Available Online at All rights reserved http:// www.bioline.org.br/ja Vol. 9 (1) 65 - 68 A Preliminary Evaluation of Otamiri River Sands for the Production of Plain Glass * USHIE, FA; **ESU, EO; *UDOM, GJ. * Department of Geology, University of Port Harcourt, P. M. B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. **Department of Geology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria. Email [email protected] ABSTRACT: Grain-size distribution and chemical analyses were carried out on four sand samples randomly taken from the bank of Otamiri River around Chokocho and Umuanyaga, Etche Local Government Area, Rivers State. This was done to assess the purity and suitability of the sands for the making of plain glass. Results of grain-size analysis show that 86% of the sand particles fall between 0.125mm and 1.2mm, which is within the ideal sand fraction range used for glass making. Chemical analysis shows the sand to contain more than 99% silica (SiO2), very low content of iron (0.0017 to 0.0039ppm), chromium (0.000022 to 0.000032ppm), titanium (0.049 to 0.066ppm) and calcium (0.000001 to 0.000003ppm). Others include Aluminium (0.00126 to 0.0103ppm), potassium (0.0002 to 0.0042ppm), Magnesium (0.0001 to 0.0002ppm), and Sodium (0.005 to 0.038ppm). The concentration levels of these elements in the samples conform with internationally acceptable standards for glass production. @ JASEM The most important constituent of glass is silica town to join the Imo River in Etche LGA, Rivers (SiO2). Glass sand contains between 95-98% silica State. It receives tributaries along its course and (Hutchin and Harrington, 1966; Sempolinski and drains a considerably large area. By this action, the Schermerhorn 1997) Other constituents are Coastal Plain Sands (Benin Formation) are constantly impurities in various concentrations (Hrdina, 1999) washed as the river flows southwards. which are useful in determining the kind and colour Etche LGA lies within the Benin Formation of glass to be made. On the other hand, in the of Oligocene to Miocene age, which is part of the production of ultra-low expansion (ULE) glass, stratigraphic column of the Niger Delta Sedimentary impurities are rather minimised by injecting high Basin. This Formation overlies the Agbada purity precursors into flames which then react to Formation consisting of sands with shale form TiO2 and SiO2 which deposit into the surface of intercalations, and is prominent as the major the growing glass (Hrdina, 1999). petroleum reservoir in the Niger Delta sub-region. To obtain a homogeneous melt the grains of Underlying the Agbada Formation is the Akata silica sand should be of even size between 0.12 – Formation, mainly shaly, which is the major source 2.00mm (Glass Production Guide, 1966). This paper rock for petroleum in the Delta (Short and Stauble, seeks to evaluate the sands using the data arising 1967). from grain-size and chemical analyses in order to Basically, the Benin Formation consists of determine their suitability for glass making. The over 90% sands and sandstones, which are gravelly grain-size analysis helps to determine the grading of in places with a maximum thickness of 2130metres the sands; because for a homogeneous intersolution (Schield, 1798). There are shale intercalations within to be produced, the sand must be even in size and this these sands/sandstones at some levels. The sands are is known as the “ideal fraction”. The chemical fine-to-coarse-grained in size, granular in texture and analysis on the other hand helps to determine the hardly consolidated. The sediments represent upper purity, hence the type and colour of the glass to be deltaic plain deposits; the sands may represent produced. braided streams, point bars and channel-fills, whereas the thin shale intercalations may represent back- Physical/Geological Setting Of The Study Area: swamp deposits. In the subsurface it is Oligocene in The study area is in Etche Local Government Area of age, becoming progressively younger southwards Rivers State, Nigeria. It lies between longitude 6045' (Kogbe, 1976). and 7018'E and latitude 4045' and 5015'N (Fig. 1). The study area is within the subequatorial region which is Data Acquisition characterized by two major seasons namely, the rainy Four sand samples were collected from the Otamiri season and the dry season (Iloeje, 1972). The rainy River around Chokocho and Umuanyaga season starts in March and ends in October, with a communities in Etche L.G.A. (Fig. 1). A grab was peak in June and July, while the dry season begins in used to collect the samples from the river banks and November and lasts till March. Annual total rainfall exposed river sections. The samples were then is over 200cm, relative humidity is above 80% and subjected to two methods of analysis to generate the the mean temperature value is 28.140C in parts of the needed data. state (Udom et al 1999). Otamiri River takes its rise at Egbu in (a) Grain-Size Analysis Owerri area and flows southwards through Owerri *Corresponding author Email: [email protected] A preliminary evaluation of otamiri river sand… 66 Grain-size analysis was undertaken to determine the sieving the samples through standard set of sieves. ideal fraction of the sands. This was done, first by The results are shown in Table 1. TABLE 1: Result Of Grain Size Analysis Sample Percentage passing (mm) D10 Cu Cc number 2 1 0.425 0.125 0.075 0.063 1 93.82 78.07 36.87 0.70 0.15 0.08 0.220 2.95 0.01 2 92.33 81.48 43.75 1.24 0.95 0.06 0.185 2.98 1.14 3 87.35 69.92 29.74 0.85 0.53 0.09 0.24 2.98 1.07 4 96.09 83.53 57.70 2.31 0.83 0.51 0.170 2.80 1.05 Thereafter, the results were plotted on conventional 16 hours the solution was heated in a water bath until graph papers to identify the ideal fraction and it was clear. Two grammes (2g) of boric acid was uniformity coefficient (Cu) of the sands. Cu is given added to prevent the precipitation of Ca and Mg by the formula. fluorides. The solution permits the determination of D silicon, titanium, alumunium, iron, calcium, Cu = 60 magnesium, sodium and chronium using the Atomic D10 Absorption Spectrophotometric (AAS) method. For this study the Buck/Scientific AAS 200A was used. Where D60 = diameter of the 60th quartile and The prepared aqueous solution of the sample D10 = diameter of the 10th quartile was analysed for elemental constituents by choosing A typical grain-size distribution plot the wavelengths of the elements and determining the (representing sample location 4) is presented response of the elements when compared with the in Fig 2. concentration of the standard solution. The standard control value of each element is shown in Table 2. (b) Chemical Analysis The results of the elemental constituents of the 500mg of the sample was ground, prepared samples are shown in Table 3. and left for 16 hours with ocassional agitation. After Table 2: Control Value Of Each Element Element Wavelength (nm) Flame gas Sensibility Si 251.6 NAC 85 Ti 365.3 -do- 85 Al 309.3 -do- 45 Fe 248.3 AAC 6 K 766.5 -do- 1.8 Mg 285.2 AAC 0.3 Na 589 -do- 0.7 Ca 422.7 NAC 0.05 Cr 357.9 AAC 4 AAC – Air Acetylene NAC – Nitrous Oxide Acetylene Table 3: Results Showing Elemental Concentration Of The Sand Al Ca Fe K Mg Na Cr Ti SiO2 SAMPLE ppm % NO. 1 0.00126 0.000003 0.0017 0.0002 0.0001 0.005 0.000024 0.049 99.1 2 0.0062 0.000001 0.0039 0.00025 0.0001 0.025 0.000022 0.064 99.3 3 0.0015 0.000002 0.0017 0.00025 0.0001 0.01 0.000032 0.059 99.5 4 0.0103 0.000002 0.0032 0.00042 0.0002 0.038 0.000026 0.066 99.0 Mean 0.0048 0.000002 0.0026 0.00028 0.00013 0.020 0.000026 0.060 99.2 Std. 0.004 0.0000007 0.0010 0.000083 0.00004 0.013 0.000004 0.007 0.19 Deviation Stipulated > 95* Standard * Hutchin and Harrington (1966). Ushie et al A preliminary evaluation of otamiri river sand… 67 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results of grain size analysis (Table 1) and the resulting distribution curves for the sands show the coefficient of uniformity in the range of 2.80 to 2.98. It is obvious from these values that all the samples exhibit a high degree of uniformity. Also about 86% of the sand fall within the ideal fraction (0.125- 2mm). This is suitable for glass making (Glass Production Guide, 1966). Chemically, the sand that can be used for glass manufacture must have a minimum of 95-98% silica. It is clear from the results of the chemical analysis (Table 3) that this important chemical requirement is met. The high percentage of silica in the sand transfers qualities like high electrical resistance and high softening temperatures to the glass. The results of this analysis show the presence of Iron, Chromium and Titanium with mean values of 0.0026ppm, 0.000026ppm, and 0.060ppm respectively. These elements are capable of producing different colours in glass. However, their concentration levels in the samples show that the manufacture of colourless glass is possible. If necessary, decolourizers can be used. On the other hand, if coloured glasses are needed, colouring agents can be added.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pollution in Nigerian Auto-Mechanic Villages: a Review
    IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 12, Issue 7 Ver. I (July. 2018), PP 43-54 www.iosrjournals.org Pollution In Nigerian Auto-Mechanic Villages: A Review Nkwoada A.U1alisa C.O1, Amakom C.M2 1Department of Chemistry, PMB 1526, Federal University of Technology Owerri. 2Department of Physics, PMB 1526, Federal University of Technology Owerri Corresponding Author: Nkwoada A.U1alisa C.O Abstract: The increasing number of malfunctioning automobiles withsubsequent increase in emission levels and waste handling is an environmental concern in Nigeria. The spills from lubricants, gasoline, diesel and by- products of used and spent engine oil constitute the major pollutants in auto mechanic villages in Nigeria. Its environmental pollution has beenpredominant through soil and groundwater contamination andalso poses a major anthropogenic threat. The studied heavy metals on contaminated soil showed that studies had focused on common metals of Cu, Cd, Pband Zn in the east and west regions, while trace metals were studied in the south and radioactive elements in the north. Statistical evaluation showed high occurrences of Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn in the four geo-political zones of Nigeria. The detrimental effects of auto-mechanic village activities were on humans and also disrupted growth and flowering of arable plants. The remediation application showed that soil type and contaminant characteristics play a major role in determining the type of remediation procedure to be applied.Hence,Nigeria should provide standard repairs and services to automobiles in-line with emerging technology and best environmental practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Physicochemical Parameters in Nta-Wogba Stream in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
    Available online www.jsaer.com Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 2020, 7(8):124-132 ISSN: 2394-2630 Research Article CODEN(USA): JSERBR Assessment of Physicochemical Parameters in Nta-Wogba Stream in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria Kpee, Friday; Edori, Onisogen Simeon; Nwokanma, Victor Chinenye Department of Chemistry, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, P.M. B. 5047 Port Harcourt, Rivers State E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Physicochemical parameters concentration reveals the physical and chemical states of a water body. Water samples were collected from Nta-Wogba stream in Port Harcourt metropolis and analyzed for physicochemical parameters. This was done in order to assess the portability of the stream water for use. Some physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), salinity, phosphate, turbidity, sulphate, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), chlorine, total dissolved solids (TDS) and total suspended solids (TSS) were analyzed in the month of August and November, using appropriate techniques. The mean values of the results were: pH (6.40±0.09), EC (1406.67±80.09 µS/cm), salinity (359.33±17.58 mg/L), Chlorides (219.03±10.11mg/L), nitrates (5.51±0.38mg/L), BOD (35.42±3.55mg/L), COD (48.00±1.63mg/L), DO (4.01±0.44mg/L), phosphate (0.90±0.03mg/L), Sulphate (158.50±2.50mg/L), turbidity (69.27±9.27 NTU), TDS (585.75±229.74mg/L) and TSS (37.78±4.61 mg/Lmg/L). The results obtained showed that pH, TDS, TSS phosphate, nitrate, COD and sulphate were within DPR and WHO permissible limits, while EC, turbidity, BOD5 and DO were not within the permissible limits of DPR and WHO.
    [Show full text]
  • Nigeria's Constitution of 1999
    PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:42 constituteproject.org Nigeria's Constitution of 1999 This complete constitution has been generated from excerpts of texts from the repository of the Comparative Constitutions Project, and distributed on constituteproject.org. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:42 Table of contents Preamble . 5 Chapter I: General Provisions . 5 Part I: Federal Republic of Nigeria . 5 Part II: Powers of the Federal Republic of Nigeria . 6 Chapter II: Fundamental Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy . 13 Chapter III: Citizenship . 17 Chapter IV: Fundamental Rights . 20 Chapter V: The Legislature . 28 Part I: National Assembly . 28 A. Composition and Staff of National Assembly . 28 B. Procedure for Summoning and Dissolution of National Assembly . 29 C. Qualifications for Membership of National Assembly and Right of Attendance . 32 D. Elections to National Assembly . 35 E. Powers and Control over Public Funds . 36 Part II: House of Assembly of a State . 40 A. Composition and Staff of House of Assembly . 40 B. Procedure for Summoning and Dissolution of House of Assembly . 41 C. Qualification for Membership of House of Assembly and Right of Attendance . 43 D. Elections to a House of Assembly . 45 E. Powers and Control over Public Funds . 47 Chapter VI: The Executive . 50 Part I: Federal Executive . 50 A. The President of the Federation . 50 B. Establishment of Certain Federal Executive Bodies . 58 C. Public Revenue . 61 D. The Public Service of the Federation . 63 Part II: State Executive . 65 A. Governor of a State . 65 B. Establishment of Certain State Executive Bodies .
    [Show full text]
  • Ikwerre Intergroup Relations and Its Impact on Their Culture
    83 AFRREV VOL. 11 (2), S/NO 46, APRIL, 2017 AN INTERNATIONAL MULTI-DISCIPLINARY JOURNAL, ETHIOPIA AFRREV VOL. 11 (2), SERIAL NO. 46, APRIL, 2017: 83-98 ISSN 1994-9057 (Print) ISSN 2070-0083 (Online) DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v11i2.7 Ikwerre Intergroup Relations and its Impact on Their Culture Chinda, C. Izeoma Department of Foundation Studies Port Harcourt Polytechnic, Rumuola Phone No: +234 703 667 4797 E-mail: [email protected] --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract This paper examined the intergroup relations between the Ikwerre of the Niger Delta, South-South geopolitical zone of Nigeria and its impact on their culture. It analyzed the Ikwerre relations with her Kalabari and Okrika coastal neighbours, as well as the Etche, Eleme, Ekpeye, Ogba Abua and the Igbo of Imo state hinterland neighbours. The paper concluded that the internal developments which were stimulated by their contacts impacted significantly on their culture. Key words: Ikwerre, Intergroup Relations, Developments, Culture, Neighbour. Introduction Geographical factors aided the movement of people from one ecological zone to another in migration or interdependent relationships of trade exchange. These exchanges and contacts occurred even in pre-colonial times. The historical roots of inter-group relations of the Ikwerre with her neighbours, dates back to pre-colonial times but became prevalent from the 1850 onward when the Atlantic trade became emphatic on agrarian products as raw materials to the industrial western world. This galvanized the hitherto existing inter-group contact between the Ikwerre and her neighbouring potentates. Copyright © International Association of African Researchers and Reviewers, 2006-2017: www.afrrevjo.net.
    [Show full text]
  • Nigeria Conflict Re-Interview (Emergency Response
    This PDF generated by kmcgee, 8/18/2017 11:01:05 AM Sections: 11, Sub-sections: 0, Questionnaire created by akuffoamankwah, 8/2/2017 7:42:50 PM Questions: 130. Last modified by kmcgee, 8/18/2017 3:00:07 PM Questions with enabling conditions: 81 Questions with validation conditions: 14 Shared with: Rosters: 3 asharma (never edited) Variables: 0 asharma (never edited) menaalf (never edited) favour (never edited) l2nguyen (last edited 8/9/2017 8:12:28 PM) heidikaila (never edited) Nigeria Conflict Re- interview (Emergency Response Qx) [A] COVER No sub-sections, No rosters, Questions: 18, Static texts: 1. [1] DISPLACEMENT No sub-sections, No rosters, Questions: 6. [2] HOUSEHOLD ROSTER - BASIC INFORMATION No sub-sections, Rosters: 1, Questions: 14, Static texts: 1. [3] EDUCATION No sub-sections, Rosters: 1, Questions: 3. [4] MAIN INCOME SOURCE FOR HOUSEHOLD No sub-sections, No rosters, Questions: 14, Static texts: 1. [5] MAIN EMPLOYMENT OF HOUSEHOLD No sub-sections, No rosters, Questions: 6, Static texts: 1. [6] ASSETS No sub-sections, Rosters: 1, Questions: 12, Static texts: 1. [7] FOOD AND MARKET ACCESS No sub-sections, No rosters, Questions: 21. [8] VULNERABILITY MEASURE: COPING STRATEGIES INDEX No sub-sections, No rosters, Questions: 6. [9] WATER ACCESS AND QUALITY No sub-sections, No rosters, Questions: 22. [10] INTERVIEW RESULT No sub-sections, No rosters, Questions: 8, Static texts: 1. APPENDIX A — VALIDATION CONDITIONS AND MESSAGES APPENDIX B — OPTIONS LEGEND 1 / 24 [A] COVER Household ID (hhid) NUMERIC: INTEGER hhid SCOPE: IDENTIFYING
    [Show full text]
  • River Basins of Imo State for Sustainable Water Resources
    nvironm E en l & ta i l iv E C n g Okoro et al., J Civil Environ Eng 2014, 4:1 f o i n l Journal of Civil & Environmental e a e n r r i DOI: 10.4172/2165-784X.1000134 n u g o J ISSN: 2165-784X Engineering Review Article Open Access River Basins of Imo State for Sustainable Water Resources Management BC Okoro1*, RA Uzoukwu2 and NM Chimezie2 1Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria 2Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria Abstract The river basins of Imo state, Nigeria are presented as a natural vital resource for sustainable water resources management in the area. The study identified most of all the known rivers in Imo State and provided information like relief, topography and other geographical features of the major rivers which are crucial to aid water management for a sustainable water infrastructure in the communities of the watershed. The rivers and lakes are classified into five watersheds (river basins) such as Okigwe watershed, Mbaise / Mbano watershed, Orlu watershed, Oguta watershed and finally, Owerri watershed. The knowledge of the river basins in Imo State will help analyze the problems involved in water resources allocation and to provide guidance for the planning and management of water resources in the state for sustainable development. Keywords: Rivers; Basins/Watersheds; Water allocation; • What minimum reservoir capacity will be sufficient to assure Sustainability adequate water for irrigation or municipal water supply, during droughts? Introduction • How much quantity of water will become available at a reservoir An understanding of the hydrology of a region or state is paramount site, and when will it become available? In other words, what in the development of such region (state).
    [Show full text]
  • Africa Report, Nr. 135: Nigeria
    NIGERIA: ENDING UNREST IN THE NIGER DELTA Africa Report N°135 – 5 December 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. FALTERING ATTEMPTS TO ADDRESS THE DELTA UNREST........................ 1 A. REACHING OUT TO THE MILITANTS?.....................................................................................1 B. PROBLEMATIC PEACE AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION COMMITTEES.........................................3 C. UNFULFILLED PROMISES.......................................................................................................4 III. THE RISING TOLL....................................................................................................... 7 A. CONTINUING VIOLENCE ........................................................................................................7 1. Attacks on expatriates and oil facilities .....................................................................7 2. Politicians, gangs and the Port Harcourt violence .....................................................7 3. The criminal hostage-taking industry ........................................................................8 B. REVENUE LOSS AND ECONOMIC DESTABILISATION ..............................................................9 C. EXPATRIATE AND INVESTMENT FLIGHT ..............................................................................10 IV. GOVERNMENT
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Quality of Sand from Rivers Imo and Otamiri, Imo State for Construction Purposes T
    2nd International Engineering Conference (IEC 2017) Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria Assessment of Quality of Sand from Rivers Imo and Otamiri, Imo State for Construction Purposes T. W. Adejumo 1,*, I. F. Esau 2 1 - Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria. 2 - Consultancy Office, Flab Engineering Services, Wuse II, Abuja, Nigeria. * - Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected], [email protected] +2349033795541 ABSTRACT This research presents assessment of quality of sand from Imo and Otamiri rivers, located in Imo State, south-east Nigeria for construction purposes. Tests carried out include sieve analysis, bulk density, specific gravity, organic content and California bearing test. The results classified the sand from both rivers as medium poorly graded, low compressibility, good drainage quality. The tests also revealed that the sand belong to Zone 2 of the grading curve of particle size distribution. The study further showed that sand from the two rivers have low California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values, which ranged between 0.15% and 0.22%. The pH value of sand from Otamiri river is 7 (Neutral), while sand from Imo River is slightly acidic with a pH value of 6.5. However the level of acidity does not pose a threat to any construction material. The Specific Gravity of Otamiri river sand averaged 2.57, which falls within the acceptable range of 2.50 and 3.00 for aggregates for construction purposes. The specific gravity of Imo river is 2.36, which is slightly below the given range.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparing Chinese and Nigerian Entrepreneurial Migrants' Cultures of Innovation
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Kohnert, Dirk Working Paper Are the Chinese in Africa More Innovative than the Africans? Comparing Chinese and Nigerian Entrepreneurial Migrants' Cultures of Innovation GIGA Working Papers, No. 140 Provided in Cooperation with: GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies Suggested Citation: Kohnert, Dirk (2010) : Are the Chinese in Africa More Innovative than the Africans? Comparing Chinese and Nigerian Entrepreneurial Migrants' Cultures of Innovation, GIGA Working Papers, No. 140, German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA), Hamburg This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/47844 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Inclusion of a paper in the Working Papers series does not constitute publication and should not limit publication in any other venue.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    SFG2386 V4 Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) Draft Report For PUBLIC WORKS – Road Maintenance Public Disclosure Authorized (90 Lots) in Twenty-three Local Government Areas, Rivers State Public Disclosure Authorized By Public Disclosure Authorized Rivers State Employment and Expenditure for Results Project (SEEFOR), Ministry of Budget & Economic Planning Under the World Bank Assisted Project and European Union July, 2017 SEEFOR Intervention Works, Road Maintenance, Rivers State Table of Contents Content Page Title Cover i Table of Contents ii List of Tables iii List of Acronyms iv Executive Summary v CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 The Project Invention Locations 1 1.3 Description of Proposed Activities 1 1.4 Need for ESMP 2 1.5 Approaches for Preparing the ESMP 2 1.5.1 Literature Review 2 1.5.2 Field Visits 2 CHAPTER TWO: Institutional and Legal Framework for Environmental Management 3 2.1 Introduction 3 2.2 Federal Policy/Legislation 3 2.2.1 National Policy on Environment 3 2.2.2 Federal EIA Act No. 86, 1992 3 2.3 Rivers State Environment Protection Law No. 2, 1994 3 2.4 World Bank Safeguards Policy Triggered by SEEFOR & the Proposed Project 3 CHAPTER THREE: Biophysical Environment 4 3.1 Introduction 4 3.2 Project Location 4 3.3 Geology and Ecological Zones 4 3.4 Climate and Rainfall 4 3.5 Waste and Waste Management 4 3.6 Air Quality and Noise Level 4 3.7 Population of the Intervention Areas 4 3.8 Economy and Source of Livelihood 4 3.9 Culture of the People ` 4 3.10 Social Structure
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright © 2018 Christopher Okechukwu Uche
    Copyright © 2018 Christopher Okechukwu Uche All rights reserved. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary has permission to reproduce and disseminate this document in any form by any means for purposes chosen by the Seminary, including, without limitation, preservation or instruction. AN EVANGELISTIC STRATEGY FOR THE MEN’S MISSIONARY UNION IN SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA __________________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Theology __________________ by Christopher Okechukwu Uche May 2018 APPROVAL SHEET AN EVANGELISTIC STRATEGY FOR THE MEN’S MISSIONARY UNION IN SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA Christopher Okechukwu Uche Read and Approved by: __________________________________________ John Mark Terry (Chair) Date: May 2018______________________________ For the glory of God TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES……………….………………………………………….…………vi LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………….………………….……….vii PREFACE…………………………………...……………….………………….…....viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................1 Purpose…………………………………………………………………....……2 Background ……………………………………………………………………3 Statement of the Problem ....................................................................................4 Limitations and Deliminations ............................................................................4 Literary Review ...................................................................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • Distortion of Land Value Trends and Growth Patterns in Rural Communities in the Niger Delta Region Of
    Distortion of Land Value Trends and Growth Patterns in Rural Communities in the Niger Delta Region of Iyenemi Ibimina KAKULU, Nigeria Key words: Oil pipelines; land value; EIA, SUMMARY Nigeria is a major oil producing country and over 90 percent of its export earnings come from oil and gas production. On-shore and off-shore production; refining of crude oil; transportation and marketing processes are enabled by a maze of thousands of kilometres of pipelines criss-crossing the region. The positioning of the pipelines seriously interferes with the future land development potentials and land value growth patterns of rural communities. With increased awareness on global environmental management issues in Nigeria, environmental impact assessment studies (EIA’s) are conducted prior to the citing of major projects including pipelines and the enabling rights-of-way acquisitions. Unfortunately, such studies tend to concentrate more on environmental issues; health and safety; socio-economic and certain other factors. Little or no attention is given to the possible interference of these rights-of-way with the existing land value trends or the future land use development potential and growth. The result is that the restrictions of vehicular access over buried and /or surface pipelines rights-of-way has led to very slow, uncoordinated and haphazard development patterns within rural or semi-urban communities. The Igbo-Etche community in Etche Local Government area of Rivers state in Nigeria is a typical case. Despite its close proximity to the rapidly expanding and sprawling oil city of Port Harcourt, it has failed to develop in response to the pressure of demand because of the pipeline network and existing access restrictions.
    [Show full text]