DOCSLIB.ORG

Torrefied Pellets

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Torrefied Pellets Bioenergy Fact Sheet Last Update 2020 Torrefied pellets DEFINITION AND PROPERTIES Torrefied pellets, also called black pellets, are a densified biofuel, made from thermally treated solid biomass, with or without additives. They usually have a cylindrical form, a length of 5 to 40mm, a diameter up to 25mm and broken ends. The common raw material of torrefied pellets is sawdust, but every feedstock which can be pelletized can be torrefied. Properties of torrefied pellets (TW2a) Alternative feedstocks include bark, miscanthus or Bulk density (kg/m³) ≥ 650 agricultural residues. There is a European standard (DIN Moisture (w-%) ≤ 8 EN ISO 17225-8:2016: Solid biofuels – Fuel Lower heating value (MJ/kg) ≥ 20.2 specifications and classes – Part 8: Graded thermally Mechanical durability (w-%) ≥ 96 treated and densified biomass fuels) which defines Ash content (w-%, dry) ≤ 3 specifications of torrefied pellets. Table 1 shows properties of torrefied pellets in medium quality Table 1: Properties according ISO/TS 17225-8:2016 (TW2a). Compared to white pellets, torrefied pellets have lower moisture content and a higher heating value, but higher ash content. Properties vary depending on the feedstock, especially when using low-quality feedstocks. Research on improving the properties of torrefied pellets from different feedstocks is ongoing. THE TORREFACTION PROCESS Torrefaction is a thermochemical process (Figure 1). In the first step, biomass with a humidity of about 20 to 50% is dried. It is possible to use gases from the torrefaction process, in order to increase efficiency. Subsequently, the biomass is torrefied, which means it is heated up to between 200 to 350°C, under atmospheric pressure, without oxygen, for 30 to 60 minutes. The high temperature leads to decomposition of biomass components. Low-energy components are transferred to the gas phase. The water is expelled first and then hemicellulose and partly also lignin decompose. The partly decomposed (torrefied) biomass is grinded and afterwards pelletized. It is also possible to interchange the torrefaction and pelletization steps. In that case ready-made pellets are subsequently torrefied. The whole production can be stand-alone or integrated in e.g. a large power plant boiler, a sawmill, or a bio- oil production (pyrolysis). Figure 1: Scheme of torrefaction process Bioenergy Fact Sheet Last Update 2020 ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS Torrefaction improves the combustion properties of the pellets. Torrefied pellets have higher energy density and heating value compared to white pellets. Additionally, problems during storage (e.g. soaking or outgassing) are mitigated, because of increased resistance to water absorption and decreased biological activities. This enables outdoor storage of torrefied pellets. Furthermore, there is less energy needed for grinding in comparison to white pellets. Therefore torrefied pellets are suitable for co-combustion in coal power plants. The application of torrefied pellets is mainly at industrial scale. The increased energy density also reduces transport costs. At present, torrefied pellets are mainly produced for large-scale co-firing in pulverized coal power plants. Co-firing of torrefied pellets decreases share and amount of fossil fuels, reduces CO2 emissions and is therefore fully in line with green energy support mechanisms. Torrefied pellets can also fully substitute for coal in new-built facilities. EXAMPLES OF TORREFIED PELLET PLANTS Operator: Baltania Tallin, Estonia Commercial plant (under construction) Location: Vägari, Estonia Funding: € 25 million Feedstock: Woody biomass (bark, harvesting residues, firewood, by-product chips, pulpwood) Capacity: 157.000 tons/a Technology: CEG, The Netherlands Operator: Futerra Fuels Valongo, Portugal Commercial plant (under construction) Location: Valongo, Portugal Investment: € 38 million Feedstock: Eucalyptus, biomass residues Capacity: 120.000 tons/a torrefied pellets, 55,000 tons/a white pellets Technology: Yilkins, The Netherlands Bioenergy Fact Sheet Last Update 2020 SOURCES . https://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/technology/2014/T163.pdf . http://task40.ieabioenergy.com/wp- content/uploads/2013/09/IEA_Bioenergy_T32_Torrefaction_review.pdf FURTHER INFORMATION . https://baltania.ee/ . https://ibtc.bioenergyeurope.org/ceg-delivers-200-tonnes-of-ceg-biocoal-for-a-european- customer-trial/ . https://futerrafuels.com/en/our-production-plant . https://yilkins.com/ .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cellulose Structural Changes During Mild Torrefaction of Eucalyptus Wood
    polymers Article Cellulose Structural Changes during Mild Torrefaction of Eucalyptus Wood Ana Lourenço 1,* , Solange Araújo 1, Jorge Gominho 1 and Dmitry Evtuguin 2,* 1 Forest Research Center, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; [email protected] (S.A.); [email protected] (J.G.) 2 CICECO, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, P-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.L.); [email protected] (D.E.); Tel.: +351-21365-3384 (A.L.); +351-23440-1526 (D.E.) Received: 5 November 2020; Accepted: 26 November 2020; Published: 28 November 2020 Abstract: The changes in the cellulose structure of eight Eucalyptus species (E. botryoides, E. globulus, E. grandis, E. maculata, E. propinqua, E. rudis, E. saligna and E. viminalis) in a mild torrefaction (from 160 ◦C to 230 ◦C, 3 h) were studied in situ and after cellulose isolation from the wood by solid-state carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and by analytic pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Changes in molecular weight were assessed by viscosimetry. A small decrease in cellulose crystallinity (ca. 2%–3%) was attributed to its amorphization on crystallite surfaces as a result of acid hydrolysis and free radical reactions resulting in the homolytic splitting of glycosidic bonds. The degree of the cellulose polymerization (DPv) decreased more than twice during the heat treatment of wood. It has been proposed that changes in the supramolecular structure of cellulose and in molecular weight during a heat treatment can be affected by the amount of lignin present in the wood.
    [Show full text]
  • Heat and Mass Transfer During Lignocellulosic Biomass Torrefaction: Contributions from the Major Components—Cellulose, Hemicellulose, and Lignin
    processes Article Heat and Mass Transfer during Lignocellulosic Biomass Torrefaction: Contributions from the Major Components—Cellulose, Hemicellulose, and Lignin Ken-ichiro Tanoue 1,*, Kentaro Hikasa 1, Yuuki Hamaoka 1, Akihiro Yoshinaga 1, Tatsuo Nishimura 1, Yoshimitsu Uemura 2,3 and Akihiro Hideno 4 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Sciences and Engineering for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Tokiwadai 2-16-1, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan; [email protected] (K.H.); [email protected] (Y.H.); [email protected] (A.Y.); [email protected] (T.N.) 2 NPO Kuramae Bioenergy, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023, Japan; [email protected] 3 Center for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia 4 Paper industry innovation center of Ehime University, 127 Mendori-cho, Shkokuchuo 799-0113, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-836-85-9122 Received: 27 June 2020; Accepted: 6 August 2020; Published: 9 August 2020 Abstract: The torrefaction of three representative types of biomass—bamboo, and Douglas fir and its bark—was carried out in a cylindrical-shaped packed bed reactor under nitrogen flow at 573 K of the reactor wall temperature. As the thermal energy for the torrefaction was supplied from the top and the side of the bed, the propagation of the temperature profile of the bed is a crucial factor for discussing and improving the torrefaction reactor performance. Therefore, the temperature and gas flow rate (vector) profiles throughout the bed were calculated by model simulation so as to scrutinize this point.
    [Show full text]
  • Qualitative and Kinetic Analysis of Torrefaction of Lignocellulosic Biomass Using DSC-TGA-FTIR
    AIMS Energy, 3 (4): 760–773. DOI: 10.3934/energy.2015.4.760 Received date 28 June 2015, Accepted date 01 November 2015, Published date 12 November 2015 http://www.aimspress.com/ Research article Qualitative and kinetic analysis of torrefaction of lignocellulosic biomass using DSC-TGA-FTIR Bimal Acharya*, Ranjan R. Pradhan and Animesh Dutta School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 stone Rd E, N1G2W1, ON, Canada * Correspondence: Email: [email protected]; Tel: +1-519-824-4120. Abstract: Torrefaction is a thermochemical conversion technique to improve the fuel properties of lignocellulosic biomass by treating at temperature 200 °C –300 °C in the minimum oxygen environment for a reasonable residence time. In this study, thermal decomposition and thermal activities of miscanthus and wheat straw during the torrefaction at 200 °C , 275 °C , and 300 °C in a nitrogen environment for 45 minutes of residence time are analyzed in a simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer (micro TGA) with a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and a macro-TGA. The output of the micro TGA is fed into the Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and qualitative analysis of the gaseous product is carried out. The composition of different gas products during the torrefaction of biomass are compared critically and kinetics were analyzed. It is found that the weight loss due to degradation of initial biomass in second stage (torrefaction process) is a much faster conversion process than the weight loss process in the first stage (drying process). The weight loss of biomass increases with increase in the residence time and torrefaction treatment temperatures. The yield after torrefaction is a solid bio-coal product.
    [Show full text]
  • Pros and Cons of Torrefaction of Woody Biomass
    PROS AND CONS OF TORREFACTION OF WOODY BIOMASS By A. Dutta, PhD, P.Eng Mathias A. Leon, D.Eng Assistant Professor Industrial Research Fellow School of Engineering University of Guelph 1 BACKGROUND Depleting fossil fuel resources and GHG/Global Warming Renewable energy, sustainable fuels Biomass Carbon-neutral, local fuel; energy security Technology barriers to their utilization as energy source Torrefaction 2 PROPERTIES OF WOODY BIOMASS . Low energy density/heating value (low fixed carbon content ~45%) . High moisture content (~50%) . High volatile matter content (~70%) . Low ash content; high alkali metal content (Na, K) (low Cl content compared to herbaceous biomass) . More oxygen content (needs less air for stoichiometric combustion) . Hygroscopic (absorbs moisture) . Non-uniform (wide range of shapes, sizes and types) ISSUES WITH WOODY BIOMASS AS FUEL . Low calorific value, high moisture content . Low energy density too bulky, not economical to transport over long distances . Non-homogeneous Wide variations in combustion properties (Fixed C, VC, inorganic constituents, moisture, calorific value) Wide variations in sizes, shapes and types (handling and storage difficulties) . Low combustion efficiency, smoking during combustion 4 ISSUES WITH WOODY BIOMASS AS FUEL . Difficult to pulverize like coal (poor grindability) . Hygroscopic (absorbs moisture during storage) . Significant inorganic matter content (mainly Ca, Si and K) ash-related problems (sintering, fusion, agglomeration) coal generally has a much higher ash content, but biomass ash is more prone to slagging & fouling Torrefaction can address most of these issues to a reasonable extent. TORREFACTION A thermochemical treatment process, similar to roasting or mild pyrolysis To separate water, some VOCs & hemicellulose in woody biomass, leaving only cellulose & lignin to produce a charcoal-like carbonaceous residue Torrefied wood.
    [Show full text]
  • Combustion and Gasification Characteristics of Chars from Raw and Torrefied Biomass E
    Combustion and gasification characteristics of chars from raw and torrefied biomass E. M. Fisher, Celine Dupont, L. I. Darvell, Jean-Michel Commandre, A. Saddawi, J. M. Jones, M. Grateau, T. Nocquet, Sylvain Salvador To cite this version: E. M. Fisher, Celine Dupont, L. I. Darvell, Jean-Michel Commandre, A. Saddawi, et al.. Combustion and gasification characteristics of chars from raw and torrefied biomass. Bioresource Technology, Elsevier, 2012, 119, pp.157-165. 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.109. hal-01688420 HAL Id: hal-01688420 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01688420 Submitted on 16 Mar 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Combustion and gasification characteristics of chars from raw and torrefied biomass a, b c d c c b E.M. Fisher ⇑, C. Dupont , L.I. Darvell , J.-M. Commandré , A. Saddawi , J.M. Jones , M. Grateau , T. Nocquet b, S. Salvador e a Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Upson Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA b Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, LITEN/DTBH/LTB, Grenoble, France c School of Process, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK d CIRAD, UPR 42 Biomasse Energie, Montpellier, France e Université de Toulouse, MINES ALBI, RAPSODEE, FRE CNRS 3213, Campus Jarlard, route de Teillet, 81013 ALBI CT CEDEX 09, France Keywords: abstract Torrefaction Oxidation Torrefaction is a mild thermal pretreatment (T < 300 °C) that improves biomass milling and storage prop- Gasification Biomass erties.
    [Show full text]
  • Pyrolysis of Miscanthus and Products Characterization
    Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 8-21-2019 10:00 AM Pyrolysis of Miscanthus and Products Characterization Arshdeep Singh The University of Western University Supervisor Dr. Franco Berruti The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Chemical and Biochemical Engineering A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Master of Engineering Science © Arshdeep Singh 2019 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Singh, Arshdeep, "Pyrolysis of Miscanthus and Products Characterization" (2019). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 6515. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/6515 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract Miscanthus, an invasive crop, has recently gained attention as an emerging energy crop because of certain features such as adaptability to lower temperature, efficient use of water and nutrients, low or no need of nitrogen fertilizers, high biomass yield, fast growing cycle and less intensive agricultural cultivation practices than other energy crops, such as corn. The literature review is focused on the value-added applications and conversion of Miscanthus for bioenergy and biomaterial applications. The thermochemical conversion technologies reviewed in this chapter include pyrolysis, liquefaction, torrefaction and gasification, whereas biochemical conversion technologies include enzymatic saccharification and fermentation. In this work, Miscanthus was selected as the feedstock for fast pyrolysis carried out in a mechanically fluidized bed reactor at three temperatures (400, 450 and 500°C) and three vapor residence times (1.4 s, 2.7 s and 5.2 s).
    [Show full text]
  • Torrefaction
    in some regions, but suffer from having a high (and variable) Initial work at Scion using a laboratory-scale torrefaction unit moisture content, low (and variable) energy density which indicated that a torrefaction time of less than minutes and result in high transport costs from forests. Woody biomass at to °C is best for radiata pine to retain an optimal also competes with gas and coal which have traditionally been energy density. Normal (oven dry) wood has an energy low cost, consistent in quality, and plentiful in supply. These density of to MJ/kg while torrefied wood has improved supply problems are important barriers that need to be to to MJ/kg, putting it on par (energy density-wise) with overcome if renewable forest-derived biomass sources are to sub-bituminous coal. Compared with conventional wood, contribute to New Zealand’s energy future. torrefied wood has a low (-%) moisture content, is easily grindable (requiring only % of the energy to grind wood) and is relatively hydrophobic and less biologically active. The latter Commercial application of two properties are important for storage and long distance torrefied wood transport applications. Research interest is focussed on efficiently developing torrefied biomass. Among the major benefits are: Supply chain costs • Reduced transportation costs by creating a more energy-dense product; Using the properties of torrefied radiata pine in the previous • Enabling use in large-scale coal-fired power stations or in analysis, the energy properties (measured in gigajoules, GJ) coal-fired boilers as a replacement to combusting coal – and supply chain costs of torrefied pellets, traditional chips and wood pellets and logs were compared.
    [Show full text]
  • Bioenergy Carriers - Integrated Pyrolysis and Torrefaction Concepts
    Bioenergy carriers - Integrated pyrolysis and torrefaction concepts ‘Thermal pre-treatment of biomass for large-scale applications’ IEA Bioenergy ExCo 66, York,UK 12.10.2010 Kai Sipilä, Yrjö Solantausta, Carl Wilén Esa Sipilä VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Pöyry Management Consulting 10/15/2010 2 Content EU policies and the 2020 targets will increase the market for renewable energy sources, especially for bioenergy. Currently ~ 65 % of RES demand, 2 x current volumes ? Ambitious target for 10 % biofuels in transport and large scale green electricity production. Huge fuel demand. Lack of low price raw material sources, key focus to overall chain integration and efficiencies. Biomass trade. EIBI European Industrial Bioenergy Initiative call for new solutions in 7 value chains – bioenergy carrier is one. Pyrolysis and torrefaction integration to current forest biomass operation. Parallel to utility and refinery actions. Conclusions and recommendations 10/15/2010 3 Source: Jean Marc Jossart, Aebiom ” Evaluation of the National Renewable Energy Action Plans” Forest Bioenergy Conf, Tampere 2010 Renewable energy sources in Finland, 2005 EIBI European Industrial Bioenergy Initiative- Selected large scale bioenergy value chains 1(2) Advanced conversion paths based on thermochemical processes Brussels, 20 September 2010 Selected large scale bioenergy value chains 2(2) Advanced conversion paths based on biological and chemical processes Brussels, 20 September 2010 EBTP proposal for EIBI 7 “generic” value chains Estimated # Total
    [Show full text]
  • Third Generation Biofuels Implications for Wood-Derived Fuels
    THIRD GENERATION BIOFUELS IMPLICATIONS FOR WOOD-DERIVED FUELS February 2018 Jim Bowyer, Ph. D Jeff Howe, Ph. D Richard A. Levins, Ph. D. Harry Groot Kathryn Fernholz Ed Pepke, Ph. D. Chuck Henderson DOVETAIL PARTNERS, INC. Third Generation Biofuels – Implications for Wood-Derived Fuels Executive Summary Third-generation biofuels research and development is largely focused on algae as a raw material. Early research demonstrated that energy yields from a given surface area are far greater from algae than from plants currently used in producing biofuels. The great potential of algae is, however, clouded by a number of technical and economic hurdles which must be overcome before algae contributes in any significant way to providing energy for transportation. Among these are reduction of nutrient requirements in cultivation and energy requirements in processing. For the near to mid-term, at least, algae-derived biofuels are unlikely to pose competitive risks to the emerging second-generation cellulose-based biofuels industry. Introduction In 2017, Dovetail published a report on second generation biofuels1, in which we summarized the growth of second generation biofuel facilities around the world and discussed initiatives designed to stimulate further development. Therein we only briefly made reference to third generation biofuels. In this report we discuss the essential differences between first, second, and third generation biofuels, examine progress toward development of third generation fuels, and consider potential impacts of new generation biofuel development on future prospects for lignocellulosic biomass- to-liquid fuels production. We also briefly explore what are referred to as fourth generation biofuels. First to Fourth Generation Biofuels First Generation Biofuels First generation biofuels are produced from food crops such as corn and sugarcane, and soybeans and rapeseed.
    [Show full text]
  • Biomass Torrefaction As a Key Driver for the Sustainable Development and Decarbonization of Energy Production
    sustainability Article Biomass Torrefaction as a Key Driver for the Sustainable Development and Decarbonization of Energy Production Leonel J. R. Nunes 1,2,3,4,5,* and João C. O. Matias 4,5 1 IPVC—Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua da Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Alvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal 2 proMetheus—Unidade de Investigação em Materiais, Energia e Ambiente para a Sustentabilidade, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua da Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Alvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal 3 ESA—Escola Superior Agrária, Refóios do Lima, 4990-706 Ponte de Lima, Portugal 4 DEGEIT—Departamento de Economia, Gestão, Engenharia Industrial e Turismo, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; [email protected] 5 GOVCOPP—Unidade de Investigação em Governança, Competitividade e Políticas Públicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +351-258-909-740 Received: 16 December 2019; Accepted: 25 January 2020; Published: 27 January 2020 Abstract: Climate change is a reality that affects the daily lives of people around the world, with a set of effects that are systematically felt. If there is still discussion about the real cause behind these phenomena, with differing opinions defending the anthropic origin or the origin in terrestrial cycles of geological scale, it seems to be unanimously attributed to the increased concentration of greenhouse gases—particularly to CO2. That is, whatever the source of CO2, it is commonly accepted that this is the cause of the acceleration of the climate change process, and the occurrence of extreme climate phenomena.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Analysis of Torrefaction Technologies for Producing Advanced Wood Pellets
    A Comprehensive Analysis of Torrefaction Technologies for Producing Advanced Wood Pellets January 2021 Report produced for the Council of Western State Foresters Produced by FutureMetrics Principal Author: Laurenz Schmidt Analysis of Torrefaction Technologies - 1 Table of Contents List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... 3 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... 3 Glossary ................................................................................................................................... 5 Frequently used acronyms and terms ..................................................................................... 5 Executive summary ................................................................................................................. 6 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 7 Participants ................................................................................................................. 9 Torrefaction Commonalities ..................................................................................... 10 What is Torrefaction? ............................................................................................... 11 Why torrefaction? ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Future Perspectives of Biomass Torrefaction: Review of the Current State-Of-The-Art and Research Development
    sustainability Review Future Perspectives of Biomass Torrefaction: Review of the Current State-Of-The-Art and Research Development Jorge Miguel Carneiro Ribeiro 1 ID , Radu Godina 2 ID , João Carlos de Oliveira Matias 1,3 ID and Leonel Jorge Ribeiro Nunes 1,3,* 1 DEGEIT—Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; [email protected] (J.M.C.R.); [email protected] (J.C.d.O.M.) 2 C-MAST—Centre for Aerospace Science and Technologies—Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; [email protected] 3 GOVCOPP—Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 31 May 2018; Accepted: 4 July 2018; Published: 5 July 2018 Abstract: The growing search for alternative energy sources is not only due to the present shortage of non-renewable energy sources, but also due to their negative environmental impacts. Therefore, a lot of attention is drawn to the use of biomass as a renewable energy source. However, using biomass in its natural state has not proven to be an efficient technique, giving rise to a wide range of processing treatments that enhance the properties of biomass as an energy source. Torrefaction is a thermal process that enhances the properties of biomass through its thermal decomposition at temperatures between 200 and 300 ◦C. The torrefaction process is defined by several parameters, which also have impacts on the final quality of the torrefied biomass. The final quality is measured by considering parameters, such as humidity, heating value (HV), and grindability.
    [Show full text]