DOCSLIB.ORG

Telecommunications Law and Policy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Telecommunications Law and Policy TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW AND POLICY TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW AND POLICY 2nd Edition 2006 Stuart Minor Benjamin DUKE UNIVERSITY Douglas Gary Lichtman UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Howard Shelanski UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Philip J. Weiser UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO CAROLINA ACADEMIC PRESS Durham, North Carolina For Arti, Elliot, Isaac, and Heidi __________ CONTENTS Table of Materials....................................................................................................... xv Copyright Permissions...............................................................................................xix Preface .......................................................................................................................xxi Part One. Spectrum and Broadcast ........................................................................ 3 Chapter 1. Why Regulate............................................................................................. 5 § 1.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 5 § 1.2 Defining Spectrum........................................................................................... 6 § 1.3 The Early History of Broadcast ..................................................................... 15 § 1.4 Rationales for Regulation............................................................................... 30 § 1.4.1 Scarcity/Interference ................................................................................ 31 Coase, Why Not Use the Pricing System in the Broadcast Industry? ................ 34 § 1.4.2 Special Interest Protectionism.................................................................. 38 Hazlett, The Rationality of U.S. Regulation of the Broadcast Spectrum ........... 38 § 1.4.3 Consumer Preferences.............................................................................. 46 Chapter 2. The FCC................................................................................................... 51 § 2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 51 § 2.2 A Regulatory Overview ................................................................................. 51 § 2.3 The Federal Communications Commission ................................................... 57 § 2.4 An Overview of Spectrum Management ....................................................... 62 § 2.5 Regulatory Tradeoffs and Allotment ............................................................. 64 Chapter 3. Zoning the Spectrum ................................................................................ 67 § 3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 67 § 3.2 Command and Control................................................................................... 68 § 3.2.1 Making Room for PCS............................................................................. 69 Redevelopment of Spectrum to Encourage Innovation in the Use of New Technologies ................................................................................................... 69 § 3.2.2 Authorizing Satellite Radio...................................................................... 77 Establishment of Rules and Policies for the Digital Audio Radio Satellite Service Band........................................................................... 77 § 3.3 Dedicating Spectrum to Unlicensed Uses ...................................................... 83 § 3.3.1 The Spectrum Policy Task Force Report ................................................. 83 Spectrum Policy Task Force Report................................................................... 84 § 3.3.2 Academic Commentary............................................................................ 93 Benkler, Some Economics of Wireless Communications.................................. 93 § 3.4 Alternative Approaches................................................................................ 101 § 3.4.1 Authorizing Additional Licensed Uses .................................................. 101 § 3.4.2 Unlicensed Secondary Services ............................................................. 103 § 3.4.3 Spectrum Leasing and Private Commons .............................................. 105 Promoting Efficient Use of Spectrum Through Elimination of Barriers to the Development of Secondary Markets ................................. 107 vii viii CONTENTS Chapter 4. Structuring and Assigning Licenses....................................................... 113 § 4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................. 113 § 4.2 License Renewal and Transfer..................................................................... 114 § 4.2.1 License Renewal .................................................................................... 114 § 4.2.2 License Transfer..................................................................................... 119 Changes in the Entertainment Formats of Broadcast Stations ......................... 121 FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild ....................................................................... 124 § 4.3 Merit-Based Hearings .................................................................................. 126 § 4.3.1 Uncontested Initial Assignment Hearings.............................................. 127 H.E. Studebaker ............................................................................................... 127 Charles Henry Gunthorpe, Jr............................................................................ 128 § 4.3.2 Comparative Initial Assignment Hearings ............................................. 130 FCC Policy Statement on Comparative Broadcast Hearings ........................... 132 § 4.3.3 Licensing Case Study............................................................................. 136 Application of Simon Geller ............................................................................ 136 § 4.3.4 Special Considerations for Racial Minorities and Women .................... 142 Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC ..................................................................... 143 Lutheran Church Missouri Synod v. FCC........................................................ 157 § 4.4 Transition to Lotteries, Auctions.................................................................. 164 § 4.4.1 Reform of the Licensing Process ........................................................... 165 Prevention of Abuses of the Renewal Process ................................................. 165 § 4.4.2 Lotteries and Auctions ........................................................................... 169 Kwerel and Felker, Using Auctions to Select FCC Licensees ......................... 170 § 4.4.3 Initial Assignment by Auction ............................................................... 177 Implementation of Section 309(J) of the Communications Act—Competitive Bidding for Commercial Broadcast Licenses ................. 178 § 4.4.4 Bankruptcy and the Limits of FCC Authority........................................ 186 Nextwave Personal Communications v. FCC .................................................. 188 Chapter Five. Public Trustee Obligations................................................................ 197 § 5.1 Introduction.................................................................................................. 197 § 5.2 The Fairness Doctrine and Related Obligations........................................... 198 § 5.2.1 The Fairness Doctrine ............................................................................ 198 Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo......................................................... 198 Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC.................................................................. 200 Fairness Doctrine Report.................................................................................. 208 Complaint of Syracuse Peace Council ............................................................. 217 § 5.2.2 The Personal Attack and Political Editorial Rules ................................. 224 § 5.2.3 Political Broadcasting ............................................................................ 227 Request of ABC, Inc. for Declaratory Ruling .................................................. 228 Request for Declaratory Ruling of National Association of Broad- casters Regarding Section 312(A)(7) of the Communications Act ............... 237 Petition for Reconsideration by People for the American Way and Media Access Project of Declaratory Ruling Regarding Section 312(A)(7) of the Communications Act............................................. 240 § 5.2.4 The Scarcity Rationale in Other Media.................................................. 247 Time Warner Entertainment Co. v. FCC (1996) .............................................. 248 Time Warner Entertainment Co. v. FCC (1997) .............................................. 250 § 5.3 Indecent Broadcasts ..................................................................................... 254 FCC v. Pacifica Foundation ............................................................................. 254 Action for Children’s Television v. FCC [ACT III] ......................................... 266 CONTENTS ix Complaints Against Various Broadcast Licensees
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Rethinking the Role of History in Law & Economics: the Case of The
    09-008 Rethinking the Role of History in Law & Economics: The Case of the Federal Radio Commission in 1927 David A. Moss Jonathan B. Lackow Copyright © 2008 by David A. Moss and Jonathan B. Lackow Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Rethinking the Role of History in Law & Economics: The Case of the Federal Radio Commission in 1927 David A. Moss Jonathan B. Lackow July 13, 2008 Abstract In the study of law and economics, there is a danger that historical inferences from theory may infect historical tests of theory. It is imperative, therefore, that historical tests always involve a vigorous search not only for confirming evidence, but for disconfirming evidence as well. We undertake such a search in the context of a single well-known case: the Federal Radio Commission’s (FRC’s) 1927 decision not to expand the broadcast radio band. The standard account of this decision holds that incumbent broadcasters opposed expansion (to avoid increased competition) and succeeded in capturing the FRC. Although successful broadcaster opposition may be taken as confirming evidence for this interpretation, our review of the record reveals even stronger disconfirming evidence. In particular, we find that every major interest group, not just radio broadcasters, publicly opposed expansion of the band in 1927, and that broadcasters themselves were divided at the FRC’s hearings. 1. Introduction What is the role of history in the study of law and economics? Perhaps its most important role in this context is as a test of theory and a source of new hypotheses.
    [Show full text]
  • Does the Communications Act of 1934 Contain a Hidden Internet Kill Switch?
    FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS LAW JOURNAL VOLUME 65 I SSUE 1 J ANUARY 2013 D OES THE COMMUNICATIONS ACT OF 1934 CONTAIN A H IDDEN INTERNET KILL SWITCH? David W. Opderbeck FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS LAW JOURNAL VOLUME 65 ISSUE 1 JANUARY 2013 Editor-in-Chief DENNIS HOLMES Senior Managing Editor Senior Production Editor JONATHAN MCCORMACK JESSICA KRUPKE Senior Articles Editor Senior Notes Editor AVONNE BELL JOHN COX Articles Editors Managing Editors Notes Editors RHONDA ADATO N. JAY MALIK ALLARD CHU ROBERT HOPKINS KATHERINE MANTHEI BETSY GOODALL ROBERT VORHEES EMILY SILVEIRO-ALLEN JOSHUA KRESH CHARLES POLLACK Journal Staff KEENAN ADAMCHAK BEN ANDRES JAMES CHAPMAN ANDREW ERBER ADETOKUNBO FALADE DAVID HATEF MATHEW HATFIELD ADAM HOTTELL DARREL JOHN JIMENEZ EVIN LUONGO JAMI MEVORAH MILENA MIKAILOVA MELISSA MILCHMAN CLAYTON PREECE SEETA REBBAPRAGADA MEREDITH SHELL MICHAEL SHERLING MARY SHIELDS TOM STRUBLE HOLLY TROGDON MARGOT VANRIEL CARLA VOIGT BRANDON WHEATLEY MICHAEL WILLIAMS JARUCHAT SIRICHOKCHATCHAWAN Faculty Advisors PROFESSOR JEROME BARRON PROFESSOR KAREN THORNTON PROFESSOR DAWN NUNZIATO Adjunct Faculty Advisors MATTHEW GERST ETHAN LUCARELLI NATALIE ROISMAN RYAN WALLACH Published by the GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY LAW SCHOOL and the FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS BAR ASSOCIATION Does the Communications Act of 1934 Contain a Hidden Internet Kill Switch? David W. Opderbeck* TABLE OF CONTENTS I.! INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 3! II.! THE WAR AND EMERGENCY POWERS IN SECTION 606 OF THE COMMUNICATIONS
    [Show full text]
  • Sarah Clemens* Journalists Face a Credibility Crisis, Plagued by Chants
    FROM FAIRNESS TO FAKE NEWS: HOW REGULATIONS CAN RESTORE PUBLIC TRUST IN THE MEDIA Sarah Clemens* Journalists face a credibility crisis, plagued by chants of fake news and a crowded rat race in the primetime ratings. Critics of the media look at journalists as the problem. Within this domain, legal scholarship has generated a plethora of pieces critiquing media credibility with less attention devoted to how and why public trust of the media has eroded. This Note offers a novel explanation and defense. To do so, it asserts the proposition that deregulating the media contributed to the proliferation of fake news and led to a decline in public trust of the media. To support this claim, this Note first briefly examines the historical underpinnings of the regulations that once made television broadcasters “public trustees” of the news. This Note also touches on the historical role of the Public Broadcasting Act that will serve as the legislative mechanism under which media regulations can be amended. Delving into what transpired as a result of deregulation and prodding the effects of limiting oversight over broadcast, this Note analyzes the current public perception of broadcast news, putting forth the hypothesis that deregulation is correlated to a negative public perception of broadcast news. This Note analyzes the effect of deregulation by exploring recent examples of what has emerged as a result of deregulation, including some of the most significant examples of misinformation in recent years. In so doing, it discusses reporting errors that occurred ahead of the Iraq War, analyzes how conspiracy theories spread in mainstream broadcast, and discusses the effect of partisan reporting on public perception of the media.
    [Show full text]
  • Making Radio Pirates Walk the Plank with Aiding and Abetting Liability
    Arrr! Sever Thee Transmitters! Making Radio Pirates Walk the Plank with Aiding and Abetting Liability Max Nacheman * TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 299 II. THE INTERTWINED FATE OF BROADCAST REGULATION AND PIRATE RADIO ............................................................................................. 301 A. Origins of Radio Broadcast Regulation in the United States .. 301 B. Pirates of the (Air)waves: The Swell of Unauthorized Broadcasting ............................................................................ 303 C. From Radio Pirates to Cellular Ninjas: The Future of Unauthorized Broadcasting ..................................................... 304 III. UNAUTHORIZED BROADCASTING POSES A UNIQUE ENFORCEMENT CHALLENGE THAT MAY BE ADDRESSED BY ESTABLISHING AUTHORITY TO CRACK DOWN ON AIDERS AND ABETTORS OF PIRATE BROADCASTERS .............................................................................. 305 A. The FCC’s Enforcement Procedure for Unauthorized Broadcasters Is an Inadequate Deterrent to Pirates ............... 306 B. Aiding and Abetting Liability Would Cut the Supply Chain of Essential Resources to Unauthorized Broadcasters ................ 309 1. How the United Kingdom Sank Pirate Radio ................... 310 2. Aiding and Abetting Liability for Securities Violations ... 311 IV. THREE WAYS TO CRACK DOWN ON AIDERS AND ABETTORS OF UNAUTHORIZED BROADCASTING: STATUTE, RULEMAKING, AND EXISTING CRIMINAL LAW .............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • GAO-02-906 Telecommunications
    United States General Accounting Office GAO Report to Congressional Requesters September 2002 TELECOMMUNICATIONS Better Coordination and Enhanced Accountability Needed to Improve Spectrum Management a GAO-02-906 Contents Letter 1 Results in Brief 2 Background 5 Concern Over Concentrating Authority Led to Divided Structure for Spectrum Management 6 Methods for Allocating Spectrum Face Difficulties and Are Not Guided by a Coordinated National Plan 11 Issues Have Emerged Regarding the Adequacy of U.S. Preparations for World Radiocommunication Conferences 19 Federal Officials Said Activities to Encourage Efficient Federal Spectrum Use Are Hindered by Staffing and Resource Problems 25 Conclusions 34 Recommendations for Executive Action 35 Agency Comments 36 Appendixes Appendix I: Major Parts of the Radiofrequency Spectrum and Their Uses 38 Appendix II: Timeline of Spectrum Management 40 Appendix III: Comments from the Federal Communications Commission 67 Appendix IV: Comments from the Department of Commerce 69 Appendix V: Comments from the Department of State 71 Figures Figure 1: Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee’s Membership 10 Figure 2: Percent of Spectrum Shared by Federal and Nonfederal Users (9 kHz to 3.1 GHz) 12 Figure 3: Spectrum Reallocation Process 13 Figure 4: Relationship of U.S. Participants in Preparing for World Radiocommunication Conferences 21 Figure 5: NTIA Frequency Assignment Process 26 Figure 6: Timeline of Spectrum Management (1895–1925) 41 Figure 7: Timeline of Spectrum Management (1925–1955) 47 Figure 8: Timeline
    [Show full text]
  • Notes for EECS 120, Sp 2002
    Notes for EECS 120, Sp 2002 Pravin Varaiya January 27, 2002 Chapter 1 Communication system Transmitter Receiver m x x y m power T R ym y modulator channel amplifier demodulator amplifier received source carrier modulated transmitted received baseband baseband signal, signal signal signal signal signal 2πω t e c channel ω |M(ω)| |XT( )| ω ω −ω ω c c Figure 1.1: Basic components of a communication system. Figure 1.1 indicates the basic components of a communication system. The source signal m ∈ ContSignals is a baseband signal. The modulator transforms this signal into the signal xm ∈ ContSignals whose frequency spectrum is centered around the carrier frequency ωc rad/sec. The power amplifier boosts the amplitude of xm to a level sufficient for transmission. The transmitted signal xT propagates through the channel. The output of the channel is the received signal yR. The receiver amplifies this signal to ym. The demodulator processes it and the final received signal is y. A well-designed communication system should have y ≈ m. The FCC assigns a particular part of the electromagnetic spectrum—called a channel—to each station. The modulator transforms the baseband signal x into the signal xm whose spectrum Xm fits inside the station’s channel, as shown in the lower part of the figure. For example, the AM station KCBS is assigned the 10 kHz-wide channel, 740 ± 5 kHz, while the FM station KQED is assigned the 200 kHz-wide channel 88.5 ± 0.1 MHz. KRON TV is assigned the 6 MHz-wide channel, 66-72 MHz, called channel # 4.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Amateur Radio Operator
    www.ashlandcert.org History of the Amateur Radio Operator Amateur Radio (HAM radio) is a popular hobby and service that brings people, April 2018 electronics and communication together. Operators use radios to talk across town, around the world, and even into space, all without the Internet or cell Neighbors Helping phones. It's fun, social, educational, and can be a lifeline during times of need; Neighbors... specifically big disasters. The amateur radio operator, once licensed, uses designated radio frequencies to broadcast communications under specific parameters identified and mandated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Inside this issue: Although Amateur Radio operators get involved for many reasons, they all History of Amateur 1 learn common basic knowledge of radio technology and operating principles, and then pass an examination for the FCC license to operate on radio History of cont …... 2 frequencies under specified guidelines. Becoming an Amateur 2 How did this passion originate? Radio License Class 2 As early as 1888, radio waves were proven to exist by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz. Pancake Benefit 3 This concept was later adapted by Guglielmo Marconi in experiments with ‘wireless’ telegraph technology. These two findings, along with James Clerk Training Calendar 4 Maxwell presented his theory of the electromagnetic field, set the stage for the Next Meeting Dates: future of amateur radio operations across the globe. In fact, in 1901, Marconi General Meeting: communicated across the Atlantic using a April 11, Fire Station 1. Topic: Basic Training. high power radio device and giant Meeting starts at 6:00 with antennas. This is one example of the doors open at 5:30 PM.
    [Show full text]
  • Spectrum Policy in Hong Kong
    1 Telecoms Infotech Forum Briefing paper Radio spectrum issues in Hong Kong Plus Avoiding another cable blackout? February 2007 http://www.trp.hku.hk/tif/home.php 2 Telecoms InfoTechnology Forum The TIF is an industrial forum run on a regular basis by the Telecommunications Research Project (TRP) at the University of Hong Kong. Dr John Ure, associate professor and director of the TRP, and Dr Peter Lovelock, deputy director of the TRP, are also the directors of TIF. In 2006 the TRP Corp (http://www.trp.hku.hk/profiles.html.) The TRP provides background briefing papers for each TIF and posts these together with presentations and proceedings papers on the website. http://www.trp.hku.hk/tif/papers.php TIF is the source of funding of the TRP. The output of the TRP is mostly public domain research into economic, policy and regulatory aspects of telecommunications and related sectors such as IT, new media, Internet and e-commerce.1 The output of TIF is a series of industry and policy-focused forums that bring together all interested parties in a non-partisan way. The objective of TIF is to stimulate informed interest in the economic, policy and regulatory aspects of information and communications technologies (ICTs), to foster greater transparency and a better understanding of the economic and technological dynamics of the sector, and its impact on social welfare. For further details of TIF and TIF membership, please contact: Dr Jenny Wan at the Telecommunications Research Project: tel: 2859-1919; fax: 2857-9434 or Email: [email protected] 1 The TRP also provides consulting, research and training services.
    [Show full text]
  • Radio; *Federal Laws; *Mass Media; Radio; Radio Technology; Television IDENTIFIERS FCC; Federal Communications Commission
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 064 941 EM 010 062 TITLE Broadcast Services; Evolution of Broadcasting. INSTITUTION Federal Communications Commission, Washington, D.C. REPORT NO 2-B-1-72 PUB DATE 72 NOTE 52p.; Information Bulletin EDRS PRICE MF-$0065 BC-43.29 DESCRIPTORS *Broadcast Industry; *Communications; Educational Radio; *Federal Laws; *Mass Media; Radio; Radio Technology; Television IDENTIFIERS FCC; Federal Communications Commission ABSTRACT The structure, history, technology and especially regulation of broadcasting in general are summarized in thisFederal COMMunication Commission (FCC) information bulletin. Further Specifics of history, technology, structure andregulation are presented for AM radio, FM radio, television,educational broadcasting, and broadcast relay by satellite. MO U,S, DEPARTMENT OFHEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION Broadcast THIS DOCUMENT HASSEEN REPRO. DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVEDFROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATIONORIG- INATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW Services OR OPIN- IONS STATED DO NOTNECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICEOF EDU- CATION POSITION OR POLICY 2-B 1/72 One of the most dramatic EVOLUTION developments of 20th Century OF technology hasbeen theuse of BROADCASTING radio waves--electromagnetic radiations traveling at the speed of light--for communication. Radio communication designed for reception by the general public is known as "broadcasting." Radio waves of different frequencies (number of cycles per second) can be "tuned." Hence, signals from many sources can be received on a radio set without interfering with each other. In everyday language the term. "radio" refers tO aural (sound) broad- casting, which is received from ampli- tude-modulated (AM) or frequency-modu- lated (FM) stations. "Television," another form of radio, is received from stations making both visual and aural transmissions.
    [Show full text]
  • Importance of Radio Regulation Policies in Wireless Communications Study
    Paper ID #9769 Importance of Radio Regulation Policies in Wireless Communications Study Dr. Reza Kamali, Utah Valley University c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Importance of Radio Regulation Policies in Wireless Communications Study Abstract— Wireless communications needs radio frequency links. Radio frequency spectrum is a limited and expensive resource. To improve efficiency of radio frequency spectrum, we propose a new topic in spectrum engineering and radio regulation. Spectrum engineering is the technical skill to solve problems in spectrum management and includes frequency licensing, electromagnetic compatibility, and radio regulation. In this paper, fundamental of spectrum engineering with a focus on radio regulation policies is covered and considered as a topic of study in courses such as Communications Systems and Wireless Communications. I. Introduction Over the years, electromagnetic spectrum has contributed to several applications such as communication, navigation, surveillance and medical. While useful ranges of radio frequency spectrum are already assigned to current services, new applications are rushing for spectrum. However most of the new graduates of universities from the related fields have enough knowledge of radio frequency systems and related techniques, they are not familiar with radio regulation and spectrum engineering requirements. Topics such as frequency assignments, allocation, allotment, licensing and etc. are not completely covered. This paper studies useful frequency engineering policies for educators and students. Spectrum engineering is the technical skill to solve problems in spectrum management, and includes privacy of the channel, licensing, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), radio regulation, and spectrum planning1. In order to improve Spectrum Engineering, RF hazards of EMC and potential safety hazards due to human exposure to RF energy were addressed in previous publications2,3.
    [Show full text]
  • A Can of Worms
    A CAN OF WORMS Pirate Radio as Public Intransigence on the Public Airwaves by John Nathan Anderson A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Journalism and Mass Communication) at the UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON 2004 APPROVED ____________________________ James L. Baughman, Professor and Director ____________________________ Robert E. Drechsel, Professor ____________________________ Douglas M. McLeod, Professor and Advisor Contents Preface i Chapter 1. UNLICENSED BROADCASTING AS RADIO HISTORY 1 Scope of Study 3; Organizational Outline of Chapters 5; Overview of Source Material 8; Notes to Chapter 1 14 Chapter 2. CONTEMPORARY TREATMENT OF UNLICENSED BROADCASTING 16 Real-World Constraints on FCC Enforcement 18; Engagement at the Administrative Level 21; Notes to Chapter 2 30 Chapter 3. EARLY RADIO LICENSING AUTHORITY: A CRISIS OF CONFIDENCE 36 1912-1927: Undermined from the Inside 36; 1927/34 Legislation, “Public interest, convenience, and necessity,” and “Access” to the Airwaves 41; Notes to Chapter 3 46 Chapter 4. LEGAL REFINEMENT OF FCC LICENSING AUTHORITY 50 Bedrocks Established in Case Law, 1943-1969 55; FCC License Authority and Enforcement Effectiveness, 1970-1989 60; Notes to Chapter 4 67 Chapter 5. MICRORADIO: FOCUSED CHALLENGE TO THE LICENSING REGIME 72 Stephen Dunifer and Free Radio Berkeley’s “Can of Worms” 73; Other Notable Microradio Cases 78; Microradio and FCC Field Enforcement 82; Notes to Chapter 5 88 Chapter 6. THE FCC AND LPFM 95 Congressional Meddling Into LPFM
    [Show full text]
  • Electronic Communications Privacy Act Committee On
    ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS PRIVACY ACT HEARINGS BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON COURTS, CIVIL LIBERTIES, AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE OF THE | COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY HOUSE OF REPERSENTATIVES NINETY-NINTH CONGRESS FIRST AND SECOND SESSIONS ON H.R. 3378 ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS PRIVACY ACT SEPTEMBER 26, OCTOBER 24, 1985, JANUARY 30, AND MARCH 5, 1986 Serial No. 50 Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 5M-M44 O WASHINGTON : 1986 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Congressional Sales Office U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY PETER W. RODINO, JR., New Jersey, Chairman JACK BROOKS, Texas HAMILTON FISH, JR., New York ROBERT W. KASTENMEIER, Wisconsin CARLOS J. MOORHEAD, California DON EDWARDS, California HENRY J. HYDE, Illinois JOHN CONYERS, JR., Michigan THOMAS N. KINDNESS, Ohio JOHN F. SEIBERLING, Ohio DAN LUNGREN, California ROMANO L. MAZZOLI, Kentucky F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, JR., WILLIAM J. HUGHES, New Jersey Wisconsin MIKE SYNAR, Oklahoma BILL McCOLLUM, Florida PATRICIA SCHROEDER, Colorado E. CLAY SHAW, JR., Florida DAN GLICKMAN, Kansas GEORGE W. GEKAS, Pennsylvania BARNEY FRANK, Massachusetts MICHAEL DEWINE, Ohio GEO. W. CROCKETT, JR.. Michigan WILLIAM E. DANNEMEYER, California CHARLES E. SCHUMER, New York HANK BROWN, Colorado BRUCE A. MORRISON, Connecticut PATRICK L. SWINDALL, Georgia EDWARD F. FEIGHAN, Ohio HOWARD COBLE, North Carolina LAWRENCE J. SMITH, Florida HOWARD L. BERMAN, California RICK BOUCHER, Virginia HARLEY O. STAGGERS, JR., West Virginia JOHN BRYANT, Texas M. ELAINE MIELKE, General Counsel GARNER J. CLINE, Staff Director ALAN V. COFFEY, Jr., Associate Counsel SUBCOMMITTEE ON COURTS, CIVIL LIBERTIES, AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE ROBERT W.
    [Show full text]