NATURA IMPACT REPORT

IN SUPPORT OF THE APPROPRIATE ASSESSMENT

OF THE Lough Key Local Area Plan 2015-2021

IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF ARTICLE 6(3) OF THE EU HABITATS DIRECTIVE

for: Roscommon County Council

The Courthouse Roscommon County Roscommon

by: CAAS Ltd.

2nd Floor, The Courtyard 25 Great Strand Street Dublin 1

NOVEMBER 2015

Includes Ordnance Survey Ireland data reproduced under OSi Licence Number 2010/18/CCMAI Roscommon County Council. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Ordnance Survey Ireland and Government of Ireland copyright. © Ordnance Survey Ireland Natura Impact Report for the Lough Key Local Area Plan

Table of Contents

Section 1 Introduction ...... 1

1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Legislative Context ...... 1 1.3 Stages of Appropriate Assessment ...... 2

Section 2 Stage 1 Screening ...... 4

2.1 Description of the Plan ...... 4 2.2 European Sites ...... 8 2.3 Assessment Criteria ...... 15 2.4 Other Plans and Programmes ...... 20 2.5 Conclusions ...... 22

Section 3 Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment ...... 23

3.1 Introduction ...... 23 3.2 Potential Significant Effects ...... 23 3.3 Conservation Objectives ...... 24

Section 4 Mitigation Measures ...... 26

4.1 Introduction ...... 26 4.2 Measures to Protect Habitats and Species ...... 26 4.3 Measures to Protect Water Quality ...... 29

Section 5 Conclusion ...... 32

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List of Tables

Table 2.1 European Sites which occur within 15 km of the Plan Area, Relevant Qualifying Features and Site Vulnerability...... 8 Table 2.2 European Sites which occur outside 15 km of the Plan Area but are Hydrologically Connected to the Plan ...... 9 Table 2.3 Elements of the Plan with Potential to lead to adverse impacts on European sites, and the Policies and Objectives Relating to each Potential Impact ...... 16 Table 2.4 Screening of European Sites within 15 km of the Plan Area ...... 18 Table 2.5 Screening of European Sites which occur outside 15 km of the Plan Area but are Hydrologically Linked ...... 18 Table 2.6 Plans & Projects Likely to Cause In-Combination Effects ...... 20 Table 3.1 European Sites Potentially Impacted upon by the Lough Key LAP ...... 23

List of Figures

Figure 1 European sites within 15 km of the Plan Area ...... 13 Figure 2 European sites occurring downstream but beyond 15km from the Plan Area...... 14

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Section 1 Introduction

1.1 Background

This is the Natura Impact Report in support of the Appropriate Assessment of the Lough Key Local Area Plan 2015-2021 (Lough Key LAP) in accordance with the requirements of Article 6(3) of the EU Habitats Directive1.

This report is divided into the following five sections:

Section 1 Introduction Section 2 Stage 1 Screening Section 3 Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment Section 4 Mitigation Measures Section 5 Conclusion

1.2 Legislative Context

The Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora, better known as “The Habitats Directive”, provides legal protection for habitats and species of European importance. Articles 3 to 9 provide the legislative means to protect habitats and species of Community interest through the establishment and conservation of an EU-wide network of sites known as Natura 2000. In Ireland, these are candidate Special Areas of Conservation (cSACs) designated under the Habitats Directive and Special Protection Areas (SPAs) designated under the Conservation of Wild Birds Directive (79/409/ECC), hereafter referred to as European sites.

Articles 6(3) and 6(4) of the Habitats Directive set out the decision-making tests for plans and projects likely to affect Natura 2000 sites. Article 6(3) establishes the requirement for AA:

“Any plan or project not directly connected with or necessary to the management of the [Natura 2000] site but likely to have a significant effect thereon, either individually or in combination with other plans or projects, shall be subjected to appropriate assessment of its implications for the site in view of the site’s conservation objectives. In light of the conclusions of the assessment of the implications for the site and subject to the provisions of paragraph 4, the competent national authorities shall agree to the plan or project only after having ascertained that it will not adversely affect the integrity of the site concerned and, if appropriate, after having obtained the opinion of the general public.

If, in spite of a negative assessment of the implications for the [Natura 2000] site and in the absence of alternative solutions, a plan or project must nevertheless be carried out for imperative reasons of overriding public interest, including those of a social or economic nature, Member States shall take all compensatory measures necessary to ensure that the overall coherence of Natura 2000 is protected. It shall inform the Commission of the compensatory measures adopted.

Where the site concerned hosts a priority natural habitat type and/or a priority species the only considerations which may be raised are those relating to human health or public safety, to beneficial consequences of primary importance for the

1 Directive 92/43/EEC

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environment or, further to an opinion from the Commission, to other imperative reasons of overriding public interest.”

These requirements are implemented in the Republic of Ireland by the European Communities (Birds and Natural Habitats) Regulations 2011. These regulations consolidate the European Communities (Natural Habitats) Regulations 1997 to 2005 and the European Communities (Birds and Natural Habitats) (Control of Recreational Activities) Regulations 2010, as well as addressing transposition failures identified in judgements of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU).

1.3 Stages of Appropriate Assessment

This Natura Impact Report has been prepared in accordance with the following guidance:  Appropriate Assessment of Plans and Projects in Ireland. Guidance for Planning Authorities. Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, 2010.  Assessment of plans and projects significantly affecting Natura 2000 sites: Methodological guidance on the provisions of Article 6(3) and (4) of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC, European Commission Environment DG, 2002.  Managing Natura 2000 sites: The Provisions of Article 6 of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC: European Commission, 2000.

AA comprises up to four successive stages: Stage One: Screening The process which identifies the likely impacts upon a European site of a project or plan, either alone or in combination with other projects or plans, and considers whether these impacts are likely to be significant.

Stage Two: Appropriate Assessment The consideration of the impact on the integrity of the European site of the project or plan, either alone or in combination with other projects or plans, with respect to the site’s structure and function and its conservation objectives. Additionally, where there are adverse impacts, an assessment of the potential mitigation of those impacts. If adequate mitigation is proposed to ensure no significant adverse impacts on European sites, then the process may end at this stage. However, if the likelihood of significant impacts remains, then the process must proceed to Stage 3.

Stage Three: Assessment of Alternative Solutions The process which examines alternative ways of achieving the objectives of the project or plan that avoids adverse impacts on the integrity of the European site.

Stage Four: Assessment where no alternative solutions exist and where adverse impacts remain An assessment of compensatory measures where, in the light of an assessment of imperative reasons of overriding public interest (IROPI), it is deemed that the project or plan should proceed.

The Habitats Directive promotes a hierarchy of avoidance, mitigation and compensatory measures. First, the plan should aim to avoid any impacts on European sites by identifying possible impacts early in the plan-making process and writing the plan in order to avoid such

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impacts. Second, mitigation measures should be applied, if necessary, during the AA process to the point where no adverse impacts on the site(s) remain. If the plan is still likely to result in impacts on European sites, and no further practicable mitigation is possible, then it must be rejected. If no alternative solutions are identified and the plan is required for imperative reasons of overriding public interest (IROPI test) under Article 6(4) of the Habitats Directive, then compensation measures are required for any remaining adverse effect.

In the case of this Natura Impact Report, it was found that the Plan required assessment to Stage 2 AA.

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Section 2 Stage 1 Screening

2.1 Description of the Plan

2.1.1 Lough Key Area

The Plan area is made of six DEDs (District Electoral Divisions); Boyle Rural, Crossna, Kilbryan, Oakport, Rockingham and Tumna South and also includes Cootehall and Knockvicar as well as Lough Key Forest Park.

Lough Key Forest Park is one of the key areas within the county for tourism and recreation, and is a key asset to support the promotion and marketing of the area both nationally and internationally. A key factor associated with Lough Key’s popularity as a tourism destination is its highly scenic and natural environment.

This LAP aims to ensure that the protection and enhancement of the natural environment of this area remains the primary objective of the Council. Thus, the zoning and specific development objectives of the lands surrounding Lough Key is very important. It is vital that the natural beauty and environmental quality of this area is not compromised to facilitate developments which would impact negatively on this sensitive area.

The primary towns in the vicinity of the Lough Key Plan Area are Boyle (situated c. 6 km to the south west) and Carrick-on-Shannon (situated c. 11 km to the south east).

The Lough Key LAP Area comprises approximately 350 hectares of mixed woodlands, open parkland, a lake and a number of mature wooded islands. This area was formerly part of the Rockingham Estate, home of the Stafford King Harmon family. Situated along the Boyle River, Lough Key forms part of the Shannon waterway system.

The Lough Key Plan boundary includes six DEDs: - Kilbryan, Boyle Rural, Rockingham, Oakport, Tumna South and Crossna.

The primary towns in the vicinity of the Lough Key Plan Area are Boyle (situated c. 6 km to the south west) and Carrick-on-Shannon (situated c. 11 km to the south east).

The Lough Key LAP Area comprises approximately 350 hectares of mixed woodlands, open parkland, a lake and a number of mature wooded islands. This area was formerly part of the Rockingham Estate, home of the Stafford King Harmon family. Situated along the Boyle River, Lough Key forms part of the Shannon waterway system.

The established settlements within the Plan Area i.e. Cootehall and Knockvicar provide residential uses with a minor element of commercial/retail land use.

2.1.2 Cootehall

Cootehall is situated in the south-eastern corner of the LAP area and the Boyle River runs through the village and up into Lough Key. Cootehall is rich in natural beauty and is generally renowned as an ideal area for recreational activities, including boating, angling, walking and hiking.

2.1.3 Knockvicar

The small village of Knockvicar lies in the eastern section of the Lough Key LAP area. It is located ca 10 km from Boyle and ca 12.5 km from Carrick-on-Shannon. Knockvicar is renowned for its association with boating and water based leisure activities.

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2.1.4 Lough Key Local Area Plan

The main aim of the Lough Key LAP is to set out a framework for the sustainable development of the Lough Key Area so that growth may take place in a coordinated, sensitive and orderly manner, while at the same time being sensitive to the natural environment of this area.

Policies and objectives outlined in this LAP are in addition to the policies and objectives contained in the Roscommon County Development Plan (RCDP) 2014-2020. It is acknowledged that not all strategic objectives will be achieved during the six year LAP timeframe; however it is important to identify these objectives to ensure commitment to achieving them in the longer term.

In the interests of clarity, any reference to a goal, aim, policy and objective in the text of this Local Area Plan, shall be construed as an ‘objective’ of this Plan for the purposes of the Planning and Development Acts 2000-2014 and the Planning and Development Regulations 2001-2013.

2.1.4.1 Plan Vision Roscommon County Council has an ambitious but achievable Vision for the Lough Key LAP area for the period 2015 – 2021 and beyond.

VISION: Ensure that the Lough Key area continues to be regarded as a key strategic tourism resource in Count Roscommon. The lake, park surrounding woodlands, combined with its proximity to key urban centres provide the opportunity to promote this area as a significant tourism asset in the west of Ireland. Lough Key Forest Park continues to grow and expand its range of tourist activities and the Council will continue to support this growth.

The vision for the Plan Area is to promote further development of recreation and tourism based enterprises to serve both as an economic and social resource for the local community and visitors alike.

This highly scenic area is much sought after for residential development. The Council recognises this and aims to ensure that residential development within the Plan area is facilitated in a manner which ensures that the natural, scenic and environmental sensitivities of this area are not compromised.

2.1.4.2 Strategic Aims for the LAP The following are the Strategic Aims for the Lough Key Plan Area:

1. Promote economic development and employment through the further enhancement of a strong tourism base within the Plan area. Encourage and facilitate the development of the tourism industry through sustainable means, including the conservation, protection and enhancement of the built and natural heritage, the protection of sensitive landscapes, and the enhancement of cultural and community facilities in order to maximise the economic benefits arising from the tourism industry. 2. Enhance the quality of the natural and built environment and conserve the visual amenity of the LAP area. 3. Utilise the surrounding natural environment and natural resources, to the benefit of the area in a positive way. 4. Promote sustainable community development within the established settlements of Cootehall and Knockvicar by supporting the appropriate levels of services to support existing and future populations. 5. Promote the development of social and recreational facilities within the settlements of Cootehall and Knockvicar. 6. Encourage the redevelopment and reuse of vacant and derelict residential and commercial buildings both with the settlements and the rural environs of the Plan area over new build developments on Greenfield sites.

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7. Protect and safeguard groundwater supplies and ensure that they are not compromised by commercial, agricultural, domestic or other activities, particularly in non-serviced areas outside the town boundary. 8. Ensure that the appropriate level of services and infrastructure is available to support the existing and future population in terms of wastewater disposal, water supply and surface water disposal. 9. Promote an enhanced quality of life for all, based on high quality sustainable residential, working and recreational environments, infrastructural and transportation networks, with the use of alternative energy in a sustainable and harmonious way.

2.1.4.3 Strategic Aims for Cootehall Cootehall village is the primary settlement within the Lough Key Plan Area. The emphasis for Cootehall within the context of the LAP relates primarily to community development, through the provision of community facilities and services.

The strategic aims for Cootehall are as follows:

1. Enhance the economic and social development of the area, by encouraging people to reside, visit and set up local businesses in Cootehall. 2. Ensure the provision of necessary community services and facilities. 3. Facilitate commercial and business based development initiatives. 4. Maintain and strengthen the village character by ensuring developments meet design guidelines and that materials and finishes add to the aesthetics of the streetscapes within Cootehall. 5. Consolidate and develop in the core of the village and steer development away from the periphery and hinterland of Cootehall.

2.1.4.4 Relationship with other Relevant Plans and Programmes The Lough Key LAP sits within a hierarchy of land use forward planning strategic actions. The Plan must comply with relevant higher level strategic actions and may, in turn, guide lower level strategic actions. The Plan also forms part of the Roscommon County Development Plan along with other Local Area Plans in the county.

2.1.4.5 The National Spatial Strategy 2002-2020 The National Spatial Strategy (NSS) is the national planning framework for Ireland to achieve a better balance of social, economic and physical development as well as balanced population growth between the regions. The aim of the Strategy is to utilise urban land sensitively and efficiently, reduce dereliction and encourage refurbishment.

2.1.4.6 Regional Planning Guidelines (Western Region 2010 – 2022) Ireland is divided into eight regional forward planning regions, Dublin, Midlands, Mid East, Mid-West, South East, South West, West and Border, each with its own regional planning authority composed of Elected Members selected by the constituent local government councils. Regional planning authorities are required, under the Planning and Development (Regional Planning Guidelines) Regulations 2003 (SI No. 175 of 2003), to draw up Regional Planning Guidelines (RPGs), long term strategic planning frameworks, for their relevant region. Lough Key is part of the Western regional plan.

The RPGs for the Western Region 2010-2022 provide a framework for the long term strategic development of the Western Region through setting out goals, policies and objectives in relation to population targets, housing, infrastructure, economic development, environment, amenities, social infrastructure and community development, ensuring the successful implementation of the NSS at regional, county and local level.

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2.1.4.7 Roscommon County Development Plan 2014-2020 The Roscommon County Development Plan provides the overall statutory framework for the beneficiary of the town’s influence. Currently the town is the administrative and service capital of the development of County Roscommon and details the spatial development strategy for the county which is organised around a hierarchical structure of urban settlements and the rural area. The Core Strategy and the County Development Plan will reinforce developments in Lough Key.

2.1.4.8 County Roscommon Renewable Energy Strategy Roscommon County Council recognises the importance of renewable energy. County Roscommon has the potential to harness an extensive amount of renewable energy resources, primarily from wind, but also from biomass and to a lesser extent from hydro and solar energy. A Wind Energy Strategy was prepared by Roscommon County Council, but it was decided to incorporate the Wind Strategy into a more comprehensive Renewable Energy Strategy (RES), which will explore the potential of the aforementioned sources of renewable energy in County Roscommon.

2.1.4.9 County Roscommon Retail Strategy A Retail Strategy for County Roscommon was undertaken as part of the preparation of Roscommon County Development Plan 2014-2020. The Retail Planning Guidelines for Planning Authorities, issued by the Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government in April 2012, require Local Authorities to prepare a retail strategy and provide policies for retail development in development plans. Roscommon County Council recognises that the retail sector has a key role to play in relation to economic and social activity, employment and the continued vitality of the towns and villages throughout the county.

2.1.4.10 County Roscommon Housing Strategy A Housing Strategy was prepared for County Roscommon as part of the preparation of the Roscommon County Development Plan 2014 – 2020. This Strategy is also applicable to the Lough Key LAP. It sets out a framework for the supply of land to meet the housing needs arising in the county. It outlines what the anticipated social and affordable housing need for County Roscommon between 2014 and 2020. The Regional Planning Guidelines for the West Region 2010-2022 provides the planning policy guidance for the West region, covering Galway City and the Counties of Galway, Mayo and Roscommon. The Regional Planning Guidelines contain population targets produced by the Dept of ECLG for the Gateways and Hubs for the purposes of the Regional Planning Guidelines Review.

2.1.4.11 Smarter Travel 2009 “Smarter Travel, A Sustainable Transport Future, A New Transport Policy for Ireland 2009 - 2020” is the Government’s action plan to free towns and cities from traffic congestion, substantially cut CO2 emissions, encourage car based commuters to leave their cars at home, and encourage a shift toward walking, cycling and greater public transport usage.

2.1.1 Environmental Protection Objectives

The Lough Key LAP is subject to a number of high level environmental protection policies and objectives with which it must comply. Examples of Environmental Protection Objectives include the aims of the EU Habitats Directive which is to contribute towards ensuring biodiversity through the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora in the European territory of Member States and the purpose of the Water Framework Directive which is to establish a framework for the protection of inland surface waters, transitional waters, coastal waters and groundwater which, among other things, prevents deterioration in the status of all water bodies and protects, enhances and restores all waters with the aim of achieving good status by 2015.

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2.2 European Sites

2.2.1 cSACs and SPAs

This section of the screening process describes the European sites within a 15 km of the Plan Area and those which occur outside 15 km from the Plan Area bur are hydrologically linked.

Those European sites that occur within 15km of the Plan Area are listed in Table 2.1 and illustrated in Figure 1 below while those sites which occur beyond 15km but are located downstream of the Plan Area are listed in Table 2.2 and illustrated in Figure 2 below.

In order to determine the potential for impacts from the Plan, information on the qualifying features, known vulnerabilities and threats to site integrity pertaining to any potentially affected European sites was reviewed. Background information on threats to individual sites and vulnerability of habitats and species that was used during this assessment included the following:

 Ireland’s Article 17 Report to the European Commission “Status of EU Protected Habitats and Species in Ireland” (NPWS, 2013).  Site Synopses.  NATURA 2000 Standard Data Forms. Since the conservation objectives for the European sites focus on maintaining the favourable conservation condition of the qualifying interests of each site, the screening process concentrated on assessing the potential implications of the Lough Key LAP against the qualifying interests of each site.

Table 2.1 European Sites which occur within 15 km of the Plan Area, Relevant Qualifying Features and Site Vulnerability Site Site Name Qualifying Features Location and Site Vulnerability Code 1673 Lough Arrow cSAC Hard water lakes This cSAC occurs ca 700 m North of the Lough Key Plan Area. The main threat to the lake habitat is from artificial enrichment, although this has not been a serious problem in the past. The continued spread of introduced species within the wooded parts of site will degrade their quality. 4050 Lough Arrow SPA Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis); This SPA occurs ca 1 km North of the Lough Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula), Key Plan Area. There appears to be no Wetlands imminent significant threats to the bird populations. Agricultural intensification within the catchment could have detrimental effects on water quality, which could affect some of the bird species. Feral mink is a potential threat to nesting birds. 1656 Bricklieve Mountains Orchid-rich calcareous grassland*; This cSAC is located ca 4 km North-west of And Keishcorran Turloughs*; the Lough Key Plan Area. Lowland habitats of cSAC Siliceous scree; calcareous grassland and hay meadows are Lowland hay meadows; being lost as a result of changing agricultural White-Clawed Crayfish; practices and farm improvements. Blanket Marsh Fritillary bog has already suffered from intensive peat cutting. Associated drainage has resulted in the loss of Lough Availe. The remaining lakes and fen are under threat from drainage and pollution. Over-grazing is not a threat at the site as yet. Grazing is necessary to keep scrub in check. The exposed rock is not under threat though scrub is extensive. 4048 Lough Gara SPA Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus); This SPA occurs ca 7.5 km West of the Lough Greenland White-fronted Goose (Anser Key Plan Area. Whilst vulnerable to nutrient albifrons flavirostris) enrichment, the trophic status of the lake has been fairly constant in recent times. Any afforestation in the vicinity of the lake shore would be detrimental to the bird interests of the site.

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Site Site Name Qualifying Features Location and Site Vulnerability Code 1898 Unshin River cSAC Residual alluvial forests*; The Unshin River, located ca 9 km North of Floating river vegetation; the Lough Key Plan Area is particularly Otter; vulnerable to water pollution that derived Atlantic Salmon from domestic sources and from agricultural activities posing the greatest threat. An arterial drainage scheme, now apparently unlikely to be undertaken, formerly threatened the site. Vegetation on the riverbank is threatened by the spread of Heracleum mantegazzianum, and woodland vegetation on the site is threatened by the spread of other invasive exotic plants, i.e. Rhododendron ponticum, Cornus sanguinea, C. sericea and Reyneutria spp. 0614 Cloonshanville Bog Raised bog (active)*; This cSAC occurs ca 14 km South-west of the cSAC Bog woodland*; Lough Key Plan Area. The flush at this site is Degraded raised bogs; influenced by dilute regional ground water Rhynchosporion depressions inputs and is therefore vulnerable to any further lowering of the regional ground water table. The site is also threatened by the water loss effects of surface drains and a bog road. Some peat cutting is also occurring. Use of the bog for clay pigeon shooting disturbs the wildlife of the area. Conifer plantations have been planted along the high bog margin and are undoubtedly causing the drying-out of adjacent intact bog. Further planting would be very damaging. 0595 Callow Bog cSAC Raised bog (active)*; Callow Bog occurs ca 15 km South-west of Degraded raised bogs; the Lough Key Plan Area. This site is Rhynchosporion depressions; especially vulnerable to drying out and Marsh Fritillary burning. The drying out is mostly caused by past peat-cutting and current small-scale mechanised peatcutting along the high bog margins. Burning appears to be a regular occurrence and its frequency has resulted in a low Sphagnum cover even in wet areas of the site. Continued mechanised peat-cutting and further burning events would threaten the long-term viability of the high bog area.

Table 2.2 European Sites which occur outside 15 km of the Plan Area but are Hydrologically Connected to the Plan

Site Site Name County Qualifying Features Location and Site Code Vulnerability 2348 Clooneen Bog cSAC Longford Bog woodland*; Clooneen Bog occurs ca 25 km Degraded raised bogs; South-east (ca 30 km Rhynchosporion depressions downstream) of the Lough Key Plan Area. This site has suffered from extensive drying out. Most of the desiccation is as a result of peat-cutting along the margins and the subsequent reclamation of the cutover to grassland. Burning has occurred in the past and further burning events would be undesirable. 1818 Lough Forbes Complex Longford; Raised bog (active)*; This site occurs ca 27 km South- cSAC Roscommon Residual alluvial forests*; east (ca 32 km downstream) of Degraded raised bogs; the Lough Key Plan Area. The Rhynchosporion depressions; raised bogs are considered Natural eutrophic lakes vulnerable to water loss from peat cutting and drainage. The woodlands are susceptible to invasion by Rhododendron ponticum.

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Site Site Name County Qualifying Features Location and Site Code Vulnerability 4101 Ballykenny - Fisherstown Longford Greenland White-fronted This SPA occurs ca 27 km (ca 32 Bog SPA goose (Anser albifrons km downstream) South-east of flavirostris) the Plan Area. The raised bogs are vulnerable to water loss from peat cutting and drainage, though on-going restoration work involves blocking of drains. No known threats to the wintering birds though the increased use of the Shannon system by leisure craft could cause disturbance. 0440 Lough Ree cSAC Longford; Bog woodland*; Lough Ree cSAC occurs Roscommon; Limestone pavement*; approximately 35 km south of Westmeath Orchid-rich calcareous Lough Key Plan Area (ca 50 km grassland*; downstream). The main threat to Alkaline fens; the aquatic life in the lake is from Degraded raised bogs; artificial enrichment of the waters Natural eutrophic lakes; by agricultural and domestic Old oak woodlands; waste, and also by peat silt in Otter suspension, which is increasingly limiting light penetration. Increased use of the lake for leisure activities, especially boating, will cause disturbance and some physical damage to marginal wetlands. The degraded raised bog is threatened by further cutting, burning and afforestation. 4064 Lough Ree SPA Longford; Little Grebe (Tachybaptus Lough Ree SPA occurs Roscommon; ruficollis); approximately 35 km south of Westmeath Whooper Swan (Cygnus Lough Key Plan Area (ca 50 km cygnus); downstream). Whilst recently Wigeon (Anas penelope); classified as a mesotrophic Teal (Anas crecca); system, Lough Ree had been Mallard (Anas moderately eutrophic in the mid platyrhynchos); 1990s. It is vulnerable to artificial Shoveler (Anas clypeata); enrichment of the waters by Tufted Duck (Aythya agricultural and domestic waste. fuligula); The recent reduction in Common Scoter (Melanitta phytoplanktonic growth has nigra); coincided with the invasion of the Goldeneye (Bucephala Shannon system by the Zebra clangula); Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha ) Coot (Fulica atra); (which prey on plankton) but in Golden Plover (Pluvialis the longterm this invasive bivalve apricaria); may threaten the ecology of the Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus); lake. Status of nesting Common Tern (Sterna hirundo), Wetlands 0216 River Shannon Callows Galway, Offaly, Residual alluvial forests*; The cSAC occurs approximately cSAC Roscommon, Limestone pavement*; 64 km south of the Plan Area (ca Tipperary, Lowland hay meadows; 80 km downstream). The flooding Westmeath Molinia meadows; regime generally mitigates Otter against intensification but herbicides and high fertiliser applications have been effectively used in a few places and this trend may increase. Large scale drainage of this section of the river is considered unlikely at present. Drainage schemes, agricultural pollution and wildfowling threaten the bird-life in the area. Power lines across the site are also hazards for flying birds.

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Site Site Name County Qualifying Features Location and Site Code Vulnerability 4096 Middle Shannon Callows Galway; Offaly; Whooper Swan (Cygnus The SPA occurs approximately 64 SPA Tipperary; cygnus); km south of the Plan Area (ca 80 Westmeath Wigeon (Anas penelope); km downstream). The principal Corncrake (Crex crex); threat to the ornithological Golden Plover (Pluvialis interests in this site is agricultural apricaria); improvement including drainage Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus); attempts to reduce winter Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa flooding. Since 1993 a grant limosa); scheme for Crex crex has been in Black-headed Gull (Larus operation for landowners to allow ridibundus), late cutting of meadows. Wetlands Continuous management is considered to be necessary to maintain the population. However, despite the conservation efforts, summer flooding reduces the numbers in some years. Agricultural intensification may also be affecting numbers of breeding waders. 2241 Lough Derg, North-east Galway; Residual alluvial forests*; Lough Derg occurs approximately Shore cSAC Tipperary Cladium fen*; 98 km south of the Plan Area (ca Limestone pavement*; 135 km downstream). The lake is Taxus baccata woods*; vulnerable to water polluting Alkaline fens; operations from the surrounding Juniper scrub agricultural activities. Wetland habitats are threatened by private and holiday home developments and the construction of new marinas and jetties at the lake edge. 4058 Lough Derg (Shannon) SPA Clare; Cormorant (Phalacrocorax Lough Derg occurs approximately Galway; carbo); Tufted Duck (Aythya 98 km south of the Plan Area (ca Tipperary fuligula); 135 km downstream). Lough Goldeneye (Bucephala Derg was classified as being clangula); strongly eutrophic in the early Common Tern (Sterna 1990s. These reductions have hirundo), coincided with the invasion of the Wetlands Shannon system by the Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), a species which feeds on plankton, and also improvements to reduce phosphorus in sewage plants in the catchment. Enrichment of the lake, both by agricultural run-off and sewage, remains a threat and could affect the bird population, especially the diving duck. 2165 Lower River Shannon cSAC Clare, Residual alluvial forests*; The Lower River Shannon cSAC Cork, Lagoons*; occurs approximately 130 km Kerry, Limerick, Atlantic salt meadows; south of the Plan Area (ca 154 Tipperary Estuaries; km downstream). The estuarine Large shallow inlets and habitat and associated species bays; are vulnerable to land Mediterranean salt reclamation, industrial meadows; development, water pollution Molinia meadows; (from industrial, agricultural and Tidal mudflats; domestic sources) and spread of Perennial vegetation of stony Spartina. The dolphins are banks; vulnerable to underwater aquatic Reefs; disturbance, entanglement in Salicornia mud; Sandbanks; fishing gear and collision with Sea cliffs; fast moving craft. The main Floating river vegetation; threats to the terrestrial habitats River Lamprey; are over-grazing, while the rivers Brook Lamprey; and associated annexed species Otter; are threatened by water pollution

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Site Site Name County Qualifying Features Location and Site Code Vulnerability Freshwater Pearl Mussel; and flood relief works (e.g. Sea Lamprey; dredging). Sublittoral sediments Atlantic Salmon; and submerged sand banks could Bottle-Nosed Dolphin be threatened by future wind- farm developments. 4077 River Shannon and River Clare; Cormorant (Phalacrocorax This SPA occurs approximately Fergus Estuaries SPA Kerry; carbo); 140 km south of the Plan Area Limerick Whooper Swan (Cygnus (ca 190 km downstream). The cygnus); site receives pollution from Light-bellied Brent Goose several sources, including (Branta bernicla hrota); industry and agriculture, but it is Shelduck (Tadorna tadorna); not known if this has any Wigeon (Anas penelope); significant impacts on the Teal (Anas crecca); wintering birds. Pintail (Anas acuta); Shoveler (Anas clypeata); Scaup (Aythya marila); Ringed Plover (Charadrius hiaticula); Golden Plover (Pluvialis apricaria); Grey Plover (Pluvialis squatarola); Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus); Knot (Calidris canutus); Dunlin (Calidris alpina); Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa); Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica); Curlew (Numenius arquata); Redshank (Tringa totanus); Greenshank (Tringa nebularia); Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus); Wetlands

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Figure 1 European sites within 15 km of the Plan Area

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Figure 2 European sites occurring downstream but beyond 15km from the Plan Area

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2.3 Assessment Criteria

2.3.1 Is the Plan Necessary to the Management of European Sites?

Under the Habitats Directive, Plans that are directly connected with or necessary to the management of a European site do not require AA. For this exception to apply, management is required to be interpreted narrowly as nature conservation management in the sense of Article 6(1) of the Habitats Directive. This refers to specific measures to address the ecological requirements of annexed habitats and species (and their habitats) present on a site(s). The relationship should be shown to be direct and not a by-product of the plan, even if this might result in positive or beneficial effects for a site(s).

The primary purpose of the Lough Key LAP is not the nature conservation management of European sites but to provide for development within Lough Key area. Therefore, the LAP is not considered by the Habitats Directive to be directly connected with or necessary to the management of European designated sites.

2.3.2 Elements of the Plan with Potential to Give Rise to Significant Effects

2.3.2.1 Lough Key Local Area Plan This screening assessment process identifies whether the changes brought about by the LAP are likely to cause any direct, indirect or secondary impacts (either alone or in combination with other plans or projects) on the Natura 2000 network of sites. During this assessment a number of factors were taken into account including the sites’ conservation objectives and known threats. The overall aim of the assessment is to attempt to predict the consequences that can be reasonably foreseen by implementation of a policy or objective.

It should be noted that the policies and objectives that make up the Plan are strategic in nature and therefore the impact assessment can at best be generalised.

No projects giving rise to significant adverse direct, indirect or secondary impacts on the integrity of any Natura 2000 sites having regard to their conservation objectives, arising from their size or scale, shall be permitted on the basis of this Plan (either individually or in combination with other plans or projects). The following proposed works may potentially give rise to significant effects:

 Provision for pedestrian paths and cycle tracks  Establish original links / routes between Boyle and Lough Key  Upgrading of the water supply to the Lough Key area  The extension of telecommunications infrastructure  The development of outdoor play areas and recreational areas  The development of dedicated walking and cycle trails

2.3.3 Identification of Potential Likely Significant Effects

This section documents the final stage of the screening process. It has used the information collected on the sensitivity of each European site and describes any likely significant effects resulting from the implementation of the LAP. This assumes the absence of any controls, conditions, or mitigation measures. In determining the potential for significant effects, a number of factors have been taken into account. Firstly, the sensitivity and reported threats to the European site. Secondly, the individual elements of the Plan and the potential effect they may cause on the site were considered. The elements of the Plan with potential to cause adverse impacts on European sites are presented in Table 2.3 below.

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Sites are screened out based on one or a combination of the following criteria:

 where it can be shown that there are no hydrological links between activities in Lough Key and the site to be screened  where the site is located at such a distance from Lough Key that impacts are not foreseen  where it is shown that known threats or vulnerabilities at a site cannot be linked to potential impacts that may arise from implementation of the Plan.

The screening of individual European sites within 15 km of Lough Key is presented in Table 2.4 below (sites sorted by distance from the Plan Area) and screening of those European site which occur downstream (but outside 15 km) of the Plan Area are presented in Table 2.5.

Table 2.3 Elements of the Plan with Potential to lead to adverse impacts on European sites, and the Policies and Objectives Relating to each Potential Impact

Element of the Plan Potential significant impact(s)

Provision for pedestrian paths and cycle tracks. The provision for the development of pedestrian paths and cycle Policies Relating to Roads and Transport: tracks may potentially lead to the run-off of silt and other Policy 1 harmful pollutants to watercourses within Lough Key and its Policy 3 environs. This may have adverse impacts on those water Objectives Relating to Roads and Transportation: dependant European sites which occur downstream of the Plan Objective 4 area. Policies Relating to Recreation, Leisure and Tourism: The provision for these tracks and paths may also potentially Policy 36 lead to disturbance of birds species for which SPAs in the Objectives Relating to Recreation, Leisure and Tourism vicinity of the Lough Key Plan Area are designated as these Objective 31 species may utilise wetland habitats in Lough Key and its environs. This provision may potentially lead to:  Changes in key indicators of conservation value (water quality) Establishment of original links / routes between Boyle and Works to establish links between Boyle Town and Lough Key Lough Key, including pavement and lay by development. may potentially lead to the run-off of silt and other harmful Policies Relating to Roads and Transport: pollutants to watercourses within Lough Key and its environs. Policy 3 This may potentially lead to adverse impacts on water Objectives Relating to Roads and Transportation dependant European sites downstream of the Plan. Objective 4 The provision of these works may also lead to disturbance of Policies Relating to Recreation, Leisure and Tourism: those bird species for which SPAs in the vicinity of the Plan Area Policy 36 are designated as these species may utilise suitable habitats Objectives Relating to Recreation, Leisure and Tourism: within Lough Key and its environs. Objective 31 This provision may potentially lead to:  Changes in key indicators of conservation value (water quality)  Disturbance to key species Widening of access along the public road to Doon Shore. This provision may lead to the run-off of silt and / or other Objectives Relating to Roads and Transport: harmful pollutants into watercourse in the surroundings. This Objective 1 may have an adverse impact on water quality of sites which occur downstream of the Plan Area. This provision may potentially lead to:  Changes in key indicators of conservation value (water quality) Upgrading of the water supply to the Lough Key area. The provision to upgrade the water supply within the Plan Area Policies Relating to Water Services: may potentially lead to the run-off of silt and other harmful Policy 9 pollutants to watercourses in the town. This may potentially lead to adverse impacts on that water dependant European sites downstream of Lough Key. This provision may potentially lead to:  Changes in key indicators of conservation value (water quality) Wastewater collection upgrades at Cootehall Village. The provision to upgrade wastewater facilities at Cootehall has Policies Relating to Wastewater Collection and Treatment: the potential to lead to the run-off of silt and/or other harmful Policy 13 pollutants to the Boyle River. The Boyle River is hydrolgically linked to a number of European sites downstream of the LAP. Works to upgrade wastewater treatment may also potentially lead to the disturbance of bird species for which SPAs in the vicinity of the LAP are designated should they utilise habitats

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Element of the Plan Potential significant impact(s)

within the Plan Area. This provision may potentially lead to:  Changes in key indicators of conservation value (water quality)  Disturbance to key species The provision to provide for renewable energy The provision to provide for renewable energy may potentially development. lead to the run-off of silt and / or other harmful pollutants Objectives Relating to Energy Supply: should they occur in proximity to natural watercourse, this may Objective 19 potentially lead to adverse impacts on those water dependant European sites that occur downstream of the Plan. This provision may also potentially lead to the disturbance of those bird species for which Lough Arrow SPA and Lough Gara are designated, given the proximity of these SPAs to the Plan Area. This provision may potentially lead to:  Changes in indicators of conservation value (water quality)  Disturbance to key species The extension of telecommunications infrastructure. The provision for the expansion of telecommunications Policies Relating to Telecommunications Infrastructure: infrastructure may potentially lead to the run-off of silt and Policy 28 other harmful pollutants to watercourse in the town and its environs. This may lead to adverse impacts on those water dependant European sites which occur downstream of the town. This provision may also cause disturbance to those bird species for which SPAs in the vicinity of the Plan Area are designated for should they utilise habitats in Lough Key and its environs. This provision may potentially lead to:  Changes in indicators of conservation value (water quality)  Disturbance to key species The development of outdoor play areas and recreational The development of outdoor play areas may potentially lead to areas. the run-off of silt and other harmful pollutants to watercourse in Policies Relating to Social and Community Services and the town and its environs. This may lead to adverse impacts on Facilities: those water dependant European sites which occur Policy 32 downstream. Objectives Relating to Social and Community Services and This provision may also cause disturbance to those bird species Facilities: for which SPAs in the vicinity of the Plan Area are designated for Objective 23 should they utilise habitats in Lough Key and its environs. Objective 24 This provision may potentially lead to: Objective 25  Changes in indicators of conservation value (water quality) Policies Relating to Recreation, Leisure and Tourism:  Disturbance to key species Policy 35 Policy 36 Objectives Relating to Recreation, Leisure and Tourism: Objective 30 Policies Relating to Open Space and Sporting Provision: Policy 42 Policy 43 Development of tourism infrastructure within Lough Key The development of tourism and associated infrastructure within and its environs. the LAP may potentially lead to the run-off of silt and/or other Policies Relating to Recreation, Leisure and Tourism: harmful pollutants to the watercourses within the Plan Area. Policy 35 This may potentially lead to adverse impacts to European sites Policy 36 downstream of the LAP. Policy 37 Tourism developments may also potentially lead to the Objectives Relating to Recreation, Leisure and Tourism: disturbance of bird species for which SPAs in the vicinity of the Objective 28 LAP are designated should they utilise habitats within the Plan Objective 30 Area. Objective 31 This provision may potentially lead to:  Changes in indicators of conservation value (water quality)  Disturbance to key species

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Element of the Plan Potential significant impact(s)

Provision of infrastructure and services relating to economic The provision to provide for infrastructure and services for activity. economic development may lead to the run-off of silt and / or Objectives Relating to Future Employment, Enterprise and other harmful pollutants into watercourses within the Plan Area. Economic Strategy: This run-off may potentially lead to adverse impacts on those Objective 59 water dependant European sites which occur downstream of the LAP. This provision may potentially lead to:  Changes in indicators of conservation value (water quality)

Table 2.4 Screening of European Sites within 15 km of the Plan Area

Site Name Potential for likely significant effects Stage 2 appropriate assessment required Lough Arrow cSAC Lough Arrow is located ca 700 m from the Plan Area but there No is no hydrological link between the Plan Area and the cSAC. Considering the absense of a hydrological link to the cSAC and the QI of the site it is concluded that potential significant effects on Lough Arrow cSAC are not foreseen. Lough Arrow SPA Lough Arrow SPA occurs ca 1 km North of the Lough Key Plan Yes Area.There are no hydrological links to the site. The SPA is designated for Little Grebe and Tufted Duck, it is deemed that these bird species may utilise watercourses and wetlands within Lough Key. Bricklieve Mountains And Keishcorran This cSAC occurs ca 4 km North-west of the Plan Area. There No cSAC are no hydrological linkages to the site. It is therefore concluded that potential significant effects on this cSAC are not foreseen. Lough Gara SPA Lough Gara SPA occurs ca 7.5 km South-west of Lough Yes Key,upstream of the Plan Area. Lough Gara SPA is designated for its wintering Whooper Swan and Greenland White-fronted Geese, given the proximity of the LAP to this SPA it is deemed that these bird species may utilise watercourses and wetlands in the vicinity of Lough Key and it’s environs. Unshin River cSAC The Unshin River is located ca 9 km North of the Lough Key No Plan Area. There are no hydrological links between Unshin River and the Plan Area. Considering the absense of hydrological links, the QI’s of the cSAC and the distance from the Plan Area, potential significant effects on this cSAC are not foreseen. Cloonshanville Bog cSAC Cloonshanville Bog occurs ca 14 km South-west of Lough Key. No The bog occurs upstream of the Plan Area (ca 26 km upstream). Considering that the cSAC occurs upstream of the LAP and the QIs of the cSAC it is concluded that potential significant effects on this cSAC are not foreseen. Callow Bog cSAC Callow Bog cSAC occurs ca 15 km (ca 19 km upstream) South- No west of Lough Key. Given the distance from the Plan Area and the QIs of the cSAC, potential significant effects on this cSAC are not foreseen.

Table 2.5 Screening of European Sites which occur outside 15 km of the Plan Area but are Hydrologically Linked

Site Name Potential for likely significant effects Stage 2 appropriate assessment required Clooneen Bog cSAC Clooneen Bog occurs ca 25 m South-east (ca 30 km No downstream) of Lough Key Plan Area. Considering the distance of this site from the Plan Area and the QIs of the cSAC, it is concluded that potential significant effects on this cSAC are unlikely to arise from the implementation of the LAP.

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Site Name Potential for likely significant effects Stage 2 appropriate assessment required Lough Forbes Complex cSAC Lough Forbes Complex occurs ca 27 km South-east (ca 32 km Yes downstream) of the Plan Area. Considering the QIs of the site, the hydrological linkage to the LAP, and the nature of the works of the LAP, impacts on this cSAC cannot be ruled out at this stage. Ballykenny - Fisherstown Bog SPA This SPA is located ca 27 km South-east (ca 32 km No downstream) of the Plan Area. Given the distance of the site from the Plan Area disturbance (or other impacts) to the White-fronted Geese population for which this SPA is designated is not foreseen. Lough Ree cSAC Although Lough Ree is located ca 50 km downstream of the Yes Plan Area, adverse impacts via the hydrological links to the site cannot be ruled out at this stage. Lough Ree SPA Given the distance of the SPA from the Plan Area disturbance Yes to the bird species for which the site is designated is unlikely, however, adverse impacts on the wetland habitats of the SPA cannot at this stage be ruled out. River Shannon Callows cSAC Given the distance of this cSAC from the proposed No development area, potential significant effects as a result of the implementation of the Plan are not foreseen. Middle Shannon Callows SPA Given the distance of this SPA from the proposed development No area, potential significant effects as a result of the implementation of the Plan are not foreseen. Lough Derg, North-east Shore cSAC Given the distance of this cSAC from the proposed No development area and the nature of the Plan potential significant effects as a result of the implementation of the Plan are not foreseen. Lough Derg (Shannon) SPA Given the distance of this SPA from the proposed development No area and the nature of the Plan potential significant effects as a result of the implementation of the Plan are not foreseen. Lower River Shannon cSAC Given the distance of this cSAC from the proposed No development area and the nature of the Plan potential significant effects as a result of the implementation of the Plan are not foreseen. River Shannon and River Fergus Given the distance of this SPA from the proposed development No Estuaries SPA area and the nature of the Plan potential significant effects as a result of the implementation of the Plan are not foreseen.

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2.4 Other Plans and Programmes

Article 6(3) of the Habitats Directive requires an assessment of a plan or project to consider other plans or programmes that might, in combinations with the plan or project, have the potential to adversely impact upon European sites. Table 2.6 outlines plans or projects that may interact with the LAP to cause in-combination effects to European sites. The plans or projects are listed according to a spatial hierarchy of International, National, Regional/Local Projects and Plans.

Table 2.6 Plans & Projects Likely to Cause In-Combination Effects

Directive Purpose Interactions resulting in Cumulative Impacts International EU Water Framework Directive Objectives seek to maintain and No risk of likely significant in- (2000/60/EC) enhance the quality of all surface combination effects will result as the waters in the EU. primary purpose of the Directive is to improve environmental quality. EU Freshwater Fish Directive Objectives seek to protect those fresh No risk of likely significant in- (78/659/EEC) water bodies identified by Member combination effects will result as the States as waters suitable for sustaining primary purpose of the Directive is to fish populations. For those waters it improve environmental quality. sets physical and chemical water quality objectives for salmonid waters and cyprinid waters. EU Groundwater Directive This directive establishes a regime, No risk of likely significant in- (2006/118/EC) which sets underground water quality combination effects will result as the standards and introduces measures to primary purpose of the Directive is to prevent or limit inputs of pollutants into improve environmental quality. groundwater. EU Floods Directive (2007/60/EC) The Floods Directive applies to river Potential in-combination impacts may basins and coastal areas at risk of arise where there is a requirement to flooding. With trends such as climate provide for new infrastructure such as change and increased domestic and flood walls or flood defences. Avoidance economic development in flood risk on, or near protected areas should be zones, this poses a threat of flooding in implemented or where this is not coastal and river basin areas. possible, favouring infrastructure that carries a lower risk of damage to protected areas should be emphasised in the plan. Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC) This Directive has the objective of No risk of likely significant in- reducing water pollution caused or combination effects will result as the induced by nitrates from agricultural primary purpose of the Directive is to sources and preventing further improve environmental quality. pollution. The Urban Wastewater Treatment The primary objective is to protect the No risk of likely significant in- Directive (91/271/EEC) environment from the adverse effects of combination effects will result as the discharges of urban wastewater, by the primary purpose of the Directive is to provision of urban wastewater improve environmental quality. collecting systems (sewerage) and treatment plants for urban centres. The Directive also provides general rules for the sustainable disposal of sludge arising from wastewater treatment. Sewage Sludge Directive (86/278/EEC) Objective is to encourage the No risk of likely significant in- appropriate use of sewage sludge in combination effects will result as the agriculture and to regulate its use in primary purpose of the Directive is to such a way as to prevent harmful improve environmental quality. effects on soil, vegetation, animals and man. To this end, it prohibits the use of untreated sludge on agricultural land unless it is injected or incorporated into the soil. The Integrated Pollution Prevention Objective is to achieve a high level of No risk of likely significant in- Control Directive (96/61/EC) protection of the environment through combination effects will result as the measures to prevent or, where that is primary purpose of the Directive is to not practicable, to reduce emissions to improve environmental quality. air, water and land from industrial sources.

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Directive Purpose Interactions resulting in Cumulative Impacts National National Development Plan 2007 - 2013 Objectives of the NDP are to promote Potential in-combination impacts may more balanced spatial and economic arise where there is a requirement to development provide for new infrastructure under the National Development Plan. Provision of infrastructure may result in:  Habitat loss  Alteration of hydrology  Deterioration in water quality  Disturbance during construction / operation National Spatial Strategy 2002-2020 Objectives of the NSS are to achieve a Potential in-combination impacts may better balance of social, economic and arise where there is a requirement to physical development across Ireland, provide for new infrastructure. supported by more effective planning. Provision of infrastructure may result in:  Habitat loss  Alteration of hydrology  Deterioration in water quality  Disturbance during construction / operation Eirgrid Transmission Development Plan This ten year plan presents those Potential in-combination impacts may 2012 -2022 components of the overall long-term arise where there is a requirement to development of the transmission provide for new infrastructure. system where there is a high level of Provision of infrastructure may result in: certainty. In addition, other likely areas  Habitat loss where development projects may soon  Alteration of hydrology be required are also discussed.  Deterioration in water quality  Disturbance during construction / operation Regional Regional Planning Guidelines For The Policy document which aims to direct Potential in-combination impacts may Western Region 2010 – 2022. the future growth of the Western Area arise where there is a requirement to over the medium to long term and provide for new infrastructure. works to implement the strategic Provision of infrastructure may result in: planning framework set out in the  Habitat loss National Spatial Strategy (NSS)  Alteration of hydrology  Deterioration in water quality  Disturbance during construction / operation Local Roscommon County Development Plan Overall strategies for the proper Provision of infrastructure may result in: 2014 – 2020 planning and sustainable development  Habitat loss Longford County Development Plan of the administrative area of the  Alteration of hydrology 2015 – 2021 relevant Local Authorities.  Deterioration in water quality Westmeath County Development Plan  Disturbance during 2014 – 2020 construction / operation Galway County Development Plan 2015 – 2021 Offaly County Development Plan 2014 – 2020 Westmeath County Development Plan 2014 - 2020 Longford County Development Plan 2015 - 2021 Leitrim County Development Plan 2015 - 2021 Sligo County Development Plan 2011- 2017 Mayo County Development Plan 2014 - 2020 Boyle Local Area Plan 2015 - 2021

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2.5 Conclusions

The likely impacts that could arise from the Lough Key LAP have been examined in the context of a number of factors that could potentially affect the integrity of the Natura 2000 network of sites. On the basis of the findings of this Screening for AA, it is concluded that the Plan:

 is not directly connected with or necessary to the management of a European site; and  may have significant impacts on the Natura 2000 network.

Therefore, applying the precautionary principle and in accordance with Article 6(3) of the Habitats Directive, a Stage 2 AA is required. That stage is set out in Section 3 of this report.

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Section 3 Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment

3.1 Introduction

The main objective of this stage (Stage 2) in the AA is to determine whether the proposed Lough Key LAP would result in significant adverse impacts on the integrity of any European site with respect to the site’s structure, function, and/or conservation objectives.

The Stage 1 Screening presented above has identified five sites with potential to be affected by the proposed Lough Key LAP (see Table 3.1). Therefore, Stage 2 AA is required. The potential adverse effects considered at this stage will either be effects occurring as a result of the implementation of the Plan alone or in-combination with other plans, programmes, and/or projects.

Detailed information relevant to the sites that has been reviewed to inform the AA includes the following:

 NPWS Site Synopsis  Natura 2000 Standard Data Form  Conservation Objectives and supporting documents

Table 3.1 European Sites Potentially Impacted upon by the Lough Key LAP cSACs (Downstream sites with aquatic ecological SPAs (Protected for the protection of listed bird receptors) species and in some cases wetlands as indicated by *)

Lough Forbes Complex cSAC Lough Arrow SPA

Lough Ree cSAC Lough Gara SPA

Lough Ree SPA

3.2 Potential Significant Effects

As outlined in the European Commission Environment DG document “Assessment of plans and projects significantly affecting Natura 2000 sites: Methodological guidance on the provisions of Article 6(3) and (4) of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC”, impacts that could potentially occur through the implementation of the Plan can be categorised under a number of headings:

 Loss / reduction of habitat area (e.g. due to the development of new projects)  Disturbance to Key Species (e.g. increased public access to protected sites, or during the construction phase of infrastructure projects)  Habitat or species fragmentation  Reduction in species density  Changes in key indicators of conservation value such as decrease in water quality / quantity (e.g. through inadequate wastewater treatment, run-off of pollutants during construction and operation of developments, agricultural runoff)

The LAP provides a framework for sustainable development within Lough Key and its environs. The Plan also prescribes particular locations (site specific) of developments of infrastructure. Overall, the Plan underpins the development of housing, communities and urban centres with supporting transport, water, energy, and communication infrastructure within Lough Key and its environs.

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3.2.1 Reduction of Habitat Area

Direct habitat loss is not foreseen as a result of the implementation of the LAP. However, habitat loss can also occur through the reduction of habitat quality and a loss of important habitat functions. It can also arise from the introduction of invasive species, toxic contamination or physical alteration.

Considering the distance from the LAP to the nearest European site, and the nature of the likely developments that may arise, direct or indirect habitat loss resulting from the implementation of the Plan is not foreseen.

3.2.2 Fragmentation

Habitat and species fragmentation can occur through the breaking up of or loss of habitats resulting in interference with existing ecological units. Fragmentation can also result from impediments to the natural movements of species. This is relevant where important corridors for movement or migration are likely to be disrupted such as along river corridors when construction introduces a barrier to the free movement of species from one area of habitat to another.

Given the nature of the developments that would be facilitated by the implementation of the LAP and the distance from the nearest European site, impacts associated with habitat or species fragmentation are not foreseen.

3.2.3 Disturbance to Key Species

Disturbance to species supported by a European site is likely to occur where there is an increase in activity levels from recreation and amenity or from developments within or adjacent to designated areas. Sources of disturbance include noise, vibration, light, construction and operation activities or other sources of disturbance arising from recreation and amenity or from the inappropriate timing of works.

Those bird species for which Lough Arrow SPA and Lough Gara SPA have been designated may utilise habitats in the environs of the LAP. The LAP could potentially lead to disturbance to those bird species for which these SPAs have been designated. The implementation of the Plan may potentially lead to disturbance of these key species, though is unlikely. Considering the distance of between the Plan Area from other European sites, and the QIs / SCIs of those sites, disturbance to key species from other European sites is not foreseen.

3.2.4 Changes of Indicators of Conservation Value

Key indicators of conservation value for those European sites listed in Table 3.1 are surface water quality and quantity. Impacts on these sites may occur due to the hydrological connection between the sites and the Plan Area. Implementation of the LAP could result in alterations to the hydrological regime or physical environment of the sites due to drainage, alteration of flow regime, and discharges of pollutants to watercourses.

Discharges of waste water or storm water runoff from the Plan Area to downstream watercourses could potentially impact on downstream water quality on those sites occurring downstream of the Plan Area. Cumulative impacts through waste water discharges from the wider county, in particular with the Boyle LAP and surrounding counties may also affect these sites.

3.3 Conservation Objectives

The Habitats Directive requires the focus of the assessment at this stage to be on the integrity of the site as indicated by its Conservation Objectives. It is an aim of NPWS to draw up conservation management plans for all areas designated for nature conservation. These plans will, among other things, set clear objectives for the conservation of the features of interest within a site. Where no

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management plan is yet available, NPWS have provided generic Conservation Objectives for European sites.

Site‐ specific conservation objectives (SSCOs) have recently been prepared for a number of European sites. These detailed SSCOs aim to define favourable conservation condition for the qualifying habitats and species at that site by setting targets for appropriate attributes which define the character habitat. The maintenance of the favourable condition for these habitats and species at the site level will contribute to the overall maintenance of favourable conservation status of those habitats and species at a national level.

Favourable conservation status of a species can be described as being achieved when: ‘population data on the species concerned indicate that it is maintaining itself, and the natural range of the species is neither being reduced or likely to be reduced for the foreseeable future, and there is, and will probably continue to be, a sufficiently large habitat to maintain its populations on a long-term basis.’

Favourable conservation status of a habitat can be described as being achieved when: ‘its natural range, and area it covers within that range, is stable or increasing, and the ecological factors that are necessary for its long-term maintenance exist and are likely to continue to exist for the foreseeable future, and the conservation status of its typical species is favourable’.

SSCOs have not been prepared for those European sites considered in Stage 2 of this assessment. Where no management plan or detailed conservation objectives are available, the NPWS has provided generic Conservation Objectives for designated European sites. Generic Conservation Objectives for cSACs have been provided as follows:

 To maintain or restore the favourable conservation condition of the Annex I habitat(s) and/or the Annex II species for which the SAC has been selected.

One generic Conservation Objective has been provided for SPAs as follows:

 To maintain or restore the favourable conservation condition of the bird species listed as Special Conservation Interests for this SPA.

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Section 4 Mitigation Measures

4.1 Introduction

Where it cannot be demonstrated that there will be no adverse effects from the implementation of the LAP, mitigation measures have been devised. The policies and objectives outlined below have been developed with input from the SEA and AA process in order to mitigate against identified potential impacts. The measures that are recommended are compatible with those proposed by the SEA environmental report and with other relevant plans and programmes e.g. Programme of Measures proposed by the River Basin Management Plan.

Based on the types of impacts identified above, the mitigation measures presented below are split into two main categories, ‘Measures to Protect Habitats and Species’ and ‘Measures to Protect Water Quality’. As mentioned previously, the Lough Key LAP is a lower tier Plan of the Roscommon County Development Plan (RCDP), therefore environmental protection measures included in the RCDP must also be adhered to during development under the Lough Key LAP.

4.2 Measures to Protect Habitats and Species

As outlined earlier in this assessment, a number of significant effects that could impact on habitats and species have been identified. No zoning or specific projects are proposed by the Plan that would result in direct impacts on any European site.

Measures have been included in the policies and objectives of the Plan that will ensure these impacts are avoided, additional measures are recommended to mitigate against adverse impacts on European sites. The Lough Key LAP sits within a hierarchy of development plans in County Roscommon, it is a lower tier plan under the Roscommon County Development Plan 2014 – 2020 (RCDP), therefore mitigation measures included in the RCDP also apply to development and land uses.

As a result of the Appropriate Assessment and Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Plan, a number of policies and objectives have been developed and existing policies amended to strengthen the protection afforded to the Natura 2000 network of sites.

Amongst other things, these policies and objectives will ensure that appropriate assessments are carried out where development projects are likely to have significant effects on European designated sites. This will ensure that project level effects, which cannot be predicted at the Plan level, will be mitigated and impacts on protected sites through inappropriate development will be avoided.

Objectives and policies within the Lough Key LAP 2015 - 2021 that will act to protect the Natura 2000 network include the following:

Policies Relating to Flood Risk and Protection Policy 20 Ensure that existing wetland habitats are adequately protected, managed and where appropriate enhanced where flood protection/management measures are necessary.

Policy 21 Ensure that all proposals associated with the alleviation of flooding are subject to Appropriate Assessment in accordance with Article 6(3) and 6 (4) of the EU Habitats Directive.

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Policies Relating to Recreation, Leisure and Tourism Policy 41 Ensure that the facilitation of tourism and development related to tourism does not impact negatively on the landscape, environmental quality, built and natural heritage of the Lough Key area.

Policies Relating to Open Space and Sporting Provision Policy 44 Ensure that the various conservation zones identified in the area are adequately protected and that any development in such areas responds appropriately to the sensitivities and significance of the zone.

Policies Relating to Designated Sites Policy 52 Contribute towards the protection of (c)SACs, SPAs, Wildlife Sites (including NHAs and pNHAs) and entries to the Water Framework Directive Register of Protected Areas which are designated or become designated and notified to Roscommon County Council during the lifetime of this LAP.

Policy 53 Contribute towards the protection of natural heritage and biodiversity, including European sites that form part of the Natura 2000 network, in accordance with relevant EU Environmental Directives and applicable National Legislation, Policies, Plans and Guidelines.

Policy 54 Prohibit projects which would give rise to significant cumulative, direct, indirect or secondary impacts on Natura 2000 sites arising from their size or scale, land take, proximity, resource requirements, emissions (disposal to land, water or air), transportation requirements, duration of construction, operation, decommissioning or from any other effects shall be permitted on the basis of this Plan (either individually or in combination with other plans or projects).

Objectives Relating to Designated Sites Objective 49 Ensure Appropriate Assessment Screening, and, where required, Appropriate Assessment, is carried out for any plan or project which, individually, or in combination with other plans or projects is likely to have a significant direct or indirect impact on any Natura 2000 site or sites; in accordance with best practice guidance as issued by the National Parks and Wildlife Service of the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht and/or the Department of Environment, Community and Local Government.

Policies Relating to Nature Conservation and Biodiversity Policy 56 Promote the retention and enhancement of existing habitats, biodiversity and geological heritage within the Plan area.

Policy 57 Promote the implementation of key actions and objectives set out in Actions for Biodiversity 2011-2016: Ireland’s 2nd National Biodiversity Plan (including any superseding version of same), the County Roscommon Heritage Plan and the County Roscommon Biodiversity Plan as appropriate.

Policy 58 Support, as appropriate, the National Parks and Wildlife Service’s efforts to seek to control the spread of non- native invasive species on land and water.

Objectives Relating to Nature Conservation and Biodiversity Objective 50 Promote the conservation of biodiversity outside of designated areas, while allowing for appropriate development, access and recreational activity.

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Objective 51 Identify, contribute towards the protection of and conserve, in co-operation with the relevant statutory authorities and other groups, vulnerable, rare and threatened species or wild flora and fauna and their habitats. These include plant and animal species afforded protection under the Wildlife Acts and the EU Habitats & Birds Directives for example The Status of EU Protected Habitats and Species in Ireland, NPWS & DEHLG, 2008.

Objective 53 Contribute towards the protection and enhancement of biodiversity and ecological connectivity, including woodlands, trees, hedgerows, semi-natural grasslands, rivers, streams, wetlands, other landscape features and associated wildlife where these form part of the ecological network and/or may be considered as ecological corridors or stepping stones in the context of Article 10 of the Habitats Directive.

Objective 54 Contribute towards the protection of habitats and species listed in the annexes to and/or covered by the EU Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC, as amended), Birds Directive (2009/147/EC), the Environmental Liability Directive (2004/35/EC) and European Communities (Environmental Liability) Regulations 2008, and regularly occurring- migratory birds and their habitats, and species protected under the Wildlife Acts 1976-2000 and the Flora Protection Order.

Objective 55 Contribute towards the protection and maintenance of the character, integrity and conservation value of features or areas of geological interest.

Objective 56 Have regard to impacts of floodlighting and public lighting in open spaces and to minimize light intrusion in areas of habitat value.

Objectives Relating to Landscape Character Objective 57 Encourage and facilitate, in consultation with relevant stakeholders, the development of green infrastructure that recognises the synergies that can be achieved with regard to the following: • Provision of open space amenities; • Sustainable management of water; • Protection and management of biodiversity; • Protection of cultural heritage; and • Protection of protected landscape sensitivities

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4.3 Measures to Protect Water Quality

Section 3.2 of this assessment identified that impacts on water quality to a number of downstream European sites have potential to arise through, discharges of wastewater, and possible discharges of sediment and other pollutants from future development and associated works.

In addition, any newly proposed or upgraded wastewater treatment plants should fully comply with all Urban Waste Water Regulations requirements 2001 – 2004, and should furthermore comply with all wastewater discharge authorisation requirements as per 2007 Regulations and Urban Wastewater Regulations 2001.

Policies and objectives within the Plan that will act to protect the water quality and quantity with those European sites against the potential impacts identified include the following:

Policies Relating to Water Services Policy 8 Development will only be permitted in instances where there is sufficient capacity in the public water and wastewater infrastructure. Policy 10 Encourage and promote compliance with the Water Framework Directive 2000; Groundwater Source Protection Zones document for the Roscommon Central Regional Water Supply Scheme (GSI, April 2003); the European Communities Environmental Objectives (Surface Waters) Regulations 2009 (SI No. 272 of 2009); as well as any National and EU Regulations concerning water quality for the County.

Policy 12 Protect surface water and groundwater resources and their associated habitats and species including fisheries and in particular Annex II listed species.

Objectives Relating to Water Services Objective 6 Implement the relevant recommendations contained within the River Basin Management Plans for the Shannon International River Basin District and the Western River Basin District, and associated Programmes of Measures, in order to facilitate the implementation of the Water Framework Directive, in co-operation with Irish Water. Proposals for development shall not have an unacceptable impact on the water environment, including surface waters, groundwater quality and quantity, river corridors and associated woodlands. Cognisance shall also be had to, where relevant, the EU’s Common Implementation Strategy Guidance Document No. 20 which provides guidance on exemptions to the environmental objectives of the Water Framework Directive.

Objective 10 All proposals for the development of an upgrade to the water supply system will be screened for Appropriate Assessment in accordance with Article 6(3) of the Habitats Directive and where significant impacts are identified, a Natura Impact Statement will be prepared.

Policies Relating to Wastewater Collection and Treatment Policy 14 Support the protection of groundwater resources and dependent wildlife/habitats in accordance with the Groundwater Directive 2006/118/EC and the European Communities Environmental Objectives (groundwater) Regulations, 2010 (S.I. No. 9 of 2010) or any updated legislation.

Policy 15 Ensure that all new developments have and are provided with satisfactory drainage systems in the interests of public health and to avoid the pollution of the ground and surface waters.

Objectives Relating to Wastewater collection and Treatment Objective 14 Any proposals for the development of an upgrade of the waste water treatment plant and waste water network will be subject to Appropriate Assessment in accordance with Article 6(3) and 6 (4) of the EU Habitats Directive.

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Policies Relating to Flood Risk and Protection Policy 17 Protect water bodies and watercourses from inappropriate development, including rivers, streams, associated undeveloped riparian strips, wetlands and natural floodplains. This will include protection buffers in riverine and wetland areas as appropriate. Promote the sustainable management and uses of water bodies and avoid, where possible, culverting or realignment of these features.

Policy 19 Require all new large scale developments to provide ‘Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems’ (SUDS) as part of their development proposals.

Policy 20 Ensure that existing wetland habitats are adequately protected, managed and where appropriate enhanced where flood protection/management measures are necessary.

Policy 21 Ensure that all proposals associated with the alleviation of flooding are subject to Appropriate Assessment in accordance with Article 6(3) and 6 (4) of the EU Habitats Directive.

Objectives Relating to Waste Management Objective 18 Developments shall ensure that adequate soil protection measures are undertaken where appropriate. Require the undertaking of appropriate investigations to determine the nature and extent of any soil and/or groundwater contamination and the risks associated with site development work, where Brownfield development is to occur within the Plan area.

Policies Relating to Designated Sites Policy 55 Contribute towards the protection of the water resources, including rivers, streams, lakes, wetlands, turloughs, groundwater, as well as aquatic and wetland habitats and freshwater and water dependant species in accordance with the requirements and guidance in the EU Water Framework Directive 2000 (2000/60/EC), the European Union (Water Policy) Regulations 2003 (as amended), the Western River Basin District Management Plan 2009-2015, Shannon International River Basin Management Plan 2009-2015 and other relevant EU Directives, including associated national legislation and policy guidance (including any superseding versions of same).

Policies Relating to Nature Conservation and Biodiversity Policy 56 Promote the retention and enhancement of existing habitats, biodiversity and geological heritage within the Plan area.

Policy 57 Promote the implementation of key actions and objectives set out in Actions for Biodiversity 2011-2016: Ireland’s 2nd National Biodiversity Plan (including any superseding version of same), the County Roscommon Heritage Plan and the County Roscommon Biodiversity Plan as appropriate.

Policy 58 Support, as appropriate, the National Parks and Wildlife Service’s efforts to seek to control the spread of non- native invasive species on land and water.

Objectives Relating to Nature Conservation and Biodiversity Objective 50 Promote the conservation of biodiversity outside of designated areas, while allowing for appropriate development, access and recreational activity.

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Objective 51 Identify, contribute towards the protection of and conserve, in co-operation with the relevant statutory authorities and other groups, vulnerable, rare and threatened species or wild flora and fauna and their habitats. These include plant and animal species afforded protection under the Wildlife Acts and the EU Habitats & Birds Directives for example The Status of EU Protected Habitats and Species in Ireland, NPWS & DEHLG, 2008.

Objective 52 Ensure that the conservation and management of biodiversity is a key priority in water resource management and other infrastructural projects in the LAP area.

Objective 53 Contribute towards the protection and enhancement of biodiversity and ecological connectivity, including woodlands, trees, hedgerows, semi-natural grasslands, rivers, streams, wetlands, other landscape features and associated wildlife where these form part of the ecological network and/or may be considered as ecological corridors or stepping stones in the context of Article 10 of the Habitats Directive.

Objective 54 Contribute towards the protection of habitats and species listed in the annexes to and/or covered by the EU Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC, as amended), Birds Directive (2009/147/EC), the Environmental Liability Directive (2004/35/EC) and European Communities (Environmental Liability) Regulations 2008, and regularly occurring- migratory birds and their habitats, and species protected under the Wildlife Acts 1976-2000 and the Flora Protection Order.

Objective 56 Have regard to impacts of floodlighting and public lighting in open spaces and to minimize light intrusion in areas of habitat value.

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Section 5 Conclusion

Stage 1 Screening and Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment of the Lough Key Local Area Plan has been carried out. Implementation of the Plan has the potential to result in impacts to the integrity of the Natura 2000 network, if unmitigated.

The risks to the safeguarding and integrity of the qualifying interests and conservation objectives of the Natura 2000 network have been addressed by the inclusion of mitigation measures that will prioritise the avoidance of impacts in the first place and mitigate impacts where these cannot be avoided. In addition, all lower level plans and projects arising through the implementation of the Plan will themselves be subject to Appropriate Assessment when further details of design and location are known.

Having incorporated mitigation measures, it is considered that the Plan will not have a significant adverse effect on the integrity of the Natura 2000 network2.

2 Except as provided for in Section 6(4) of the Habitats Directive, viz. There must be: a) no alternative solution available, b) imperative reasons of overriding public interest for the plan to proceed; and c) Adequate compensatory measures in place.

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