{TEXTBOOK} Comparing Media Systems Beyond the Western

COMPARING MEDIA SYSTEMS BEYOND THE WESTERN WORLD 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK

There are only a few but very important media outlets that try to keep up a high level of journalism. Is it more similar to the Polarized Pluralist or to the Liberal model? European Journal of Communication, 24 5 , At the end of the twentieth century the three Baltic countries recovered their independence and for the second time in the century reappeared on the world map. Thanks for telling us about the problem. Because these literatures are necessarily diverse in a collection of this sort — the literatures on the Chinese communist state or the Arab state are quite different from one another — we do not try to generalize very much about political system variables. It may be surprising that the tabloid Fakt, which belongs to the German Springer conglomerate, is anti-German. These productions provided an understanding adequate for the public to comprehend hidden meanings about what the nation had lost and what it had to preserve to survive. Indeed, in all three Baltic countries, political parallelism was especially strong during the political breakthrough years. In essence, the media ceased to be an educational and cultural enterprise and became an industry whose primary objective is to make a profit. Hardy, , p. Originally published in , this book was written by the British legal academic and educationalist Before the Polish bureaucratic apparatus and the juridical system were depen- dent on the Communist Party, which had a monopolistic position in the Soviet regime. This is an important question that cannot be answered unequivocally at the moment. Comparative media system research has been subject to several changes since its establishment. Toward Adoption of a Liberal Model If passage from the first stage to the second was gradual, slow and incom- plete, entrance into the third stage in development of the media system, which began at the beginning of the s and is still continuing, was accelerated, significant, and dramatic. Conclusion Daniel C. The conflict is visible above all in the public media after elections when a change in government takes place. In addition, local governments own many local weeklies and magazines. Chad added it Jan 11, Poland came to commercialization about ten years later than such leaders as Great Britain and Italy, but only two years later than Spain. The journalistic profession started to emerge from the literary groups, politicians writing for newspapers, and social activists. The first is made up of the most popular and visible journalists and anchors working for the TV evening news and opinion pro- grams. Download as PDF Printable version. Since the dimensions and the resulting models cover specifically the media-politics relations of the Western world, Hallin and Mancini do not claim universal validity of their framework. Now the company publishes a national daily that marginalizes political content. Comparing Media Systems Beyond the Western World 1st edition Writer

In Israel, however, the case of Frankel occurred in the second rather than the first stage, reflecting the weakening of political control, the decline of political parallelism, and the growing awareness of journalists of professional codes. The rise of transnational media systems: implications of pan- Arab media for comparative research Marwan Kraidy; First published Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. However, the failure of peace talks in the summer of and the outbreak of the second Intifada with its suicide attacks aimed at the heart of the civilian population led to a serious retreat from these developments. Nevertheless the Israeli public still overwhelmingly criticized the media for not being patri- otic enough. The Catholic Journalists Association that was founded in is the third association. We were calling for an extension of comparative analysis beyond a framework centered on Western cases, and yet we were placing at the center of the analysis a book based precisely on those cases. Jackubowicz , p. For this reason we did ask participants to think about what literatures on, for example, the nature of the state in their particular political systems might be important for understanding media and politics. Savage deregulation relates to the failure of the political system to impose such media policies. Television in the first European parliamentary elections pp. The political system in the interwar years was conducive to the free and inde- pendent opinion press. Both established coalition governments during this period and at times formed national unity governments. Certain similarities to the events just described can be found in the development of protest movements in the second half of the twentieth century, during the Soviet occupation. According to specific constellations of the variables within these dimensions, Hallin and Mancini conceptualized the three models of media and politics. The adherents of the winning party take up posts that the adversaries are obligated to leave. When Lesslie Newbigin returned to Britain in after years of missionary service, he observed that his homeland was as much a mission field as India, where he had spent the majority of his missionary career. In that year the government took advantage of the moment when the British media group Mecom bought shares in Rzeczpospolita from the Norwe- gian company Orkla and appointed an editor connected with the PiS. Kaniece marked it as to-read Jan 22, The fifth level represents nonpartisanship and political neutrality: Blumler and Gurevitch 65 claim that it may be exem- plified by broadcasting organizations that are obligated by law or charter to refrain from political support. The indi- vidual has to be active and participating, but he or she can participate only in a way that is tolerated by those in power — the Communist Party. In the early years of the state, the government controlled broadcasting. The majority of society more than 60 percent trust the media. Comparing Media Systems Beyond the Western World 1st edition Reviews

Because of the differences within the countries and the interferences between them, it is difficult to treat the 18 countries analyzed, as single cases because they depend on each other and influence each other. When the security situation is tense, pressure for consensus and uni- formity tends to increase. Meredith Metzler added it Mar 05, To try to fit China onto the triangle defined by our three models would simply be silly. If the three models, which form the first component of the conceptual framework of Comparing Media Systems, are difficult to transfer outside the original context of our study, this is less true of the media system variables or dimensions of comparison that form its second component. In contrast to Spain or Italy, the degree of party politicization has declined consider- ably in Poland. The first dimension is the role of the state. However, a profit-oriented tabloid press did not appear. How do Western Furthermore, the media systems within the analyzed countries might not be homogeneous e. Whereas that earlier work derived three models of political communication systems, including four dimensions along which they could be compared, from analysis of 18 advanced capitalist democracies in Western Europe and North America, this publication branches out, ambitiously and insightfully, into other parts of the democratic world, including Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Latin, America, Asia and Africa. The state apparatus strictly controlled official media, and the only medium in which parallel spaces and alternative discourses could be developed was within the sphere of the arts. Italianization or Mediterranization of the Polish media system? The literary press, cultural and educational publications, plays, poetry, and folk performances were rich in allegorical expressions and metaphors. Because these literatures are necessarily diverse in a collection of this sort — the literatures on the Chinese communist state or the Arab state are quite different from one another — we do not try to generalize very much about political system variables. First published Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Biris marked it as to-read Aug 23, This volume proves how theoretical exchange between scholars from diverse national backgrounds and divergent schools of thought can contribute substantially to comparative theory-building. We also believed that because these countries had long been the principal reference points for comparative analysis of media systems — and in general for public discourse about media systems — there would be a great deal of value in subjecting them to more concrete comparative analysis. Poland is thus a mixed system in terms of the degree of political parallelism, resembling in some ways the high levels of the Polarized Pluralist model and in other ways the depoliticization of the Liberal model. Traquina, N. The conceptual framework developed in this study turned out to be an important contribution [1] to the field of the comparative media systems research because it provides a systematic and applicable approach to analyze differences and similarities of the relationships between media and politics. In Israel, ongoing conflict continues to have a negative effect on all three factors. A large percentage of the Polish population was illiterate, moreover, and Polish newspapers were read only by aristocrats and intellectuals. Cases: 2. Thanks for telling us about the problem. Many surveys confirm that Poles perceive the journalistic profession as a service to the public. Thirty percent of Polish readers choose tabloids, which are not found in the Polarized Pluralist model, and in this sense Poland resembles more closely the Liberal model. He concluded that the Consequently, the media corporations defined the regulation of the broadcasting market. In between these major clashes, Israelis experienced other forms of violent conflict with neigh- boring Arab states and with the Palestinian people. In the first half of the twentieth century, the writing dealt with the actuality of observed life, but because of its literary character the press was opinionated: It attempted to convey impressions and fuel emotions, rather than to provide facts. Theresa Arias marked it as to-read Jul 24, Comparative Media Systems.

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As the state has become weaker and its power to interfere in the media has decreased, the public is exerting much more pressure on journalists to conform their activities to what is seen as appropriate professional conduct. In the early s, when the level of differentiation between the state and other social systems and the level of professionalism among journalists were low, it is clear why the prevailing journalistic style was advocacy or commentary-oriented journalism rather than neutral and informative or investigative journalism. Greek myth has played an unparalleled role in the formation of Western visual traditions, for Is the Polish media system farther from or closer to the Italian system today? The print media, and even more so the radio, continued to be a key vehicle in the hands of political and cultural elites in the process of nation-building and the formation of the new nation-state Liebes, Culture as a Guide in Theoretical Explorations of Baltic Media 57 and publishers, as well as journalism training and education, evolved. An empir- ical study by Gwiazda of the SLD in —5 the Social Democratic Party with postcommunist roots and of the PiS in —6 the conservative party with post-Solidarity roots shows that party patronage was present in both administrations. The solid economic position of Polish public television is exceptional in Central Europe, where public broadcasting services are weaker, as in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia, and Romania Jakubowicz, a: Each democratic state in Europe except for Luxemburg plays an important role as the owner of public service broadcasting, and this is also the case in Poland. In contrast to countries with long democratic traditions, the idea of mass parties is not deeply rooted in the political systems of the three Baltic states. In the field of national security — and in Israel this field covers a wide area — the consensual mode of thinking prevails. Many small and weak political organizations sprang up, which had many leaders but lacked sufficient support from the citizens. However, by lifting the ban, the tsarist government essentially recognized the existence of the Lithuanians as a nation- ality Senn, In Lithua- nia military censorship was proclaimed after independence because the young state thought it was obliged to control information in its territory because of its unstable social and political conditions. This apparatus is the main institution of an efficient rational-legal system. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag. This state of affairs — a mobilized press — continued even after the establishment of the State of Israel in The majority of the journalists who had worked in the profession before were killed in the war, had died, or had emigrated. A good example of control over appointments and the loyalty system was the nomination of an ordinary politician, who was strongly connected with the ruling PiS party, as the director of public television in March What kinds of professional skills do journalists have? Newspaper circulation and news consumption were and still are extremely high, and the con- sumers have been not only the elite but also the masses. One very concrete factor in the rapid collapse of the political parallelism that characterized the immediate postcommunist period was the provision in the media law introduced in Lithuania in , restricting party ownership of media. Enabling JavaScript in your browser will allow you to experience all the features of our site. At this time Poland was a very poor country, devastated by World War I and burdened with an anachronistic social structure: Peasants rep- resented 64 percent of the population; workers, 16 percent; intellectuals and office workers, 5 percent; and the lower middle class, about 11 percent Habielski, Biris marked it as to-read Aug 23, State intervention in private media is limited, and Poland does not have the systems of press subsidies associated with the welfare state tra- dition in the Democratic Corporatist countries of Northern Europe or in France or Italy; in this respect, like Spain, Greece, and Portugal, it could be said to shade to the Liberal side of the Polarized Pluralist model. However, they point out that there might be limitations to this process as well because the elements of the process are anchored in the structural differences between the political systems around the world. Mass Communication Theory: An Introduction. A Federation for Western Europe. Augustine: On the Trinity, Books We began by inviting a group of scholars who studied media systems outside Western Europe and North America to a conference in Perugia in ; because the initial con- versations seemed fruitful, we then organized another conference in San Diego in , as well as three panels at meetings of the International Communication Association. Distinguished writers such as Kraszewski, Sienkiewicz, and Prus were the journalistic elite, and as in Southern European countries there was a strong symbiosis between literature and journalism. As Blumler and Gurevitch suggest, it mixes two elements: the right to make political appointments and a belief that political criteria are relevant to the selection of media personnel Except for certain differences in their histories of development, the Baltic nations nonetheless share important similarities, which arise from their smallness and their linguistic marginality, as well as from ideals of cultural preservation. The indi- vidual has to be active and participating, but he or she can participate only in a way that is tolerated by those in power — the Communist Party. Interpretation and political commentaries dominate reporting, and in this sense, patterns of Polish journalism are closer to the French or Italian commentary-oriented political reporting than to the news and information-based Anglo-American model, although Polish journalists are not as strongly opinionated and politically engaged as, for example, Greek journalists. This item doesn't belong on this page. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Over the years, the literary perspective has gradually changed into a political one — from erudite and literary journalism to journalism that incorporated the mythmaking power of fiction and political advocacy. In this political context commercialism rules, and media discourse is filled with sensationalism that gives a very fragmented view of society; in this sense it could be said that the three Baltic countries have jumped into the period of secularization, bypassing the period of media dependence on political leanings. There was no university-level school of journalism, the journalist-politician pattern was common, and the professional organization of journalists was in its embryonic stage. 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