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Algoritmernas Roll I Plattformssamhället

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Algoritmernas Roll I Plattformssamhället RED. JONAS ANDERSSON SCHWARZ & STEFAN LARSSON DEN DIGITALA UTVECKLINGENS POLITIK, INNOVATION OCH REGLERING PLATTFORMSSAMHÄLLET red. jonas andersson schwarz och stefan larsson Plattformssamhället Den digitala utvecklingens politik, innovation och reglering Redaktörer Jonas Andersson Schwarz Stefan Larsson Fores Fores – Forum för reformer och entreprenörskap – är den gröna och liberala tankesmedjan. Fores är partipolitiskt obunden och arbetar inom fyra programområden: Det digitala samhället, Migration och integration, Entreprenörskap och ekonomiska reformer samt Klimat och miljö. Vi är en öppen, ideell och oberoende mötesplats där nyfikna samhällsmedborgare, debattörer, entreprenörer, beslutsfattare och forskare möts. Vi arrangerar och medverkar i seminarier, samtal, debatter och forskningsprojekt i Sverige, EU och världen. Fores Kungsbroplan 2 112 27 Stockholm [email protected] www.fores.se Tryck: Spektar, Bulgarien 2019 Grafisk formgivning: joakimolsson.se ISBN: 978-91-87379-53-6 Fritt tillgängligt med vissa rättigheter förbehållna. Fores vill ha största möjliga spridning av de publikationer vi ger ut. Därför kan publikationerna utan kostnad laddas ner via www.fores.se. Enstaka exemplar kan också beställas i tryckt form via [email protected]. Vår hantering av upphovsrätt utgår från Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell- Inga bearbetningar 3.0 Unported License (läs mer på www.creativecommons.se). Det innebär i korthet att det är tillåtet att dela, det vill säga att kopiera, distribuera och sända verket, på villkor att Fores och författaren anges, ändamålet är icke kommersiellt och verket inte förändras, bearbetas eller byggs vidare på. DEN DIGITALA UTVECKLINGENS POLITIK, INNOVATION OCH REGLERING MEDVERKANDE SKRIBENTER jonas andersson schwarz är lektor i medie- och kommunikations- vetenskap vid Södertörns högskola och intresserar sig för hur vardags- liv och samhällsstrukturer påverkas av den tilltagande digitaliseringen. Efter flera års forskning om delning och nätgemenskaper har han på senare tid skiftat fokus mot digitala plattformar som strukturellt feno- men, inte minst den datadrivna medieekologi som dessa möjliggör. stefan larsson är docent i teknik och social förändring vid institutio- nen för teknik och samhälle på LTH, Lunds universitet och program- chef för det digitala samhällsprogrammet på tankesmedjan Fores. Han är jurist och disputerad i såväl rättssociologi som i fysisk planering. Hans forskning är inriktad mot digitalisering, datadrivna marknader och AI, med fokus på tillit, transparens och ansvar. IV amelia andersdotter är dataskyddsexpert, före detta EU-parlamen - tariker och arbetar med mänskliga rättigheter i tekniska standarder för brittiska organisationen ARTICLE19. I antologin berättar hon om data- säkerhet och digitala plattformar. henrik blomgren är lektor vid KTH och var tidigare programchef på Kungliga Ingenjörsvetenskapsakademien (IVA) och huvudprojektledare för projektet Framtidens Näringsliv. Han har arbetat med strukturom- vandlingsfrågor på ett antal olika sätt, både inom bransch och akademi, och berättar om innovationsmöjligheterna hos digitala plattformar. fia ewald är informationssäkerhetsexpert och tidigare chef för MSB:s enhet för systematisk informationssäkerhet och ger i antologin sin syn på datasäkerhet och digitala plattformar. michael forsman är docent i medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap vid Södertörns högskola och har sedan sent 1990-tal även arbetat med lärarutbildning. På senare år har han riktat allt mer fokus på medie- och informationskunnighet (MIK). I boken skriver han om hur samtidens ytliga vurm för lärplattformar riskerar att underminera deras potential för det verkliga lärandet. isobel hadley-kamptz är författare, opinionsbildare och ordför- ande i Data­­föreningen. Hon har de senaste tio åren skrivit mycket om internet, och var tidigare kommunikations ansvarig på Digitaliserings- kommissionen. Hon skriver om medieplatt formarnas sårbarhet i en starkt politiserad samtid. jutta haider är docent i biblioteks- och informationsvetenskap vid institutionen för kulturvetenskaper, Lunds universitet. Hennes forsk- ning är inriktad mot digitala kulturers förändrade förutsättningar för kunskap och information. I denna antologi berättar hon om algoritmer som nyckelbegrepp för att förstå digitala plattformar. V jockum hildén är doktorand i medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap vid Helsingfors universitet och forskar på mediepolitiska frågor, i syn- nerhet reglering på EU-nivå. Han skriver om den personalisering av medieupplevelsen som plattformiseringen möjliggör, och hur väl den sammanfaller med public serviceuppdraget. darja isaksson är sedan augusti 2018 generaldirektör på innovations- myndigheten Vinnova. Hon har en bakgrund som entreprenör, och star- tade sitt första företag inUse 2002. Sedan 2014 har hennes tid främst gått åt till att arbeta med digitaliseringsfrågor i rollen som styrelseleda- mot och rådgivare och medlare mellan forskningsmiljöer, departement och investerare. I boken diskuterar hon innovationspotentialen hos digitala plattformar. pär lannerö är konsult inom digital hållbarhet på Metamatrix AB. Han har arbetat mycket med digitalisering av offentlig sektor och digital tillgänglighet för personer med funktionsnedsättning. Han skriver om infrastrukturella aspekter av plattformiseringen, i synnerhet det sam- tycke vi som användare ständigt förutsätts ge. olof sundin är professor i biblioteks- och informationsvetenskap vid Lunds universitet, och har forskat och skrivit om de automatiserade såll- ningar, hanteringar och beräkningar av information som iscensätts av digitala plattformar. Han diskuterar algoritmernas roll i vår gemensamma förståelse av digitala plattformar. VI marina svensson är kinaexpert, professor och föreståndare för Centrum för Öst- och Sydöstasienstudier vid Lunds universitet. Hennes forskning är inriktad mot det digitala Kina, det kinesiska kulturarvet, mänskliga rättigheter och Kinas mediaekologi. I denna antologi skriver hon om Kinas digitala utveckling och planerna på ett socialt kreditsystem. joakim wernberg är fil.dr i ekonomisk geografi och forskningsledare för ett program om globala megatrender och strukturomvandling vid Entreprenörskapsforum. Han är affilierad till CIRCLE vid Lunds uni- versitet och sitter i Svenska Stadskärnors forskarråd. Hans forskning kretsar kring komplexitet, teknologi och strukturomvandling. I boken skriver han om plattformar som ekonomisk och strukturell företeelse. VII INNEHÅLL Förord X KAPITEL 1 Plattformssamhället 1 En definierande introduktion Jonas Andersson Schwarz och Stefan Larsson KAPITEL 2 I den svarta lådan 22 Plattformsekonomier och digitalisering Joakim Wernberg KAPITEL 3 Plattformisering som innovation 60 Om möjligheter, risker och Sveriges egenart som plattformsbärande nation Intervju med Darja Isaksson och Henrik Blomgren KAPITEL 4 Algoritmernas roll i plattformssamhället 90 Vad är algoritmer, och vad gör dem till så viktiga komponenter i plattformssamhället? Intervju med Jutta Haider och Olof Sundin KAPITEL 5 Plattformar och samtycke 114 Hur vi avtalade bort både det privata och det offentliga rummet – och hur vi kan få dem tillbaka Pär Lannerö KAPITEL 6 Informationsinfrastruktur och 152 informations säkerhet Outsourcing, plattformar, resiliens Intervju med Fia Ewald och Amelia Andersdotter VIII KAPITEL 7 Public service, plattformar och personalisering 180 Från filterbubblor till rekommenderad mångfald Jockum Hildén KAPITEL 8 Framtiden är redan här 200 Om plattformiseringen av skolan och fostran av framtidens mediemedborgare Michael Forsman KAPITEL 9 Plattformssamhället i Kina 230 Ett övervakningssamhälle i ett eget ekosystem Marina Svensson KAPITEL 10 Digital politik 252 Plattformar för engagemang – men också för bedräglighet och opportunism Isobel Hadley-Kamptz KAPITEL 11 Sju nyanser av transparens 276 Om artificiell intelligens och ansvaret för digitala plattformars samhällspåverkan Stefan Larsson KAPITEL 12 Två policylandskap 314 Hur regleringen av digitala plattformar hanteras i EU respektive USA Jonas Andersson Schwarz KAPITEL 13 Plattformssamhället 350 Slutord Jonas Andersson Schwarz och Stefan Larsson IX FÖRORD begreppet plattformar har under de senaste åren seglat upp som ett FÖROR av de mest centrala begreppen i den digitala ekonomin. Plattformar möj- liggör mängder av nya, effektiva sätt att organisera samhället – men de D bygger också på ett element av styrning, då mänskligt handlande måste anpassa sig efter datorkoden. En handfull plattformsbaserade företag PLATTFORMSSAMHÄLLET (Google, Facebook, Apple, Amazon, Microsoft) har fått enormt stort glo- balt inflytande, där inte bara användarna utan rader av andra samhällsak- törer har blivit beroende av tjänster från dessa giganter. Även många av de mindre plattformsföretagen är i många avseenden beroende av dem. Vi ser hur nya system baserade på algoritmer konfigurerar och omstö- per hela branscher. Därmed får sådana system effekter i det lilla, när viktiga aspekter av människors vardagsliv påverkas av algoritmer – och i det stora, när viktiga samhällsrelationer omformas utifrån plattformar- nas ibland nyckfulla prioriteringar och oväntade bieffekter. Vilken sorts samhällseffekter får det när allt fler samhällssektorer och branscher domineras av plattformsbaserade aktörer? Vilken roll spelar våra data i den nya tidens ekonomi? X Ser vi framväxten av genuint nya sätt att driva företag och organisera mänskligt arbete och kapital – och vad betyder det för svensk innova- tionsförmåga? Ser vi samtidigt en mall för teknokratisk styrning och automatiserad
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