ISSN 0254-380 X
MARINE FISHERIES INFORMATION SERVICE
No. 187 January, February, March, 2006
TECHNICAL AND EXTENSION SERIES
CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE
COCHIN, INDIA
(INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH) The Marine Fisheries Information Service : Technical and Extension Series envisages dissemination of information on marine fishery resources based on research results to the planners, industry and fish farmers, and transfer of technology from laboratory to field.
Abbreviation - Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T & E Ser., No. 187, January, February, March, 2006
CONTENTS
Article No. Article Title Pages
1158 Status of fisheries of Lakshadweep ...... 1 1159 Impact of coastal bottom trawling on target and non- target resources along the south west coast of India ...... 7 1160 Report on the first occurrence of Bathynomus giganteus, a deep sea isopod from the west coast of India ...... 13 1161 Trends in the landings of Sepia aculeata and Sepia prashadi at Mumbai, Maharashtra...... 15 1162 On the first record of a rare marine ornamental fish from the Gulf of Mannar ...... 17 1163 A note on the landing of a slender sunfish near Rameswaram ...... 18 1164 Heavy landings of juveniles of grouper in trawl at Neendakara Fisheries Harbour, Kollam... 18 1165 Introduction of “Ring Vala” (Ring seine) along Kakinada Coast with a note on its impact .... 19 1166 A note on the exploitation of starfish Protoreaster Iincki (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in Tuticorin...... 20 1167 Whale shark, Rhincodon typus landed at Mandapam, Gulf of Mannar ...... 21 1168 Book Review Title: Evolution of Fisheries and Aquaculture in India...... 21
Front Cover Photo : Bathynomus giganteus (Dorsal and ventral view)
Editors: Dr. N.G. Menon and N. Venugopal. Hindi translation by Smt. P.J. Sheela and Smt. E. Sasikala. Published by Dr. N.G. Menon on behalf of the Director, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Printed at Niseema Printers, Kochi - 682 018. Phone : 0484-2402948. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 187, 2006 1
1158 Status of fisheries of Lakshadweep
The Union Territory of Lakshadweep (08 Except Androth, all the islands have 00'N and 12 30'N latitudes and 71 00'E and lagoon, some of which are fast getting 74 00'E longitudes), consisting of eleven filled up by calcareous sand. Bitra has inhabited and 25 uninhabited islands, is perhaps the most magnificent lagoon. scattered in the Arabian Sea at about 200- Minicoy has a large and deep lagoon with 400 km from the Malabar Coast. Coconut a boat channel on the northern side giving and fish form the mainstay of the economy safe access and anchorage to vessels of of the islanders. The islands became a about 3 m draught. Union Territory of India in 1956 and it was The outer edges of atolls drop precipitously named Lakshadweep in 1973. Since then to the ocean floor. Mostly on the eastern there has been rapid progress especially in side the atolls overhang the precipitous the fields of agriculture, fisheries, shelf. The eastern side is generally more education, health etc. Next in importance sheltered from wind and current. The to agriculture, the fisheries sector plays an islands, ranging in area from 1 ha to nearly important role in the economy of the 440 ha are little specks in the Indian Ocean. islands. They are beautiful, idyllic and strategically located from the point of view of economic The archipelago consists of 12 atolls, three and defence considerations of India. Being reefs and five submerged banks. Of the 36 oceanic islands, the continental shelf islands, only 11 namely, Androth, Amini, around them is limited to about 4336 Agatti, Bitra, Chetlat, Kadmat, Kalpeni, sq.km. But considering the lagoon area of Kavaratti, Kiltan, Minicoy and Bangaram about 4200 sq.km, 20,000 sq.km. of are inhabited. Among the uninhabited territorial waters and about 400,000 sq.km. islands, Suheli is a coconut grove and of oceanic zone, Lakshadweep is one of fishing centre. Pitti or the bird island is a the largest oceanic territories of our nation. small reef with sand bank covering an area Fishery resources of 1.2 hectare lying northwest of Kavaratti where terns visit for nesting and is Lakshadweep sea is rich in fishery designated as a bird sanctuary. resources such as the tunas, billfishes Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 187, 2006 2 pelagic sharks etc., and the other groups tonnes and an equal quantity of other fishes of food fishes, live baits and ornamental are available. fishes. The estimated marine fishery Fishing methods resources potential in the Lakshadweep The main fishing method practiced is pole waters are about 63,000 to 1,40,000 tonnes and line for tuna by using live baits. The of various groups of fish, whereas the operation is conducted from specially present annual production is around 10,000 designed mechanised boats of 25' to 34' t (10% of the potential). The fishery overall length (OAL). About 510 activities in Lakshadweep are concentrated mechanised tuna pole and line fishing in all the 11 inhabited islands and in the boats have been introduced so far. Out of uninhabited island - Suheli. The main these, 350 to 400 boats are actively resource currently exploited is tuna and engaged in fishing now. Pole and line tuna-like fishes. Following are the tuna fishing is done in all the islands except in species commonly seen in Lakshadweep Androth. In Androth, other methods such waters: as trolling, hook and line, gill nets, long 1. Katsuwonus pelamis (Skipjack tuna) line etc. are used for fishing. Long lining 2. Thunnus albacares (Yellowfin tuna) for shark is also practiced, engaging mechanized boats. However, due to higher 3. Auxis thazard (Frigate tuna) returns from tuna fishing compared to 4. Euthynnus affinis (Little tunny) shark fishing, very few fishermen have Of these, Katsuwonus pelamis is the major opted for long lining for sharks. Besides species on which the commercial fishery there are about 900 country crafts which is established. In addition to the tunas, includes crafts fitted with outboard motors flying fishes, barracuda, seerfish, sail fish, using troll line, hook and line, gill nets, dolphin fish, rainbow runner, gar fishes, long line etc. to catch other fishes. half beaks, snappers, perches and other reef Consequent to the successful introduction fishes, sharks, rays, trigger fishes, octopus of mechanised boats for pole and line and etc. also form fishery. About 601 species other fishing, demand for boats increased. of fishes have been recorded in the To meet the requirement and with an Lakshadweep waters by CMFRI. It is objective of employment generation, two estimated that the annual catchable boat building yards, one each at Kavaratti potential yield of tunas is about 50,000 and Chetlat have been established for Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 187, 2006 3 construction of mechanised fishing boats. are used in the fishing. The most common Under this programme 510 mechanised species in the order of abundance are fishing boats have been supplied to the Spratelloides delicatulus, S. japonicus, fisherman of various islands so far under Apogon sangiensis, A. savayensis and hire purchase system (Table 1). This helped Chromis ternatensis. Fishermen do report to increase the fish production from 500 scarcity of live baits during the peak tonnes per annum in the 1960s to the fishing season occasionally. present level of about 10,000 tonnes per Status of captures fisheries annum. Fish landings by year and Island are given Table 1. Island wise availability of in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. The major fishing boats fish landings are at Agatti, Suheli, Minicoy, Island Country Mechanised Kavaratti and Androth. As an average, fish crafts boats landings at Agatti contributed to about 23% Agatti 151 130 of the total fish production in Lakshadweep Amini 51 43 followed by Kavaratti (14%), Minicoy Androth 49 36 (13%), Androth (11%), Suheli (9%), Kiltan Bitra 16 9 (8%) and Chetlat (6%). Chethlat 31 34 Kadmat 100 26 Kalpeni 85 33 Table 2. Fish landings in Lakshadweep Kavaratti 260 89 during 1995 to 2004 (in tonnes) Kiltan 40 60 Year Shark Tuna Miscellaneous Total Minicoy 137 50 1995 261 8250 717 9887 Total 918 510 1996 119 8798 802 10250 1997 221 8072 1119 10412 Live bait resources 1998 980 12308 899 14615 Live bait fishes are used for chumming and 1999 139 7624 4188 13081 attracting tuna shoals and are essential for 2000 145 7071 1604 10082 tuna pole line fishing. The live baits are 2001 75 9343 2382 12800 caught from the coral reef and lagoon of 2002 62 6656 1014 9149 different islands. There are about 21 2003 84 8149 551 10080 species of live baits available in 2004 77 8232 790 10512 Lakshadweep waters. Over a dozen species Average 216.3 8450.3 1406.6 11086.8 Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 187, 2006 4
Table 3. Island-wise fish landing during 1992-2001 (in tonnes) Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Average % Kavaratti 2011 1746 1150 1199 1292 2073 2031 1778 696 1179 1516 14 Agatti 1914 3131 1749 2196 2625 2307 2276 3244 2905 2995 2534 23 Amini 359 629 496 278 374 566 605 712 321 371 471 4 Kadmat 230 251 246 300 439 673 822 745 496 456 466 4 Kiltan 519 542 622 772 530 482 1134 1191 1130 1363 829 8 Chetlat 450 502 359 411 350 529 638 887 958 1057 614 6 Bitra 987 285 416 382 340 415 884 348 416 1268 574 5 Androth 603 964 1293 1364 1541 1535 1470 1310 1125 1230 1244 11 Kalpeni 158 266 280 192 270 470 513 485 314 314 326 3 Minicoy 955 1089 953 1326 1193 1152 2638 2575 1027 1313 1422 13 Suheli 2281 - - 1575 1296 153 1615 705 694 1254 957 9 Total 8186 9405 9845 9995 10250 10355 14626 13980 10082 12800 10953 100
Tuna fishery tonnes in the 60's to about 12,300 tonnes Productive fishing zones for tuna fishery in 1998. Whereas the pole and line live- in Lakshwadeep seas are: Zone-I (Bitra, bait fishery is practiced during the non- Cheriyapaniyam and Baliyapaniyam), monsoon months (September to May), Zone-II (Agathi, Bangaram, Perumal Par), surface trolling for yellowfin, skipjack and Zone-III (Suheli Valiyakara, Suheli billfishes is practiced especially during the Cheriyakara) and Zone-IV (Minicoy). monsoon period. Fishing operations are done within 10-15 During the period 1980 to 2004, annual km off and around the islands. Introduction tuna landings in the Lakshadweep islands of mechanisation in the early 60's has ranged between 1,760 t (1980) and resulted in the increase of tuna production 12,300 t (1998) with an average of 6,340 t at Minicoy, where a traditional fishery (Fig.1) against a projected annual potential employing 'Masodis' was in existence. varying between 50,000 and 90,000 t. The Coupled with this, the spread of pole and major contribution to the tuna landings line fishing practice off the northern islands comes from Agatti (31%), Suheli (14%), Agatti, Bangaram, Perumul Par, Suheli and Minicoy (17%), Kavarati and Androth Bitra has resulted in the increased (8%). Compared to the tuna catch of production of tuna from a few hundred neighboring island nations such as Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 187, 2006 5
Maldives (1,48,500 t) and Sri Lanka bottleneck in introducing larger boats with (27,000 t), the catches from Lakshadweep higher fish hold capacity. Though there has are very low. been wide annual fluctuations in catch, catch per unit effort and the mean length in the fishery have not undergone any significant change. Since 1994, tuna catches and catch rates from Androth have increased due to adoption of drift gillnetting as well as fishing in distant Fig 1. Tuna landing from Lakshadweep fishing grounds such as Elikalpeni Bank. during 1980-2004 Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) were introduced in Lakshadweep waters in 2002 Potential resources of tunas in the seas in the open sea as well as in the lagoons to around Lakshadweep has been estimated aggregate fishes by the CMFRI under a to be around 50,000 to 90,000 tonnes. But World Bank Programme (NATP). Data the average production for the last ten years buoys for Arabian Sea Monsoon is only about 6,340 tonnes. Many earlier Experiments- Phase-II deployed by the workers have proposed strategies for National Institute of Ocean Technology development and management of tuna (NIOT), 16-26 nautical miles off Minicoy fishery to increase the production. and Kavaratti are functioning as FADs, The major tuna species landed (1980-2001 aggregating tunas as well as other fishes. average) was K. pelamis (86%) followed It is observed that young tunas aggregate by T. albacares (12%) and the rest was E. in large numbers than the adults. As a result affinis. Pole & lines account for 97% of the catch and catch rates tend to be higher. the total tuna landings followed by troll The negative aspect of FADs is that the lines. About 300 boats are annually in young ones of tunas, especially of the operation for pole and line tuna fishing yellowfin are attracted more, resulting in during the last 15 years. Pole & line-fishing higher catch of juveniles in the FAD sites boats (OAL of 25-36') mostly conduct (18-20%) than in the non-FAD sites (4- single day fishing trips and often operate 5%). This may affect the stocks and the 2 trips during the peak season. The future catches if not managed properly. difficulty in maneuvering larger sized However, assured catches from the FAD boats within the lagoon is perceived as sites made the fishermen to venture to these Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 187, 2006 6 distant fishing grounds with the help of product quality and increased production. GPS. The modified methods developed by the Ornamental fishes CIFT for the production of high quality masmin can be adopted. In recent years, Over 300 species belonging to about 35 the Lakshadweep Development Corpo- families are known for their attractive ration (LDCL) is promoting frozen tuna colour and shapes and can be termed as export. ornamental fishes for aquarium keeping. A recent survey conducted by the CMFRI Recommendations indicated that, 20 of the 35 families are Introduction of deepwater common and are represented by 252 monofilament longlining for Sashimi species. Among these, 165 species quality yellowfin tuna, mechanical constitute the major ornamental fishes and splashers and new generation pole and have great demand in the ornamental fish line boats with chilling and storing trade. The policy of the Lakshadweep facility (Maldivian type). Administration is to prevent exploitation Increasing the endurance of the of ornamental fishes from the wild as a existing Pablo boat in line with the conservation measure. However the concept of dory fishing/mother-ship Administration is encouraging setting up type fishing. of hatcheries and production of ornamental Potential Fishing Zone (PFZ) forecast fish under controlled conditions. with help of satellite imagery from Utilization/Marketing INCOIS may be passed on At Lakshadweep over 85% of the total immediately to fishermen to aid landings constitute tunas of which about fishing. 50% of the total tuna landings is used for Installation of cheaper and long lasting 'masmin' production, 20% for canning and FADs. the remaining 30% consumed fresh. Frozen storage (-55ºC) facility may be Presently masmin is prepared by set up at Agatti to develop export of traditional way by cutting tuna in to frozen tunas parallel to the develop- longitudinal fillets, boiling in seawater, ment of tuna fishery. smoking and then sun drying for about 7 - 8 days. The traditional method of masmin Upgrading and standardizing production has to be modernized for technology for production of masmin Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 187, 2006 7
and the same may be popularized in India.
the Lakshadweep Islands. Control of poaching by foreign fishing Popularisation of tuna and tuna vessels. products in domestic markets. Retails Prepared by: N.G.K. Pillai, E. outlets for Lakshadweep brand tuna Vivekanandan and K.P. Said Koya, Central and tuna products may be created in Marine Fisheries Research Institute, the metros and the major cities in Cochin
1159 Impact of coastal bottom trawling on target and non- target resources along the south west coast of India
About 5800 small-mechanized trawlers sea conditions or bans imposed by the (7 to 14 m overall length) regularly operate governments as in Kerala, Tamilnadu, in the coastal waters of Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh or socially self-imposed Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh. The ban as in Karnataka. Intense mechanized trawling is carried out almost throughout trawling in the coastal fishing grounds by the year in the inshore water except for using a trawl net of 30 m horizontal, 3-4 peak monsoon months. Their non- m vertical mouth opening, a cod end mesh operation is chiefly due to the unfavourable of 18- 35 mm and a heavy tickler chain in
A heap of non-edible trawl by-catch at A heap of young fishes caught by trawl Neendakara, Kollam net at Neendakara, Kollam Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 187, 2006 8 the foot rope, could scrap and trample a depth of about 50 m have not only affected sea bottom of about 0.3 sq. km daily in 8 the sustenance of some easily vulnerable hours of trawling operations. These resources, but also challenged the very operations yield the target resources such existence of some shell fishes, fin fishes as shrimps and cephalopods along with a and bottom organisms, including the biota non- target by-catch of heterogeneous which are non-edible to man but vital in species of ground /column fishes and non- the food web of all exploitable resources. edible benthic biota belonging to many By dragging the gear through the bottom taxa. In the region studied, stomatopods benthic organisms are crushed, buried or and non- edible biota together constituted exposed to predators and clounds of about 12% of the total trawl landings. sediment arise. Alterations to the seabed The quality and quantity of the non-edible biochemistry are also possible with an biota caught usually depend on the type of ultimate impact on the ecology. The trawl nets operated such as shrimp trawl mechanized bottom trawling especially or fish trawl; the target groups like - with the objective to mass produce the shrimps, cephalopods or fin fishes; the time target groups of export importance, has of operation say- day or night; the ground resulted in a disproportionate destruction on which the net is dragged such as - of juveniles / sub adults/ of heterogeneous muddy, sandy or rocky; the season such as species of shrimps and fin fishes and a wide - pre-monsoon, monsoon or post- spectrum of bottom organisms, most of monsoon; and the prevailing weather them having low or no edible or economic conditions like - calm or turbulent sea. value. Finfish component has accounted Generally the non-edible fauna caught is for the major share in the shrimp trawl rich, varied in species composition, and landings, which is caught unintentionally; more abundant from muddy grounds than and the unmarketable groups / species from sandy / rocky areas. Their landings being a less priority item, is generally are invariably more in the night-operated thrown away at sea often to save ship / boat shrimp trawls than in the fish trawls. deck space for targets. This post-harvest loss to the capture fisheries is a matter of The excessive fishing pressure exerted by grave concern to most of the nations; and the mechanized / motorized sector in a as such a lot of thought, effort and action climatically limited coastal habitat up to a have gone into to recover and utilise the Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 187, 2006 9 by-catches. Developed nations have small cod end mesh of bottom trawlers has devised ways and means to reduce the by- also exploited juveniles and sub-adults of catch: target ratio by modifying the gear commercial species in large quantities. So and fishing technique. Quite a lot of work far no attempt has been made to estimate has been done in several countries to the quality and quantity of this wanton post estimate the quality and quantity of wasted harvest wastage of benthic biodiversity. by-catch from trawlers and all efforts are Such information is essential to assess the tried to recover and utilize the enormous impact of coastal bottom trawling on the quantities of heterogeneous species. The habitat, its biota and its relationship with Food and Agriculture Organization has the fisheries. Hence a research project was conducted technical consultations on initiated in 1994-95 based on data drawn shrimp by-catch utilization in 1981 at from trawling centres such as Karwar (and which twenty countries have co-operated Tadri),Mangalore (and Malpe), Cochin, and discussed all problems connected with Chennai and Kakinada with a view to solve the above issue and have formulated some of the management problems specific recommendations. connected with bottom trawling. The But quite surprisingly, there has been no project " Investigations on the impact of mention about the unintentional but coastal bottom trawling on demersal fishes damaging post harvest destruction of vast and macro- benthos" intends to study the array of bottom inhabitants (invariably impact of coastal bottom trawling on the non-edible) of the coastal trawling grounds bottom habitat as well as resources and its in any of the conferences, technical effects on the sustainability of consultations and workshops organized by commercially important groups national and international governmental or production; to develop suitable non- governmental agencies. management options to curb recruitment hazards and habitat degradations and to The demand for targeted resources has study the rate of recolonisation of benthic paved way for indiscriminate bottom biomass in relation to the availability and trawling along the coast with an ultimate abundance of commercially important result of massive wastage of low value, resources. high volume bycatch including a wide spectrum of non-edible benthic biota. The A study was conducted along the south west and south east coasts to estimate the Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 187, 2006 10 non-edible benthic faunistic components known for rich pelagic fish resources caught, landed and discarded by besides a variety of demersals. Karwar and mechanized trawlers and motorized trawl Tadri are the major trawl landing centres net in shallow grounds. This seemingly with an average (1994-2002) annual trawl unimportant catch of bottom non-edible catch of 11309t, shared at the rate of 51 organisms, though rarely fetches any and 49 % respectively. Small trawlers of economic returns, needs monitoring, the size 30-33' OAL with 33-47 HP engine estimation and periodic documentation in fish in shallow grounds during day (Single order to create awareness on the Day Fleet) while medium size 42 -48'OAL beneficiaries of the coastal fish wealth, with 98-110 HP engine operate in deeper about the seriousness of the biotic grounds many days continuously (Multi devastation and habit alteration / Day Fleet) and landed 82 and 18 % degradation. respectively in the total trawl catch of Although the impact of bottom trawling Karwar. The single day fleet landed 61% on the resources has been felt at different of the catch at Karwar and 39% at Tadri parts along the Indian coasts, there was no with a cpue of 391 and 322 kg respectively. serious attempt to monitor or estimate the The target group (shrimp, cephalopod) magnitude of the problem. Study on the formed 14% of the total catch and fin fishes impact of fishing gear on habitat and 38% and non-target by-catch contributed resources are vital for formulating 45% with no appreciable change between management strategies. The present Karwar and Tadri with regard to single day account pertains to the impact of the gear fleet. The multi-day trawling was intense along the south-west coast (Karnataka and at Tadri (Dec.-May) with an annual Kerala) trawling grounds preferably on the average catch of 1873 t, whereas at Karwar non- target by catch. the annual average catch was 164 t. Karnataka Mangalore For this investigation two major centres From the Mangalore - Malpe trawl landing were selected from the state of Karnataka base 752 SDF units operate with an such as Karwar and Mangalore. average catch of 9299 t, shared by fin Karwar fishes (39%) crustaceans (shrimps & Karwar with a coast length of 160 km is crabs), 13% and cephalopods (1%) and the Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 187, 2006 11 rest by non-target benthic biota (47%). The Kerala trawling by 623 MDF units landed an Cochin average catch of 4967 t, where fin fishes From Cochin Fisheries Harbour base, one constituted 76%, crustaceans 5%, of the major fishing harbour of Kerala, cephalopods 13% and the rest 6% by about 200 small trawlers (8-14 m OAL and benthic biota. The young / juvenile fish by- 45-120 HP) and 60 deep sea trawlers catch was 1549 t in SDF and 9077 t in operate in the depth realm up to 100 m by MDF forming 5 to 15% of total catch the former and up to 500 m by the latter (SDF) and 5 to 28% (MDF) most of which group of vessels at an annual average catch are unmarketable and hence sold along of 21,323 t by the small / medium trawlers, with non edible biota. The major consti- where fin fishes contributed 74% followed tuents were nemipterids, Epinephelus and by the target groups (25%) shrimps and lizard fishes in MDF ; while flat fishes, crabs (15%) , cephalopods (10%) and only silver bellies and sciaenids dominate in 1% by non-edible benthic biota. The latter SDF. By eighties and ninties the MDF units group forms only a very negligible quantity extended the fishing to deeper grounds up as most of the vessels sort the catch in the to 500 m during September - October to vessel itself and discard the economically catch deep sea crustaceans. low value by-catch back to sea in order to The estimated by catch of non-edible save deck / fish hold space. This discard benthic biota, a potential loss to food web catch include a wide variety of benthic and biodiversity in MDF decreased from biota such as non-edible crabs, 5549 t (1994-95) to 1866 t (2001-02); stomatopods, bivalves and gastropods, whereas in the SDF the landing ranged hermit crabs, echinoderms, gorgonids etc from 5208 t in 1997-98 to 2693 t in 1999- besides juveniles of shrimps and fin fishes 2000. This portion of the by-catch was of little or no market value. In the total represented by stomatopods (90%) in SDF discards, around 20 % is by juvenile fish / and 83% in MDF. The other items were shrimp belonging to several genera. represented by gastropods (13 genera), Besides the above mentioned mechanized bivalves, inedible crabs, fishes, trawlers, an innovative dragger gear, mini echinoderms, jelly fishes, sponges and trawl net (12.7 m two seam net) made of gorgonids. nylon webbing was introduced widely in Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 187, 2006 12
Cochin near shore areas. This gear is and modernisation in the harvest sector operated from dugout canoes(8.4 m OAL) often paved the way for technology creep locally known as 'murivallam' fitted with in this sector leading to over capitalization OB engines of 8-11 HP. The net is kept and over exploitation of most wanted target open with the help of two small size otter resources besides a large quantity of by- boards and dragged along the nearshore catch of low or no- economic value. Some bottom targeting the coastward migrating of the suggested management options for shrimps (P.stylifera) and demersal fishes. efficient and responsible management of The most damaging aspect of the gear is trawl fishery are: that it invariably catch large quantities of 1) Uniform trawl ban (seasonal) and juvenile shrimps and fin fishes besides reduction of bottom trawl fishing pressure many benthic biota of no economic value in coastal waters all along the south west but with many ecological values. coast. Experimental bottom trawling off Cochin 2) Increase of cod end mesh size to 30- along 15 - 30 m depth revealed that the 35 mm in shrimp / fish trawl net and percentage composition of fin fishes introduction of by - catch extrusion device ranged from 51 - 98, crustaceans and (BED) in trawlers wherever possible. cephalopods from 4.8 to 32.1 and benthic 3) Promote multi-day trawling by biota varied from 4 to 19.3 during different medium range trawlers in mid shelf/ outer seasons. shelf. Management 4) Extension of fishing to deeper As most of the marine inhabitants dwell grounds using pelagic / midwater high in a nearly common medium and most of opening trawls and with the aid of modern them are migrants in the medium both fish finding devices and other innovative vertically and horizontally in response to means. seasons / hydrography etc., a common 5) Discourage the spread of environ- management regime is highly imperative ment degrading fishing practice (like mini to protect and conserve the most trawl) and use of tickler chain in the susceptible fauna and flora through the shallow shrimp/ fish nursery grounds by impact of excessive human interactions giving due consideration to the carrying and exploitations by trawlers. Innovations Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 187, 2006 13 capacity of the habitats. developing improved selectivity by 6) Encourage the utilization of non- modifying the gear design, rigging and / conventional shell fishes/fishes either as a or operation. direct source or as value added products Prepared by: N.G.Menon, K.Balachandran through the development of appropriate and P.T.Mani, CMFRI, Cochin, based on marketing strategies. the completion report of the project 7) New research thrust in this direction 'Investigations on the impact of coastal is required for the quantification of trawl bottom trawling on demersal fishes and by-catch post harvest waste and for macro- benthos'
1160 Report on the first occurrence of Bathynomus giganteus, a deep sea isopod from the west coast of India
A deep sea isopod specimen was collected 5. Maximum breadth 105.4 from Cochin Fisheries Harbour, while 6. Length of antenna 78.0 unloading the catch on 14.03.2006. The 7. Length of antennule 20.0 giant isopod was caught by a trawler operated at a depth of 520 meters off 8. Length of anterior Ezhimala, Kannur district of Kerala. The walking leg 91.0 specimen was identified as Bathynomus 9. Length of posterior giganteus (Fig 1A &B) belonging to the walking leg 110.0 order isopoda, suborder flabellifera and 10. Total weight 655.0 g family cirulanidae. The morphometric measure-ments of the specimen (mm) are 11. Number of spines on the given below. last abdominal segment 11
1. Total length 280.0 The range of distribution of Bathynomus giganteus is Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, 2. Length of head 35.3 Gulf of Mexico and the south western 3. Length of thorax 174.0 Atlantic off Brazil. Its habitat is the sea 4. Length of last bottom at a depth ranging from 1200 ft. to abdominal segment 70.4 2000 ft. It lives in an area where the light Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 187, 2006 14
Fig. 1 a Bathynomus giganteus (Dorsal Fig. 1 b Bathynomus giganteus (Ventral view) view) penetration is very less and the temperature attains a weight of 1360 grams (3 pounds) is extremely cold. Bathynomus giganteus is not a fast In India it was first reported from the swimmer and does not migrate to a longer coastal waters of Thoothukudi in Bay of distance in search of food or for the Bengal at a depth of 300 ft. The specimen purpose of spawning. Since food is scarce was having a total length of 260 mm and a in the habitat, they are adapted to feast or maximum breadth of 95 mm. The present famine. However it is reported that they report of the occurrence of Bathynomus are carnivores and feed on fish, sponges, giganteus is for the first time from the West small crusteaceans, nematode worms and coast of India. The specimen is bigger than protozoans. They prey on diseased or the one reported from the east coast. It was injured fish and also attack fish that have reported that Bathynomus giganteus grows been caught in the net. Bathynomus upto a length of 420 mm (18 inch) and giganteus is an egg laying animal. The Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 187, 2006 15 females are provided with a brood pouch Central Marine Fisheries Research in which the eggs are brooded and the Institute, Kochi. young ones are released. The specimen is Reported by : A.Y.Jacob and V.A. currently in display at the museum of Narayanankutty, CMFRI, Kochi
1161 Trends in the landings of Sepia aculeata and Sepia prashadi at Mumbai, Maharashtra.
Cephalopod landing by trawlers in onwards a new entrant Sepia prashadi has Mumbai consist of L.duvauceli, S. shown its occurrence in cephalopod
Plate 1. Sepia aculeata (above) and Plate 2. Cuttle bone of Sepia aculeata Sepia prashadi (below) (above) and Sepia prashadi (below) aculeata, S. inermis, S. pharaonis and Octopus spp. They are landed almost throughout the year at New Ferry Wharf and Sasoon Dock, Mumbai. The fishing season is from September to May with peak during September to January. Among the landings of cuttlefish at Mumbai, Sepia aculeata formed the dominant species, but from year 2000 Plate 3. Adult of Sepia prashadi (Dorsal and ventral view) Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 187, 2006 16
Table. 1.Landings of S.aculeata in tonnes at New Ferry Wharf, Mumbai. Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 Total Average Month Sep 2.57 1.38 6.74 1.11 11.80 2.95 Oct 8.61 43.84 22.01 53.08 127.53 31.88 Nov 53.66 43.71 96.25 138.57 332.18 83.04 Dec 144.66 34.29 126.60 61.74 367.30 91.82 Total 209.50 123.22 251.60 254.50
Table.2. Landings of S. prashadi in tonnes at New Ferry Wharf, Mumbai Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 Total Average Month Sep 48.81 26.18 121.65 20.95 217.58 54.40 Oct 33.53 27.32 60.16 86.60 207.61 51.90 Nov 13.41 10.93 24.06 34.64 83.04 20.76 Dec 16.07 3.81 14.07 6.86 40.81 10.20 Total 111.83 68.23 219.93 149.06 fishery. S. prashadi occurs from September in the landings was evident. The landing and landings last up to December. Seasonal of S. aculeata was unusually low in occurrence of this species were reported September, which gradually picked up by earlier from this region. This phenomenon December and then again, it became the was observed at other landing centers also dominant species from January onwards. but was more pronounced at New Ferry The estimated average catch of S. aculeata Wharf. for the years 2001-2004 ranged from A comparative study was made on the 2.95 t in September to 91.82 in December landings of S. aculeata and S. prashadi at and the average catch of S. prashadi New Ferry Wharf during September to decreased from 54.40 t in September to December, 2001-2004 (Table 1 and 2). 10.20 t in December (Table 1 and 2). Though there was no change in fishing At New Ferry, the size of S. aculeata grounds, gear or effort, a definite pattern landed in September and October ranged Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 187, 2006 17 between 60 to 130 mm, while S. prashadi by auction at the landing center. ranged between 55 to 110 mm (Plate.1). Adults of S. prashadi locally known as From November the size of S.aculeata ‘Chaka goti’, develop prominent lateral ranged betwen 70 to 180 mm and stripes on its dorsal surface (Plate.3) and S.prashadi ranged between 70 to 170 mm. the size ranges from 130 to 170 mm and The two species could easily be identified, are sold along with the catch of since the cuttle bone of S.prashadi is very S.pharaonis. distinct with its dorsal surface being pink Prepared by: Sujit Sundaram, in colour (Plate-2). However, both the Umesh.H.Rane, S.K.Kamble, A.Y.Mistry species were not segregated and they were and P.S. Salvi, Mumbai Research Centre sold together at the rate of Rs.60-80/Kg of CMFRI, Mumbai
1162 On the first record of a rare marine ornamental fish from the Gulf of Mannar
A single specimen of reef associated sand whiting). It is one of the commercially tilefish belonging to the family important rare ornamental fish. The fish Malacanthidae was landed at the Pamban (female) measured 33.8 cm in total length landing centre of Gulf of Mannar on 21/ and weighed 292.5g. It is for the first time 02/2006. The specimen was identified as that this species is recorded from the Gulf the sand tile fish, Malacanthus latovittatus of Mannar, though this species was (commonly known as Blue blanquillo/Blue recorded earlier from Lakshadweep and A & N Islands. On enquiry fishermen informed that the species was caught in a shrimp trawler off Pamban in Gulf of Mannar at a depth ranging from 10-50m.
Reported by: Venkatesan, C Kasinathan and A. Shanmugavelu, Mandapam Malacanthus latovittatus Regional Centre of CMFRI, Mandapam Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 187, 2006 18
1163 A note on the landing of a slender sunfish near Rameswaram
A sunfish, Ranzania laevis (Pennant) from this region was reported earlier in (Slender mola), belonging to the family 1998. These are the most colourful and Molidae measuring 620mm in total length rarest of the ocean sunfishes and they idle and 7kg. weight was caught in shore seine at the surface of the sea mostly. They have on 25/1/06 from Gulf of Mannar near a smooth and thinner skin and a vertically Rameswaram. The landing of the same oriented mouth with lips produced forward like a funnel. They lack a caudal fin and the rudder like structure at the caudal region is called clavus. The dorsal and anal fins are large and look like paddles. They are flapped synchronously from side to side and can propel the fish at a surprisingly good speed. Reported by: Sandhya Sukumaran and C. Kasinathan, Mandapam Regional Centre The slender sunfish Ranzania laevis of CMFRI, Mandapam Camp
1164 Heavy landings of juveniles of grouper in trawl at Neendakara Fisheries Harbour, Kollam
Neendakara Fisheries Harbour is one of the threadfin breams and a wide variety of major fish landing centres of Kerala. Every misellaneous fishes and non-target benthic day 150 to 200 trawlers operate in the biota. depth range of 14-80 m. The trawl catch During August- December 2005, a large consists of adults and juveniles of penaeid number of juveniles of the grouper and non-peneid prawns, ribbonfishes, Epinephelus diacanthus was landed by the sardines, sciaenids, Decapterus, mackerel, trawlers. The average catch/hour was 1.5 flatfishes, whitebaits, lizardfishes, kg (Table-1), estimated catch was 316 t and Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 187, 2006 19
Table-1. Landings of Epinephelus diacanthus juveniles at Neendakara Fisheries Harbour by trawlers
Months Effort (AFH) Catch(t) CPH (kg) Estimated Nos August 57979 74 1.28 588247 September 36851 18 0.49 0 October 55676 85 1.53 4173648 November 34510 64 1.85 1689887 December 19989 75 3.75 1849981 Total 205005 316 1.54 8301763 the estimated numbers was about 8301763 Needakara might be due to the promimity during this period. The total length ranged to the freeding ground and their coastward from 85 - 180 mm and weight 10-78g. The migration for feeding. The catch was sold stomach of most individuals was full with in local fish markets along with other trash crabs, stolephorus and Squilla. The fishes. occurrence of juveniles of groupers in large numbers in the coastal shallow waters of Reported by: P.T.Mani, CMFRI, Cochin
1165 Introduction of “Ring Vala” (Ring seine) along Kakinada Coast with a note on its impact
Recently the innovative gear Ring seine used. Mainly motorized craft only is (Ring vala) is introduced in Kakinada for suitable for this gear because of net pelagic fishing. It is made of silk yarn operating time is very less between 15 and having a total length of about 315-350 m 20 minutes. Sometimes two motorized and breadth of about 34-40 m. crafts are also used, one is for net operation and another, only for transportation of the Craft catch from fishing area to shore. In the operation of this gear a single This Gear started operation from this year motorized fibreglass teppa or beach along the coast of Pampodipeta, Kotha- landing craft fitted with hp of 10 to 20 is peta, Yelliahpeta, Dhaniahpeta, Narsipeta, Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 187, 2006 20
Perumallapuram, Konapapapeta and catches and also surface gill net catches. Uppada. Fishermen objected to the use of Prepared by this ring vala operation in the beginning : N Burayya, KRC of CMFRI, because of the great threat to shore-seine Kakinada
1166 A note on the exploitation of starfish Protoreaster Iincki (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in Tuticorin
Protoreaster lincki, commonly called red of aquarium keepers because of its bold general star or red spined star is a beautiful, shape and bright colours. decorative species, which is relatively At Tuticorin, this species is being collected larger in size up to 30 cm, with five short and processed in huge quantities, mainly triangular arms having bright red or orange for ornamental purpose and also for curios reticulate pattern on the dorsal side. along Kalavasal area. It is informed that these are mainly collected by the skin divers engaged in chank fishing during off- season and sells at a cost of Rs.1 - 1.50/- per piece depending on the size. After collection, the specimens are washed thoroughly in seawater to remove adhering sand and other extraneous particle and sun dried (Fig.1). Some traders are giving Fig. 1. Drying of Protoreaster lincki formic acid treatment before drying to
Distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific avoid off odor, while storage and also to region as a sand or sea grass bed dweller, retain the colour and beauty for long time. this species is never encountered in inter The dried starfish is procured by the tidal areas. It is considered as a voracious vendors from Kanyakumari, Rames- scavenger, mainly feed on sponges, sea waram, Keezhakarai and Chennai at anemones, soft corals etc. It is an enemy Rs.2-3/- per piece. Per day an average of of pearl oysters along the Gulf of Mannar 200-300 pieces are being collected during area. This species attracted the attention peak season and is considered as cheap but Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 187, 2006 21 profitable business. species along Gulf Mannar area. The possibility of over exploitation of this Like other echinoderms, starfishes species along with its habitat destrruction constitute a major marine benthic by coral mining warrants the initiation of community having significant impacts on conservation measures and also to study community structure. At present starfishes its impacts on ecosystem. are not included in the list of threatened Prepared by: P.S. Asha and K. Diwakar, fauna. So far no stock assessment has been Tuticorin Research Centre of CMFRI, carried out to study the abundance of the Tuticorin
1167 Whale shark, Rhincodon typus landed at Mandapam, Gulf of Mannar
On 11.01.2006, a male whale shark, species the matter was informed the Rhincodon typus measuring 8.2m in length Ranger Office, Gulf of Mannar project, and approximately 3 tonnes in weight was Mandapam camp for further action. caught in pair trawl net operated 30 kms away from the shore in Gulf of Mannar at Prepared by: C. Kasinathan, Sandhya a depth of 55m. It was brought to the shore Sukumaran, N. Ramamoorthy and K. at Mandapam landing centre around 10 hrs. Balachandran, Mandapam R C of CMFRI, As the whale shark is an endangered Mandapam
1168 Book Review Title: Evolution of Fisheries and Aquaculture in India
Authors : N.G.K. Pillai and Pradeep K. The fisheries sector plays a pivotal role in Katiha global economics through generation of Published by : CMFRI, Cochin wealth and employment potential for an ISBN : 81-901219-4-4 ever-increasing population. This sector in Year of Publication : 2004 India contributes significantly towards the No. of pages : 240 above human needs with an annual turn Binding : Hard bound over of abov e Rs.220 billion forming 1.4% Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 187, 2006 22 of the total GDP and 4.6% of agricultural project is concised in 240 pages of this GDP. In view of the importance of this book under 17 chapters with a common sector, considerable amount of R&D introduction followed by six chapters each activities were concentrated both in the on inland and marine sub sectors, while inland and marine sub sectors during the the last 4 chapters are common to both the last few decades by several fisheries and sub-sectors. Prioritizastion of technology allied Institutions with a national objective practices and the recommendations for to sustain the production through respon- suggested action plan dealt in chapters 16 sible fisheries from wild harvest and and 17 respectively are of great value for aquaculture. policy planners and fishery managers to This book is an outcome of a joint venture formulate future developmental progra- by two experts, Drs.N.G.K. Pillai and mmes. The book ends with an exhaustive Pradeep K. Katiha from marine and inland list of references. Throughout the book, sectors respectively. The authors took all large number of colour photographs and efforts to cull out relevant information black and white illustrations are given published over the last 65 years on capture depending on the needs of the situations. and culture fisheries of inland/marine All relevant data are also consolidated into habitats. Besides the capture fisheries of Tables under most of the chapters. inland/brackishwater/marine ecosystems, This comprehensive book will be of the book deals with the various aquaculture immense use to fishers, fishery students, technologies/practices for seed production, research development/management/policy hatchery manage-ment, grow out system, planners and aquaculturists as this harvest and post harvest methodologies publication vividly addresses aspects of relevant for each candidate species along evolution of fisheries in India over the different geographical areas under years and its rapid transition from appropriate chapters with the help of data traditional to mechanized to modernized and suitable photographs/illustrations. In and upgraded to a growing industry. This order to enrich this publication the authors book is recommeded to fishery students have scanned through over 450 published and college/university libraries where reports. This book is the outcome of fisheries form part of the carriculam as a ‘Aquaculture technologies and fishing reference guide. practies in India, one of the components of ICAR, World Fish Project’. The wealth Reviewed by : N.G. Menon, CMFRI, of information collected under the above Cochin +…< B∫… B∫… Bx… 0254-380 X ∫…®…÷p˘“ ®……Œi∫™…EÚ“ ∫…⁄S…x…… ∫…‰¥……
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