ETS-Domain Transcription Factor Elk-1 Regulates Stemness Genes in Brain Tumors and CD133+ Braintumor-Initiating Cells
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Journal of Personalized Medicine Article ETS-Domain Transcription Factor Elk-1 Regulates Stemness Genes in Brain Tumors and CD133+ BrainTumor-Initiating Cells Melis Savasan Sogut 1,2,3, Chitra Venugopal 4, Basak Kandemir 1,2,3,†, Ugur Dag 3,‡, Sujeivan Mahendram 4, Sheila Singh 4, Gizem Gulfidan 5 , Kazim Yalcin Arga 5 , Bayram Yilmaz 6,* and Isil Aksan Kurnaz 1,2,* 1 Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey; [email protected] (M.S.S.); [email protected] (B.K.) 2 Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory (AxanLab), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey 3 Biotechnology Graduate Program, Graduate School of Sciences, Yeditepe University, 26 Agustos Yerlesimi, Kayisdagi, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey; [email protected] 4 Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; [email protected] (C.V.); [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (S.S.) 5 Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey; gizemgulfi[email protected] (G.G.); [email protected] (K.Y.A.) 6 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, 26 Agustos Yerlesimi, Kayisdagi, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey * Correspondence: [email protected] (B.Y.); [email protected] (I.A.K.) † Present address: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Baskent University, 06790 Ankara, Turkey. ‡ Present address: Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA. Citation: Sogut, M.S.; Venugopal, C.; Abstract: Elk-1, a member of the ternary complex factors (TCFs) within the ETS (E26 transformation- Kandemir, B.; Dag, U.; Mahendram, specific) domain superfamily, is a transcription factor implicated in neuroprotection, neurodegenera- S.; Singh, S.; Gulfidan, G.; Arga, K.Y.; tion, and brain tumor proliferation. Except for known targets, c-fos and egr-1, few targets of Elk-1 Yilmaz, B.; Kurnaz, I.A. ETS-Domain have been identified. Interestingly, SMN, SOD1, and PSEN1 promoters were shown to be regulated Transcription Factor Elk-1 Regulates by Elk-1. On the other hand, Elk-1 was shown to regulate the CD133 gene, which is highly expressed Stemness Genes in Brain Tumors and in brain-tumor-initiating cells (BTICs) and used as a marker for separating this cancer stem cell CD133+ BrainTumor-Initiating Cells. population. In this study, we have carried out microarray analysis in SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing J. Pers. Med. 2021, 11, 125. https:// Elk-1-VP16, which has revealed a large number of genes significantly regulated by Elk-1 that function doi.org/10.3390/jpm11020125 in nervous system development, embryonic development, pluripotency, apoptosis, survival, and Sox2 Nanog Academic Editor: Chiara Villa proliferation. Among these, we have shown that genes related to pluripotency, such as , , and Oct4, were indeed regulated by Elk-1, and in the context of brain tumors, we further showed that Received: 20 January 2021 Elk-1 overexpression in CD133+ BTIC population results in the upregulation of these genes. When Accepted: 9 February 2021 Elk-1 expression is silenced, the expression of these stemness genes is decreased. We propose that Published: 14 February 2021 Elk-1 is a transcription factor upstream of these genes, regulating the self-renewal of CD133+ BTICs. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral Keywords: ETS; Elk-1; stem cell; microarray; brain-tumor-initiating cell (BTIC) with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. 1. Introduction The ternary complex factor (TCF) Elk-1 of the ETS domain superfamily is a ubiquitous transcription factor, yet it interacts with neuronal microtubules and motor proteins, is Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. found mainly in neuronal axons and dendrites, and is phosphorylated at Serine 383 residue Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. in fear conditioning or synaptic plasticity paradigms [1–6]. Phosphorylation of Elk-1 by This article is an open access article MAPKs, in particular Serine 383 and Serine 389 within the activation domain, was shown distributed under the terms and to induce its binding to DNA [7,8]. conditions of the Creative Commons Elk-1 transcription factor has been widely studied with respect to its mitogen-induced Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// activation through phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ regulation of the c-fos promoter in complex with serum response factor (SRF) [9]. However, 4.0/). J. Pers. Med. 2021, 11, 125. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11020125 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jpm J. Pers. Med. 2021, 11, 125 2 of 28 Elk-1 and other ternary complex factor (TCF) members have a rather large number of targets, some of which have a high degree of redundancy [10]. A thousand new promoters were identified for Elk-1 binding using a ChIP-chip assay, with two distinct binding modes: SRF-dependent and SRF-independent; furthermore, it was shown that there was a redundancy of promoter occupancy by other ETS proteins in a subset of promoters [10]. Elk-1 was also shown to regulate survival in neuronal cell models by regulating the Survival of Motor Neuron (SMN) promoter as a novel target [11]. CD133, a widely-accepted Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) marker [12–14], was also shown to be regulated through ets motifs as well as hypoxia-inducible elements, through the interaction of HIF-1α and Elk-1 on the promoter [15]. Elk-1 was recently found to have both activating and repressive role in human embry- onic stem cells (hESCs), particularly through SRF interaction, and found to be upregulated in mesoderm differentiation [16]. In this study, we have first aimed to identify novel targets of Elk-1 using SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line in a transcriptomics approach. We have identified novel pathways and genes that were up- or downregulated upon Elk-1-VP16 overexpression, and when promoters of a subset of these genes were analyzed, several ets motifs were identified. Among these, genes related to pluripotency or early neuronal development were particu- larly interesting, hence we have further analyzed and verified the regulation of a selected set of genes by Elk-1 using qPCR and investigated the regulation of SOX2, NANOG, and POU5F1 promoters by Elk-1 and its binding to predicted ets motifs in neuroblastoma and glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines. Considering Elk-1 was previously shown to regulate CD133 expression [15], we have also studied Elk-1 expression levels in CD133− and CD133+ cell lines as well as primary brain tumors, indicating Elk-1 was indeed overexpressed in CD133+ cells, and when Elk-1 expression was silenced by RNAi, SOX2, and NANOG expression were reduced in both CD133+ primary GBMs, as well as CD133+ cell lines in a cell context-dependent manner. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Cell Culture and BTIC Isolation from Cell Lines and Primary Tumors SK-N-BE (2) (ATCC CRL-2271) and SH-SY5Y (ATCC CRL-2266) human neuroblastoma cell lines as well as U-87 MG (ATCC® HTB-14), A172 (ATCC CRL-1620), and T98G (ATCC CRL-1690) human GBM cell lines were used. U87-MG, A172, and T98G cell lines were provided by Assist. Prof. Tugba Bagci Onder from Koc University. For all the stated cell lines for monolayer culture, DMEM high-glucose (4.5 g/L) medium (Gibco, #41966029, Waltham, MA, USA) was used as a basal medium and supplemented with one percent penicillin-streptomycin solution (Gibco, #15140122, Rockville, MA, USA) and 10 percent fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Life Technologies, #10500064, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Cells were grown in 37 ◦C and 5 percent CO2 incubator. To form tumorsphere cultures from monolayer cells and support brain-tumor-initiating cells after conducting CD133+ isolation, initial proliferation media (IPM), N2 media, and coated culture plates were used. Plates were prepared by coating with poly-HEMA (poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) solution. To prepare poly-HEMA solution, 38 mL absolute ethanol was mixed with two mL double distilled water. Following the addition of 1.2 g of poly-HEMA (Sigma Aldrich, #P3932, Taufkirchen, Germany) powder into the mixture, it was placed in a shaker at 37 ◦C with a vigorous shake for four-five hours until no pow- der could be seen with the naked eye. This poly-HEMA solution was filtered through a 0.22-micron filter and kept at 4 ◦C up to six months. Initial proliferation medium (IPM) is necessary for culturing tumorspheres and isolated brain-tumor-initiating cells up to three passages. IPM is made up of neurobasal medium (Gibco, #21103049, Waltham, MA, USA), 1X B27 (Gibco, #17504044, Waltham, MA, USA), 1X GlutaMAX (Gibco, #35050061, Waltham, MA, USA), one percent penicillin-streptomycin solution (Gibco, #15140122, Waltham, MA, USA), 20 ng/mL FGF-2 (Gibco, #13256029, Waltham, MA, USA), and 20 ng/mL EGF (Gibco, #SRP3027, Waltham, MA, USA). N2 medium is necessary for culturing spheroids and iso- J. Pers. Med. 2021, 11, 125 3 of 28 lated brain-tumor-initiating cells over three passages. N2 medium is made up of neurobasal medium (Gibco, #21103049), 1X N2 (Gibco, #17502048, Waltham, MA, USA), 1X GlutaMAX (Gibco, 35050061, Waltham, MA, USA), one percent penicillin-streptomycin solution (Gibco, #15140122, Waltham, MA, USA), 20 ng/mL FGF-2 (Gibco, #13256029, Waltham, MA, USA), and 20 ng/mL EGF (Waltham, MA, USA, #SRP3027, Waltham, MA, USA). For brain-tumor-initiating cells’ (BTICs) isolation from cell lines, SK-N-BE (2) neurob- lastoma cells were grown as monolayer cells up to 80 percent confluency, and on the day of isolation, the media was removed, cells were washed with five mL PBS/flask, and three mL of StemPro Accutase/flask was added onto the cells. The suspension was centrifuged at 300× g for five minutes. The cells were resuspended with MACS buffer [two percent bovine serum albumin (BSA), two mM EDTA, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.2].