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(Equateur Et Nord Pérou) : Relations Avec Le Contexte Géodynamique

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(Equateur Et Nord Pérou) : Relations Avec Le Contexte Géodynamique 1 Table des Matières Liste des Figures et Tableaux..................................................................................................... 9 Résumé..................................................................................................................................... 24 PROBLEMATIQUE, OBJECTIF ET DEMARCHE DE L’ETUDE ...................................... 26 Chapitre1 : Contexte géodynamique et géologique de l’Arc de Talara ................................... 29 I. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 29 II. Contexte Géodynamique .............................................................................................. 30 II.1. La plaque Nazca entre 1°N et 6°S........................................................................ 33 II.1.1 Au Nord de Grijalva..................................................................................... 34 II.1.2 Au Sud de Grijalva....................................................................................... 36 II.2. La plaque Sud-Américaine entre 1°N et 6°S........................................................ 36 II.3. Cinématique et géométrie..................................................................................... 37 II.4. Caractéristique de la fosse.................................................................................... 39 II.4.1 Orientation.................................................................................................... 39 II.4.2 Remplissage sédimentaire............................................................................ 40 II.5. Sismicité, régime de contraintes, déformations co-sismiques et tsunamis .......... 41 III. Contexte géologique................................................................................................. 45 III.1. Equateur ........................................................................................................... 48 III.2. Nord Pérou....................................................................................................... 52 III.3. Le Pliocène et le Plio-Quaternaire ................................................................... 57 III.3.1 L’Equateur.................................................................................................... 57 III.3.1.a La côte Nord de l’Equateur ..................................................................... 58 III.3.1.b La côte centrale de l’Equateur (Péninsule de Manta) ............................. 60 III.3.1.c Le Nord du Golfe de Guayaquil (péninsule de Santa Elena et l’île Punà) 61 III.3.2 Le Nord Pérou .............................................................................................. 61 III.3.2.a Au Nord du Río Chira : la formation Taime ........................................... 62 III.3.2.b Au Sud du Río Chira : la formation Hornillos ou Tric-Trac................... 67 III.3.3 Conclusions .................................................................................................. 67 III.3.4 Etudes antérieures des terrasses de l’Arc de Talara ..................................... 68 III.3.4.a Introduction ............................................................................................. 68 2 III.3.4.b L’Equateur............................................................................................... 69 III.3.4.c Le Nord Pérou ......................................................................................... 72 III.3.4.d Conclusions ............................................................................................. 76 IV. Les causes possibles de soulevement sur l’Arc de Talara........................................ 76 Chapitre2 : Méthodologie......................................................................................................... 78 I. Le Quaternaire.............................................................................................................. 78 I.1. Chronologie utilisée pour le Quaternaire ............................................................. 79 I.2. Variations astronomiques..................................................................................... 80 I.2.1 Excentricité....................................................................................................... 81 I.2.2 L'obliquité de l’écliptique................................................................................. 81 I.2.3 La précession des équinoxes ............................................................................ 82 I.3. Variations océaniques induites............................................................................. 83 I.3.1 Eustatisme ........................................................................................................ 84 I.3.2 Variations isotopiques de l’oxygène ................................................................ 85 II. Détermination des taux de surrection d’une côte à partir de terrasses marines soulevees 90 II.1. Préambule : le niveau marin................................................................................. 90 II.1.1 Définitions morphologiques......................................................................... 90 II.1.2 Usage des terrasses marines ......................................................................... 91 II.1.2.a Information eustatique.............................................................................. 92 II.1.2.b Information tectonique............................................................................. 94 II.2. La première inconnue : l’altitude du pied de falaise des terrasses marines ......... 95 II.2.1 L’enregistrement actuel du niveau 0 sur les plates-formes d’abrasion ........ 95 II.2.1.a Définition ................................................................................................. 96 II.2.1.b Facteurs contrôlant la morphologie et la taille des plates-formes d’abrasion................................................................................................................. 99 Marnage et réfraction de la houle....................................................................... 100 Lithologie et pendage de la falaise littorale ....................................................... 101 Erosion aérienne et climat.................................................................................. 102 Dépôts sédimentaires.......................................................................................... 103 II.2.1.c Apport de la modélisation ...................................................................... 103 II.2.1.d Variabilité de l’altitude du pied de falaise actuel................................... 104 II.2.2 Les plates-formes de l’arc de Talara .......................................................... 104 II.2.2.a Illustrations............................................................................................. 104 3 II.2.2.b Facteurs contrôlant la morphologie et la taille des plates-formes d’abrasion............................................................................................................... 107 Marnage et réflexion de la houle........................................................................ 107 Lithologie et pendage de la falaise littorale ....................................................... 108 Erosion aérienne, climat et impact de El Niño................................................... 110 Dépôts sédimentaires.......................................................................................... 113 II.2.2.c Variabilité de l’altitude des pieds de falaises actuels sur l’arc de Talara115 II.2.2.d Conclusions ............................................................................................ 115 II.2.3 Particularités des terrasses marines ............................................................ 117 II.2.3.a Les terrasses marines : outils tectoniques .............................................. 119 Notions de base .................................................................................................. 120 Méthodologie générale....................................................................................... 121 1) La tectonique au niveau local (du m au km).............................................. 123 2) La tectonique au niveau régional (de la dizaine à la centaine de km) ....... 123 3) La tectonique au niveau continental (centaine à millier de km) ................ 124 II.2.3.b Les séries de terrasses marines étagées .................................................. 124 Importance du taux de surrection sur la morphologie de la série de terrasse..... 124 Effet de la réoccupation de terrasse.................................................................... 126 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 127 II.2.3.c Terrasses marines et contexte géodynamique ........................................ 127 II.2.4 Les terrasses marines de l’arc de Talara..................................................... 131 II.2.4.a Comparaison entre les terrasses marines et les plates-formes d’abrasion actuelles 131 II.2.4.b Hauteurs des paléo-falaises .................................................................... 137 II.2.4.c Dépôts superficiels des terrasses............................................................ 137 II.2.4.d La notion de Tablazo.............................................................................
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