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What the Sioux Should Do: Lanham Act Challenges in the Post-Harjo Era

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What the Sioux Should Do: Lanham Act Challenges in the Post-Harjo Era JAY FINKELSTEIN GALLEY - EP.DOC 3/20/2008 5:46:55 PM WHAT THE SIOUX SHOULD DO: LANHAM ACT CHALLENGES IN THE POST-HARJO ERA I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................301 II. NATIVE AMERICAN TEAM NAMES AND THE ROAD TO HARJO .....305 A. History of the Use of Native American Names for Athletic Teams...........................................................................306 B. The Harjo Case Sequence ................................................307 C. Are Future Trademark Challenges Under the Lanham Act Viable After Harjo?.......................................................311 III. THE UND FIGHTING SIOUX AND THE 2005 NCAA POLICY .....314 A. The 2005 NCAA Policy ...................................................315 B. Reactions to the 2005 NCAA Policy..................................317 C. UND’s Efforts to Fight the Provisions of the 2005 NCAA Policy............................................................................320 IV. APPLICATION OF UND’S “FIGHTING SIOUX” UNDER THE HARJO TEST ...................................................................................324 A. Definitions of “Sioux”......................................................324 B. UND Logo.......................................................................324 C. Financial Considerations.................................................325 D. Polls and UND Student Demographics .............................328 E. UND Academic and Athletic Practices...............................330 V. CONCLUSION ...........................................................................332 I. INTRODUCTION In the heart of Grand Forks, North Dakota, lies Ralph Engelstad Arena (“the Arena”), home of the University of North Dakota (“UND”) “Fighting Sioux” hockey, basketball, volleyball, and soccer teams.1 This pristine, world-class facility, which cost over $100 million to construct, is self-proclaimed as “the finest facility of its kind in the world.”2 In addition to being the home of UND sports since its inception in the Fall of 2001, the arena has provided a grand stage for professional sporting events, NCAA 1 Ralph Engelstad Arena, Sioux Sports, http://www.theralph.com/asp/default.asp?p=15 (last visited Dec. 22, 2007). 2 Ralph Engelstad Arena, The Ralph, http://www.theralph.com/asp/default.asp?p=13 (last visited Dec. 22, 2007). 301 JAY FINKELSTEIN GALLEY - EP.DOC 3/20/2008 5:46:55 PM 302 CARDOZO ARTS & ENTERTAINMENT [Vol. 26:301 Championships, big-ticket entertainers, and myriad other performances.3 At the behest of Ralph Engelstad, the alumnus and former UND hockey goalie who donated an excess of $100 million for the arena built in his name, the arena touts over two thousand “Fighting Sioux” logos4 for the purpose of effectively endorsing school spirit.5 What might be most notable about Ralph Engelstad Arena, however, is the dichotomy it symbolizes: on one hand, it is a beautiful, magnificent structure that has become the prize of UND, while on the other hand it has developed into the subject of an equally ugly controversy. Since 1930, the nickname for UND athletic teams has been the “Sioux,” and more specifically the “Fighting Sioux” since the late 1960’s.6 Though “the Sioux are indelibly etched into the state’s lore and culture” and the “name is a source of pride and honor” among the overwhelming majority of UND’s student population, there has also been a great deal of backlash against the use of a Native American name in this context.7 On one side of the disagreement stand those who believe that using the “Fighting Sioux” name is an appropriate means of honoring one of the most powerful groups in the history of that part of the country.8 However, several other groups are adamantly opposed to the name, as well as the use of any other Native American names for athletic teams. These groups include some of the Native American students at UND,9 members of the Sioux tribes of North Dakota,10 other Native Americans throughout the country,11 and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (“NCAA”).12 3 Id. 4 Id. 5 Andrew Brownstein, A Battle Over a Name in the Land of the Sioux, CHRON. OF HIGHER EDUC., Feb. 23, 2001, at 46. 6 Ralph Engelstad Arena, Fighting Sioux, http://www.theralph.com/asp/default.asp?p=24 (last visited Dec. 22, 2007). UND had previously been known as the “Flickertails” until 1930, when the name was changed in order to “strike fear into the hearts of the Bison at rival North Dakota State University.” Brownstein, supra note 5. 7 Brownstein, supra note 5. 8 See Fighting Sioux, supra note 6 (“UND officially adopted the name of the Fighting Sioux in the 1930’s because the Sioux Warriors were the most courageous of all warriors. The great Sioux Nation epitomized honor, courage, pride, overcoming adversity and winning battles.”). 9 Brownstein, supra note 5. 10 News Release, NCAA, Statement by NCAA Senior Vice-President for Governance and Membership Bernard Franklin on University of North Dakota Review (Sept. 28, 2005) http://www.ncaa.org (follow “Media & Events” hyperlink; then follow “News Release Archive” and “Official Statements” hyperlinks) (“The university did not have the support of [the] recognized Sioux tribes of North Dakota.”). 11 See generally Leonard Shapiro, Offensive Penalty is Called on ‘Redskins’; Native Americans Protest the Name, WASH. POST, Nov. 3, 1991, at D1. 12 See News Release, NCAA, NCAA Executive Committee Approves Native American Mascot Review Process, (Aug. 19, 2005) http://www.ncaa.org (follow “Media & Events” hyperlink; then follow “News Release Archive” and “Announcements”) (NCAA President JAY FINKELSTEIN GALLEY - EP.DOC 3/20/2008 5:46:55 PM 2008] LANHAM ACT IN THE POST-HARJO ERA 303 While efforts have been made over the past fifty years to pressure professional and scholastic athletic teams to change their names to not reflect Native American culture,13 the past decade has seen the most fervent push following the landmark decisions in Pro-Football v. Harjo.14 In Harjo II, the Trial Trademark and Appeal Board (“TTAB”) held that the National Football League’s Washington Redskins were in violation of the Lanham Act for using a logo-mark that was disparaging to a large number of Native Americans.15 The TTAB relied on section 2(a) of the Lanham Act, which prohibits the use of a trademark that is “scandalous” or “which may disparage” a certain group.16 However, four years later in Harjo III, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia reversed that decision on grounds that the plaintiffs did not meet the requisite burden of proof, and also because of a laches defense argued by Pro-Football and the Washington Redskins.17 In the wake of the Harjo case sequence, many have argued that the Lanham Act no longer provides a viable conduit for future trademark challenges by groups who dispute athletic team names which they feel are disparaging in today’s society.18 In August 2005, seemingly as a partial response to such concerns, the NCAA set forth a detailed policy (“policy” or “the policy”) for its member institutions that banned the use of “hostile and abusive racial/ethnic/national origin mascots, nicknames or imagery at any of the 88 NCAA championships,” specifically targeting schools using Native American names, mascots and logos.19 One of the initial nineteen schools subject to that new policy was UND for its Myles Brand stressed the importance of “maintain[ing] a balance between the interests of a particular Native American tribe and the NCAA’s responsibility to ensure an atmosphere of respect and sensitivity for all who attend and participate in our championships.”). 13 See generally The American Indian Sports Team Mascots, Chronology, http://www.aistm.org/1chronologypage.html (last visited Dec. 28, 2007). The American Indian Sports Team Mascots (“AISTM”) organization advocates Native American mascots, logos and nicknames being retired from the athletics context. 14 Harjo v. Pro-Football, Inc. (Harjo I), 30 U.S.P.Q. 2d (BNA) 1828 (T.T.A.B. 1994); Harjo v. Pro-Football, Inc. (Harjo II), 50 U.S.P.Q. 2d (BNA) 1705 (T.T.A.B. 1999); Pro- Football, Inc. v. Harjo (Harjo III), 284 F. Supp. 2d 96 (D.C. 2003); Pro-Football, Inc. v. Harjo (Harjo IV), 415 F.3d 44 (D.C. Cir. 2005). 15 Harjo II, 50 U.S.P.Q. 2d (BNA) at 1748. 16 Lanham Act §2(a), 15 U.S.C. § 1052(a) (2007). 17 Harjo III, 284 F. Supp. 2d at 145. This decision was ultimately reversed and remanded in Harjo IV based on an improper application of laches. 415 F.3d 44. See infra Part II.B for a more detailed analysis of the Harjo case sequence. 18 See, e.g., Christian Dennie, Throw Away the Key: The Lanham Act is Locked for Future Trademark Challenges, 15 SETON HALL J. SPORTS & ENT. L. 197 (2005). For more examples of these viewpoints, see Part II.C. 19 News Release, NCAA, NCAA Executive Committee Issues Guidelines for Use of Native American Mascots at Championship Events (Aug. 5, 2005) http://www.ncaa.org (follow “Media & Events” hyperlink; then follow “News Release Archive” and “Announcements”). See infra Part III.A for a full description of the NCAA’s policy. JAY FINKELSTEIN GALLEY - EP.DOC 3/20/2008 5:46:55 PM 304 CARDOZO ARTS & ENTERTAINMENT [Vol. 26:301 use of the “Fighting Sioux” name and logo.20 In 2006, after an unsuccessful appeal to the NCAA Executive Committee to reconsider its decision to subject UND to the policy,21 UND, along with the state of North Dakota and the North Dakota State Board of Education, sued the NCAA and filed for a preliminary injunction which would allow the school to continue
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