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Università Degli Studi Di Salerno Università degli Studi di Salerno Dipartimento di Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale XXIX Ciclo di dottorato in Metodi e metodologia della ricerca archeologica e storico artistica Tesi di dottorato in Roghi funebri e riti funerari macedoni TOMO I (testo) Coordinatore Mauro Menichetti Tutor Angela Pontrandolfo Cotutor Fausto Longo Dottoranda Bianca Balducci Anno Accademico 2015-2016 1 SOMMARIO Introduzione p. 3 I. Roghi funebri e rituali funerari: status quaestionis p. 7 II. I contesti macedoni: le ragioni di un scelta p. 11 III. La necropoli regale di Aegae (Verghina) p. 12 III.1 Le cremazioni dell’agorà di Aegae III.2 La pira funebre cd. di “Euridice” III.3 Le tombe del Grande Tumulo III.3.1 La pira funebre della Tomba II detta di Filippo II III.3.2 La pira funebre della Tomba IV III.3.3 L’enagismòs (rogo sacrificale) della Tomba III o del “Principe” III.4 Il Tumulo Oblungo (η Στενόμακρη Τούμπα) III.4.1 Il rogo funebre della Tomba B del Tumulo Oblungo III.4.2 Il rogo funebre della Tomba Γ del Tumulo Oblungo III.5 La Tomba Ellenistica con pira in situ IV. La necropoli di Derveni-Lete p. 68 IV.1 La pira funebre della Tomba A IV.2 Le cremazioni della Tomba B IV.3 L’enagismòs (rogo sacrificale) della Tomba a camera III V. Le necropoli, i tumuli e le tombe a camera di Salonicco p. 84 V.1 Il rogo funebre in situ della Tomba cd. della Maternità V.2 La pira in situ della Tomba di Charilaou V.3 Il Tumulo Kis e la necropoli del quartiere di Phoinikas V.3.1 Le cremazioni della tomba a camera del Tumulo Kis V.3.2 I residui del rogo funebre della Tomba 3 V.3.3 I residui del rogo funebre della Tomba 53 V.4 L’incinerazione della tomba a cista del quartiere di Stavroupolis 2 VI. I tumuli dell’antica Aineia p. 113 VI.1 I resti del rogo funebre della Tomba I del Tumulo A VI.2 La cremazione della Tomba II del Tumulo A VI.3 I resti del rogo funebre della Tomba III del Tumulo A VI.4 La pira in situ della Tomba IV del Tumulo B VI.5 L’enagismòs I del Tumulo Γ VI.6 L’enagismòs II del Tumulo Γ VII. I tumuli di Aghios Athanasios p. 138 VII.1 Il rogo funebre della tomba a cista del Tumulo III VIII. Le incinerazioni dell’antica Pydna e del suo territorio p. 148 VIII.1 I residui della pira funebre della Tomba 1 – lotto 936 VIII.2 Il rogo funebre della Tomba 52 – lotto Chrysochoidi VIII.3 Il Tumulo Pappà presso Sebaste VIII.4 Il gruppo di tombe di Koukkos nel territorio di Pydna VIII.4.1 I resti della pira funebre della Tomba 1 di Koukkos VIII.4.2 I resti della pira funebre della Tomba 5 di Koukkos IX. Le incinerazioni dell’antica Methone e della sua chora p. 171 IX.1 I residui del rogo funebre della Tomba 1 – Palaiokatachas IX.2 I residui del rogo funebre della Tomba 3 – Palaiokatachas X. Le tombe a camera di Lefkadia-Mieza p. 179 X.1 La pira in situ della Tomba cd. delle Palmette X.2 La pira in situ della Tomba cd. di Lyson e Kallikles XI. Le necropoli e i tumuli di Pella e della sua chora p. 193 XI.1. Le due pire funebri in situ della Tomba di Giannitsa XII. La reinvenzione di un rituale funerario eroico p. 202 Riferimenti bibliografici p. 216 Tabella sinottica 3 Introduzione L’idea di questa ricerca, inizialmente concepita durante le conversazioni sostenute con il Prof. Vincenzo Saladino, ha trovato possibilità di svolgimento e di piena realizzazione nel vivace ambiente universitario salernitano, grazie al sostegno, alla spinta e ai consigli mirati dei miei due tutores, la Prof.ssa Angela Pontrandolfo e il Prof. Fausto Longo, che ringrazio di cuore. Presupposto di questo progetto di ricerca è stato il lavoro svolto per la preparazione di una tesi dal titolo “Le armi della Tomba II del Grande Tumulo di Verghina” discussa dalla sottoscritta nel 2012 presso la Scuola di Specializzazione in Beni Archeologici dell’Università degli Studi di Firenze, avendo come supervisore e primo relatore il Prof. Saladino. In quella occasione, nel prendere in esame le armi rinvenute da Manolis Andronikos sia nella camera che nel vestibolo della Tomba II, trovata intatta nel 1977 e subito attribuita a Filippo II dallo studioso greco, è stato necessario prendere in considerazione anche quelle armi molto combuste, recuperate nell’enorme accumulo carbonioso ubicato sull’estradosso della volta della camera della medesima tomba, interpretato quale esito del rogo funebre della cremazione maschile ospitata nel thalamos. Analizzando i dati utilizzabili a questo proposito, è nata l’idea di un’indagine più specifica, che potesse essere dedicata interamente allo studio e al confronto di stratificazioni carboniose pertinenti roghi funebri rinvenuti in contesti funerari macedoni, datati dalla seconda metà del IV sec. a.C. fino alla conquista romana, con la finalità di ricostruire, almeno nei suoi passaggi macroscopici, il rito funerario della cremazione a deposizione secondaria, che in Macedonia è sovente espletato da parte dei sovrani e della classe aristocratica alla maniera cd. “eroica” descritta nel testo omerico dell’Iliade. Tale pratica funeraria, nella quale il rogo e la sepoltura non coincidono ma costituiscono due momenti ben distinti di un unico complesso processo funerario, al termine dei quali si colloca l’erezione del tumulo - sigillo e sema di entrambi - esprime codici di comportamento che, laddove effettuati, si riflettono attraverso una serie di segni materiali riconoscibili chiaramente nello scavo archeologico. Nell’indagine presente non sono state prese in considerazione le incinerazioni a deposizione primaria nelle quali la pira coincida con la tomba, esempi di una minore capacità economica da parte della famiglia del defunto nonché di una diversa concezione escatologica. La ricostruzione è stata quindi tentata con l’esclusivo ausilio del dato archeologico1 reperito sparso nella bibliografia finora edita in lingua neogreca, consistente nella fattispecie in stratificazioni carboniose, esito di roghi funebri, 1 Le fonti letterarie e quelle iconografiche coeve - come le raffigurazioni vascolari - si sono rilevate di assai scarso e inefficace aiuto nella ricostruzione del rituale funerario. 4 rinvenute raramente in situ, più frequentemente in giacitura secondaria, accumulate intorno o sulle sepolture corrispondenti, del tipo a camera, a cista e raramente a fossa2, costruite per accogliere cremazioni contenute entro cinerari. In effetti, nello scavo di necropoli che abbiano adottato il rituale dell’incinerazione a deposizione secondaria, risulta assai raro il reperimento del luogo esatto dell’erezione del rogo, usualmente nascosto dallo stesso tumulo destinato a ricoprire la sepoltura; nella maggior parte dei casi le tracce combuste dell’avvenuta cremazione non sono direttamente riferibili alla pira funebre in situ, quanto a parte dei suoi resti, raccolti intenzionalmente dall’ustrinum e collocati in connessione esterna alla tomba, ormai sigillata. La ricerca si è focalizzata quindi sull’individuazione di questo particolare costume funerario, dalla forte valenza rituale - ultimo anello di una lunga catena che si conclude con l’erezione del tumulo artificiale – avvalendosi dell’importanza attribuita negli ultimi decenni a questa specifica tipologia di rinvenimenti nella comprensione del processo funerario in questione. L’identificazione degli accumuli carboniosi, grazie all’ormai acquisito metodo stratigrafico, risulta soggetta comunque al tipo e alle condizioni di scavo ma anche alla particolare attenzione posta loro dagli archeologi, variabile da caso a caso nel tempo e nello spazio. Le informazioni che si possono recuperare dall’esame dei resti carboniosi di una pira funebre sono inoltre di estrema importanza nel colmare le lacune - sul genere, sulla classe di età, sul rango sociale del defunto - che il saccheggio antico o moderno delle tombe, può avere lasciato indeterminati con la privazione del corredo. Si è tentato quindi di realizzare un lavoro di sistematizzazione della numerosa messe di dati archeologici recuperati dall’indagine di nove distinte necropoli, disposte lungo l’arco del golfo Termaico nell’ambito territoriale della Macedonia centrale (tav. I, fig. 1), interessate dall’usanza di erigere ricchi roghi funebri, datati dalla metà del IV a tutto il III sec. a.C., innalzati per i regnanti o per eminenti personaggi della corte e dell’élite macedone. Si tratta della necropoli di Aegae (attuale Verghina), antica capitale macedone prima della fondazione di Pella, sede privilegiata di sepoltura della dinastia Argeade, doveroso punto di partenza della ricerca; presa a modello dalle altre necropoli, essa vanta la presenza dei più antichi e magnificenti roghi funebri, dove la pratica dell’incinerazione a deposizione secondaria espletata alla maniera “eroica” fece le prime poche apparizioni in epoca arcaica, in connessione alla classe dirigente maschile, per poi assumere caratteristiche monumentali durante il regno di Filippo II. Sono state successivamente prese in considerazione le necropoli di 2 Non sono state inserite nell’indagine le tombe a camera scavate nella roccia, frequentemente utilizzate in Macedonia a partire dal III sec. a.C. da individui appartenenti ad un ceto medio - basso, contenenti in minima parte anche semplici cremazioni, mancanti del consueto rituale “omerico”. 5 Derveni (antica Lete), di Salonicco, fondata da Cassandro nel 315 a.C., di Aineia, di Aghios Athanasios, di Pydna e di Metone, oggetto di scavi più recenti e attenti, di Lefkadia (antica Mieza), di Pella, la nuova capitale del regno macedone, città natale di Filippo II e di Alessandro il Grande, rappresentative, nel complesso, di un ampio campione pienamente sufficiente al raggiungimento dello scopo inizialmente prefisso nel progetto di ricerca. Ogni necropoli ha costituito un capitolo a se stante, che prevede una sezione generale descrittiva del sito ed una storia degli scavi, seguita da una sezione specifica di contesti particolari, più o meno approfonditi a seconda dei dati avuti a disposizione, le cui voci sono state modificate in itinere al fine di una più efficace catalogazione delle evidenze archeologiche.
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