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Gender and Politics. the State of the Discipline The World of Political Science— The development of the discipline Book series edited by Michael Stein and John Trent Professors Michael B. Stein and John E. Trent are the co-editors of the book series “The World of Political Science”. The former is visiting professor of Political Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada and Emeritus Professor, McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The latter is a Fellow in the Center of Governance of the University of Ottawa, in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and a former professor in its Department of Political Science. Jane H. Bayes (ed.) Gender and Politics The State of the Discipline Barbara Budrich Publishers Opladen • Berlin • Toronto 2012 An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. The Open Access ISBN for this book is 978-3-86649-525-8. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org © 2012 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0. (CC- BY-SA 4.0) It permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you share under the same license, give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ © 2012 Dieses Werk ist beim Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH erschienen und steht unter der Creative Commons Lizenz Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Diese Lizenz erlaubt die Verbreitung, Speicherung, Vervielfältigung und Bearbeitung bei Verwendung der gleichen CC-BY-SA 4.0-Lizenz und unter Angabe der UrheberInnen, Rechte, Änderungen und verwendeten Lizenz. This book is available as a free download from www.barbara-budrich.net (https://doi.org/10.3224/86649104). A paperback version is available at a charge. The page numbers of the open access edition correspond with the paperback edition. ISBN 978-3-86649-104-5 (paperback) eISBN 978-3-86649-525-8 (ebook) DOI 10.3224/86649104 Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH Stauffenbergstr. 7. D-51379 Leverkusen Opladen, Germany 86 Delma Drive. Toronto, ON M8W 4P6 Canada www.barbara-budrich.net A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from Die Deutsche Bibliothek (The German Library) (http://dnb.d-nb.de) Jacket illustration by Bettina Lehfeldt, Kleinmachnow, Germany – www.lehfeldtgraphic.de Picture credits: www.istock.com Editing: Alison Romer, Lancaster, UK Typesetting: Ulrike Weingärtner, Gründau, Germany – [email protected] This book is dedicated to all those women whose voices are not heard. Acknowledgments At the invitation of John Trent and Michael Stein, this book began in 2003 at an International Politics Science Association meeting in Durban, South Af- rica. As a group of long time gender and politics scholars, we thought that this project would be a relatively straightforward exercise in summarizing the literature in the field. Yet in a team effort such as this, what happens to one of us impacts us all. Delays due to serious illness have challenged the project at several points, but in some ways have strengthened it as we have acquired new members, come together to update our work and evolved in our thinking over the years. Our sincere thanks go to John Trent and Michael Stein for their patience, guidance and encouragement in helping to bring this project to completion. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ................................................................................. 6 Foreword ............................................................................................... 9 Chapter 1: Jane H. Bayes Introduction: Situating the Field of Gender and Politics ....................... 11 Chapter 2: Breny Mendoza The Geopolitics of Political Science and Gender Studies in Latin America ................................................................................................. 33 Chapter 3: Amanda Gouws Gender and The State of Political Science in Africa ............................. 59 Chapter 4: Ranjana Kumari Creating Political Space for Women in South Asia .............................. 77 Chapter 5: Monique Leyenaar Taking Stock: 1955 – 2005: 50 Years of Women’s Political Representation in Europe .................... 107 Chapter 6: Jane H. Bayes Gender and Politics: Mapping the Terrain in the Age of Empire .......... 135 8 Table of Contents Chapter 7: Elisabeth Prügl Feminist International Relations – The State of the Field ..................... 175 Chapter 8: Mary Hawkesworth Western Feminist Theories: Trajectories of Change ............................. 199 Chapter 9: Marian Simms and Jane H. Bayes Conclusion ............................................................................................ 221 Index ...................................................................................................... 231 Notes on Contributors ........................................................................... 235 Foreword What a pleasure it is to see Jane Bayes and her team of authors terminate a long odyssey to bring this fine volume on Gender and Politics to fruition. Jane deserves great credit for her determination and persistence in bringing together this truly international, comparative evaluation of the development of the field of study of gender and politics. As general editors of the Book Series, The World of Political Science, Michael Stein and I are truly pleased to see the agility with which Prof. Bayes has attained all the goals we have set for the editors of the volumes in the series. Not only does she present a very thorough, comparative overview of the field of gender and politics within the political science discipline, but she also manages to evaluate it, analyse and explain its development, and present a critique of its current status. Readers will find that this volume pretty much covers the world with rich new analyses of gender and politics in Latin America, Africa and South Asia as well as new surveys of the field in the United States and Europe. But the book goes beyond regional studies to consider the theory, concepts and prac- tice of gender and politics at both the national and international levels. Perhaps of greatest interest is the challenge that this book poses to the “malestream” discipline of political science. A number of the chapters demon- strate how global power structures, cultural determinations and gender biases have, and still do, influence political science. Neither the discipline nor even gender and politics have been able to fully meet the challenge of genuinely in- ternationalizing political studies and not simply imposing Western (or North- ern) conceptions. This book also challenges the discipline to go much further in its efforts to represent the diversity of the world by including the intersection- alities of race, class and gender as well as ability, age and sexual identities. Fi- nally, Jane Bayes and her colleagues also show how their field has been leading the way by introducing new political science concepts and broadening their scope of research through borrowings from other disciplines. Once again, we want to take this opportunity to sincerely thank Barbara Budrich Publishers for a level of collaboration well beyond the call of duty 10 Foreword and to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for providing us with the research grant (no. 820-1999-1022) that launched this book series. John E. Trent, Fellow, Centre on Governance, former professor, University of Ottawa. Michael B. Stein, Visiting Professor, University of Toronto, and Professor Emeritus, McMaster University. Chapter 1 Introduction Situating the Field of Gender and Politics Jane H. Bayes1 Discipline and Field Issues This book concerns a new body of knowledge and an emerging set of ques- tions that has accompanied national, cross national and international global political movements aimed at trying to understand and to improve the situa- tion of women by eliminating gender inequities and injustices. To the extent that these bodies of knowledge, concepts and questions have become recog- nized, recorded, institutionalized and legitimized, they may be considered a field of study or, more formally, a discipline. Often, because of their grass- roots origins and continuing links to specific communities and cultures, these ideas are dynamic and diverse. Although they remain united by their common interest in gender and power or gender and the political, different scholars in the same country as well as scholars in different countries and from different cultures have different views concerning what the field encompasses. Just as commentators on the discipline of political science as a whole have noted that major differences exist between the discipline of political science as practiced in the United States as opposed to Europe due to different intellectual tradi- tions2 and to varying degrees of professionalization 3 (Norris 1997), differ- ences among gender and politics scholars occur not only along these lines but also are defined by a varied recognition of the political significance of social relationships and hierarchies that are not considered to be “public” or related to the state by mainstream
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