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Study of the Damage of Green Open Space Plants Due to Parasitized by Parasite in Surabaya City

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Study of the Damage of Green Open Space Plants Due to Parasitized by Parasite in Surabaya City Sys Rev Pharm 2020;11(2):786-794 A mSulttifaucetedd reyviewojoufrnatl inhthefieldDof pahamrmacyage of Green Open Space Plants Due to Parasitized by Parasite in Surabaya City 1 2 D1,2wLieHctaurryearnatatheanFdacAuclthymoafdAigSruicsuilloture, University of Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya Indonesia *Correspondence:[email protected] ABSTRACT Keywords: The beauty and benefit values of the green open space plants are often Correspondgerenecneopen space, host plant, parasites disrupted by the existence of parasites. A parasite attached to a branch or twig Dwi Haryanta (dries) or dies. Plants that have a lot of parasites will look miserable, green : leaves that look not plant leaves but parasitic leaves. Plants with lots of Lecturer at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya Indonesia parasites will dry out so that easy to collapse at any time in the wind. This *Correspondence: [email protected] study aims to (1) Conduct a study of the abundance of parasites in green open spaces in Surabaya; (2) Conduct an assessment of the level of damage to plants due to parasitized by parasites; and (3) Determine the degree of compatibility of host plants to parasitic plants. The study uses exploratory methods, with five sample points namely Central, North, East, South and West Surabaya. Observation variables were plant type, parasitic level, damage intensity and compatibility degree between parasites and host plants. The results showed that green open space plants in Surabaya which were potentially parasitized by parasites recorded 72 plant species, 42 species were parasitized, and 30 plants were not parasitized. Plants that parasitized by parasites were dominated by the plant of angsana Pterocarpus indicus, tamarind/trembesi Samanea saman, mango/mangga Mangifera indica, and sengon Albizia chinensis namely, plants that have a large of number and have high habitus and wide canopy, however the level of parasitation and intensity of damage are not affected by the level of abundance or size of plant habitus. From 42 species of plants that parasitized, there are 11 species whose associations with parasites are significant, meaning that there is a correlation between the abundance of parasites with the species of its host plant. INTRODUCTION The idea of greening in the city actually has emerged a long time ago, based on awareness as well as concern Industrial activities and the number of motor vehicle in about the more reduced in the open space, parks, forests Surabaya which continues to increase resulting in an and various types of trees. In fact, at every stage of human increase in air pollution due to the exhaust emissions life, from birth, children, adolescents, adults to the elderly, produced. Exhaust emission contains chemical green open space is always needed in various scales and 2 substances such as CO and CO which will increase the variations. Without the presence of green open spaces average temperature and endanger human lungs. In that are affordable and enjoyed by all levels of society, order to build a healthy air environment needed a cities in Indonesia will feel cramped, hot and arid. The balancer in the form of plants which exist in the city as a next following effect, humans become more violent, easily pollutant gas absorber. The presence of plants, especially ignited emotions and easily explosive its behavior large trees, is very much needed in the Surabaya city area (Sundari, E.S., 2005). in an effort to reduce air pollution from industry and city Green open spaces in Surabaya have pollution levels that traffic. The Surabaya City Government seeks to balance Paroelyadltihffearenlotngfrifoomlia,thPeterlowcaersptu, smiendiiucums and hCiegbheersat the environment with the provision of Green Open Space mpoalnlugthioans levels. In the area of green open space are found / Ruang Terbuka Hijau (RTH) in order to reduce , and temperatures (Arifah, and Susetyo, 2018). The increase plants as the most dominating plants in the area of green open space in Surabaya is carried out (sukmawati, et al, 2015). One of the problems affecting through various policies supported by various programs the quality of urban forest plants is the damage by among others the program of one soul one tree, green parasites. Identification of affected plant species, causes and clean and mangrove forest conservation (Iswari, A.N, and patterns of the attacks, can help in the control 2014). This is because when plants carry out planning of attacks and efficient planting policies (Silva, 2 photosynthesis they will absorb CO and CO gas in the air F.P. and Fadini, 2017). The distribution of parasites in the 2 and will produce oxygen. A decrease in CO and CO gas green open space in the city of Surabaya tends to group in will reduce pollutants in the air, and the presence of accordance with the pattern of distribution of host plants. additional oxygen in the air causes the air become clean There are three types of parasites that parasitize green and comfortable for life Ancheta, A.A., et al (2017). The open space plants in the city of Surabaya, namely total number of city green open spaces in Surabaya Dendrophtoe pentandra (L.) (very dominant), Macrosolen covering an area of 6.330 ha (19.42% of Surabaya city cochinchinensis (Lour.) van Tiegh, and Henslowia area) needs to be maximized its function in order to be frutescens.Champ (Haryanta & Susilo, A. 2018). able to provide comfort for significant communities and The beauty and benefit values of the green open space in respond to global warming. (Yuswarini, E., 2010; plants are often disrupted by the existence of parasites. A sukmawati, et al, 2015). The function of Taman Flora parasite attached to a branch or twig (dries) or dies. Surabaya is very complex, covering the functions of Plants that have a lot of parasites will look miserable, education, health functions, economic functions and green leaves that look not plant leaves but parasitic interaction functions (Rosawatiningsih, N. 2018) leaves. Plants with lots of parasites will dry out so that easy to collapse at any time in the wind (Sunaryo, et al., 786 Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy Vol 11, Issue 2, Feb-Mar 2020 Study of the Damage of Green Open Space Plants Due to Parasitized by Parasite in Surabaya City 2006; Sunaryo, et al., 2007). The presence oeft paal rasites 54’EL, a height of 3-6 m above sea level, the average can directly damage the host plant and encourage the rainfall of 183,2 mm. The study was conducted in green emergence of pests and diseases (Kavosi, M.R. , 2012) open space / ruang terbuka hijau (RTH) especially in the The existence of parasites is widely known by the public, form of urban forest. The object of observation is limited but has never received attention in plant maintenance. to plants which allow it to become a parasite host namely Parasite is an invasive plant that is parasitic to the host woody and cambium trees. plant. The presence of parasites in large quantities will This study uses an exploration method (Rugayah, et al interfere with the growth of a plan, but often parasites 2004), namely exploring locations that are determined to are ignored by managers in agriculture and forestry. The be the area/scope of research namely green open space existence of plant disturber in the form of pests, diseases in the form of urban forest/city park in the city of including parasites have not received serious attention. Surabaya. Observations conducted at five sample points, The presence of parasites in green open space is and to make it easier following the division of potentially harmful because it interferes with plant administrative regions that have been commonly used, growth and development. On the other hand the presence namely the Central Surabaya region, North Surabaya of parasites in green open space has great potential region, East Surabaya region, South Surabaya region, and because it can be used as a biopesticide and as a cure for West Surabaya region. An illustration of sample points is various diseases in humans (Muttaqin, Z., et al. 2016; as follows: Fikriani, et al, 2017). Cai-Feng Yan, et al. (2016) states 1. Central Surabaya namely the urban forest in Apsari the presence of parasites in a host can increase the Park, Bungkul Park, roadside plants of Kombes Pol. amount of N available and the binding of C, which causes M. Duriyat street, Kedungdoro street, and Jais an increase in the level of host growth. In the future, we Nasution street need a lot of information about parasites in order to be 2. North Surabaya is a roadside plant along Perak able to manage so that could provide the optimal use street towards the harbor value. 3. East Surabaya is the campus complex of the Institut This study aims to (1) Conduct a study of the abundance Sepuluh November Surabaya (ITS) in the form of of parasites in green open spaces in Surabaya; (2) urban forest around the campus building; Conduct an assessment of the level of damage to plants 4. South Surabaya is in the Al-Akbar mosque complex due to parasitized by parasites; and (3) Determine the in Surabaya in the form of a city park in the MdeAgTreEeRoIfAcLoAmNpDatiMbiEliTtyHoOfDhost plants to parasitic plants; courtyard around the mosque and a roadside plant A. Research Methods of the housing of Gayung Sari, Wisma Pagesangan, Wisma Menanggal, and Menanggal Indah; 5. West Surabaya is a Ciputra housing complex in the The study was cond0ucted in0the city of Surabay0a which is0 form of roadside plants and a residential park. at the position of 7 9 ‘ – 7 21’ SL and 112 36’ -112 Figure of Study Location Plan Source: Google Map Information West Surabaya Point North Surabaya Point 787 Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy Vol 11, Issue 2, Feb-Mar 2020 Study of the Damage of Green Open Space Plants Due to Parasitized by Parasite in Surabaya City South Surabaya Point East Surabaya Point Central Surabaya Point Each region is assigned five points of the sample unit in a Score 5 : if the ratio of parasitic twigs and leaves diagonal pattern, which is one point approximately in the C.
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