Stevns Klint

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Foreword

As part of the Danish implementation of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, the Heritage Agency of Denmark decided in January 2009 to include Stevns Klint on the Danish Tentative List for sites for future consideration as World Heritage sites.

The Stevns Klint area is a significant Earth science site that includes a theme not yet present on the World Her- itage List: Global mass extinction associated with an asteroid impact. The scenic Stevns Klint site is outstanding between 500 sites around the world comprising the spectacular mass extinction event at the Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary because of the long and accessible exposures of the complete boundary section and because of its long and continued importance to the scientific studies.

Since joining UNESCO, the Danish Government has been working to affirm its support for the World Heritage Convention, and we are pleased to be able to nominate this natural site for inclusion in the prominent list.

Local people and authorities in the Stevns area have participated in the successful development, protection and designation of the Stevns Klint site in qualifying cooperation with the national level.

We therefore fully support the nomination of Stevns Klint for World Heritage status.

Anne Mette Rahbek Poul Arne Nielsen Director Mayor Heritage Agency of Denmark Stevns Municipality Denmark Denmark

January 2012 Photo: Peter Warna-Moors

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Preface

Achievement of long-term protection and positive management of the nominated site is a central concern of the proposal.

Work towards this nomination has involved active local, national and international consultation, and the principles and priorities for management have been established through thorough debate and investigation. A management plan approved by the local authorities outlines the future management of the nominated area. The nomination document is prepared with the assistance and advice of many people and institutions.

We are delighted to commend this nomination to the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO.

The World Heritage steering committee of Stevns Klint

Poul Arne Nielsen Mogens Haugaard Nielsen Chairman of Steering committee Co-chairman of Steering committee Stevns Municipality Stevns Municipality

Bolette Lehn Petersen Steen S. Hansen Heritage Agency of Denmark Stevns Municipality

Bjørn Voltzmann Jens Carl Jørgensen Stevns Municipality Østsjællands Museum

Bjarne Østergaard Rasmussen Østsjællands Museum

Berith Burkandt Tove Damholt Project co-ordinator Nomination co-ordinator Stevns Municipality Østsjællands Museum

January 2012 Photo: Jakob Lautrup

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Photo: Jakob Lautrup Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/1111.05Side7 Photo: Jakob Lautrup for inclusionintheWorld HeritageList STEVNS KLINT Tove DamholtandFinnSurlyk Nomination of Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.05 Side 8

NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

The present project has received financial support from the Heritage Agency of Denmark, the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland and Nordea-fonden.

GEUS

Authors: Tove Damholt (Østsjællands Museum) and Finn Surlyk (Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen). Background material: Anne Mehlin Sørensen, Thomas Hansen (Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen); Thomas Tram Pedersen, Helle Ålsbøl, Kirstine Østergaard (Østsjællands Museum); Niels Richardt (Ramboll Denmark A/S); Thomas W. Johansen (Senatur); Karsten Dahl (Section for Marine Ecology, Aarhus University); Stig A. Schack Pedersen (Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland). Technical editor: Henrik Klinge Pedersen (Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, GEUS) Cover: Carsten E. Thuesen/Henrik Klinge Pedersen, (Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, GEUS) Lay-out and DTP: Henrik Klinge Pedersen, (Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, GEUS) Reprographic work: Benny Schark (Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, GEUS) Drawings: Carsten Egestal Thuesen, Stefan Sølberg, Eva Melskens, Henrik Klinge Pedersen, Kristian Rasmussen (Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, GEUS) and Charlotte Clante. 3D interpretation: Carsten Egestal Thuesen and Stefan Sølberg, (Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, GEUS) Maps: Anka Nordvig Sonne (Stevns Municipality). Photos: Source is given at individual photographs Print: Rosendahl/Schultz grafisk

ISBN: 978-87-994430-2-4

Østsjællands Museum Højerup Bygade 38 4660 St. Heddinge Denmark Photo: Jakob Lautrup

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Executive Summary

State Party Justification Statement of Outstanding Universal Value Denmark. Stevns Klint (klint = cliff) is a 15 km long scenic State, Province or Region coastal cliff one hour drive south of the Danish capital Copenhagen. Stevns Klint illustrates the most spectac- Stevns Municipality. ular global mass extinction event in the history of Earth: The Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary. The mass Name of Property extinction that occurred 65 million years ago is particularly spectacular due to its association with an aster- Stevns Klint. oid impact and because it marks the extinction of more than half of all species, including land-living Geographical Co-ordinates to the Nearest dinosaurs and large marine reptiles. Second Stevns Klint forms the best exposed Cretaceous−Ter- N 55° 16' 02" E 12° 25' 24" tiary boundary section in the world with the exceptional boundary layer being easily recognisable imme- Textual Description of the Boundaries of the diately beneath a pronounced topographic overhang, Nominated Property which separates the underlying soft Cretaceous chalk from the overlying, harder Tertiary limestone. The thin The nominated property comprises the 15 km long black boundary clay layer found in the up to 40 m and up to 41 m high rugged coastal cliff of Stevns high, white cliff clearly marks the fall in primary pro- Klint, Denmark, encompassing the geological forma- duction and makes the exceptional boundary layer vis- tions covering the Cretaceous−Tertiary mass extinc- ible even to the inexperienced eye. tion event. The nominated property covers 50 ha including the exposure of Cretaceous and Tertiary strata Criterion viii: Stevns Klint is an outstanding example within the coastal cliff, on the seafloor, in a tunnel sys- representing a major stage in Earth’s history and the tem, and in abandoned quarries. record of life: The mass extinction at the Cretaceous −Tertiary boundary. An example of the major changes The boundary of the nominated property accommo- caused by an asteroid impact is presently not found on dates the natural processes of coastal erosion and as the World Heritage List and based on the combination the cliff face migrates landward so too does the nomi- of quality of exposure, fossil diversity, and scientific nated property boundaries. The boundaries of the cliff impact the Stevns Klint site stands out from the more are defined by topographic features visible in the land- than 500 registered localities globally comprising the scape and therefore ensures that they are clearly iden- spectacular catastrophe at the Cretaceous−Tertiary tifiable on the ground and ultimately useful for site boundary. management. A buffer zone is outlined following boundaries of existing areas of legal protection. Land- wards, the buffer zone follows a national 300 m coastal protection zone and seawards it follows the boundary of an area included in the European Natura 2000 net-

work of protected areas. Map of the nominated Stevns Klint area and the surrounding region, showing the boundaries of the nominated area and the buffer zones. The location of the nominated area in Den- mark and the World is also shown.

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NORTHERN HEMISPHERE DENMARK

Denmark

Stevns Klint

55˚ 22’ N

E: 720000 m

N: 6140300 m

20’

E: 716000 m

N: 6134200 m 18’

16’

Nominated area

Buffer zone E: 720000 m

0 1 2 3 km N: 6127300 m ETRS89 zone 32 14’

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

The nominated site has played a significant role in the Criteria under which the Property international study of the causes of mass extinction is Nominated and the eﬀect of extraterrestrial impact on life on Earth Stevns Klint is proposed to be inscribed under the cri- as it was among the original study localities that first teria (viii) of Paragraph 77 of the Operational Guide- led scientists to the hypothesis of an asteroid impact as lines for the Implementation of the World Heritage a cause for mass extinction and is thus of high value for Convention (2008), stating that the nominated prop- understanding of key evolutionary problems. erties shall:

The key to the integrity of Stevns Klint lies in the com- “Be outstanding examples representing major stages pleteness of the boundary section, the good preserva- of earth’s history, including the record of life, signifi- tion of rich fossil assemblages, and in the high quality cant ongoing geological processes in the development of the outstanding exposure of high permanency and of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiogeo- great lateral extent. The site boundaries are defined to graphic features”. encompass the extent of the continuous exposure that is of utmost importance to reveal any variation in de- An example of the major changes caused by an asteroid positional environment and thus to allow filtering of impact is presently not found on the World Heritage local signals recorded in the environment from the List nor is a complete Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary global signal of mass extinction. The intense scientific section. Stevns Klint is proposed to be inscribed as it is interest adds to the integrity as the more than 200 sci- an outstanding example representing a major stage in entific papers provide a high degree of documentation Earth’s history and the record of life: The mass extinc- of the site. tion at the Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary.

The legal protection of the nominated area and its buffer zone is adequate, and national and municipal Name and Contact Information legislation accords protection of future exposures in a of Official Local Institution buffer zone landward of the property. The property is well managed and resourced, with a comprehensive The official local institution responsible for the man- management plan in place and resources for its imple- agement of the nominated property is Stevns Munici- mentation. Key management issues include presenting pality. the geological site and its significance, and managing the expected increase in number of visitors to the Organization Name: Stevns Municipality property. Natural wave erosion secures high quality ex- Address: Postboks 83, 4660 Store posure for at least 20,000 years. Heddinge, Denmark Telephone: +45 56 57 57 57 Fax: +45 56 57 57 58 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: www.stevns.dk

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Table of Contents

Foreword ...... 3 4.b (iii) Natural Disasters and Risk Preparedness . . . 93 Preface ...... 5 4.b (iv) Visitor/Tourism Pressures ...... 94 Executive Summary ...... 10 4.b (v) Number of Inhabitants Within the Property and the Buffer Zone ...... 95 Table of Contents ...... 13 5. Protection and Management of the Property ...... 97 1. Identification of the Property ...... 14 5.a Ownership ...... 97 1.a Country ...... 14 5.b Protective Designation ...... 97 1.b State, Province or Regio ...... 14 5.c Means of Implementing Protective Measures . . . . 99 1.c Name of Property ...... 14 5.d Existing Plans Related to Municipality and Region 1.d Geographical Coordinates to the in which the Proposed Property is Located . . . . . 104 Nearest Second ...... 14 5.e Property Management Plan ...... 105 1.e Maps and Plans showing the Boundaries of the 5.f Sources and Levels of Finance ...... 107 Nominated Property and Buffer Zone ...... 14 5.g Sources of Expertise and Training in 1.f Area of Nominated Property and Conservation and Management Techniques . . . . 107 Proposed Buffer Zone ...... 16 5.h Visitor Facilities and Statistics ...... 108 2. Description ...... 19 5.i Policies and Programmes Related to the 2.a Description of Property ...... 19 Presentation and Promotion of the Property . . . 109 Geology ...... 19 5.j Staffing Levels ...... 110 The Importance of Stevns Klint in the History of 6. Monitoring ...... 113 Science ...... 38 6.a Key Indicators for Measuring State of Post-Danian Uplift and Erosion ...... 45 Conservation ...... 113 Cliff Formation ...... 45 Geology ...... 113 Wildlife Interests of the Nominated Site ...... 46 Nature ...... 114 The Extent and Method of Exploitation ...... 56 Tourism ...... 114 2.b History and Development ...... 57 6.b Administrative Arrangements for Monitoring History of Exploitation ...... 57 Property ...... 114 The Military History of Stevns Klint ...... 62 6.c Results of Previous Reporting Exercises ...... 115 Stevns Klint and the Sea ...... 64 History of Tourism ...... 66 7. Documentation ...... 117 7.a Photographs, Slides, Image Inventory and Author- 3. Justification for Inscription ...... 69 ization Table and other Audiovisual Materials . . 117 3.a Criteria under which Inscription is Proposed (and 7.b Texts Relating to Protective Designation ...... 117 Justification for Inscription under these Criteria) . 69 7.c Form and Date of Most Recent Records or 3.b Proposed Statement of Outstanding Inventory of Property ...... 117 Universal Value ...... 72 7.d Address where Inventory, Records and 3.c Comparative Analysis (Including State of Archives are Held ...... 117 Conservation of Similar Properties) ...... 73 7.e Bibliography ...... 117 Prerequisites for Cretaceous−Tertiary Boundary Sections ...... 73 8. Contact Information of Responsible Authorities . . 125 Comparison and Evaluation of the 8.a Preparer ...... 125 Cretaceous−Tertiary Boundary Sites ...... 77 8.b Official Local Institution ...... 125 3.d Integrity ...... 85 8.c Other Local Institutions ...... 125 The Extent to which the Property Includes All 8.d Official Web Address ...... 125 Elements Necessary to Express its Outstanding 9. Signature on Behalf of the State Party ...... 127 Univeral Value ...... 85 Citations by Section ...... 128 The Site Boundaries ...... 86 Acknowledgements ...... 132 The Extent to which the Property is Affected by Appendixes 1: Maps ...... 134 Human Activities ...... 89 Appendixes 2: Legislation ...... 139 4. State of Conservation and Factors Affecting the Appendixes 3: Inventory of Property ...... 144 Property ...... 91 4.a Present State of Conservation ...... 91 Appendixes 4: Management Plan . . . . . In separate volume 4.b Factors Affecting the Property ...... 92 Appendixes 5: Erosion Analysis ...... In separate volume 4.b (i) Development Pressures ...... 92 Appendixes 6: Comparative Analysis . In separate volume 4.b (ii) Environmental Pressures ...... 93

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1. Identification of the Property

15’

NORTHERN HEMISPHERE DENMARK Strø Vedskølle Å

Herfølge Denmark Vallø Slot

Stevns Klint

Trygg

1.a Country Denmark. Bæk

Hårlev 1.b State, Province or Region Denmark, Stevns Municipality.

1.c Name of Property de Å Stevns Klint.

1.d Geographical Coordinates to the Juellinge Nearest Second Karise

The centre of the nominated area is situated at the Stevns Å following coordinates: N 55° 16' 02" E 12° 25' 24".

1.e Maps and Plans showing the Bound- aries of the Nominated Property and Buffer Zone

The nominated property comprises 15 km of the rugged coastal cliﬀs of Stevns Klint, Denmark, encompassing the geological formations covering the Cretaceous−Tertiary mass extinction event. The nominated property includes the exposure of Creta- Kilde Å ceous and Tertiary strata within the coastal cliﬀ, on the seaf昀loor, in a tunnel system, and in abandoned Vivede Mølleå quarries (Fig. 1 and Appendix 1).

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

12˚ 20’ 0’’ E 25’ 30’

Strøby Egede

Figure 1. Map of the nominated Stevns Klint area and the surrounding region, showing the boundaries of the nominated area and the buffer zones. The location of the nominated area in Denmark and the World is also shown.Topographic map including detailes is annexed in Appendix 1.

Strøby

Bøgeskov Havn 55˚ 22’ 0’’ N

E: 720000 m

Tryggevælde Å N: 6140300 m Gjorslev Gods Klippinge

Holtug Holtug Kridtbrud Storkebæk Å 20’ Sigerslev Mandehoved Store Heddinge STEVNS KLINT E: 716000 m

N: 6134200 m 18’

Stevns Fyr

Højerup

16’

Stevnsfort Nominated area Buffer zone Boesdal Rødvig 0 1 2 3 km E: 720000 m Kilde Å N: 6127300 m ETRS89 zone 32 14’

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

Due to the continuous erosion from the sea, the profile protection zone and seawards, it generally follows the of the cliff is constantly changing and kept fresh and boundary of an area included in the European Natura well exposed. The boundary of the nominated proper - 2000 network of protected areas (Fig. 2). ty accommodates the natural processes of coastal erosion and as the cliff face migrates landward so too does Maps showing the location and boundaries of the the nominated property boundaries. The boundary of nominated property and buffer zone are included in the cliff is defined by topographic features visible in Figs 1 and 2, and in Appendix 1. the landscape and therefore ensures that they are clearly identifiable on the ground and ultimately useful 1.f Area of Nominated Property and for site management. Proposed Buffer Zone

The buffer zone is defined with the primary purpose of Areal 50 ha achieving protection and management of the nomi- Land 41 ha nated property. The buffer zone is outlined following Seaf昀loor 9 ha boundaries of existing areas of legal protection. Land- Buffer zone 4136 ha wards, the buffer zone follows a national 300 m coastal Land 471 ha Seaf昀loor 3665 ha Total 4186 ha Landward buer zone Act on the Protection of Nature, Protection of Coastal Areas Seaward buer zone Landward 300 m Natura 2000 area covered by the EU Habitat Directive and the Act on Environmental Objectives Seaward ca. 2 km Act on Planning, Planning in Coastal Areas Landward 3−4 km

Cli! break Glacial Deposits

Tertiary Limestone Nominated property

Boundary Clay

Cretaceous Chalk Shoreline

Figure 2. Cross section illustrating the relation between the nominated property, the buffer zone, and legal zones of protec-

tion. Moors Photo: Peter Warna- 16 Photo: Peter Warna- Moors Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/1111.05Side17 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.05 Side 18

Figure 3. The classical Stevns Klint section with the boundary (arrow) easily recognisable immediately beneath the pronounced overhang. Photo: Jakob Lautrup Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.05 Side 19

2. Description

2.a Description of Property The boundary between the Mesozoic and Ceno- Geology zoic Eras has been named the Cretaceous−Tertiary (K−T) boundary. The Cretaceous−Tertiary Boundary Stevns Klint (klint = cliff) is a scenic coastal cliff lo- Recently, it has been suggested to use the division cated about 45 km south of the Danish capital, Copen- of the Tertiary Period into the lower Paleogene and hagen, on the east coast of the Danish island of Sjæl- the younger Neogene periods, and therefore the land separating the f昀lat landscape of Stevns from the boundary is now often, but not always, referred to Baltic Sea. The 15 km long and up to 41 m high white as the Cretaceous−Paleogene boundary (K−Pg). coastal cliff offers high quality exposures of the Creta- The traditional nomenclature, Cretaceous−Tertiary ceous−Tertiary boundary layers. boundary, is still better known by the media, and general public and will be followed in this nomina- The Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary marks a severe tion material. ecological crisis and mass extinction that put an end to the Mesozoic Era 65.5 million years ago. The Creta- ceous−Tertiary mass extinction has been intensely studied and is a subject of huge interest, partly because To understand the evolutionary trend, including the it includes the extinction of the spectacular non-avian mass extinction and subsequent recovery of life across dinosaurs, and partly because of its significant role in the Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary, it is essential to the discussion of the possible causes of mass extinc- understand the dynamics of deposition across the tions and the effects of extraterrestrial impact. boundary. At Stevns Klint, these deposits are well known, and changes in primary productivity, tempera- Stevns Klint is a classical study locality and arguably tures, and sea-level are clearly ref昀lected. Stevns Klint is the best exposed Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary sec- a classical Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary site docu- tion in the world with the boundary layer being easily mented in more than 200 scientific papers and dis- recognisable immediately beneath a pronounced topo- cussed in many more (Section 7.e). graphic overhang, which separates the underlying soft Cretaceous chalk from the overlying harder Tertiary lime- The Cretaceous at Stevns Klint stone (Fig. 3) (see Section 3). The Cretaceous is represented at Stevns Klint by a soft chalk constituting a characteristic example of deposi- The cause of the mass extinction at the Cretaceous− tion in the relatively deep epicontinental Chalk Sea Tertiary boundary has been intensely debated for that covered most of NW Europe in Late Cretaceous more than 30 years (Box 1) since the presentation of times (Fig. 4). the hypothesis that an asteroid impact was the major cause of the global crisis (Alvarez et al. 1980). Today, The Cretaceous chalk deposits exposed at Stevns Klint there is general agreement that the Earth was struck by were deposited in water depths of at least a hundred an asteroid, which formed the huge crater at Chicxu- metres. The precise water depth is difficult to assess lub in Mexico, causing global effects on life on Earth. and is only constrained by the lack of bottom-dwelling The focus of the scientific discussion today is on the ef- algae or wave-generated structures, indicating depths fect of the impact taken alone and in combination with below the photic zone and below storm wave base. other factors such as climate and sea-level change, and the effect of the major volcanic activity recorded in the The chalk is composed of tiny skeletal fragments from Deccan Traps of India. unicellular coccolithophorid protists that lived in the uppermost water masses and used sunlight for photo- Photo: Jakob Lautrup

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BOX 1: THE ASTEROID HYPOTHESIS Illustration: Carsten Egestal Thuesen

In 1980, one of the most important geological papers in Asteroid impact Based on the relative iridium enrichments found in the the 20th century appeared in Science, when Alvarez et boundary clay, Alvarez et al. (1980) calculated that the as- al. presented the hypothesis that the mass extinction at the teroid that hit Earth at the Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary was caused by an asteroid must have been 10 km in diameter producing a 100−150 impact. Prior to 1980, the biotic and environmental m deep crater and forming a dust cloud that encircled the changes across the Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary had Earth causing prolonged darkness, inhibiting photosynthesis, and causing the global disaster, resulting in the mass extinc- been the subject of the efforts of numerous scientists and a tion. The catastrophic scenario of extraterrestrially triggered range of explanations had been introduced, including mass extinction made the paper highly controversial, result- global climate change, plate tectonic movements, and ing in massive scientiﬁc debate, and the fact that it included sea-level change. the extinction of dinosaurs made it subject to instant public interest. Although the effect of the impact is still not fully un- derstood, it is documented that the enormous amount of en- The new asteroid impact hypothesis was based on a study ergy released not only caused regional earthquakes and initiated by the American geologist Walter Alvarez who giant tsunamis, but also sent large volumes of dust stemming studied the Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary in Gubbio, Italy. from both the asteroid and the impact area into the strato- There he was looking for a measure to unravel how much sphere where it limited the supply of sunlight to Earth's sur- time was represented by the boundary clay layer and dis- face for a substantial period of time, causing a collapse of the base of the marine food chains, and the ecological sys- cussed this question with his father, the Nobel Prize winning tems, and thus had fundamental effect on life on Earth. physicist Louis Alvarez.

Based on the assumption that the Earth receives a constant amount of extraterrestrial dust Louis Alvarez suggested that The question now was whether the enrichment of iridium they calculated the changes in rate of sedimentation simply was a local phenomenon or if they had detected a global by measuring the concentration of extraterrestrial material in phenomenon indicating that the Earth had received large samples across the boundary. As a representative for the ex- amount of extraterrestrial material at the Cretaceous−Tertiary traterrestrial material, they chose to measure the relative boundary. To answer this question, Walter Alvarez travelled a mount of iridium, a platinum group metal that is rare in the to Stevns Klint in Denmark to collect a sample of the bound- Earth's crust and almost exclusively reaches Earth from ary clay at the classical visitor site at Højerup. Returning to space. When they measured the iridium content they got the the laboratory, the Alvarez research group discovered to surprising result that the concentration of iridium in the bound- their excitement that the enrichment of iridium at Stevns Klint ary clay compared to other elements was much higher than was even higher than that recorded in Italy (Alvarez 1997). expected. 20 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.06 Side 21

Vulcanism and climate change The controversial catastrophic asteroid impact hypothesis was opposed by two main alternative models: the gradualist model in which extinction was said to have occurred over long intervals of time as a result of climate and sea-level changes, and the volcanic model explaining the event as a result of intense volcanism in the Deccan Traps, India. To- wards the end of the Cretaceous Period, more than 25 million years of relative climatic stability and extraordinary high sea-levels were coming to a halt, inevitably having an effect on life on Earth. Additional climatic changes resulted from the huge volcanic activity reﬂected by the eruption of the thick basalts of the Deccan Traps in India. The volcanic activity lasted a few million years spanning the boundary and caused the release of sulphur, carbon dioxide and volcanic dust, reducing the amount of sunlight reaching Earth's surface and causing environmental disturbance. It was in this period of climatic instability that the Earth was hit by the

Photo: Søren Gregersen large asteroid.

Walter Alvarez (to the right) collecting boundary clay at Stevns Klint 1978.

The Stevns Klint sample thus conﬁrmed that the iridium enrichment at the Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary was indeed a global phenomenon and formed the basis for the new theory presented in the Alvarez et al. 1980 paper.

The discussion of the cause of the mass extinction was intense in the 1980s and 1990s, and the debate led to heated discussions in scientific papers, meetings and geological gatherings. The catastrophic impact model gained support by the finding of an impact crater in the Yucatán peninsula, Central America, and by the documentation of fragmented, tumbled and disturbed sedimentary blocks in and close to the impact area, indicating catastrophic sub- marine mass flows or tsunami activity triggered by the impact. The observation of the comet Shoemacher-Levy-9 colliding with Jupiter in 1994 provided a direct observation of a similar extraterrestrial planet impact by an asteroid.

Today, it is generally agreed that Earth experienced an asteroid impact, causing the characteristics of the boundary layer, and including mass extinction at the Cretaceous−Ter- tiary boundary (e.g. Schulte et al. 2010a). The effect and timing of the Deccan Trap volcanism are still debated as is the inﬂuence of climate change (Archibald et al. 2010; Courtillot and Fluteau 2010; Keller et al. 2010; Schulte et al. 2010b). Future studies are still needed to shed light on many aspects of the extinction around the Cretaceous−Ter-

tiary boundary, and the nominated Stevns Klint site is a key Photo: Omar Ragnasson locality in these studies.

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

Stevns Klint

Figure 4. Map showing the extent of the Late Cretaceous sea covering much of NW Europe.

synthesis (Fig. 5). After the death of the coccospheres, Chalk is typically an oceanic sediment type, but in the skeletal fragments slowly fell through the water col- Late Cretaceous times when sea-level was much higher umn as fecal pellets from copedpods until they reached than today, this sediment spread out over the f昀looded the seaf昀loor and accumulated into a thick succession of continents (Box 2). Northwestern Europe was a re- extremely fine-grained sediment. gion with only limited, local tectonic activity and

Stevns Fyr m 40 Højerup 30 Rødvig Boesdal Lower Danian bryozon mounds 20 Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary 10

0 S Upper Maastrichtian chalk -10

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2. DESCRIPTION Photo: Peter Frykman Figure 5. Skeletal fragments of coccolithophorid protists. Enlarged c. 2000 times.

the landmasses surrounding the Chalk Sea were worn Along the length of the cliff, the position of the bound- down. The combination of arid climate, sparse lo- ary varies from about five metres below the present- calised tectonic activity, and worn-down landmasses day sealevel in the southern part to about 35 m above resulted in a very limited supply of clay that would nor- the present-day sealevel in the northern part of the mally reach the sea through rivers. This explains the cliff, forming a topographic relief of the boundary layer purity of the white chalk that is composed basically of of more than 40 m (Fig. 6). The thickest Cretaceous pure skeletal fragments and only very small amounts of chalk succession is therefore exposed in the northern clay. part of the cliff.

At the classical Stevns Klint site at Højerup, located The large-scale structure depicted by the position of centrally along the cliﬀ, the Cretaceous chalk is visible the boundary has long been recognised and has tradi- in the lower half of the cliﬀ below the pronounced tionally been considered to be the result of younger, overhang of Lower Tertiary, Danian limestone, mark- Tertiary tectonic folding. New investigations based on ing the top of the Cretaceous deposits and its bound- subsurface seismic data show that there is no evidence ary with the overlying Tertiary deposits (Fig. 3). for tectonic folding and the relief is a primary struc-

Figure 6. Stevns Klint proﬁle illustrating the topography of the boundary layer (black line).

Sigerslev Holtug quarry Terrain surface

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

BOX 2: THE LATE CRETACEOUS

The mass extinction at the Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary These extraordinary conditions led to the development of took place at the end of a unique period in the history of a unique habitat, the Chalk Sea. life. The Late Cretaceous was an important Another remarkable condition in the Late greenhouse period with a Cretaceous Period was the warm climate and relative climate stabil- with temperature North ity lasting for the America gradients Europe unusually between N O RT H Asia long pe- AT L A N T I C the O C E A N riod of equa- more tor Equator than and PA C I F I C Africa T E T H Y S O C E A N 30 O C E A N South the America million India poles I N D I A N years. O C E A N that were This stabil- small com- Australia ity formed pared with the unique conditions present day. The global Antarctica for evolution. The long sealevel was high, probably more stable period resulted in the contin- than a hundred metres above the present-day sealevel, ued deposition of thick successions of uniform chalk, and and reached one of its highest stands during the Phanero- in the development of a highly specialised marine inverte-

zoic. The high sea-level resulted in ﬂooding of extensive brate biota as found in chalk deposits around the world, low-lying continental areas and formed a deep epiconti- including the nominated area. nental sea that covered most of northwestern Europe, including the area of present-day Denmark.

ture, which mimics the topography of the Late Creta- important group, but because of dissolution of the ceous sea f昀loor (Lykke-Andersen and Surlyk 2004). shells during early burial, they have only been pres - The lower part of the chalk exposed in the northern erved in certain early hardened layers. part of Stevns Klint shows irregular low-amplitude mounded bedding outlined by thin layers of nodular A rich fauna is characteristic for the Chalk Sea, which f昀lint (Fig. 7). The bedding illustrates that the local covered most of northwestern and central Europe for seaf昀loor topography was formed by a system of gentle, more than 30 million years and represented a unique large-scale structures, including relatively long mounds marine habitat. The exceptionally long period of stable with smaller mounds superimposed, forming struc- marine environment led to the development of a high - tures on a broad range of scales (Anderskouv et al. ly specialised marine fauna (Fig. 8). The species diver- 2007). sity at Stevns Klint is very high for nanno-, micro-, meso- and macrofossils, and most marine fossil groups The chalk deposits of the large-scale mounds are gen- are represented. In total, the exposed Upper Creta- erally rich in macrofossils, representing a highly diverse ceous chalk at Stevns Klint contains more than 450 marine bottom-dwelling fauna dominated by bryo - species of macrofossils and in addition hundreds of zoans, bivalves, brachiopods, echinoids, serpulids, species of nanno- and microfossils. solitary corals and sponges. Gastropods were also an

24 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.06 Side 25

2. DESCRIPTION Photo: Jakob Lautrup Figure 7. Layers of nodular ﬂint (marked with arrows) outline irregular mounds in the Cretaceous chalk. The cliff is 22 m high. The mounds were formed on the seaﬂoor by a complex interplay of pelagic sedimentation, bottom currents, and the life of bottom-dwelling invertebrates.

Above the mounded lower part of the succession, the resulting in an early hardening of the seaf昀loor and the chalk shows more f昀lat-lying, almost horizontal bed- development below the hardground of a characteristic ding and is poor in f昀lint. This chalk is poor in benthos nodular f昀lint layer, which can be followed as a marker but has abundant Zoophycos trace fossils, a form that is bed along the cliff 4−5 m below the Cretaceous−Ter- typical of deep-water deposits. This chalk was deposit - tiary boundary. ed in deeper water under more quiet conditions with no or very low-velocity bottom currents (Anderskouv The sea-level fall marked by the incipient hardgrounds et al. 2007). had a clear effect on life on the seaf昀loor which was still below the photic zone, precluding much of the benthic The end of the Cretaceous After the period of deeper water sedimentation, more than 30 million years of chalk deposition was terminated towards the end of the Cretaceous (Fig. 9). At Stevns Klint, the deep-water chalk is capped by two incipient hardgrounds, ref昀lecting a fall in sea-level estimated to many tens of metres possibly even as high as 50−100 m (Schmitz et al. 1992; Surlyk 1997), most probably ref昀lect- ing a major global fall in sealevel (Haq et al. 5 mm 1987) (Fig. 9). The incipient hardgrounds formed as a result of a stop in sedimentation, Figure 8. The braciopod Isocrania costata lying free on the chalk sea floor. (From Surlyk 1973). 25 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/1111.06Side26

CRETACEOUSPhoto: Jakob Lautrup, GEUSCHALK TERTIARY LIMESTONE : THE MASS EXTINCTION N O I T C N I T X E S S A M E H T T: N I L K S N V E T S Stevns Klintisanoutstanding example representingamajor stage intheEarth’s and history ecosystem graduallyevolved After themassextinctionafull reptiles. living dinosarusandlargemarine became extinctincludingland- of alllivingCretaceousspecies including newspecies. At the boundary morethanhalf At theboundary the recordoflife. rtcosTrir Cretaceous−Tertiary 65 Million Years Ago Incipient hardgrounds.

Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.06 Side 27

AT THE CRETACEOUS–TERTIARY BOUNDARY

Photo: Finn Surlyk Scientist, schools and tourists visit Stevns Klint to study the boundary section. More than 200 scientiﬁc papers are published since 1759. Most of them after the asteroid hypothesis was ﬁrst published in 1980. Illustration: Carsten Egestal Thuesen Towards the Cretaceous—Tertiary boundary major sea-level fall, climate changes and volcanic activity effected life on Earth. It was in this period of instabilty that the Earth was hit by an asteroid. Photo: Thomas Hansen Gastropod exemplifying species evolved after the mass extinction event.

5 cm Photo: Jakob Lautrup Boundary The thin, dark boundary clay layer in the 40 m high white cliff marks the global mass extinction event.

Photo: Sten Lennart Jakobsen

The ammonites are considered to have become extint at the boundary. However, at Stevns Klint single ammonites have been recorded above the boundary. Illustration: Carsten Egestal Thuesen The large mosasaur became extinct at the boundary.

Fig. 9: The Cretaceous—Tertiary boundary section at Stevns Klint. Incipient hardgrounds 4—5 meters below the boundary reﬂect a fall in sea-level. Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.06 Side 28

NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT Photos: Jakob Lautrup Figure10. The boundary clay at Stevns Klint. bal effect of the impact (e.g. Schulte et al. 2010a). The boundary clay at Stevns Klint consists of a thin clay life; however, the seaf昀loor was subsequently colonised bed, displaying the characteristic elements of the by bryozoans, small filter feeding, colonial invertebrate global mass-extinction event and is clearly visible even animals. The bryozoans became abundant and grew to to the inexperienced eye (Figs 9, 10). form small mounds on the seaf昀loor (Larsen and Hå - kansson 2000). The seaf昀loor thus had a mounded to- The distinct dark clay bed marking the Cretaceous− pography with series of crests and troughs forming Tertiary boundary is easily identified as it is the only mounds about 35 m wide and about one metre high. clay layer in the more than 55 m thick succession of white chalk and limestone exposed in the cliff, and The interval of bryozoan mounds between the hard- because it occurs immediately beneath a pronounced grounds and the Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary is up overhang, separating the soft Cretaceous chalk from to 4.5 m thick but thins gradually towards the north the overlying harder Lower Tertiary, Danian lime- and has almost wedged out in the northern part of the stone. cliff, probably due to a combination of erosion and reduced sedimentation. The boundary clay lies in a series of shallow troughs between the gentle mounds of the end-Cretaceous The Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary clay at seaf昀loor, and more than 230 troughs have been map- Stevns Klint ped out along the cliff (Surlyk et al. 2006)(Appendix The Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary layer at Stevns 3.2). The boundary clay is typically up to about 10 cm Klint is an excellent example of a boundary site located thick, but at a single locality in the northern part of the distally to the impact crater, which illustrates the glo - cliff, it reaches up to about 30 cm.

28 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.07 Side 29

2. DESCRIPTION

Chrono- Lithostratigraphy strati-

graphy Tertiary Limestone

Korsnæb Member Pale grey marly chalk Formation

Stevns Klint Laminated black clay Red iron-stained clay Danian TERTIARY

Ceritium Limestone Cretaceous – Tertiary Boundary Member Rødvig

Formation Cretaceous Chalk Fiskeler Mb.

Højerup

Member Chalk Group

Tor Formation Tor Maastrichtian CRETACEOUS Sigerslev Member

Figure 11. The Stratigraphy of Stevns Klint. From Surlyk, Damholt and Bjerager (2006)

5 cm Photo: Jakob Lautrup

At Stevns Klint, the boundary clay has Figure12. Subdivisions of the boundary clay at Stevns Klint. traditionally been named Fiskeler (Fish Clay) because of the scattered presence of tiny fish scales. This traditional name is retained ent along the length of the cliﬀ and are similar to sub- today and has recently been formalised as a lithostrati- divisions recognised in boundary sections in other graphic member, the Fiskeler Member (Fig. 11). parts of the world (Romein and Smit 1981; Schmitz 1988; Schmitz et al. 1988; Hart et al. 2005) (Fig. 12). The boundary clay records an abrupt stop in carbonate production of nanno-, micro- and macrofossil skele- The base of the boundary clay is represented by red tons and indicates a marked fall in primary productiv- iron-stained clay (5 mm thick). The reddish layer has ity (Keller et al. 1993; Corfield 1994; Hartet al. 2004, been recognised in other parts of the world and is 2005). This abrupt stop in production has been re- sometimes referred to as the impact layer because of corded globally and characterises the Cretaceous the impact-derived content. The presence of an en- −Tertiary boundary. crichment of iridium and other platinum group elements, shocked quartz, and tektite glass in the bound- The boundary clay is subdivided into a number of thin ary layer compared to the normal background level has units (Surlyk et al. 2006) which are remarkably persist- been intensely studied, and today, there is general

29 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.07 Side 30

NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

S N

Figure 13. Danian bryozoan mounds at Stevns Klint. The outline of the flint bands show that the southern flanks of the mounds were steeper than the more gentle northern flanks and that the beds on the southern flanks were thicker than on the northern flanks. The shape of the mounds reflects the differences in growth of the bryozoans where nutrient-rich currents from the south favoured bryozoan growth on the southern flanks. Photo: Peter Warna-Moors agreement that the boundary layer has an impact-de- nated clay is overlain by pale grey to white marly chalk rived signature. that becomes more carbonate-rich upwards and passes gradually into the overlying Cerithium Limeston At Stevns Klint, the red layer has one of the highest Member, indicating the renewed onset of primary car- iridium anomalies found at any boundary site, and is bonate production (Fig. 12). enriched in rare elements such as Ni, Co, Cr, Zn, Cu, As, and Sb, and contains minor amounts of shocked The Tertiary at Stevns Klint quartz (Bohor et al. 1987; Schmitz 1990). Recently, The lowest part of the Tertiary Period, the Danian, is tiny fragments of impact-derived glass have been docu- represented by large bryozoan limestone mounds out- mented, showing that the clay mineral smectite of the lined by thick black f昀lint bands, which illustrate the di- reddish layer is derived from altered glass (Bauluz et al. mensions, geometry, and architecture of one of the 2000). The reddish layer at Stevns Klint also has a high finest, ancient cool-water carbonate mound complexes content of small spherules similar to spherules in the in the world (Fig. 13). boundary clay worldwide (Hart et al. 2005). Between the boundary clay and the prominent bryo - The red layer is overlain by up to 5 cm of laminated zoan mounds is a thin limestone, the Cerithium Lime- black clay with a high content of organic carbon and a stone Member. A prominent erosional surface formed lack of bioturbation, indicating an absence of life on by an early hardening of the seaf昀loor truncates the top the seaf昀loor at the time of deposition. The black lami- of the limestone and the intervening crests of the end-

30 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.07 Side 31

2. DESCRIPTION

Bryozoans are colonial aquatic invertebrate animals. Each individual in the colony, called a zooid, is typically about 0.5 mm long. The bryozoans are ﬁlter feeders that sieve food particles out of the water using re- tractable tentacles placed on a lophophore. The bryozoans grow to form 5−10 m high mounds on the sea ﬂoor (illustration inserted). Illustrations: Carsten E. Thuesen and Stefan Sølberg 100 m

Cretaceous bryozoan mounds. The erosion and hard- of the Danish Danian where it is typical of the rela- ening is probably related to a regional or global event. tively deeper water setting during the early Tertiary The early hardening has resulted in a detailed preserva- (Thomsen 1995; Surlyk 1997). tion of the otherwise dissolved aragonite-shelled fauna and also favoured outstanding preservation of the rich The dark f昀lint bands outlining the mounds were origi- benthic micro-, meso- and macrobiota as well as the nally formed by the chemical growth of tiny silica crys- planktonic microbiota. tals in the fill of animal burrows formed below the sea - f昀loor. The burrows were excavated by crustaceans The Tertiary succession above the Cerithium Lime- living about 30 cm below the seaf昀loor and the f昀lint stone Member at Stevns Klint is represented by the bands thus show a precise image of the seaf昀loor surface prominent bryozoan limestone mounds clearly out- and the outline of the mounded structures (Box 3). lined by dark f昀lint bands (Fig. 13). The limestone com- The mounds had a relief of about 5−10 m on the sea - prises a mound complex of a type characterising much f昀loor and they were typically 50−100 m in the short

31 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.07 Side 32

BOX 3: FLINT

10 cm Photo: Jakob Lautrup

The flint bands in the chalk and limestone of Stevns Klint depict the The first step in flint formation started when continued sedimenta- outline of the ancient seafloor and mark episodes of reduced sedi- tion on the seafloor buried the burrowed chalk layer deeper be- mentation or even periods of non-sedimentation (e.g. Clayton low the seafloor where it reached the redox boundary. Just above 1986; Madsen and Stemmerik 2010). the redox boundary, a narrow zone of reduction of sulphate and oxidation of sulfides resulted in lowered pH and dissolution of car- The nodular flint typical of Stevns Klint is formed by chemical bonate and in the flocculation of dissolved silica in the pore water processes in the fills of burrow systems formed by crustaceans that forming the precursor of flint (Clayton 1986; Madsen and Stem- inhabited the seafloor. The crustaceans constructed their burrows merik 2010). During periods of reduced sedimentation, the posi- in complex galleries about 30 cm below the seafloor and station of the redox boundary remained stable for a relatively long bilised the burrow walls with mucus. When sedimentation on the period of time, favouring this initial phase of flint formation. seafloor was slow, the burrows were re-used by generations of crustaceans that stabilised the burrows and increased the concen- The crystallisation of the flint precursors to microcrystalline quartz tration of organic material, resulting in marked textural and geo- occurred at greater depths with increasing compaction and tem- chemical contrasts between the loose fill of the burrows and the perature. more tightly-packed burrow walls. Because the silica was dissolved before being reprecipitated, it is no longer possible to detect the origin, but it is generally assumed that the silica was derived from siliceous sponges and possibly

also radiolarians and diatoms. Photo: Anthony Martin Anthony Photo:

ModifiedChr. from: Poulsen R. G. Bromley and The present day Drawing of Ghost Shrimp burrow systems (Callichirus major) makes and siliceous sponges. burrow systems similar to those found in the chalk and limestone. 32 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.07 Side 33

2. DESCRIPTION

axis and up to 300 m in the long axis. In plan view the Detailed studies have shown that the bryozoans ex- mounds are elongated oval forms, and their long axes erted a major inf昀luence on mound growth and the

are oriented WNW−ESE (Bjerager and Surlyk 2007 mounds are interpreted to be mainly biogenic struc-

a,b). tures formed when bryozoans preferentially grew in a southerly direction in the face of a nutrient-bearing

Faunal diversity in the bryozoan mounds is high, com- current (Bjerager and Surlyk 2007b). The coastal cliﬀ prising mainly millimetre-sized suspension feeders of Stevns Klint oﬀers superb exposure of the bryozoan

(Bjerager and Surlyk 2007a,b). Bryozoans dominate in mounds, and along the cliﬀ the mounds can be studied

both species number and volume, and the delicate from diﬀerent angles in minor bays. Additionally, ex-

branching bryozoans are the main skeletal contribu- posure is visible on the modern seaf昀loor in front of the

tors typically comprising 20−45% of the rock. Other cliﬀ, in the 1.6 km long tunnel system that forms the

biotic elements include echinoids, serpulids, crinoids, Cold War fortress Stevnsfort, and in abandoned lime-

asteroids, brachiopods, bivalves, sponges, benthic fora - stone quarries. The diﬀerent types of exposure provide

minifers and gastropods (present as casts in hard- an excellent 3D dataset displaying the structures of the

grounds). mound complex.

STEVNS KLINT, BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA DEPTH(m) SAMPLES SEA LEVEL ZONE AGE

1 Plc

TERTIARY 0.5

Plc? PO? 0

0.5

3 P. elegans P.

CRETACEOUS 4

Low High 7 0 10 % 0 10 % 0 10 % 0 10 % 0 15 % 0 10 % 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 % Osangularia lens Rosalina koeneni Gyroidinoids spp. Gyroidinoids Cibicidoides alleni Bolivinoides draco Spirillina subornata Gavelinella involuta Gavelinella Praebulimina aspera Praebulimina Pyramidina cimbrica Tappanina selmensis Tappanina Epistominella minuta Epistominella Angulogerina cuneata Praebulimina carseyae Praebulimina Cibicidoides succedens Anormalinoides welleri Praebulimina cushmani Praebulimina Stensioiena pommerana Stensioiena

Figure 14. Biotic turnover at the Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary illustrated by the distribution of foraminifers (after Schmitz et al.1992). 33 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.07 Side 34

NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

FOSSILS SELECTION OF MACROFAUNA FROM THE

Coral Molluscs St Parasimilia Spondylus

A Crustacean Scalpellum (Arcoscapellum)

Crustacean Linuparis

Sea urchin Stereocidaris herthae Sharkphoto: Jan Schulz Adolfssen

Shark teeth Cretalamna appendiculata

Sea urchin Tylocidaris baltica

Starﬁsh Metopaster poulsenii 34 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.08 Side 35

2. DESCRIPTION

STEVNS KLINT SECTION

Sea urchin Ammonite Stereocidaris herthae Hoploscaphites

Eel ﬁsh Teleost Anguilliformes Cylindracanthus gen. et sp. indet

Nautiloid Brachiopod Eutrephoceras Thecidea recurvirostra

Brachiopod Gemmarcula humbolttii

s Tube worm Neovermilia All Photo: Sten Lennart Jakobsen

Sea sponge Ventriculites

Bryozoan Canalipora Photos: Sten Lennart Johansen

35 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.08 Side 36

NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

The biota across the boundary The nominated Stevns Klint site is among the best localities worldwide for studying the biotic turnover at the Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary. At Stevns Klint, the sediments both below and above the boundary are excellently suited for comparison as they ref昀lect deposition in similar settings on a soft carbonate seaf昀loor. The boundary is complex but well documented and offers one of the most expanded Cretaceous−Tertiary sections worldwide, displaying all known biozones, and it has excellent preservation of a high diversity micro-, meso-, and macrobiota with more than 830 species of macrobiota alone and in addition hundreds of species of nanno- and microfossils (Heinberg 1999, 2005, Appendix 3.1).

Among the more spectacular findings at Stevns Klint is the short-time survival into the Tertiary of ammonites – a group that was highly characteristic of Mesozoic seas and generally considered to have become extinct at the boundary. At Stevns Klint, several surviving spe - cies have been recorded in the Tertiary Cerithium Limestone (Surlyk and Nielsen 1999; Machalski and Heinberg 2005).

The similarity in environment and preservation history across the boundary makes it possible to compare the biota below and above and to eliminate the effects caused by changes in environment or in the history of preservation. The expanded section in the southern Illustration: Carsten Egestal Thuesen part of the cliff allows detailed sampling essential for extinction on the species level as recorded in the Dan- recording the biotic changes and avoiding artificial ex- ish Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary sections (Hansen aggeration of the changes. Thus, the Stevns Klint site is 2010; Heinberg 1999, 2005; Håkansson and Thomsen among the best localities worldwide for studying the 1979; Surlyk and Johansen 1984) (Fig. 14). The large biotic turnover at the boundary. marine lizard, the mosasaur, suffered total extinction at the boundary. Two mosasaur species have been identi- Studies of the biotic turnover at the boundary show a fied at Stevns Klint, and fossils found close to the dramatic fall in primary production with no fossils boundary place them among some of the youngest re - found in the clay immediately above the boundary de- corded worldwide (Lindgren and Jagt 2005) (Fig. 15). fined by the iridium-anomaly at its base and with an associated dramatic loss of species. The extinction af- The biotic recovery after the mass extinction event is fects a range of successful invertebrate groups with illustrated by the recovery pattern exhibited by bi- foraminifers, gastropods, cheilostome bryozoans, bra- valves. Immediately after the event, a few surviving chiopods and bivalves suffering between 70 and 90% species completely dominated the fauna with one sin-

36 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.08 Side 37

Figure 15. The mosasaur – a large marine reptile of the Cretaceous sea. Mosasaur tooth (Plioplatecarpus sp.) gle species (Corbulamella sp.) showing extreme domi- from Stevns Klint. nance of 60−90%. These few species that were the first 2.5 cm. to inhabit the seaf昀loor after the impact are character - ised as disaster species. Gradually up through the Ce - Photo: Sten Lennart Jakobsen rithium Limestone, more species occur and the species diversity gradually increased until it reached a level The well-preserved biota at Stevns Klint illustrates similar to the layers below the boundary (Heinberg the abrupt fall in productivity at the boundary, the 2005). The number of species thereafter remained total extinction of several groups and the dramatic constant but the balance between individual species extinction on a species level of a range of invertebrate changed until a new and more stable community was groups. Subsequently, productivity increased and life established. slowly recovered with the presence of few disaster species followed by a slow build-up of a complex ecosystem.

37 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.08 Side 38

NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

The Importance of Stevns Klint in the Early scientific description History of Science The early studies of Stevns Klint were driven by the general optimistic belief in the 17th and 18th century History of Earth science: Stevns Klint that the natural resources could be used to support de- The nominated Stevns Klint has a strong historical sig- velopment of the economy (Garboe 1959). The mer- nificance for the study of the Cretaceous–Tertiary cantile interest was supported by the Danish kings, boundary. The published information concerning the and led to many initiatives of geological mapping and nominated locality spans more than 250 years and the description. observations from this long period ref昀lect the steps in the development of the geological science, and illus- In the 18th century the Danish King Frederik the 5th trates the discussion of uniformitarianism versus cata- praised the earth sciencist and skilled artist Abildgaard strophism. Since the presentation of the asteroid im- (1718−1791) and asked him to study Stevns Klint in pact theory in 1980 by Alvarez et al. (1980) the nom - detail. Abildgaard produced a thorough description of inated Stevns Klint has had a central role in the study the entire cliﬀ from north to south focusing on the of mass extinctions, and the present day scientific in- thickness of the soft chalk, the overlying hard lime- terest in Stevns Klint is very high. stone, and on the f昀lint layers. Abildgaard included de-

Figure 16. Fossils from Stevns Klint drawn by Abildgaard (1759). 38 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.08 Side 39

2. DESCRIPTION

Figure 17. Detailed drawings of Stevns Klint by Abildgaard (1759), representing the oldest known illustration of the cliff. Note that the Højerup church is still intact on the edge of the cliff.

tailed drawings of fossils found in the cliﬀ, and pres - major figures in geology mainly concerned with corre- ented the oldest known profile (Fig. 16,17). Although lation of the strata. the paper is mainly of descriptive character Abildgaard speculated on the enigmatic occurrence of marine fos- The Swiss geologist Pierre Jean Édouard Desor visited sils high above the sea, and on the formation of f昀lint. In Stevns Klint and Faxe in 1846. Based on correlation to accordance with scientific thinking of his time Abild - the Parish Basin Desor defined a new period and nam- gaard suggested that this was caused by the catastroph - ed it ‘Terrain Danien’ after Denmark (Desor 1847), ic Flood of Noah recorded in the Bible or by uplift due with the nominated Stevns Klint the type locality for to violent fires and movements within the Earth the Danian Stage (Box 4). At that time the Danian was (Abildgaard 1759). considered the uppermost stage in the Cretaceous Sys- tem. Modern geology Throughout the 19th century many fundamental as- Prior to the visit of Desor the leading Danish geologist pects of modern geology were established. The ‘cata- professor Johan G. Forchhammer had described the strophist’ explanations of the origin of geological layer- layering of Stevns Klint, including the boundary clay ing, including the Flood of Noah described in the (Forchhammer 1825). He correlated the clay with the Bible were challenged by the idea of ‘uniformitarian- French Paleocene / Eocene deposits Argile plastique ism’ that the Earth was shaped by slow-moving forces and the equally Danian Faxoe Limestone with the Eo - still in operation today as popularized by Charles Lyell cene French Calcaire grossier from the Paris basin. Both (1833). For the geological science also the general these deposits are considerably younger than the Dan- framework of stratigraphic correlation was in focus. ian. The nominated Stevns Klint attained the interest of

39 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.08 Side 40

NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

In 1835 Forchhammer admitted his miscorrelation of BOX 4: THE DANIAN the boundary strata with the Argile plastique and the The lower period of the Tertiary Era is named the Dan- Calcaire grossier, undoubtedly under the inf昀luence of ian after Denmark, where strata of this age were first Lyell. recognised by Desor (1847) after his visit to Stevns Klint and the nearby Faxe quarry. Alfred Rosenkrantz, who later became professor in geology in Copenhagen, clarified the complex structure of the boundary layers (Rosenkrantz 1924, 1939, 1966). Earlier workers had collected indiscriminantly in the topmost hardened Cretaceous chalk and the intervening rather similar lowermost Danian Cerithium Limestone, thereby mixing the faunal assemblages from the two units. This resulted in the wrong assumption of a gradual faunal transition from the Cretace- ous into the Danian (Ravn 1902a, 1902b, 1903, 1904; Nielsen 1912, 1917). Rosenkrantz demonstrated that what hitherto been called Cerithium Limestone comprised a mixture of hardened topmost Maastrichtian white chalk stratigraphically overlain by the boundary clay and the equally hardened lowermost Danian limestone – the Cerithium Limestone Member of modern usage − overlying the clay. He showed that the two limestones contain markedly different faunas and that the fauna of the Cerithium Limestone Member has a strong affinity to the Danian.

The Danian Stage was originally defined as the uppermost stage in the Cretaceous System for the obvious Édouard Desor. reason that the succession in the type area Denmark consists of limestones which also characterizes the Forchhammer later presented his idea in the Edinburgh Upper Cretaceous throughout Europe – mainly in the Journal of Science (Forchhammer 1828) and awoke the form of chalk. In the 1950s and 1960s it was realised interest of the famous British geologist Charles Lyell that a major biotic overturn took place at the bound- who visited Denmark in late May 1835. ary among planktonic foraminifera and coccoliths. The overturn was later recognized as representing one of Lyell drew several geological sketches of Stevns Klint the ‘big five’ mass extinctions. It was thus seen as a log- which were later published in Transactions of the Geo- ical consquence to refer the Danian to the Tertiary and logical Society of London (Lyell 1837) (Fig. 18). The in 1989 the International Subcommision on Palaeo- sketches reveal that Lyell accepted the misinterpreta- gene Stratigraphy, was subdivided into seven stages tion of Forchhammer that the Cerithium Limestone starting with the Danian. could be correlated to the somewhat younger Danian limestone at Faxe, an understanding that was not chal- Describing the fossils lenged until Johnstrup in 1876 correctly concluded In the following decades the research on the nomi- that these were two independent units. nated Stevns Klint mainly focused on taxonomic stud-

40 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.08 Side 41

CHRONOLOGY OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

1759: Søren Abildgaard provides a thorough description of Stevns Klint, including the first known illustration of the cliff profile and of fossils. 1764: Erik Pontoppidan includes Stevns Klint into his “Great Atlas of Denmark”, including illustrations. 1776: Niels H. Weinwich includes comments on fossils and the cliff in his book on “Stevns Herred” 1820: Edouard V. Bedemar published a short paper on the geology of Stevns Klint. 1825: Johan G. Forchhammer describes the Cretaceous chalk and the Tertiary clay and Limestone. The work includes detailed description of the fossil content and lithology of the succession exposed in the cliff. In this Short fragment of the complete and detailed mapping of Stevns Klint paper Forchhammer con- produced by Puggard (1833). cludes that the boundary clay and the overlying limestone belong to the Tertiary based on a miscorrelation with the 1924: Alfred Rosenkrantz unravels the detailed strati graphy of the younger French Argile plastique boundary succession Stevns Klint and illustrates how mix- and the Faxoe Limestone with the ing of collections of fossils from the uppermost Cretaceous French Calcaire grossier. Johan G. Forchhammer chalk and the lowermost Tertiary Cerithum Limestone 1828: J. G. Forchhammer publishes (1794−1865). resulted in the idea of a gradual faunal transition across a paper in Edinburgh Journal the boundary. of Science with the conclusions he made in his 1825 1955−1980: More than 30 papers on taxonomy and palae- paper. This paper caught the attention of Sir Charles Lyell oecology of Stevns Klint. on the Cretaceous deposits of Denmark and inspired him to visit Forchhammer and inspect the localities himself. 1973: Christensen et al. present the first detailed description of the boundary clay. 1835: J. G. Forchhammer publishes a paper on the geology of Denmark in which 1980: Alvarez et al. publish the seminal paper on the aster- he changes the age assignment oid impact hypothesis based on the iridium anomaly of the clay and the overlying in the boundary clay. limestone from the Tertiary to 1980-2010: More than 90 papers published on the geo- the Cretaceous. chemistry, palaeontology and sedimentology of the 1837: Charles Lyell publishes “On the Stevns Klint succession. A large part of these studies Cretaceous and Tertiary Strata are by non-Danish workers. of the Danish Islands of Seeland 2004: Lykke-Andersen and Surlyk: Reflection seismic profiles and Möen” in which he de- recorded along the length of the cliff show that the scribes the lithology of the cliff Cretaceous chalk was sculpted into large ridges and and the fossil content and in- valleys by strong bottom currents and demonstrates cludes illustrations of the stratig- Charles Lyell that the different height of the boundary along the raphy. Lyell was convinced that (1797−1875). length of the cliff reflects an original seafloor topo- the clay and the Cerithium Limestone graphy and not folding as believed for more than belonged to the Cretaceous. 70 years. 1847: Jean Pierre Édouard Desor 2004, 2005: Hart et al. present a very high-resolution foraminifer erects and names a new zonation and stable isotope profile across the boundary stage following his visit to from an expanded section in the northernmost part of the Stevns Klint and Faxe, and cliff. names it Terrain Danien (Danian) after Denmark. 2005: Rasmussen et al. study the combined development of foraminifers and bivalves across the boundary. 1853: Christopher Puggaard produces the first detailed 2006: Stemmerik et al. present the first results of two scien- profile of the entire length tific boreholes were drilled down to depths of 340 m of the cliff. and 456 m at the southern and northern parts of the cliff, respectively. 1876: Johannes F. Johnstrup coins the name Fish Clay (Fiske- Johannes Frederik John- 2006: Surlyk et al. introduce formal stratigraphic names for ler) to the boundary clay strup (1818−1894). the Stevns Klint succession and present a complete pro- after its contents of fish debris. file of the cliffs based on stereo-photogrammetry.

41 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.09 Side 42

NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

Figure 18. Sketches by Charles Lyell of the nominated Stevns Klint (Lyell 1837).

42 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.09 Side 43

2. DESCRIPTION Photo: GEUS

ies illustrated by the works of Rosenkrantz (1939), Field trip to Stevns Klint 1904. Troelsen (1955), Wind (1954, 1959), Hof昀ker (1960) and Perch-Nielsen (1969). From this period papers includes studies on belemnites (Birkelund 1957; Christensen 1979), bivalves In the 1960s and 1970s the studies of Stevns Klint in- (Dhondt 1971, 1972; Heinberg 1976, 1979a, 1979b; creased dramatically mainly due to the eﬀorts of a Perch-Nielsen 1969), brachiopods (Surlyk 1970, group of Danish geologists from the University of 1972, 1973, 1979), bryozoans (Berthelsen 1962; Copenhagen who focused on diﬀerent aspects of the Cheetham 1971; Brood 1972; Jürgensen 1971), Cretaceous and Tertiary deposits in Denmark and corals (Floris 1979), crinoids, asteroids and ophi- partly because the nominated Cretaceous–Tertiary uroids (Rasmussen 1979), dinof昀lagellates (Hansen boundary section Stevns Klint had gained interna- 1977, 1979), echinoids (Wind 1954, 1959; Gravesen tional attention among professional geologists as the 1979), foraminifera (Berggren 1962; Hof昀ker 1960, 21st International Geological Congress (IGC) was 1962), nannoplankton (Bramlette and Martini 1964), held in Copenhagen (1960). More than 2300 geolo- ostracodes (Jørgensen 1976, 1978), and trace fossils gist attended the congress that included a thematic ses- (Bromley 1967, 1968; Rasmussen 1971). Addi tionally sion on the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary, and a field the first detailed description of the boundary was excursion to the nominated Stevns Klint led by Profes- presented by Christensen et al. (1973). sor A. Rosenkrantz (Sørensen 2007).

43 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.09 Side 44

NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT Photo: Jan Smit

Figure 19. Field trip to Stevns Klint at the Cretaceous–Tertiary Symposium in Copenhagen, 1979.

The impact theory and beyond (1980−recent) on stable isotope trends across the boundary and other In 1979 the University of Copenhagen hosted an inter- types of geochemical analyses. Following the 1980- national symposium on the Cretaceous– Tertiary paper more than 60 papers are published with chemi- boundary event, including a field-trip to the nomi- cal or mineralogical analysis of material from Stevns nated Stevns Klint (Fig. 19). At this symposium an Klint and more than 30 papers on the palaeontology early version of the asteroid impact hypothesis was across the boundary. For references see section 7.e. presented by Walter Alvarez followed by intense Most recently several high resolution studies have ap- discussions at the symposium as described by Walter peared on the foraminifer zonation and the stable iso- Alvarez in his book ‘T. rex and the Crater of Doom’ topes across the boundary (Hart et al., 2004, 2005; (1997) (Box 1). Rasmussen et al., 2005). Sepulveda et al. (2009) studied the molecular remains of microorganisms in the The famous asteroid impact hypothesis as an explana- Fish Clay and found that the primary production in tion for the mass extinction at the boundary was pub- the sea covering the Stevns Klint area recovered ex- lished in 1980 (Alvarez et al. 1980) leading to an in- tremely rapidly after the impact. The high, and still intense debate (Box 1). The nominated Stevns Klint creasing number of papers published in recent years was one of the original discovery localities of the irid- clearly indicates that the nominated Stevns Klint site is ium anomaly found in the boundary clay and Stevns a very important locality for the study of the mass ex- Klint is still among the localities with the highest irid- tinction, climate change and depositional processes ium content detected. across the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary.

The impact hypothesis triggered a new wave of studies focused on the nominated Stevns Klint site especially

44 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.09 Side 45

2. DESCRIPTION Photo: Jakob Lautrup

Figure 20. Glacial deposits (brown) at the top of the cliff. The erosional surface at the top of the Danian limestone formed by the glacial erosion is overlain by thin glacial diamict (Fig. 20). The diamict was deposited by Post-Danian Uplift and Erosion the last three ice streams that covered the area (Fig. 21). Following deposition, the chalk and limestone was covered by approximately 500 m of Tertiary to Pleis- Cliff Formation tocene sediments (sand, clay and glacial diamicts). Neogene uplift brought the chalk and limestone de- After withdrawal of the ice sheet,c. 16,000 years BP, posits up to the present-day level and erosion has re- the Baltic Sea area experienced a complex sea-level/ moved all 500 m of siliciclastics and the uppermost lake-level history caused by the interplay between eu- part of the Danian limestone (Nielsen et al. 2011). static rise and isostatic uplift (e.g. Björck, 1995). How- ever, until c. 7,000 years BP, the Stevns Klint area was The last phases of erosion took place during multiple well above water level and the area was covered by Pleistocene glaciations when the Stevns Klint area was dense vegetation. situated along the fringes of consecutive Scandinavian ice sheets. Consequently, the area was covered by a A rapid sea-level rise started c. 8,000 BP and brought number of individual ice advances streaming from the sealevel in the Stevns Klint area close to the present main ice sheet (e.g. Houmark-Nielsen and Kjær 2003). level, culminating c. 6,000 BP in a sealevel 2 m above Except for small-scale fracturing and jointing of the the present. The rising sea initiated the formation of chalk and limestone the ice streams did not cause any the first coastal cliﬀ and hereafter wave erosion has disturbances and left the boundary section intact. caused slow but steady retreat of the cliﬀ.

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

Figure 22. Block diagrams illustrating the process of coastal erosion. A) Coastal waves erode the soft Cretaceous chalk in the lower part of the cliff forming a pronounced overhang of overlying harder Tertiary limestone. B) The overhang col- lapses. The blocks on the beach are slowly eroded by storm waves. Modiﬁed from Pedersen 2011.

cal and present-day erosion, the average rate of erosion is estimated to be c. 15 cm/year (Appendix 5).

Wildlife Interests of the Nominated Site

The steep white cliﬀ of chalk and limestone distin- guishes the nominated Stevns Klint area from the surrounding landscape and forms a major inf昀luence on the wildlife on a local and regional scale.

Migrating Birds The steep white cliff of Stevns Klint, bordering the Stevns peninsula provides a unique combination of geography and topography that makes it a significant site for migrating birds on a regional scale (Heat and Evans 2000). A total of 260 species have been ob ser - Figure 21. Ice sheet covering the nominated area c. ved along the cliff an estimated 200 of which are mi - 23,000−20,000 years BP (based on Houmark-Nielsen 2011). grating birds (Appendix 3.3). Based on the annual passing of 20,000 migrating birds of prey, Stevns Klint Illustrations: Stefan Sølberg has been registered as an IBA (important bird area) Storm waves erode the soft chalk in the lower part of by BirdLife International (Fig. 23). the cliff causing an overhang to form and eventually break off to form a rock fall (Fig. 22). Based on histori-

46 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.09 Side 47

2. DESCRIPTION

35000

30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Figure 23. Passings of migrating birds of prey at Stevns Klint in the autumn of1980−2010 (Andersen,1993 and unpubl. data). Large annual variations are due to changes in the prevailing winds and, to some extent, changes in observer cover- age.

Stevns Klint lies on an important bird migration route, Honey buzzards, buzzards and sparrowhawks appear connecting the large breeding areas of northern Scan- at Stevns Klint in large numbers together with fair dinavia and the winter quarters in the Mediterranean numbers of red kite, marsh harrier, hen harrier, rough- to tropical Africa. One of the large sea crossings on this legged buzzard, osprey, kestrel and merlin. Species that route is the Øresund strait between Denmark and Swe- turn up each year, but only in small numbers, are black den. The Stevns peninsula stretches out into the Øre- kites, white-tailed eagles, pallid harriers, Montagu’s sund strait and the 25 km separating Stevns Klint from harriers, goshawks, hobbys and peregrines, and very the other side of the strait provide the shortest sea rare guests are short-toed eagles, long-legged buzzards, crossing of this part of the route. Thus, geographically spotted eagles, lesser spotted eagles, steppe eagles, im- Stevns Klint is an important site for migrating birds on perial eagles, golden eagles, booted eagles, red-footed a regional scale. falcons and gyrfalcons (Klein 2011).

The most spectacular sights occur during autumn days Flora and Fauna of the Cliff and the adjacent of clear weather when hundreds or even thousands of Grassland birds approach the cliff from the sea, having chosen the Stevns Klint stands out from the surrounding f昀lat mo - shortest crossing distance and using the tall white cliffs raine landscape with its steep cliff face of hard lime- of Stevns Klint as a marker (Fig. 24). Bird watchers stone. The east-facing, steep, windy cliff, the aban- gather to enjoy the numerous migrating birds of prey doned limestone quarries, together with the areas of that approach the cliff after the tiring crossing and the calcareous dry grassland along the top of the cliff, impressive view when the birds reach the updraft pro- houses habitats rare for the region and makes the duced by the steep cliff and start circling to regain nominated Stevns Klint site important for the regio - height. nal diversity of f昀lora and fauna.

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

Figure 24. Birds of prey over Stevns Klint. Photo: T.W. Johansen Photo: T.W. Photo: P. Nørgaard Photo: P. Birdwatchers looking for migrating raptors.

Flora: The vegetation of the cliff face itself is generally of a mull layer provides a rare nutrient poor environ- sparse due to the constant erosion and the high degree ment, leading to a sparse open vegetation. of sun exposure so that only a few species that are adap ted to these harsh environments grow here. During the last 30 years, a total of 43 ha of land along Minor areas of higher stability form unique microhabi- the cliff has been transformed from agricultural fields tats with a range of species characteristic of a calcare- into grassland and the f昀lora from the cliff now appears ous grassland f昀lora. In the abandoned quarries, the lack in increasing numbers in these areas. A total of 243

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2. DESCRIPTION Photo: Jakob Lautrup Vegetation on the cliff.

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

GRASSLAND FLORA

Saxifrage Saxifraga granulata

All Photos: Kirstine Østergaard Brown Knapweed Centaurea jacea

Bladder Campion Silene vulgaris

Yarrow Achillea millefolium

Pigeon's Scabious Scabiosa columbaria

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2. DESCRIPTION

Cowslip Primula veris

Common Restharrow Ononis repens All Photos: Kirstine Østergaard Tansy Tanacetum vulgare Quaking Grass Briza media

Bird's-foot Trefoil Lotus corniculatus

Greater Knapweed Centaurea scabiosa

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

CHARACTERISTIC DRY GRASSLAND FLORA

Irish Fleabane Inula salicina L. Carline Thistle Carlina vulgaris L. ssp. stricta (Rouy) Domin Common Valerian Valeriana officinalis L. ssp. officinalis Hawkweed Oxtongue Picris hieracioides L. Rough Hawkbit Leontodon hispidus L. Knapweed Broomrape Orobanche eliator Sutton Upright Brome Bromus erectus Hudson Quaking-grass Briza media L. No Common English Name Hieracium cymosum L. Fairy Flax Linum catharticum L. Hairy Rock-cress Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. Peach-leaved Bellflower Campanula persicifolia L. Greater Knapweed Centaurea scabiosa L. Cowslip Primula veris L. Nottingham Catchfly Silene nutans L. Wild Marjoram Origanum vulgare L. Dropwort Filipendula vulgaris Moench Common Milkwort Polygala vulgaris L. Moonwort Botrychium lunaria (L.) Swartz Tall Rock-cress Cardaminopsis arenosa (L.) Hayek Small Scabious Scabiosa columbaria L. Black Medick Medicago lupulina L. Common Rock-rose Helianthemum nummularium ssp. nummularium (L.) Miller Glaucous Sedge Carex flacca Schreber Spring Sedge Carex caryophyllea Latourr. Dwarf Thistle Cirsium acaule (L.) Scop. Large Thyme Thymus pulegioides L. Fine-leaved Vetch Vicia tenuifolia Roth

Table 1. Characteristic species at Stevns Klint. Knapweed Broomrape (Orobanche eliator Sutton) is listed Near Threatened on the Danish Red List.

species are recorded and of these, 97 species are char- Jensen 2007). At least two species of bats, Daubenton's acteristic of calcareous grassland vegetation (Table 1, Bat, Myotis daubentoni, and Natterer’s Bat,Myotis nat- Appendix 3.4). tereri hibernate in an abandoned tunnel associated with the Cold War fortress Stevnsfort (Fig. 25). Mammals: Mammals are represented by a range of species typical of the region, including the most com- All bats are included in the EU Habitats Directive mon species fox, hare and roe deer. Most remarkable is Annex IV and Myotis nattereri is listed as vulnerable on the occurrence of seven species of bats found hunting the Danish Red List 2010. in the area or roosting in various buildings including the church and Cold War installations (Baagøe and

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2. DESCRIPTION Photo: H. Baagøe

Figure 25. Dauberton’s Bat at Stevns Klint.

Birds: The cliff, thickets and grasslands provide ideal habitats for many birds, including threatened or rare species. The Peregrine Falcon Falco( peregrinus) disap- peared as a nesting bird from Denmark in 1950. How- ever, the peregrine is now back and since 2007 nesting on Stevns Klint (Fig. 26). The Peregrine Falcon is registered as vulnerable on The Danish Red List of Threat- ened Species together with the Common Merganser (Mergus merganser), which nests in small caves along the cliff close to the sea surface, and the Common Rosefinch(Carpodacus erythrinus), which is found nest ing in the thickets along the top of the cliff (Wind and Pihl, 2004). The steep cliff is inhabited by one of the largest populations of Common House Martin (Delichon urbicum) in Europe. The Common House Martins build their mud nests directly on the cliff face.

Insects and spiders: The microclimates found on the warm south- and east-facing cliﬀ and in the abandoned quarries and grasslands make Stevns Klint an attractive Photo: T. W. Johansen W. Photo: T. area for a vast range of insects. A number of insects Figure 26. Peregrine Falcon nesting at Stevns Klint. 53 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.14 Side 54

NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

Figure 27. Stevns Klint houses populations of insects and spiders otherwise rare in Denmark exempliﬁed by the European Cave Spider (Meta menardi)

(left) and Red--veined Darter (Sympetrum fonscolombi) (right). Photo: N. Shcarff

rare in Denmark are found on the cliﬀ or in the aban- and rare moths including the Morris’ Wainscot (Chor-

Photo: T.W. Johansen Photo: T.W. doned quarries. This includes species where the Stevns todes morrisii morrisii) and Tawny Pinion (Lithophane Klint area is the only registered occurrence such as semibrunnea). the rove beetle species Tomoglossa luteicornis, and the Strawberry Root Weevil (Otiorhynchus rugifrons). Reptiles: The sunny areas of low vegetation of the cliff The tunnels of the Cold War fortress house the Euro- and grassland make Stevns Klint an important habitat pean Cave Spider, Meta menardi, rare for the region for reptiles, the populations of which are generally in (Fig. 27). decline in Denmark, including the common European Viper (Vipera berus) and the Sand Lizard (Lacerta ag- The high SE-oriented cliff projecting into the Øresund ilis) (Fog et al. 2001). The Sand Lizard is included in strait makes Stevns Klint the first landfall for warmer the EU Habitats Directive Annex IV and protected by climate insect species from Central or Eastern Europe national legislation (Fig. 28). reaching the region with southeasterly winds. These species are generally found as single individuals or in Amphibians: Ponds in the abandoned quarry of very limited numbers but may potentially settle to Holtug Kridtbrud host a large population of Smooth form permanent populations. Newt (Triturus vulgaris) and the rarer Great Crested Newt (Triturus cristatus), which are protected by the The flowering dry grasslands offer particularly good EU Habitats Directive Annex II and IV. Based on the conditions for butterflies, and 22 species of Danish calcareous ponds and the occurrence of Great Crested butterflies are common together with rarer butterflies Newts, the abandoned quarry of Holtug Kridtbrud is

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2. DESCRIPTION

Figure 28. Sand Lizard (Lacerta agilis).

included in the European Natura 2000 network of pro- The biodiversity of the scattered reef areas in Danish Photo: T. W. Johansen W. Photo: T. tected areas. waters is sustained to a large degree by passive transport of larvae and spores by water masses. Due to its The Marine Ecosystem large size, great depth distribution and lack of other The marine ecosystem of the sea around Stevns Klint nearby reef areas, the reef along Stevns Klint acts as an is closely linked to the chalk and limestone that extend important stepping stone for species and most likely seawards from the cliﬀ and form the seafloor. The serves as a link for biological connectivity between reef white and hard seafloor with scattered large boulders areas in Kattegat and the Baltic Sea area. forms a contrast to the typical soft sandy and muddy seafloor that is characteristic of the region and hosts a Species of macroalgae are mainly found on boulders stone reef along the length of the cliﬀ, from the coast- but are also present on the chalky seabed (S. Lund- line and down to 15 m water depth (Fig. 29). The area steen pers. com.). The seaweed is totally dominated by is included in the European Natura 2000 network of red algal species that completely cover all boulders to a protected areas. water depth of 15 m. Furcellaria lumbricalis, Polysipho- nia fucoides and Polysiphonia fibrilosacover most of the Danish stone reefs comprise ecosystems with a large suitable hard seabed but other leaf-forming red algal variation in production and species diversity, reflect - species like Coccotylus truncatus and Deleseria san- ing not only the substrate, energy level and water guinea are also common and the large brown algae Sac- depth, but also the variation in salinity that changes charina latissima is also present. The blue mussel, gradually from fully marine conditions in the open Mytilus edulis is extremely common on the reef and is part of Skagerrak to brackish conditions in the Baltic often found entangled in the algal vegetation. Both the Sea area (Dahl et al. 2003). The stone reef at Stevns blue mussel and several algal species have special dwarf Klint is situated in the less saline part of the transi- forms in this relatively low salinity water. tional zone southeast of the Danish straits.

55 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.14 Side 56

NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT Photo: Karsten Dahl

Figure 29. The hard seaﬂoor offshore Stevns Klint serves as substrate for a protected stone reef.

The white seafloor with the characteristic reef species off the cliff face from a period between about 1850 to is intersected by fractures forming one-metre deep about 1950 are still visible along the cliff (Section 2b). elongated fissures placing the seafloor along Stevns Today, the traces are slowly disappearing because of Klint among the most scenic of the region and ma k- coastal erosion. ing it a popular location for scuba diving. The open quarry Sigerslev neighbouring the nominated area is still operating. This quarry is not part of The Extent and Method of Exploitation the nominated site and is strictly controlled by Danish legislation, which ensures that production does not af- The history of exploitation is described in section 2.b. fect the nominated site (Section 5.b.). An existing pier Exploitation is not in operation in the nominated area is still in use. The active quarry is a much used research but traces still exsist of past exploitation and exploita- locality in the study of palaeontology and sedimentol- tion occur in a neighbouring area. ogy and will probably continue to be used as such as long as quarrying ensures fresh exposure. Conserva- Two open quarries each covering around 5 ha were tion of a geological profile is included as part of the fi- abandoned in the 1970s and form part of the nomi- nanced plan for the reestablishment of the quarry after nated area (Appendix 1). The quarries were estab- the permission for quarrying expires in 2028. lished during the last century behind the cliff with open access to the sea to allow transport of material by boat. Traces of a production of building blocks directly

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2. DESCRIPTION

2.b. History and Development the Neolithic, the exploitation of the area was intensi- The steep cliff forming the eastern margin of the fied, and towards the end of the Neolithic,c. 4,000 Stevns peninsula that projects into the Øresund to- years ago, this had turned into a proper industry, where gether with the natural resources of the cliﬀ has caused raw material was exported to distant areas of Scandi- the nominated Stevns Klint to have a major influence navia with no flint. on the cultural history on a local and national scale. This section describes the significant events in history In the 17th century, flint gained new significance as that have aﬀected the evolution of the property and part of the weapon technology, when the flintlock was gives an account of its interaction with human-kind. invented (Fig. 31). The flintlock continued to be used in Europe up to c. 1850. A production of more than 1.6 million gun stones was recorded from the Stevns Klint History of Exploitation area, and local craftsmen were rewarded for the high quality of the product. Exploitation of flint from Stevns Klint From the Epipaleolithic to the earliest part of the Bronze Age, flint was the most important raw material in Northern Europe, and in the nominated area, the layers of limestone and chalk that were rich in flint provided good local resources (Fig. 30). From

Figure 31. Pistol with ﬂintlock and drawing of ﬂintlock in use.

Photo: Jakob Lautrup and Peter Warna-Moors Drawings: Charlotte Clante Figure 30. Flint axe and drawing of toolmaker. 57 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.15 Side 58

NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

Figure 33. Building stones from Stevns Klint in the ring walls of the castle built in 1167 by the founder of Copenhagen, Bishop Absalon.

Limestone and Construction Building stones from Stevns Klint are known to have been used from the Middle Ages in churches and military fortifications, and more than 80 stone churches were constructed by means of building stones from Stevns Klint (Fig. 33). The use of limestone in fortifi- Figure 32. Flint oven in Rødvig. The burnt ﬂint was mainly cations is known from the first castle in Copenhagen used in faience. (1167), from Kronborg Castle (1570s) in Elsinore,

Photo: Jakob Lautrup and from the Citadel in Copenhagen (1624). The Since then, flint has been used, among other things, in stones were cut with axes, and later they were blasted faience and earthenware, and in 1870−1910, flint was and hewn out of Stevns Klint and transported away burnt in a flint oven in Rødvig (Fig. 32). Today, there by boat. is no production of flint from Stevns Klint. Gjorslev Manor at Stevns, whose cruciform main building dates back to c. 1400, was also built of limestone from Stevns Klint (Fig. 34). When the owner,

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2. DESCRIPTION Photo:S. Schønthal

J.B. Scavenius, in the 1790s redistributed land he ex- changed property lots along the cliﬀ to secure quarrying rights.

From the mid 19th century, a number of small stone quarries opened on the cliﬀ face. Now building stones was no longer produced by merely shaping stones from blocks that had fallen on the beach but large limestone blocks were loosened from the cliﬀ, and Figure 34. The local Gjorslev Gods: The cruciform main building was built by Bishop Lodehat, the chancellor of long saws were used to cut the blocks into standard- Queen Margrethe I around 1400. ised building stones (Fig. 35). Around this time, the Photo:S. Schønthal peasants gained increasing independence, and the middle class gained strength, which led to the erection Chalk, Ground Lime and Burnt Lime of a large number of buildings such as townhouses and An increasing demand for lime to be used in mortar, smallholdings. These characteristic buildings can still for industrial purposes, and for soil improvement led be seen in large numbers in the Stevns peninsula. to the establishment of open quarries towards the end of the 19th century and early 20th century.

Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/1111.15Side60

Photo: Jakob Lautrup Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.15 Side 61

2. DESCRIPTION

Figure 35. Workers in cliff quarry c. 1900.

The first quarry was started in Sigerslev in the north - ern part of the cliff and in 1922 one plot owner from Boesdal started quarrying limestone at the southern part of the cliff. At the northern part of the cliff by Holtug, quarrying had started in 1919, but soon after, the limited company Faxe Kalk A/S took over quarrying activities, heralding a new era in the production.

In the following years new factory plants were built both in Boesdal and in Sigerslev whereof the latter was later modernised and is still in operation. In the 1970s the quarries at Holtug and Boesdal were closed as part of a streamlining eﬀort and as a result of a declining demand for mortar. In Holtug, the oven and the silo were blown up and all timber buildings were burnt down, whereas the characteristic buildings have been preserved in Boesdal (Fig. 36).

Today, Holtug Kridtbrud has been taken over by the Danish Nature Agency, while Boesdal has been taken over by Stevns Municipality. Both quarries now serve

as recreational spaces, but they are also part of the cul- Photo: Jakob Lautrup tural landscape that bears witness to human exploita- Figure 36. Limestone ovens at the abandoned quarry tion of the cliﬀ as a resource and as a workplace. Boesdal. Photo: Jakob Lautrup

61 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.16 Side 62

NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

Copenhagen Roskilde Cathedral Kronborg Castle

Køge NIKE Mandehoved, 1961-83 NIKE Missile Control Area

Holtug Skanse, 1670’s Holtug bastion

NIKE Sigerslev, 1961-83 NIKE Missile Launch Area

Store Heddinge

HAWK Stevnsfort, 1984-2000 HAWK Missile Operations Area

Rødvig Skanse, 1650’s Rødvig bastion

Figure 37. Military installations along Stevns Klint showing the proximity of the capital, Copenhagen.

The Military History of Stevns Klint collected ballast and sling stones in connection with

Illustration: Carsten E. Thuesen raids against the pagan Wends on the northern coasts The Strategic Significance of Germany. Stevns Klint marks the Stevns peninsula as a solid bul- wark between the southern part of Øresund and the western part of the Baltic Sea. Øresund is narrowed by “After peace had been made with Henry, Absalon ar- the Stevns peninsula so the distance to the coast of rived at Stevns Klint where he loaded his ship with Sweden is merely 22 km. Accordingly, Stevns has al- throwing stones, which he picked up along the shore. ways played a strategically important role for the con- He was going to use them to defend the castle he had trol of the passage to the Baltic Sea, and as a first de- erected in Copenhagen.” (14th book by Saxo, page 261) fence against enemies from the east and the south. (Saxo: 1160-1208).

Only few traces of defence installations excist from an- tiquity and early historical times as the cliﬀ in itself The Fortifications formed an almost insurmountable obstacle. However, An actual fortification of the area along Stevns Klint the renowned Danish bishop Absalon is said to have was first established during the numerous wars be- assembled fleets sheltered by Stevns Klint and to have tween Denmark and Sweden in the period between

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2. DESCRIPTION

Sweden Malmø

Storedal Skanse, 1670’s Storedal bastion

Stevns Fyr,1956-2011 Coast Guard Station

HAWK Højerup, 1965-2001 HAWK Missile Operations Area

Segge pejlestation, 1943-45

Segge Direction Finding Station

Stevnsfort, 1953-2000 Coastal Defence Fortress Photos: Jakob Lautrup

Figure 38. The Cold War fortress Stevnsfort with subter- 1596 and 1720. It was feared that a fleet would anchor ranean control room and 150 mm canons. by Stevns Klint before a possible attack on the capital, Copenhagen, or that that the enemy might land soldiers who could attack the capital from the south. lost eight warships and suﬀered losses of almost 3,000 Fortifications were established in the 1600s and rein- wounded, dead and captured. Another battle occurred forced and extended during the Great Northern War during the Great Northern War in 1710, when the in 1713 and during the Napoleonic Wars, 1801−14 Danish fleet sought cover by Stevns Klint after a storm (Fig. 37). The fortifications, however, were never and was caught oﬀ guard by a large Swedish fleet of 45 used in battle. ships, which was forcing its way to Copenhagen.

The waters off Stevns Klint, on the other hand, were The Cold War the scene of some of the greatest sea battles in the wars When Denmark became a member of NATO during between Denmark and Sweden. During the Scanian The Cold War, Stevns Klint became a central element War in 1677, a great Danish fleet of more than 30 war- in the Danish defence as a natural consequence of the ships anchored off Stevns Klint at Mandehoved, and strategic position and the character of the cliff. from here, they attacked a similarly sized Swedish fleet, which tried to force its way into Øresund. The sea bat- In 1953−56 a large coast-defence fortress, Stevnsfort, tle ended with a significant defeat of the Swedes who was established in order to monitor ship traffic of the

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

Figure 39. The subterranean Cold War fortress Stevnsfort the Warsaw Pact through Øresund. More than 1.6 kms with 1.6 km of tunnels excavated into the limestone. of tunnels were dug out underground behind Stevns Photo: Jakob Lautrup Klint, where the soft limestone and hard flint layers oﬀered good protection in case of an attack from both presented as a complete, preserved cultural environ- conventional and nuclear weapons (Figs 38, 39). A ment, standing exactly as when the armed forces left surveillance station was set up to monitor ship traﬃc, the fortress in 2000. Work is currently in progress to and large canons were placed to provide means of have the area protected by legislation. stopping ships. The fortress remained permanently on high alert right up until it was closed in 2000. Stevns Klint and the Sea Through those 45 years, some 10−12,000 Danish soldiers served at the fortress. Stevns Klint is situated at the southernmost part of Øresund, which connects the Baltic Sea with the Kat- In order to contribute in the protection of Copen- tegat Sea and constitutes the shortest navigation route hagen, three anti-aircraft missile batteries were built for sailing between the two waters, and has the charac- along Stevns Klint (Fig. 37). Throughout the period, ter of an international strait that allows foreign ships the batteries remained on high alert, able to shoot free passage. Quite a few ships opt for the short route within five minutes at any given time. through Øresund, and every day, some 1,200−1,500 ships of every size and from many nations pass Stevns As something unique, the military facilities from The Klint. Cold War have been preserved as complete cultural environments. Today, Stevnsfort and the associated The Lighthouses anti-aircraft battery in particular form the basis for the Along Stevns Klint, the shallow water depth, strong sea Cold War Museum Stevnsfort, which appears and is currents, and the lack of natural harbours have chal- Photo: Jakob Lautrup

64 Photo: Jakob Lautrup Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/1111.16Side65 Figure 40.ThetwoprotectedlighthousesatStevns. Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.16 Side 66

NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

Figure 41. Fishing boats on the cliff. Postcard. Fishing from Stevns Klint lenged sailing along the cliff. The difficult waters in Inshore fishing has taken place off Stevns, but the cliff combination with increasing ship traffic contributed has left its mark on fishing, mainly by complicating to the decision to build a small lighthouse on the high- landing. Harbours were constructed south and north est point of Stevns Klint (41 m above sea-level) in of the cliff at Rødvig and Bøgeskov around the mid 1816−18. The lighthouse was replaced by a new 27 m 1800s, but fishing grounds were also found in several high lighthouse built in 1878 (Fig. 40). Both light- other places along the cliff. At steep sections of the houses were built of local limestone, and the youngest cliff, the fishermen hoisted the fishing boats up the lighthouse is still in service. cliff to prevent them from being crushed on the shore by the surf. Up until the 1930s where motor boats After Denmark entered NATO, the focus on monitor- gained ground, it was common to see returning fisher- ing ship traffic increased, and in 1951, the area around men using winches to pull their boats to safety on the the lighthouses was laid out as a closed military area. A cliff (Fig. 41). coastguard station was established, which was to register ship traffic in the waters off the cliff. The coastguard History of Tourism station was staffed around the clock until it was closed in 2011. Today the lighthouses and the former military The dramatic location of the medieval Højerup area constitutes a popular recreational site open to the Church combined with the stunning view of the cliff public. has made Højerup attractive to painters and the natu-

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2. DESCRIPTION Photo: P. C. Skovgaard, Højerup Kirke på Stevns Klint, 1842, Statens Museum for Kunst, © SMK foto. Photo: P.

Figure 42. Painting of Stevns Klint by P. C. Skovgaard (1842).

ral centre for tourism at Stevns Klint for centuries (Fig. 20,000 people visited the village of Højerup, and even 42). As early as in the 1840s, the small house of the the King payed visit to the site. gamekeeper was transformed into an eatery for visitors to the cliff. In 1920, a national memorial park was The dramatic fate of the medieval church and the beau- established for both locals and tourists, and in 1958, tiful view of the cliff still make Højerup the centre for Stevns Museum was built. They are both still in serv- tourism and will continue to do so in future. However, ice. over the past 30 years, a number of new areas have been opened to the public and developed as tourist at- The largest tourist attraction of the area has been the tractions, including the abandoned quarries Boesdal old church, which lost its choir to the sea in 1928 in a and Holtug, the two protected lighthouses, the area at dramatic cliff fall (Fig. 43). The fallen church formed a Mandehoved/Flagbanken, and not least the area spectacular sight and the first Sunday after the slide, around the Cold War Museum Stevnsfort.

67 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/1111.16Side68 choir totheseainarockfall1928. Figure 43.AviewfromtheprotectedHøjerupChurchthatlostits

Photo: Jakob Lautrup Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.16 Side 69

3. Justification for Inscription

3.a Criteria under which Inscription is Pro- and global effects of an asteroid impact thus has a very posed (and Justification for Inscription high value in the communication of evolutionary con- under these Criteria) cepts highlighted as the overarching theme for geological World Heritage Sites presented by Wells (1996) Stevns Klint is proposed to be inscribed under the cri- and followed by Dingwall et al. (2005). terion (viii) of Paragraph 77 of the Operational Guide- lines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Extinction is a key aspect in the understanding of Convention (2008), stating that the nominated prop- evolution and the discussion about the future life on erties shall: Earth. Normal background extinction happens at all times with an average of 5−10% of all species disap- “Be outstanding examples representing major pearing every million years. Mass extinction in con- stages of earth’s history, including the record of life, trast is dramatic and includes the extinction of many significant ongoing geological processes in the de- species and higher biotic groups, representing different velopment of landforms, or significant geomorphic ways of life and occupying differing habitats. Mass ex- or physiogeographic features”. tinction occurs in a short period of time and in numbers that are way above the ordinary background ex- Stevns Klint is proposed because it is an outstanding tinction. example of a major stage in Earth’s history and the record of life: The mass extinction at the Cretaceous− Life has experienced several mass extinctions. The Tertiary boundary. mass extinction at the Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary rates among the top three mass extinctions in the his- The Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary marks a severe tory of life, and to most people, it is the most spectacu- mass extinction and ecological crisis, and represents lar as the dinosaurs and large reptiles were among the a significant shift in life forms between the Mesozoic famous victims, and as it was associated with an aster- and Cenozoic Eras. The mass extinction was world- oid impact. It was research on the Cretaceous−Tertiary wide, covering all continents and ocean basins, and boundary that led to the development of the revolu- more than 50% of all species became extinct. Organ- tionary hypothesis that asteroid impacts have a major isms from a broad range of ecological environments influence on life on Earth. were hit by the extinction, and they included marine and continental forms, plants and animals, large and The impact hypothesis came as a marked contrast to microscopic forms. The most spectacular event was the traditional gradualistic approach to modern geol- the total extinction of non-avian dinosaurs. The ogy that had been the key to understanding geology boundary thus marks the transition of life from the since it was founded by the British geologist C. Lyell in Mesozoic Era ruled by land-dwelling dinosaurs and the 19th century. The gradualist approach uses modern marine reptiles to the life of the Cenozoic Era ruled processes in order to understand geological processes by a diverse collection of continental and marine and events exemplified by the expression “The present mammals, as we know it from the modern Earth. is a key to the past”. And as no person had experienced an asteroid impact causing mass extinction, the cata- The Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary thus not only strophist hypothesis was considered highly controver- marks a key event for our understanding of the history sial when it was first suggested in 1980 and it has been of life on Earth but also plays an important role in the intensely debated in subsequent years. Today, more study of evolutionary concepts. The dramatic Creta- than three decades later, the influence of impacts on ceous−Tertiary boundary interval with its mass extinc- life on Earth is no longer regarded as controversial. tion, extinction of dinosaurs and large marine reptiles, Photo: Jakob Lautrup

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

Tertiary Bryozoan Limestone

Cretaceous−Tertiary Boundary

Cretaceous Chalk

Figure 44. The exceptionally well-exposed boundary section at Stevns Klint.

The focus of the debate is now on the eﬀect of asteroid the boundary (Fig. 44). The cliﬀ section exposes a Photo: Peter Warna-Moors impact in itself and in combination with other factors complete stratigraphic record of continuous deposi- such as large-scale volcanism, climate change and sea- tion of fossilliferous chalk and limestone in a marine level fall. setting across the boundary, and the well-defined boundary layer is readily visible even to the inexperi- It is concluded that the Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary enced eye as a thin line of black clay (Fig. 45). Stevns event conforms to the major recommendations of Klint is also an exceptional location for the study of Wells (1996) and Dingwall et al. (2005) for geological chalk sedimentation in various styles and sequence World Heritage sites, and the event is thus proposed to boundaries in a pelagic carbonate setting. The 15 km be included on the list. As documented in the Descrip- profile is exceptionally helpful in this regard, as is the tion (Section 2) and the Comparative Analysis (Sec- change in orientation from N−S near Højerup to E−W tion 3.c), Stevns Klint is outstanding among Creta- at Rødvig. These values together with the long and still ceous−Tertiary boundary sections and is characterised ongoing scientific interest in the site make Stevns Klint by an exceptional exposure of the boundary layers an outstanding example of the boundary between the making is possible to study the biotic evolution across Cretaceous and the Tertiary Periods.

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3. JUSTIFICATION FOR INSCRIPTION

Figure 45. Visitor point- ing out the boundary clay marking the mass extinction.

Photo: Tove Damholt Photo: Tove The Thematic Approach of World Heritage presently on the list and no sites covering mass extinc- Natural Sites tion events are presently on the list. The Canadian A thematic approach to geological World Heritage World Heritage Site, the Dinosaur Provincial Park Natural Sites was presented by Dingwall et al. (2005). contains an outstanding number and variety of Creta- This work recommends major thematic areas as a ceous dinosaurs. However, the site does not cover the broad conceptual framework to provide a basis within extinction event at the Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary. which the nominated World Heritage natural proper- Stevns Klint thus fulfills a part of the theme that is ties can be examined in order to assess the claim to presently not represented on the World Heritage List. Outstanding Universal Value from the viewpoint of science and conservation. METEORITE IMPACT. Physical evidence of meteorite impacts, and major changes that have Stevns Klint is proposed to be included in three of resulted from them, such as extinctions. thirteen thematic themes proposed for criterion (viii) Stevns Klint qualifies as a Meteorite Impact Site show- by Dingwall et al. (2005): ing evidence of global mass extinction caused by an extraterrestrial impact. One existing World Heritage Site, STRATIGRAPHIC SITES. Rock sequences that the Vredefort Dome in South Africa is registered as a provide a record of key Earth history events. Meteorite Impact Site. This site is an impact crater and Stevns Klint obviously qualifies as a Stratigraphic Site demonstrates the physical evidence of an asteroid im- providing a record of a key Earth history event, the pact in contrast to Stevns Klint that demonstrates the mass extinction event at the Cretaceous−Tertiary global scale eﬀect of a large extraterrestrial impact and boundary. Stevns Klint additionally plays a key role in major changes including mass extinction associated a major discovery related to our overall understanding with the impact. Stevns Klint thus fulfils an explicit of processes significantly influencing life on Earth, the part of the theme that is presently not represented on asteroid impact hypothesis. No sites covering the com- the World Heritage List. plete Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary succession are

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

FOSSIL SITES. The record of life on Earth tional boundary layer being easily recognisable imme- represented by the fossil record. diately beneath a pronounced topographic overhang, It could well be argued that Stevns Klint represents a which separates the underlying soft Cretaceous chalk Fossil Site. The fossil record at Stevns Klint represents from the overlying, harder Tertiary limestone. The thin a succession of communities characteristic of the ma- black boundary clay layer found in the up to 40 m rine Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary Periods. The high, white cliff clearly marks the fall in primary pro- species diversity is very high for nanno-, micro-, meso- duction and makes the exceptional boundary layer vis- and macrofossils, and most marine fossil groups are ible even to the inexperienced eye. represented. The state of preservation is generally very good and the site is of outstanding importance for the Criterion viii: Stevns Klint is an outstanding example study of the nature of mass extinctions and the tempo representing a major stage in Earth’s history and the and mode of the subsequent recovery, and thus for un- record of life: The mass extinction at the Cretaceous− derstanding of key evolutionary problems. No Fossil Tertiary boundary. An example of the major changes sites covering the Late Cretaceous−Early Tertiary time caused by an asteroid impact is presently not found on intervals and the complete boundary between these the World Heritage List and based on the combination two periods are presently on the List. of quality of exposure, fossil diversity and scientific impact the Stevns Klint site stands out from the more Based on the Operational Guidelines for the Imple- than 500 registered localities globally comprising the mentation of the World Heritage Convention (2008), spectacular catastrophe at the Cretaceous−Tertiary the recommendations of Dingwall et al. (2005), and boundary. the comparative analysis (Section 3.c), Stevns Klint is proposed to be inscribed as a World Heritage Site The nominated site has played a significant role in the under criterion (viii) as it represents a truly outstand- international study of the causes of mass extinction ing example of a major stage of Earth’s history, includ- and the effect of extraterrestrial impact on life on Earth ing the record of life and demonstrates the global effect as it was among the original study localities that first of an extraterrestrial impact. led scientists to the hypothesis of an asteroid impact as a cause for mass extinction and is thus of high value for the understanding of key evolutionary problems. 3.b Proposed Statement of Outstanding Universal Value The key to the integrity of Stevns Klint lies in the completeness of the boundary section, the good preserva- Stevns Klint (klint = cliff) is a 15 km long scenic tion of rich fossil assemblages, and in the high quality coastal cliff one hour drive south of the Danish capital of the outstanding exposure of high permanency and Copenhagen. Stevns Klint illustrates the most spectac- great lateral extent. The site boundaries are defined to ular global mass extinction event in the history of encompass the extent of the continuous exposure that Earth: The Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary. The mass is of utmost importance to reveal any variation in de- extinction that occurred 65 million years ago is partic- positional environment and thus to allow filtering of ularly spectacular due to its association with an aster- local signals recorded in the environment from the oid impact and because it marks the extinction of global signal of mass extinction. The intense scientific more than half of all species, including land-living di- interest adds to the integrity as the more than 200 sci- nosaurs and large marine reptiles. entific papers provide a high degree of documentation of the site. Stevns Klint forms the best exposed Cretaceous−Ter- tiary boundary section in the world with the excep-

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3. JUSTIFICATION FOR INSCRIPTION

The legal protection of the nominated area and its buﬀer zone is adequate, and national and municipal legislation accords protection of future exposures in a buﬀer zone landward of the property. The property is well managed and resourced, with a comprehensive management plan in place and resources for its implementation. Key management issues include presenting the geological site and its significance, and managing the expected increase in number of visitors to the property. Natural wave erosion secures high quality exposure for at least 20,000 years.

3.c Comparative Analysis (incl. State of Conservation of Simi- lar Properties) Prerequisites for Cretaceous−Ter- tiary Boundary Sections The Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary reflects a spectacular global event, and the wish to understand this dramatic period in the history of life has made the Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary sediments among the most intensively in- Cover: Charlotte Clante vestigated deposits in the geological record. Figure 46. The comparative study by Dr. A. M. Sørensen The intense interest has resulted in scientific papers is presented in full in Appendix 6 as a separate volume. counted in thousands. The global nature of the event and the intense interest in the boundary has also re- With more than 500 known Cretaceous−Tertiary sulted in the search for localities worldwide, and today boundary sites it is necessary to produce a shortlist for more than 500 Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary sites the comparative analysis. For this purpose, three pre- have been re corded around the world (Kiessling and requisites were defined and only sites that met these Baron-Szabo 2004). were analysed in greater detail. The three prerequisites are defined to ensure that sites examined in the com- A comparative analysis of the sites covering the Creta- parative analysis tell the complete story of the biotic ceous−Tertiary boundary was undertaken in a com - turnover across the Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary prehensive study by Dr A. M. Søren sen appended in and include traces of the extraterrestrial impact. full in a separate volume (Appendix 6) and referred to in this nomination document (Fig. 46).

73 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/1111.17Side74

Photo: Rudy Hemmingsen Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.17 Side 75 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.17 Side 76

NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

K/T boundary sites Country Scienti!c Environment / depth Location impact

El Kef Tunisia 97 Upper bathyal 300–500 m Valley

Stevns Klint Denmark 53 Epicontinental sea >100 m Coastal cli"

Hell Creek Montana, USA 53 Terrestrial Valleys

Caravaca Spain 45 Middle bathyal 600–1000 m Valley

Raton Basin New Mexico USA 25 Terrestrial Road cut

Brazos River Texas, USA 24 Middle – outer shelf <100 m River bank

Beloc Haiti 22 Deep marine 1500–2000 m Road cut

Mimbral Mexico 22 Stream bank

Agost Spain 22 Middle bathyal Road cut

Gubbio Italy 19 Lower bathyal 1500–2500 m Road cut

Hokkaido Japan 17 Upper bathyal (300–600 m) Stream bank shallowing to 150–300 m

Nye Kløv Denmark 11 Epicontinental sea >100 m Abandoned quarry Seymour Island Antarctica 11 Shallow mid shelf Valleys and coastal cli" Elles Tunisia 11 Middle to outer neritic shelf Valley Flaxbourne River New Zealand 11 Middle bathyal Quarry Aïn Settara Tunisia 11 Middle to outer neritic shelf Along a channel Woodside Creek New Zealand 10 Upper bathyal Creek

Table 2. Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary sites that meet the prerequisites, i.e. are complete across the boundary, have a sci- entiﬁc impact of more than ten references on either Web of Science or GeoRef, and have a boundary layer lithology different from the surrounding lithologies. The scientiﬁc impact is found by searching for acronyms used for the Cretaceous−Ter- tiary boundary together with the site name. The highest score found on either Web of Science or GeoRef is listed in the table. Much more has been published on several of the classical sites but the same citation databases have been used for all methods for reasons of comparison.

The prerequisites the sites should fulfil are: More than 500 Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary sites • The succession should be complete across the were tested in order to produce a list of the exposed boundary and should include the latest Cretaceous sections fulfilling the prerequisites. For this purpose, and the earliest Tertiary strata in order to represent an already existing comprehensive database (KTbase) the entire event, the nature of the mass extinction, was examined. The KTbase was originally designed and the subsequent recovery of life after the extinc- to evaluate the causes and mechanisms of the Creta- tion. ceous−Tertiary boundary event (Kiessling and Claeys • The Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary site should be 2001; Kiessling and Baron-Szabo 2004) and is not well studied and described, allowing comparison. publically accessible, but the filtering of the database • The boundary layer should be lithologically diﬀer- was generously conducted by Professor W. Kiessling ent from the underlying Cretaceous sediments and (Natural History Museum, Berlin). the overlying Tertiary sediments, and should include the characteristic enrichment in iridium and other rare elements.

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3. JUSTIFICATION FOR INSCRIPTION

NYE KLØV STEVNS KLINT NORTH AMERICA EUROPE HELL CREEK AGOST GUBBIO HOKKAIDO CARAVACA EL KEF JAPAN RATON BASIN BRAZOS RIVER ASIA ELLES AÏN SETTARA MIMBRAL ATLANTIC- OCEAN INDIA BELOC AFRICA

P A C I F I C OCEAN

INDIAN SOUTH AMERICA OCEAN

AUSTRALIA

FLAXBOURNE RIVER NEW ZEALAND WOODSIDE CREEK SEYMOUR ISLAND

Localities mentioned in ANTARCTICA Tables 2−6

Figure 47. Map showing locations of Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary sites meeting the three prerequisites and included in the comparative analysis.

The test of the more than 500 Cretaceous−Tertiary environments and are found in 13 countries on six boundary sites resulted in 43 boundary sites fulfilling continents (Fig. 47). The sites were analysed in detail two of the prerequisites by showing exposed sections in the comparative analysis of potential Cretaceous− complete across the boundary and by including the Tertiary boundary sites. The detailed descriptions of presence of a boundary layer enriched in iridium and the 17 sites are presented in the comparative analysis other elements (Table 2). Subsequently, the 43 sites (Appendix 6). together with eight possibly complete localities were tested for their scientific impact by making searches of An additional number of issues have to be addressed in acronyms which have all been used to describe the order to compare the 17 sites with respect to their po- boundary together with the locality name in the stan- tential as World Heritage Site. Criteria for selecting dard databases Web of Science and GeoRef. Of the 51 palaeontological World Heritage Sites have been dis- Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary sites analysed for sci- cussed in a number of publications (Cloutier and Le - entific impact, 17 sites turned out to be well described lièvre 1998; IUCN 1994; Wells 1996; Falcon-Lang with more than 10 scientific papers in either of the 2002; Dingwall et al. 2005). However, most of these databases (Table 2). discuss the criteria for fossil sites, limiting the relevan - ce for a stratigraphic and meteorite site. The prime Comparison and Evaluation of the focus for evaluating stratigraphic sites is the integrity Cretaceous−Tertiary Boundary Sites of the sites including the fossil diversity. The 17 Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary sites fulfilling the three prerequisites cover a range of depositional

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

Falcon-Lang (2002) defines three major categories for ble to detect lateral variations and thereby to perform the comparative analysis of Pennsylvanian fossil sites. the essential separation between local and global sig- These categories are modified for the comparative a - nals of the rock record. The boundary layers are gener- nalysis of Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary stratigraphic ally of limited thickness and the lateral extent of the sites by shifting the focus from the fossil archive to the boundary layer is thus important to provide more nature and quality of the rock section. study material, such as fossils and impact material without the risk of oversampling. Laterally extensive The comparative analysis focuses on three major sections also offer greater opportunities to establish issues: sustainable protection of the site and thereby to provide sections for further studies. • The nature and quality of the rock section itself (the integrity) The degree of erosion is another important factor for The site should be of high quality and permanency preserving the integrity of a site, and in contrast to and contain a clearly defined stratigraphic section. most preservation acquirements, a high degree of ero- • Fossil record of biodiversity sion is preferred for this type of geological site (e.g. The site should contain high fossil diversity, repre- Falcon-Lang 2002). Exposures found in abandoned senting the broadest possible range of major taxo- quarries, road cuts, valleys and creeks commonly have nomic groups. no or only limited erosion and as a consequence are • Fossil record of biodiversity likely to suffer from overgrowth by vegetation. Expo- The site should have high quality for scientific sures along streams and rivers may have continuous studies. erosion keeping the site clean, but these exposures vary as part of the nature of this type of erosional pro - The Nature and Quality of the Rock Section cess, resulting in a low permanency of the site, and ad- Itself (The Integrity) ditionally, the watercourses may dry up. Coastal cliffs The nature and quality of the rock section is essential are subject to natural continuous erosion, which will to the integrity of the site. The integrity regards the ex- keep a high exposure and permanency of the sites, tent to which the site includes all elements necessary since there is no risk of oversampling or overgrowth. to express the Outstanding Universal Value of the stra- Erosion and lateral extent is evaluated as part of the in- tigraphic interval. tegrity in the comparative analysis.

The quality of the boundary layer is of utmost impor- In the comparative analysis, three elements regarding tance for the integrity. The 17 sites included in the de- the integrity of the sites were evaluated: the visibility tailed comparative analysis all have a complete bound- of the boundary layer, the lateral extent of the boundary section, including the characteristic enrichments of ary section, and the degree of exposure and perma- iridium. The quality of the boundary varies, however, nency of the site. and the purpose of the comparative analysis is to perform a detailed evaluation of the quality of the section. The comparative analysis illustrates that the nominated Stevns Klint site, together with five other sites, In order to communicate the boundary to visitors of contains an easily recognised boundary layer. Regard- the site it is essential that the boundary layer is easily ing the lateral extent, the Stevns Klint site ranks high- recognised also for the inexperienced eye, and the visi- est together with Hell Creek, Brazos River and Sey- bility is evaluated as part of the analysis. The lateral ex- mour Island with a lateral extent of more than 1 km; tent of the boundary is another essential parameter for Stevns Klint and Hell Creek have a lateral extent of the integrity. Laterally extensive sections make it possi- more than 10 km. Regarding the permanency of the

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3. JUSTIFICATION FOR INSCRIPTION

*Raton Basin: Several small sections over several kilometres.

Table 3. Table showing the evaluation of the integrity of the 17 sites included in the detailed comparative analysis. Visibility of the boundary layer is rated on a scale with easy visibility even to the inexperienced eye giving the maximum of 4 points and sections where a guide is needed to point out the layer is given 1 point. The lateral extent of the boundary section is rated on a scale where sections more than one kilometre is given a maximum of 4 points and sections of less than a few metres is given 1 point. The quality of the exposure is rated based on the type of the exposure based on literature where sea cliff with ongoing erosion is given the maximum point of 4, and quarries and road cuts a minimum of 1 point. The total ranking includes an evaluation of the visibility of the boundary layer, the lateral extent of the boundary section and the quality of the exposure evaluated as the degree of exposure and permanency of the site.

site, only Stevns Klint and Seymour Island (in part) made on the timing of extinction, the degree and selec- are coastal cliﬀs and are ranked highest. tivity of extinction, survivorship, and recovery after extinction. Microfossils are of utmost importance as The analysis shows that Stevns Klint ranks higher they commonly occur in large numbers even in small than all other sites when the combined quality of the samples. All kinds of fossils are included in this crite- rock section is evaluated based on the visibility of the rion, as sites with a high number of groups tell a more boundary layer, the lateral extent of the boundary sec- complete story of the extinction event. To compare the tion, and the degree of exposure and permanency of sites, the diversity of the major taxonomic groups pres- the site (Table 3, Fig. 48). It can be concluded that the ent in each site is calculated, including the micro- and integrity of Stevns Klint is the best of all Cretaceous− macroflora, the micro- and macrofauna and trace fos- Tertiary boundary sites. sils.

Fossil Record of Biodiversity The Seymour Island site ranks highest with all major The fossil record tells the evolutionary story of the groups being present (Table 4). The Stevns Klint site biota across the Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary. The ranks second, together with three other sites, due to more biotic groups present, the more studies can be the absence of macroflora. Stevns Klint together with

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

Cretaceous−Tertiary Boundary Photo: Jakob Lautrup Figure 48. The boundary section at the nominated Stevns Klint site with the dark boundary layer clearly visible.

four other sites thus has a high score in fossil diversity. tiary boundary has been studied by a wide spectrum of On a more detailed level, the boundary section at methods, including sedimentological studies of the Stevns Klint additionally ranks high in species diver- lithology and physical structures of the boundary de- sity, fossil density and state of preservation although posits and a huge amount of studies of a variety of flo- there has been some dissolution of small calcareous- ral and faunal groups, representing both marine and shelled fossils in the Fiskeler Member where only “ro- continental realms. In addition to these methods, a bust” foraminifera are present. It is concluded that vast spectrum of geochemical and mineralogical analy- Stevns Klint has a very good fossil record (Appendix ses has been undertaken, such as clay mineralogy, sta- 3.1, Table 4). ble isotope studies, and studies of trace elements, including iridium and other platinum group elements. Scientific Impact of Site This criterion evaluates the present scientific impact of Data on the present scientific impact were collected the site in order to quantify the degree to which the from the online databases Web of Science and GeoRef site has been investigated and includes a measure of (Table 5). The search gives an estimate of the amount the possibility of future studies. The Cretaceous−Ter- of studies that have been carried out on the sites re-

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3. JUSTIFICATION FOR INSCRIPTION

Scientic impact 10-19 20-29 30-49 50-79 80+ Total Stevns Klint 4 4 Seymour Island 1 1 Hell Creek 4 4 Brazos River 3 3 Caravaca 3 3 Aïn Settara 1 1 El Kef 5 5 Agost 2 2 Mimbral 2 2 Raton Basin 3 3 Beloc 2 2 Nye Kløv 1 1 Woodside Creek 1 1 Elles 1 1 Gubbio 1 1 Hokkaido 1 1 Flaxbourne River 1 1 Table 4. The fossil diversity of the 17 selected boundary Table 5. Scientific impact of the 17 boundary sites. sites. Presence of a major biotic group rates a maximum of 2 points, presence in insignificant numbers rates 1 point. quality of the site as evaluated above. The accessibility Trace fossils are regarded as less important compared to body fossils, and presence of trace fossils rates a maximum of the site is an additional factor. The accessibility of of 1 point. the 17 sites has been evaluated, and thirteen of the sev- enteen sites, including Stevns Klint are easily accessible (Appendix 6). An analysis of the potential for fu- garding the boundary event, but the search to some ture scientific work, including these factors does not degree includes papers that only refer to the site with- affect the total sum of the comparative analysis and is out actually representing work done on the site. As an excluded from the tables for reasons of clarity. example, the El Kef site, which is the Global Strato - type Section and Point (GSSP) for the Cretaceous− Tertiary boundary, is cited in many publications with- 50 out any research actually having been undertaken at the site. For all localities, it may be stated that older 40 works and other works not represented in the selected online databases are not included in the list. This is 30 particularly the case with classical, easily accessible sites. However, the applied method is still regarded as 20

the best for comparison of the scientific impact of the per decade Publications sites. 10

0 The analysis of the scientific impact shows that the sta- 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 totype El Kef site is the most cited site and that Stevns Figure 49. History of scientific publication on Stevns Klint. Klint is ranked second together with the Hell Creek Stevns Klint is not only a classical study locality but in the last site. decades the site has received increasing scientific interest re- flected in numerous papers following the seminal study of Al- varez et al.1980. The number of scientific work published forms part of the potential for future research together with the

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

It is concluded that Stevns Klint not only ranks among The nominated Stevns Klint site reaches the maximum the three most studied boundary sections in the world total score in the comparative analysis with a total of but also has a very high potential for further studies 23 points (Table 6). The Stevns Klint site ranks first in based on the high quality exposure with very easy ac- one of the three major issues addressed and ranks sec- cess for scientists, and the history of research (Fig. 49). ond in the latter two: the fossil diversity of higher taxonomic groups and scientific impact. Summary and Conclusion of the Comparative Analysis It should be noted that the measause on diversity has The comparative analysis of Cretaceous−Tertiary been performed on higher taxonomic groups. Com- boundary sites around the world was undertaken in parison of diversity on species level would place Stevns order to evaluate their potential as a World Heritage Klint far above Seymour Island in fossil diversity (see Site. Of the more than 500 Cretaceous−Tertiary Appendix 3.1). The biotic assemblage is unique at the boundary sites recorded worldwide, only 17 meet the Stevns Klint site, as it includes rich benthic micro-, three prerequisites of completeness of the succession meso- and macrobiota as well as a planktonic micro- across the boundary, scientific documentation, and biota, which expand the understanding of the nature the presence of a boundary layer that is enriched in of invertebrate mass extinction and subsequent recov- iridium and other elements, considered to be mainly ery and evolution after the extinction event. A rich in- or partly of impact origin. vertebrate fauna is rarely found at other marine sites and has only been studied in any detail at Stevns Klint, The 17 sites have been analysed with a focus on three Brazos River, Nye Kløv and Seymour Island. major issues: the nature and quality of the rock section itself (the integrity), the fossil record of biodiversity, Second in the cumulative scores is Seymour Island and the scientific impact of the site. with a score of 20 points. The Seymour Island site ranks highest in the fossil diversity criterion, including all of the major biota groups, including macroflora pre- Site Integrity Fauna Scienti c Total served, but the boundary layer is not easily recognised impact and the scientific impact of the site is low. Additionally, Stevns Klint 12 7 4 23 the site is difficult to access, as it is located in Antarc- Seymour Island 10 9 1 20 tica. Hell Creek and Brazos River both score 18 points. Hell Creek 7 7 4 18 In Hell Creek, the boundary layer is exposed in a valley Brazos River 8 7 3 18 Caravaca 7 6 3 16 and may therefore be covered by vegetation and scree Aïn Settara 9 6 1 16 and become even more difficult to find or it may disap- El Kef 5 6 5 16 pear in the future. The Brazos River boundary layer is Agost 6 6 2 14 exposed on a river bed and riverbank and has a higher Mimbral 7 5 2 14 potential for continuous erosion, but at both sites, the Raton Basin 5 6 3 14 boundary layer is not always easily recognised and Beloc 6 6 2 12 there is confusion as to which bed actually represents Nye Kløv 5 7 1 12 the boundary. The stratotype locality El Kef would not Woodside Creek 7 2 1 12 be suited as a WHS as the boundary layer is difficult to Elles 6 5 1 11 Gubbio 6 4 1 11 find, access is difficult, and the site is endangered by Hokkaido 5 2 1 8 oversampling and agricultural encroachment, and will Flaxbourne River 3 4 1 7 probably not remain for future generations of human- ity. Table 6. Cumulative score of the comparative analysis. Photo: Jakob Lautrup

82 Photo: Jakob Lautrup Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/1111.18Side83 other siteswithitssceniccoastalposition. comparative analysis,butalsostandsoutfromall date forWorld Heritagebasedonthecriteriain Stevns Klintisnotonlyqualiﬁedasthebestcandi- The classicalCretaceous−Tertiarysiteat boundary Cretaceous−Tertiary Boundary Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.18 Side 84

NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

Stevns Klint is a high-quality boundary site for scientists, students, schools, amateur geologists, and the general public.

Photo: Finn Surlyk This comparative analysis documents that the nomi- −Tertiary boundary, and international researchers have nated Stevns Klint site stands out from all other sites flocked to the site to sample the famous iridium-rich when evaluated for the combination of quality of ex- boundary layer and collect samples for the study of sta- posure, fossil diversity and scientific impact. ble isotopes, mineralogy, biomarkers, macro- and mi- crofauna and nannoflora across the boundary. Additionally Stevns Klint is a classical geological site. It is the type locality in the original definition of the Da - It is concluded that the Stevns Klint site has outstand- nian, the earliest age in the Tertiary Era (Desor 1847), ing universal value and is the best candidate for a Cre- and was one of the first two iridium discovery locali- taceous−Tertiary boundary site on the World Heritage ties, leading to the formulation of one of the most im- List. portant hypotheses in modern geology, involving asteroid impacts dramatically influencing life on Earth (Alvarez et al. 1980). Stevns Klint is therefore not only a classical stratigraphical boundary locality but also a key locality in the ongoing studies of the Cretaceous

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3. JUSTIFICATION FOR INSCRIPTION Photo: Sten Lennart Jakobsen

Test and long delicate spines of a regular sea urchin illustrating the good preservation of fossils from the Stevns Klint section.

3.d Integrity most expanded Cretaceous−Tertiary sections worldwide, displaying all known biozones. The Extent to which the Property Includes all Elements Necessary to Express its Outstanding The boundary clay at Stevns Klint shows all the charac- Universal Value teristics of a boundary layer distal to the impact site, The key to the integrity of Stevns Klint as a World Her- including the change in lithology from chalk to black itage Site lies in the completeness of the boundary sec- clay, illustrating the dramatic decrease in primary pro- tion, the good preservation of rich fossil assemblages, duction, and the reddish layer with the iridium anom- and the intense scientific interest, leading to a high de- aly, reflecting the asteroid impact. gree of documentation of the site, and in the high quality of the outstanding exposure of high permanency The species diversity is very high for nanno-, micro-, and great lateral extent. meso-, and macrofossils, and most marine fossil groups are represented. The state of preservation is The completeness of the boundary section and the generally very good, especially in the Maastrichtian well-preserved fossil record is of utmost importance to chalk and the boundary layers, whereas those occur- the integrity of the site. At Stevns Klint, the boundary ring in the Danian bryozoan limestone commonly are is complex but well documented and oﬀers one of the fragmented or compressed.

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

Tunnels in Cold War Fortress Stevnsfort Nominated Cliff Profile 0 200 400 m

Limestone mounds on seafloor

Figure 50. Area of bryozoan mound exposure on the sea ﬂoor. The mounds were mapped out by Bjerager and Surlyk (2007) and provide information about the 3D geometry of the mounds.

The extent of the continuous exposure is of utmost im- ing with the Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary have vis- portance to reveal any variation in depositional envi- ited the site. The large amount of work performed ronment and thus to allow filtering of any local signal there not only makes it a classical site but also makes it recorded in the environment from the global signal. a highly interesting area for future studies. The integrity of the Stevns Klint site is documented through numerous scientific papers focusing on the The Site Boundaries understanding of the small- and large-scale sedimen- The nominated property at Stevns Klint is defined to tary structures (Section 7.e) and through the mapping encompass the representation of the Cretaceous−Ter- of the entire cliff section (Surlyk et al. 2006) (Appen- tiary boundary. The 15 km long and up to 41 m high dix 3.2). Constant erosion of the cliff ensures fresh ex- white sea cliff forms the major part of the nominated posures of this basal feature of the outstanding univer- property with the addition of a limited number of sal value, and as the strata continue landwards behind smaller areas adding to the perception of the property. the cliff high quality exposures are secured for at least Landwards, the site boundary is defined at the top of 20,000 years (See section 4.a and Appendix 5). the cliff by the cliff break and seawards, the boundary The status as a classical boundary site combined with is defined by the shoreline (Fig. 2). Inclusion of the the high quality of the exposure has made Stevns Klint beach secures that rocks falling from the cliff are still a preferred study area, and virtually all scientists work- within the core area and the boundary strata are com- Photo: Jakob Lautrup

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Figure 51. Bryozoan limestone in the tunnels of Stevnsfort. The 1.6 km long tunnel sections provide good 3D exposures of the bryozoan mounds outlined by the black ﬂint layers. Photo: Jakob Lautrup Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.18 Side 88

NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

Figure 52. The exposure in Boesdal provides a fine example of an externally symmetrical but internally asymmetric bryozoan mound. Photo: Jakob Lautrup monly exposed on the beach. The shoreline is defined In an area at Stevnsfort in the southern part of the cliff, by 0 m of the Danish national altitude reference sys- the seafloor exposes the Danian bryozoan mounds tem, DVR90. The definition of the major boundaries allow map-view of these large-scale structures (Fig. 50). with reference to the cliff face and shoreline ensures Just landwards of this area, the 1.6 km long network of that the boundaries will include the nominated prop- tunnels of the Cold War fortress Stevnsfort adds 3D erty despite the continuously ongoing erosion. exposures of the bryozoan mounds (Figs 50, 51). A few kilometres further south in the abandoned Boes- The nominated cliff area displays the lateral variation dal quarry, a small exposure adds a fine example of an and the total of a 55 m thick stratigraphical section externally symmetrical but internally asymmetric bry- across the boundary and including the Cretaceous− ozoan mound (Fig. 52). The abandoned quarry at Tertiary boundary. Holtug in the northern part of the cliff displays an exposure of muddier, more chalk-like deposits character- A diverse set of exposures are included as they add to istic of the Danian of the northern part of the cliff (Fig. the understanding of the Danian bryozoan mounds. 53). The exposures on the seafloor, in the tunnels of The different orientation of the cliff on several scales Stevnsfort, and in the abandoned quarries Boesdal and gives a good 3D impression of the strata. Holtug are included in the core area.

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Figure 53. The boundary layer is exposed in the abandoned Holtug quarry that also provides good exposure of the muddy Danian limestone characteristic of the northern part of the cliff.

In the working limestone quarry at Sigerslev, the activ- the protection of the outstanding universal value. Photo: Jakob Lautrup ity is now restricted to the area behind the cliff. The ac- More than 6,000 years of exploitation for natural re- tivity produces exposures relevant to scientific studies sources related to the nominated area are described in of the chalk, but the exposures are temporary only as detail in Section 2.b. Today, the activities affecting the they are part of the production area and most will not property have ceased, and the traces are slowly disap- be preserved. The quarry is therefore not included in pearing as a result of the natural wave erosion. the nominated area. However, as part of the regulations, a geological profile results from the production, Today, the nominated area only displays traces of hu - and when the production stops it will be relevant to man activities as described in detail in Section 4.b (i). include this profile in the core area. The buffer zone and the core area of the nominated property have been designated to keep pace with the The Extent to which the Property is Affected by natural processes of erosion and to ensure conserva- Human Activities tion of the integrity of the property from the perspec- The nominated property comprises an area of actively tive of World Heritage. eroding coastline, which is largely inappropriate for development, and today national legislation serves to protect the cliff from future activities in conflict with

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Figure 54. Coastal erosion protects the proﬁle from overgrowth and erases traces of last century quarrying on the cliff face. Photo: Jakob Lautrup Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.18 Side 91

4. State of Conservation and Factors Affecting the Property

4.a Present State of Conservation activity as well as future activities in neighbouring In this section, it is demonstrated that the continuous areas and in the buffer zone (Section 5). natural erosion of the sea cliff and the landwards lateral extent of the boundary section combined with the leg- The two abandoned quarries included in the nomi- islation, and lack of risks related to climate change or nated area have now been transformed into protected natural disasters result in a very good and improving nature and recreational areas, respectively, supporting state of conservation of the nominated Stevns Klint accessibility for visitors to the nominated property. site. These areas are partly included in the nominated area, and are in a good state of conservation although the The erosion caused by wave action is the most impor- Holtug Kridtbrud will soon need to be pruned. tant factor in the conservation of the nominated property as it secures fresh outcrops, hinders overgrowth, Traces of historical quarrying of limestone for building and erases traces of human activities. The ongoing ero- blocks directly from the cliff face presently cover part sion secures the high quality exposures and forms the of the nominated section (see Section 2.b). The traces major means of protection of the boundary section. from this activity are not in conflict with visitors' view Erosion causes the cliff profile to move further inland, of the cliff or with scientific studies of the boundary where the boundary section is of equally high quality. section. All traces of quarrying are slowly disappearing due to natural wave erosion (Fig. 54). Mapping has shown that the boundary layers extend many kilometres landwards beneath the present day The part of the nominated area that is comprised by landscape. The strata are slowly dipping towards the the 1.6 km of tunnels of the Cold War fortress Stevns- west but exposures will potentially be found above sea- fort is in a very good state of conservation with all flint level at least 5 km behind the present day cliff. Based bands clearly visible and the limestone generally free on average present-day and historic erosion rates of of algae and fungae. Local overgrowth is found in the 15 cm pr. year (Appendix 5), the boundary layers will 400 m long tunnel connecting the southern and north- be exposed in very high quality sections similar to pre - ern sector of the fortress. The overgrowth does not af- sent day for a minimum of 20,000 years followed by fect the visibility of the flint bands. another estimated 10,000 years of gradually decreasing quality. Fossils collected at Stevns Klint are housed in international, national and regional museums. As the expo- The hard Danian limestone forming the upper part of sures of Stevns Klint have not altered significantly the cliff combined with ongoing wave erosion has re- since the first documented studies in 1759, all existing sulted in the formation of a steep coastal cliff with a fossil collections are representative of the present day roughness and inaccessibility that largely make parts of outcrop. Large collections are found at the Natural the cliff unattractive to a range of human activities and History Museum of Denmark, which cooperates developments. Thus, the unique geology defining the closely with the local state-subsidised geological mu- nominated Stevns Klint site not only constitutes po- seum, Østsjællands Museum. Today, the museum tential outstanding universal value but also bears its houses exhibitions, facilities for collection manage- own means of protection. ment and for visiting scientists as well as educational and visitor programmes. These activities are in the The dormant remains of quarrying from the area’s in- process of expansion and form part of the conserva- dustrial and preindustrial history (see Section 2.b) per- tion effort. sist in a few locations within the nominated area. Cur- rent legislation restricts future development of the Photo: Jakob Lautrup

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

It is concluded that the proposed Stevns Klint site is in a very good and improving state of conservation and that good quality exposures are secured for thousands of years to come.

4.b Factors Affecting the Property

The nominated area comprises 15 km of steep cliﬀ and beach, a tunnel system, a minor seafloor area and abandoned limestone quarries. At present, there are no significant threats to the proposed outstanding value of the no - minated property. The risks of natural disasters and environmental pressures are low. Quarrying activity in the nominated area has stopped and legislation

ensures that no further production will Grassland care by volonteers. be introduced. The major concern now regards visitor pressures, including fossil and sample collection (Sec-

tion 4.b (iv)). state of flora and fauna along the geological site, parts Photo: Kirstine Østergaard of the area along the cliff are now being transformed 4.b (i) Development Pressures into areas of dry grassland with no addition of artificial The nominated property comprises an area of actively fertilisers. eroding coastline that is largely inappropriate for development. The cliff, beach and part of the nominated Housing is generally sparse and located far from the property comprising abandoned quarries and tunnels cliff, and planning regulations prevent the establish- of the Cold War fortress are all legally protected under ment of new housing. The retreat of the cliff due to multiple conservation designations and their restric- erosion will slowly bring some houses closer to the tive planning policies (see Section 5.b). cliff and eventually in danger of falling into the sea. This process continues unhindered and legislation pre- Adjacent to the nominated area and the buffer zone vents the establishment of breakwaters limiting wave the active quarry Sigerslev Kridtbrud is strictly con- erosion. trolled by legislation, preventing conflict with the nominated area. The quarry Sigerslev Kridtbrud represents Breakwaters have been established at Højerup in front the only industrial site close to the cliff. The produc- of the Middle Age church, which lost its choir in a rock tion is strictly regulated and monitored, and the risk fall in 1928, and in front of the recreational area of the of pollution from this industry is low. abandoned quarry Boesdal Kalkbrud. The breakwater structures protecting the Middle Age church will be The area landwards of the nominated area is an agricul- maintained as they form part of the local history and tural landscape. The agriculture constitutes no threat increase accessibility to the property. to the nominated property. However, to improve the

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4. STATE OF CONSERVATION

4.b (ii) Environmental Pressures 4.b (iii) Natural Disasters and Risk Preparedness Environmental pressures on the Stevns Klint areas are Natural disasters are of no threat to the nominated expected to be mainly from climatic change causing property. The nominated property lies in an area sea-level rise. With increasing sealevels on a metre- where the risk of natural disasters is low on a global scale as predicted for the next hundred years the scale. Tsunamis, floods, wildfires and hurricanes are boundary layers of the nominated property will still be non-existing or extremely rare in the area, and even if mainly above sea-level and accessibility will not be they should occur they would form no threat to the limited. Today, beaches are present along one third of proposed outstanding universal value. the cliff whereas the remaining part the cliff ends directly in the sea. Distribution of beaches along the A historical storm was recorded in 1872 with winds of cliff is primarily a result of coastal processes and most an estimated 32 m/sec. and a sealevel three metres beaches will probably adjust to the slowly rising sea- above the normal level. A storm of this magnitude is level.

Higher storm frequencies may result from climate changes and will lead to an increase in erosion. Simi- larly, an expected increase in rainstorms may cause increased rockfall forming natural coastal protection. As there is a sufficient area containing the boundary layer behind the cliff for at least 5 km, increased rates of erosion will not affect the conservation of the property for at least 20,000 years.

The tunnels of the Cold War fortress may, however, be affected from rising Beach in front of cliff. sea-levels. The management plan for the Cold War Museum Stevnsfort includes securing the present considered to have no negative conservational effect entrance openings to the fortress from the sea by on the proposed outstanding value of the cliff. Photo: Peter Warna-Moors sealing them. Earthquakes occur in the area but are generally below If left untouched, exposures in the abandoned quarry three on the Richter scale as Denmark is located on Holtug Kridtbrud will eventually suffer from over- the stable European craton with a very low intensity of growth. However, a protection scheme is under prepa- seismic events. The strongest earthquake recorded in ration as part of the Natura-2000 protection to protect Denmark occurred in 2010 and measured 4.7 on the the rare habitat. This protection will also improve the Richter scale. The earthquake had no registered effect state of the geological exposures. on the cliff or the tunnels of the Cold War fortress.

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

The tunnels are periodically controlled by a trained ge- 4.b (iv) Visitor/Tourism Pressures ologist for major rockfalls from the walls or ceiling of With the low risks of natural disaster, environmental the tunnels. pressure and development severely restricted by topography and legislation, the most significant factor It is concluded that natural disasters are of little or no that has potential to adversely aﬀect the value of the threat to the cliﬀ with the possible exception of the nominated property is visitor pressure, including fossil tunnels of the Cold War fortress. and sample collection.

The risk preparedness for the area reflects the low risk Although the cliff Stevns Klint has been a national for the nominated property and focuses on visitors. tourist attraction for more than a century, the number The risk of rockfall along the cliff has been analysed of tourists is limited and there has only been little development in the local tourism industry. In 2008, the Cold War fortress Stevnsfort was transformed into a successful museum, and together with the nomination of Stevns Klint for the tentative list for World Heritage, this has produced an optimism and significant local interest in developing tourism in the area. Recent developments have generally been well received by the local community who takes pride in the local properties and attractions as well as increased economic optimism and development of the area. Blocks from rock fall, November 2011. (Appendix 5), and the analysis provides the basis for In the light of the new interest, Stevns Municipality, regulating access and placing of signs warning visitors the local official tourism agency, and the local geologi- Photo: Stig Schack Petersen about any risks. The local rescue team executes train- cal museum have increased their cooperation, aiming ing practices along the cliff and subsurface tunnels and at securing sustainable tourism that is essential to the has special equipment for rescue from land and sea. successful management of Stevns Klint as a geological The members of the first responder teams are located site. One of the results of this cooperation is the Tour - five kilometres from the nominated site. All public ac- ist Policy Report by Stevns Municipality (Section 5.d). cess to the tunnels is conducted by professional guides The report documents that the area is able to sustain trained in rescue operations. A specific emergency the present-day level of visitors with little adverse im- plan for the rescue of visitors in the tunnels has been pact on the nominated property, the sur rounding na- developed in cooperation with the local rescue author- ture or the local community. At present, there are only ity, Stevns Brandvæsen. few visible signs of tourism pressure on the nominated

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4. STATE OF CONSERVATION

property and surrounding areas. The Tourist Policy protected under the Museum Act, which protects geo- Report points out that the capacity for sustainable logical objects and fossils of unique scientific or exhi- tourism is high, with the exception of the parking area bition value. Such objects are called Danekræ (Fossil at Højerup. Trove) and belong to the State. The Museum Act's provision on fossil trove is included in Appendix 2. Most visitors to Stevns Klint arrive at the classical Stevns Klint site at Højerup and enjoy the dramatic With the increased interest in Stevns Klint as a geolog- view of the church on the edge of the cliff or approach ical site, there is reason to expect increasing interest in the cliff from the idyllic fishing village Rødvig just fossils and the boundary clay from unskilled as well as south of the nominated area. Both areas have been de- skilled and professional collectors. The impact of col- veloped to sustain tourism, although parking facilities lection will be persistently monitored and evaluated as only just meet the present need at Højerup. In recent part of the management plan (Section 6.a and Appen- years, a number of additional attractions have been de- dix 4) in order to protect the nominated value and to veloped and presented to the visitors as series of attrac- secure communication between international scien- tions along the cliff. The increased numbers of visitor tists and the local geological museum with the purpose sites serve to ensure a sustainable distribution of tour- of tying new scientific results to the presentation of the ists along the cliff, thereby increasing the total carrying area. Visitors are informed and educated about the fos- capacity of the nominated area. sil collecting legislation and policy in the site literature, on interpretive signs and through verbal communica- Sustainable tourism is a key issue in the management tion. A code of conduct for scientific and amateur sam- plan produced by Stevns Municipality (Appendix 4). pling is to be in place for the summer season 2012 pro- The management plan has been produced through a duced by Stevns Municipality in cooperation with the process of communication between the local munici- local geological museum, Østsjællands Museum, and pality and the local tourism agency, the museum, local local stakeowners. NGOs, and landowners and neighbours of the property (Section 5.e). Sustainable tourism in the manage- 4.b (v) Number of Inhabitants Within the ment plan includes the sustainability of the natural Property and the Buffer Zone properties as well as the socio-cultural and financial The nominated area comprises a rugged coastal cliff, sustainability, and the plan includes definition of chal- beaches, tunnels and abandoned quarries unsuitable lenges, targets and activities. for human habitation. Hence, there are no inhabitants in the area. The buffer zone include a marine area with Fossil collection is essential to secure exposed fossils no inhabitants and a wide landwards area dominated and thus forms part of the conservation. Unless the by an agricultural landscape with scattered private fossils are collected from the cliff and fallen blocks on houses and small farms (Table 7). the beach, the constant erosion will cause the fossils to be washed away by the sea. Therefore, it is planned to opti- Area of nominated property 50 hectares mise the collection of fossils (Length of coastal cliff: 15 km) through an active collection pro- Estimated number of inhabitants within the nominated area 0 inhabitants gramme (Section 5.c). Today, Area of buffer zone: fossil collection is performed as Sea, up to 300 m seaward from shoreline 3665 hectares part of scientific studies, by Land: 300 m landward from cliff break 471 hectares skilled amateurs, and by tourists. Estimated number of inhabitants within the buffer zone 165 inhabitants Particularly valuable fossils are Table 7. Area and number of inhabitants of the nominated site and buffer zone.

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The nominated area is protected and conserved by an Locality Owner established framework of national legislation and protective designations as well as by local planning poli- Stevns Klint Private, Gjorslev (95%) cies. These arrangements are reinforced through a se- Private, other (3%) ries of national legislation and local planning docu- Stevns Municipality (1%) State (1%) ments, which are described within the appendices. Geological proﬁle in Boesdal Kridtbrud Stevns Municipality The Management Plan for the nominated World Her- itage Site, produced and approved by the Municipality Tunnels in Cold War fortress Stevnsfort Stevns Municipality of Stevns (Appendix 4) sets out agreed objectives for Holtug Kridtbrud State the nominated site. This Management Plan has been Seaﬂoor State the subject of local public consultations. Table 8. Ownership of nominated property

5.a Ownership whose purpose it is to present and manage the natural and culture-historical heritage of the areas (Tabel 9). In general, there are two forms of ownership in the nominated area: Public (governmental and municipal) 5.b Protective Designation and private (associations, companies and individuals) (Tabel 8). The actual cliff is primarily private property The nominated area and the buffer zone are covered by with the local estate Gjorslev Gods as the largest own - a number of acts, which each sets out the framework er. The abandoned quarry Holtug Kridtbrud belongs for human activity. to the State, while the abandoned quarry Boesdal Kalkbrud is the property of Stevns Municipality, who The nominated area and the buffer zone are protected also owns the passages in the Cold War Fortress by the Planning Act (Consolidated Act no. 937 of Stevnsfort and the cliff off part of Stevnsfort. The ma- 2009, Appendix 2). The Act is to ensure that the over- rine area belongs to the State. all planning combines social interests in the use of the area and contributes to protecting the nature and en- National legislation stipulates that the public has right vironment so that social development can take place of access to the beach (Section 5.b). on a sustainable basis with respect for human living conditions and for the preservation of fauna and flora. The attractions along Stevns Klint, which serve as access routes to the cliff, are all owned by public authori- The Planning Act defines, among other things, a num- ties or private associations and private foundations, ber of restrictions on partitioning, newbuild and changes of existing built-up areas in the coastal zone,

Attraction/locality Owner Caretaker

Boesdal Kridtbrud Stevns Municipality The association Foreningen Boesdal Stevnsfort Stevns Municipality Østsjællands Museum Højeruplund The association Selskabet Højeruplund The association Selskabet Højeruplund Østsjællands Museum Østsjællands Museum Stevns Fyr State Stevns Municipality Stevns Municipality Stevns Municipality Mandehoved/Flagbanken Stevns Municipality Østsjællands Museum Holtug Kridtbrud State Østsjællands Museum

Photo: Karsten Dahl Table 9. Ownership of areas with public access to the nominated site. 97 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.19 Side 98

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and ensures that coastal areas are kept clear of build- been designated a GeoSite and is therefore included in ings and facilities that are not dependent on being a network of particularly significant European geologi- close to the coast (Planning Act Section 5a.) (Appen- cal areas of scientific importance. The organisation dix 2). The extent of the coastal zone is shown in the ProGeo is in charge of organising the description of map appendix to the act. A detail showing the extent GeoSites within Europe on behalf of IUGS (Interna- around the nominated area is included in Appendix 2. tional Union of Geological Societies). In Denmark, this has been eﬀected via Nationalkomiteen for Geo - The Planning Act (Consolidated Act no. 937 of 2009) logi (the National Committee of Geology). Stevns stipulates that municipal planning must secure and Klint represents the first two of twelve themes, i.e. the preserve large, unbroken landscapes, and that munici- Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary (GS 1-1) and the Dan- pal plans must contain guidelines on how to secure ian strata and boundary to the overlying Selandian (GS 2-1), where Stevns Klint demonstrates the strata and lower boundary to the Maas- trichtian. Thus, Stevns Klint must be characterised as an areas of special geological value in accordance with the Planning Act.

The cliﬀ is protected under the Danish Act on the Pro- tection of Nature (Consoli- dated Act no. 933 of 2009, Appendix 2), which stipulates that no changes must be made to the condition of beaches or other areas that are located between the beach and the beach protection line. Furthermore, no fences must be established, A ﬂock of swans over the 1928 rock fall. nor is it permitted to place caravans or the like in such general geological preservation values. The provisions areas. The beach protection line in the nominated area of the Planning Act on landscape and geological pre - is established by the State (the Minister for the Envi- Photo: Jakob Lautrup, GEUS servation values in municipal planning are included in ronment) and generally extends to 300 m from the Appendix 2 (Planning Act Section 11a). coastline. The beach protection line is registered in the land register and the land charges register for each af- It is an objective of the Planning Act that areas of spe- fected title number. The Act on the Protection of Na- cial geological value are secured (Planning Act Section ture's provision on the beach protection line and a 11a, item 16). Stevns Klint has been designated a ‘Site map showing the beach protection line around the of National Geological Interest’ by the Danish govern- nominated area are included in Appendix 2. ment in collaboration with GEUS (the Geological Sur- vey of Denmark and Greenland). Stevns Klint has also

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Coastal protection is governed by the Act on Coastal ber of rare or endangered animal species against delib- Protection (Consolidated Act no. 267 of 2009). erate interference that may have a harmful effect on the Weighty arguments are needed if coastal protection fa- species or the population. cilities are to be established along the coast off Stevns Klint, which is currently generally untouched by such The abandoned quarry Holtug Kridtbrud has been facilities as a whole. The more valuable a coastline is designated a Natura 2000 area (international nature considered to be in terms of coastal dynamics, geology, protection area 182 and habitat area H183), and it is landscape and biology, the greater the requirements on therefore covered by the EU Habitat Directive and the justification for establishing such a facility. the Act on Environmental Objectives (Consolidated Act no. 932 of 2009). Additionally, birds are covered The extraction of raw materials is governed by the Raw by the EU Birds Directive. Materials Act (Consolidated Act no. 950 of 2009), the purpose of which is to ensure that the exploitation The sea area that constitutes the buffer zone towards of raw material deposits on land and at sea is carried the sea has been designated a Natura 2000 area (inter- out as part of a sustainable development. Along Stevns national nature protection area 206 and habitat area Klint, there are a number of historical rights, the so- H206), and it is therefore covered by the EU Habitat called registered rights, which expire in 2028. How- Directive and the Act on Environmental Objectives ever, it is expected that an application for permission (Consolidated Act no. 932 of 2009). The area is also to exploit registered rights will be rejected, as the recla- governed by the Act on Fisheries (Consolidated Act mation is incompatible with the position within the no. 978 of 2008), whose objective it is to secure both beach and beach protection line and the designation protection of and support for living resources in sea- as a Site of National Geological Interest. It is therefore water and protection of other fauna and flora. The Act considered completely unlikely that permission will on Fisheries prohibits otter trawling and pelagic trawl- be granted for reclamation within the 300 m protec- ing in the area off Stevns Klint. tion line. 5.c Means of Implementing Protective Particularly valuable fossils are protected under the Measures Museum Act, (Consolidated Act no. 1505 of 2006, Appendix 2), which protects geological objects and Stevns Municipality is the local authority responsible fossils of unique scientific or exhibition value. Such for implementing legislation. The Planning Act (Con- objects are called Danekræ (Fossil Trove) and they be- solidated Act no. 937 of 2009) is the basic planning long to the State. The Museum Act's provision on fos- tool for Stevns Municipality. The Act ensures that a sil trove (Section 31) is included in Appendix 2. general structure be established along with guidelines for the land use. In this general structure, Stevns Mu- In relation to public access to Stevns Klint, it is partic- nicipality has designated Stevns Klint as a particularly ularly worth noticing that the Act on the Protection valuable nature area (Stevns Municipal Plan 2009, of Nature, Section 22 (Consolidated Act no. 933 of 16,1). The fundamental starting point is that no build- 2009) stipulates that the beach must be kept open for ings may be erected, and no activities or alterations passage on foot and for brief occupancy (Appendix 2). may take place without extensive consideration for the geology and nature and the landscape values. In the Further to the legislation that protects the nominated Municipal Plan, Stevns Municipality has established value, fauna and flora are also protected. Fauna and an objective about ensuring that due consideration is flora along Stevns Klint are protected under the Act given to the geological interests and that these are to on the Protection of Nature, which protects a num- be preserved for the use of research and dissemination.

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Strøby

Bøgeskov Havn

Tryggevælde Å Gjorslev Gods Klippinge

Holtug Holtug Kridtbrud Storkebæk Å

Sigerslev Mandehoved Store Heddinge STEVNS KLINT Juellinge

Stevns Å Stevns Fyr

Højerup

Stevnsfort Nominated area Boesdal Rødvig Buffer zone Kilde Å Functional buffer zone å Figure 55. Functional buffer zones shown in relation to nominated area. The functional buffer zones are deﬁned around visitor sites to highlight the importance of these areas in the management of a range of visitor functions and activities.

It is also the objective of the Municipality to ensure agement of the nominated property. The buﬀer zone is

that work is carried out to make the geological profiles outlined following boundaries of existing areas of legal accessible to the public (Stevns Municipal Plan 2009, protection. Landwards, the buffer zone follows a na- 16,3). tional 300 m coastal protection zone and seawards, it generally follows the boundary of an area included in A buffer zone is defined with the primary purpose of the European Natura 2000 network of protected areas achieving protection and management of the nomi- (Fig. 1, Appendix 1). The buffer zone covers the area nated property (Fig. 1, Appendix 1, 4). The role of the important in protecting the view in and out of the pro- buffer zone is expanded to include the protection of posed area, including views from the top of the cliff, the wider natural system formed in connection to the from the shore or from the sea. The boundaries of the property and additionally to relate to the management buffer zone also ensure inclusion of areas important of visitor pressure to the nominated property and the for the wildlife related to the cliff and a marine stone associated natural and cultural elements. reef and the flora and fauna related to the cliff and dry grassland. The buffer zone for the nominated site is defined with the primary purpose of achieving protection and man-

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The buffer zone includes a range of cultural heritage sites related to the nominated property, including rem- nants of limestone production facilities, buildings of stones from the cliff, and the Cold War fortress dug out into the rock. Several of the cultural sites are protected, including the old church on the edge of the cliff and the two lighthouses. The Cold War fortress is in the process of gaining legal protection.

Functional buffer zones are defined around visitor sites to highlight the importance of these areas in the management of a range of visitor functions and activities (Fig. 55). The functional buffer zones are designated with substantial stakeholder engagement to ensure the area an important role for the local community, supporting sustainable use in consistency with the protection of the nominated area as well as the natural and cultural properties of the buffer zone. Photo: Jakob Lautrup

Stevns Municipality works actively to improve the na- Figure 56. The public footpath running along the length of ture experience and the accessibility to areas along the the cliff. cliff through the acquisition of land. With this in mind, over the past 20 years, Stevns Municipality has ac- The Municipality has improved access to Stevns Klint quired the area at the Cold War Fortress Stevnsfort, through the so-called Trampesti footpath, which was the abandoned quarry Boesdal Kalkbrud, the aban- opened in 2004 (Fig. 56). The footpath makes it possi- doned Cold War facility at Mandehoved, and areas ble to walk along the entire cliff, at the top or on the around the lighthouses Stevns Fyr. Today, these areas narrow stretch of beach at the foot of the cliff. The path are looked after through nature preservation in order is based on voluntary agreements between the Munici- to enhance the nature experience at Stevns Klint. pality and 52 plot owners. Nature preservation along Preservation plans have been elaborated for Boesdal, the cliff is agreed as part of the formalised dialogue Stevnsfort and Stevns Fyr (Section 5.d). about this agreement.

Nature preservation along Stevns Klint is carried out The Planning Act makes it possible to outline detailed in collaboration between Stevns Municipality, the plans for land use in a limited area. As for the buﬀer Danish Nature Agency, the local branch of the NGO zone, such local plans have been drawn up for Boesdal Danish Society of Nature Conservation, the local mu- Kalkbrud, the Cold War Museum Stevnsfort, and seum and private plot owners. Stevns Municipality has Stevns Fyr. A local plan for Højerup is planned for also prepared an action plan for Sand Lizard (Lacerta 2012. agilis) and is collaborating with the Danish Nature Agency, the Danish Ornithology Association and the Research on Stevns Klint is carried out by researchers Royal Danish Aero Club on the protection of Pere- from all over the world. The local state-recognised mu- grine Falcon at Stevns Klint. seum, Østsjællands Museum, is under legal obligation to collect, register, preserve, research and disseminate information on Stevns Klint in accordance with the

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Museum Act. The collaboration on regulations of col- 5.d Existing Plans Related to Municipality lection is formalised in a separate contract between and Region in which the Proposed Proper- Stevns Municipality, Østsjællands Museum, and the ty is Located main private plot owner Gjorslev Gods. The Museum Municipal Plan for Stevns Municipality is funded by Stevns Municipality and the Danish State. The Museum was given its geological responsibility in The Municipal Plan is a statutory framework plan for 2002 and now works in close collaboration with the land use in the municipality. The Management Plan University of Copenhagen and the Natural History continually refers to legislation, directives, regulations Museum of Denmark on handling the task. Work plans etc. for the museum are forwarded to Stevns Municipality and the Heritage Agency of Denmark. Stevns Municipal Plan contains guidelines to secure general geological preservation values, including the location of areas of particular geological value in relation to the current Planning Act. In comments to the legislation, it has been specified that the quality of Areas of National Geological Interest is not to be reduced by ob - scuring or destructing through digging, by buildings or technical facilities, forest planting or similar. In terms of protection, Geo- Sites are ranked alongside Areas of National Geologi - cal Interest.

In Stevns Municipal Plan, Stevns Klint is designated a The main entrance of Gjorslev Gods. ‘particularly valuable nature area’. This implies that no alterations must take place in the area without exten-

Photo: Jakob Lautrup Communication about Stevns Klint is handled by Øst- sive consideration for the geology, nature, and land- sjællands Museum from a number of localities along scape values. the cliﬀ (Section 5.i). District Plans District plans are prepared by the municipalities for small areas. District plans are detailed and binding on plot owners. In relation to the nominated area, district plans have been prepared for the localities Boesdal Kalkbrud and the Cold War Museum Stevnsfort. Dis- trict plans for the area include guidelines for the use of

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the areas and concrete preservation plans with a view communicating natural and cultural heritage. The to nature protection. In relation to the buﬀer zone, a Work Plan defines a number of target areas including district plan has been prepared for Stevns Fyr, and a the geological and cultural history of Stevns Klint. district plan for Højerup is planned for 2012. Preserva- tion plans have been elaborated as part of district plans Nature Policy for the areas by Stevnsfort, Stevns Fyr and Boesdal. Stevns Municipality is in the process of preparing a The preservation plans are binding and describe de- Nature Policy. tailed plans for the nature preservation of the areas. Plans for Endangered nature Tourist Policy Report Preservation plans for the Natura 2000 areas Holtug A Tourist Policy Report for Stevns has just been com- Kridtbrud and Stevns Reef are being prepared by the pleted. The Tourist Policy Report is included as an appendix to the Municipal Plan. The report maps current tourism and its poten- tials, and objectives are set out for future development. The focal point of the Report is the sustainable development of tourism.

Road Safety Plan and Traffic Plan Stevns Municipality has prepared a Road Safety Plan with the objective of targeting work of the Mu- nicipality to increase road safety, and create a safe setting for people to move Autumn at the graveyard of the abandoned Højerup Church. around the municipality. Stevns Municipality has plan to draw up a Traﬃc Plan to ensure appropriate traﬃc government and expected to be completed in the au- management and development of infrastructure in the tumn of 2012. Stevns Municipality has prepared an Photo: Peter Warna-Moors municipality. action plan for Sand Lizards.

Østsjællands Museum Work Plan 5.e Property Management Plan The Work Plan of Østsjællands Museum constitutes the framework for the activities of the museum and is The Stevns Klint Management Plan has been prepared forwarded to the Heritage Agency of Denmark and by Stevns Municipality in close collaboration with Stevns Municipality. The Work Plan defines that the Østsjællands Museum. The Management Plan has Museum works within the target areas of geology and been drawn up with a high degree of inclusion of local cultural history with the objective of preserving and residents, interest organisations, advisory organs, and

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other stakeholders through a number of theme meet- tainable foundation that takes its starting point in the ings for plot owners, and for the general public. The preservation of the core values of Stevns Klint. Management Plan has been presented to the public and public meetings have been held about the Plan The Management Plan is enclosed with the nomina- with all relevant stakeholders. tion material as a separate volume (Appendix 4 ).

The Management Plan is a general management tool The overall objectives of the Management Plan are: to be used by all who are involved in the work to protect Stevns Klint in a sustainable manner. Thus, the • To improve the possibilities of public and formal Management Plan sets out visions, objectives and tar- education and research about Stevns Klint. gets for the work to protect, present, and develop • To ensure protection, scientific studies and education of the values that form the basis for the nomination of the area to be inscribed on the World Heritage List, i.e. the geological layers at Stevns Klint. • To describe the tasks of diﬀerent players in relation to managing, protecting, preserving, developing and presenting Stevns Klint. • To explain the significance of Stevns Klint to all residents, users and visitors in the area with a view to increase interest and respect for the area. • To present visions, objectives and targets for Stevns Public meeting with stakeholders. Klint and the surrounding area.

Photo: JK. Føns • To account for challenges and describe measures Stevns Klint, and the Plan indicates a number of meas- that has already been effected or will be initiated to ures in various areas that are of significance to Stevns protect integrity of the area. Klint, including the buffer zone. • To provide visitors with quality experiences by anchoring and developing tourism on a sustainable The Management Plan stresses the importance of con- foundation. sidering the value of Stevns Klint as part of a whole, so • To create increased coordination and collaboration that apart from the geological values, focus is also on between the involved stakeholders. the inclusion of the living nature, cultural history and overall experience of the cliff. In this way, the Manage- ment Plan aims to ensure development based on a sus-

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The Management Plan describes a number of recom- Increased knowledge of the core value is considered mendations and a timeframe for their execution. A part of the preservation. Research is carried out by re- number of the recommendations can be carried out searchers from all over of the world. Locally, research within the existing operational framework. Collabora- is carried out at Østsjællands Museum, which also tion between Stevns Municipality and Østsjællands works on anchoring research in the local area through Museum aims to procure funding for other recom- formal and informal education (see Section 6). mendations. Education about the cliff is handled by Østsjællands Museum, which ensures operations through funding 5.f Sources and Levels of Finance from the Danish State, the local municipalities and earnings from entrance fees from visitors. Establish- A sustainable development of Stevns Klint based on ment costs in relation to large projects such as digital the preservation of the values involves a large number communication along the entire cliff, and expanding of tasks related to preservation and protection of the school service offers are largely funded by large Danish geological core value but also nature preservation, re- foundations. The plan is to use the same model in con- search, education, development of tourism and infra- nection with funding of a new geological exhibition structure as described in the Management Plan (Ap- and visitor centre. pendix 4). A large number of these tasks are currently being handled by various organisations, which makes The expansion and maintenance of infrastructure with it difficult to determine the level of finance. Stevns Mu- access to the area is included as part of ordinary oper- nicipality has decided to contribute 3 million Danish ating budget of Stevns Municipality. The general infra- kroner annually for five years as a supplement to the structure is adequate. Funding for new establishment current handling of tasks. of an expanded visitor centre, new paths, stairs etc. will be sought through foundations and supplemented by The actual nominated value is primarily maintained by public funding from the State and Stevns Municipality. the ongoing erosion and does not require preservation as such. However, preservation of the nominated area It is concluded that funding is funding to secure the in the abandoned quarry Holtug Kridtbrud is needed. World Heritage value and to create a complete experi- This preservation is funded by the Danish Nature ence for visitors. Agency.

The living nature on and along the cliff requires care 5.g Sources of Expertise and Training in in order to preserve the characteristic dry grasslands Conservation and Management Techniques along the cliff, which increase the nature value and pro vides a view of the cliff from the cliff edge. Nature Geological expertise about the conservation of the cliff preservation along the cliff is currently funded prima- and the fossils is based locally at Østsjællands Museum rily by Stevns Municipality and the Danish Nature and with the permanent partners, the Natural History Agency, Østsjællands Museum, the private association Museum of Denmark, the University of Copenhagen, that owns the area at Højerup, and to a lesser degree by and the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland private plot owners. In 2010, an experimental scheme (GEUS). This means that there is access to the fore- was launched, which involves voluntary organisations most expertise in the field. The Museum has qualified in the nature preservation work. The conclusion that is experts at its disposal. drawn is that the finances are currently sufficient to handle the core value and the special nature.

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Attractions with visitor facilities Facilities Rødvig – an idyllic ﬁshing town, view of the cliff Parking. Public toilets, including toilets for disabled people. Various dining and shopping possibilities. Hotels. Bed and Breakfast. Tourist information. Serviced by public transport (train and busses). Guided tours during the summer.

Boesdal Parking. Public toilets. Access for wheelchairs. Shelters. – an abandoned quarry with historical buildings Picnic facilities.

Cold War Museum Stevnsfort Parking. Professional museum including toilets, picnic facilities, souvenir shop.Guided tours.

Højerup – the classic Stevns Klint locality with the Parking. Public toilets. Picnic facilities. Bed and Breakfast. church on the edge of the cliff, including a Eatery/café. professional museum with permanent exhibitions The museum houses visitor facilities, including toilets, picnic facilities, souvenir shop and access for wheelchairs.

Stevns Fyr – two protected lighthouses Parking. Public toilets. Access for wheelchairs. Picnic facilities. Exhibitions. Access to lighthouses. The area was recently opened to the public and is under development.

Mandehoved/Flagbanken Parking. Public toilets. Access for wheelchairs. Picnic facilities. – vantage point and school service Exhibitions. Bird watch tower. Centre for school presentations, including sleeping facilities for groups. Primitive shelters.

Holtug Kridtbrud – an abandoned quarry Parking. Public toilets. Picnic facilities.

Table 10. Visitor facilities. Expertise in conservation of the geology and nature of It is concluded that the combined expertise in conser- the area rests with Stevns Municipality and the Danish vation of the geological value and management of the Nature Agency, who have great experience and compe- area is very good. tence in the conservation of dry grasslands. The local branch of the NGO the Danish Society of Nature Con- 5.h Visitor Facilities and Statistics servation has competences in the conservation of living nature and collaborates with Stevns Municipality and The 15 km of cliff can be experienced by boat from the Østsjællands Museum. sea, by foot along the beach, or from a path that runs along the top of the cliff. Inland, the cliff can be ap- Stevns Municipality handles managerial tasks. The proached from the road that runs in parallel to the cliff management of the local natural and cultural heritage (Fig. 1). is carried out with guidance from the Heritage Agency of Denmark who also handle supervision of the pro- A series of locations along the cliff includes visitor fa- tected buildings. cilities. The locations are generally staffed and comprise areas of particular natural or cultural interest (Table 10).

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Visitor statistics for the Stevns Klint area are difficult • Cold War Museum Stevnsfort (approx. 40,000 to track because of the open access. The Cold War visitors per year) Museum that opened in 2008 counts about 40,000 A room in the fortress houses a geological exhibition. visitors annually, the Stevns Museum at Højerup has • Public walks along the cliff (nature, geology and about 5,000 visitors, the Stevns Nature Centre has cultural history) about 3,000 on guided tours, and an estimate of • Stevns Fyrcenter – small exhibition 60,000 visit the main Stevns Klint site at Højerup. In collaboration with Stevns Municipality, the Danish Nature Agency and a local NGO • School service about geology and nature based at 5.i Policies and Programmes Related to Stevns Naturcenter. the Presentation and Promotion of the • General information activities about Stevns Klint. Property Dissemination and education of information about geology at Stevns Klint is handled by Østsjællands Museum, who also com - municates about the nature and cultural history of the area. The Museum handles dissemination and education based on a permanent staff of scientific and communication experts. The vision is to make people wonder about and consider new perspectives on life and history through research- based stories told vividly and effectively, taking their starting point in authentic The small geological exhibition at Flagbanken is always localities. The dissemination and education is de- open to the public free of charge.

scribed in the Museum's Work Plan (Section 5.c Photo: Jakob Lautrup and 5.d). Østsjællands Museum continually contributes to public knowledge about the cliﬀ and its history, e.g. The existing communication at Stevns Klint by Øst- through the production of books and pamphlets, lec- sjællands Museum comprises: ture activities, articles in newspapers and magazines, • Stevns Museum (approx. 5,000 visitors per year) and participation in radio and TV shows. Traditional cultural history exhibition and new special exhibition about Stevns Klint as a candidate Østsjællands Museum continues to expand the dis- for UNESCO's World Heritage List semination by incorporating more communication • Flagbanken: Small geology exhibition (estimated interfaces, extending the school service, and creating a no. of visitors 20,000) new geological exhibition.

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A complete communication interface is presented to complete experience. The establishment of the visitor visitors at Stevns Klint via the digital communication centre is part of the intentions contained in the Man - project Stevns Klint+. The presentation uses web, agement Plan for Stevns Klint (Appendix 4). smartphones and digital info stands as well as traditional signage. The project is funded by a grant from 5.j Staffing Levels the foundation Nordea-fonden and is carried out in collaboration with Stevns Municipality. Østsjællands Museum handles research and dissemination in Stevns Municipality and the neighbouring The Museum's existing school service is being expand- Faxe Municipality. The staﬀ includes two qualified reed through the establishment of special oﬀers aimed at search geologists and two historians, who all have ex- lower and upper secondary schools. The project covers pert knowledge, conduct research, and participate in the dissemination about the geology, nature and cultural history. The Museum has at its disposal two professional communicators, who have specialised in the Cold War and the nature of Stevns Klint, respectively. Both communicators have autho- rised communication qualifi- cations, and the Museum trains its own corps of guides. The Museum now has some 25 part-time guides and expects to see an increase in this number.

Additionally, the Museum has administrative personnel as well as technical personnel who handle maintenance Tours along the cliff are popular for visitors of all ages. of exhibitions as well as areas at Flagbanken, Højerup, Holtug Kridtbrud and Stevnsfort. The society Selska- geology, nature and cultural history with a particular bet Højeruplund has a half-time employee who tends Photo: Peter Warna-Moors focus on the Cold War. The project is funded by a the area at Højerup. Volunteers take part in the preser- grant from the foundation Augustinus Fonden. vation of Stevnsfort and the area at Boesdal. Stevns Municipality contributes by having professional com- Østsjællands Museum is planning to extend the exist- panies tend the path along the cliﬀ. In all, about five ing exhibition at Højerup. The objective is to create a people work full-time with nature preservation and visitor centre, which will form the natural entrance to maintenance of buildings in use for dissemination Stevns Klint and provide visitors with the basis for a purposes. Photo: Peter Warna-Moors

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6. Monitoring

6.a Key Indicators for Measuring State of the locality's core values. Thus, the most significant Conservation factor in the conservation of the geological core value Geology is the erosion and the retrogradation of the cliﬀ. Key issues for measuring state of conservation of the geo- The nominated area is made up of an active coastal logical values are listed in Table 11. cliﬀ, where wave erosion ensures good conservation of

Focus Indicator Method Evaluation Frequency Responsibility

Erosion and back- Backstepping of cliff Registration of back- Assessment of the ef- Continually Østsjællands stepping of the cliff stepping and falling fect of backstepping Museum parts of the cliff. on core values and Stevns integrity Municipality Plot owners

Collecting of geo- State of geological The state of the geo- Comparison of infor- During the months of Østsjællands logical material – proﬁle with focus on logical proﬁle is reg- mation from year to May and October Museum in general the boundary clay istered and mapped year will provide an- and traces of tools – particularly swers as to whether in the geological around the visitor the geological value layers sites Boesdal Kalk- and the integrity are brud, Højerup and endangered now or Holtug Kridtbrud. in the longer term.

Collecting of geo- Research activity in Researchers are en- Assessment of Continually Østsjællands logical material – the nominated area couraged to notify where and to what Museum research Østsjællands Mu- extent Stevns Klint seum of their ﬁeld can sustain research studies. activity at the given time

Research Published papers Retrieval of pub- Overview of new Annually Østsjællands lished papers from research and assess- Museum peer-reviewed jour- ment of how this nals could possibly be communicated to visitors.

View points Clear view to Stevns The view points Assessment of Annually Stevns Klint from view along Stevns Klint whether overgrowth Municipality points are checked for or anything else ob- Østsjællands overgrowth and structs the visual ex- Museum anything else that perience of Stevns might limit or block Klint a clear view

Communication Satisfaction with in- Survey among visi- Quantitative and Annually Stevns formation boards, tors. This will be car- qualitative assess- Municipality guided tours, visitor ried out as part of a ment of whether the Stevns Tourist centre etc. survey of visitor ex- communication Ofﬁce perience meets the need of Østsjællands present and future Museum visitors

Table 11. Key issues relevant for monitoring the state of conservation of the geological values. Photo: Peter Warna-Moors

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

Recently, knowledge on the erosion process has in- Communication of the geological and nature values of creased based on an erosion analysis (Appendix 5), the cliff is considered a significant factor in the conser- and at the same time, a better basis has been created vation. The objective of monitoring the communica- for registration of erosion along the cliff. Based on tion is to secure that information about Stevns Klint is these new data, reporting of large slides will be made sufficient to satisfy the different target groups. possible, which will facilitate greater knowledge of backstepping of the cliff. The existing oblique arial Nature photographs of the entire cliff taken in 1992 and 2011 The nature areas along Stevns Klint are monitored to will also contribute to the establishment of a database obtain information that can contribute to the manage- of knowledge about the condition of the cliff. ment of nature in future (Table 12). Details are described in the Management Plan (Appendix 4). Collecting of fossils along Stevns Klint is important to the conservation of the fossil record. Stevns Klint has Tourism not previously been exposed to fossil collecting to an In order to ensure sustainable tourism, emphasis is extent or in a way that has been contrary to the desire placed on assessing the experiences of tourists and

Focus Indicator Method Evaluation Time Schedule Responsibility

Flora and fauna Number of speciﬁc Monitoring and regis- Quantitative measur- Annually Stevns Municipality animals and plants tration of speciﬁc ing to monitor biodi- that thrive on the plants and animals versity in the nature oligotrophic limestone at selected localities areas.Assessment of overhang along the cliff. whether the preservation plans live up to their objectives

Wear and waste in Wear on vegetation Wear and waste in Assessment of Annually Stevns Municipality nature and waste as a result and around the nature whether wear consti- Østsjællands of human activities in areas is registered by tutes a problem Museum the nature areas and means of observa- Assessment of waste The Danish Nature on the footpath along tions, photos and handling in nature Agency Stevns Klint mapping The society Selskabet Højeruplund The association Foreningen Boesdal

Table 12. Key issues for the management of nature areas along Stevns Klint.

for conservation. In order to investigate whether col- plot owners (Table 13). Details are described in the lecting damages the nominated area, the area will con- Management Plan (Appendix 4). tinually be checked for amount and extent of possible damage. 6.b Administrative Arrangements for Monitoring Property The experience of the cliff from the top of the cliff is affected by overgrowing plants at the cliff edge, and this Objectives for conservation and frequency of monitor- overgrowth will be monitored to form the basis for a ing are established in the Management Plan for Stevns preservation programme. Klint (Appendix 4). Stevns Municipality is responsible for fulfilling these objectives and for monitoring, and

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6. MONITORING

Focus Indicator Method Evaluation Time Schedule Responsibility

Visitor statistics Overnight stays Information is gath- Assessment of the Annually Stevns Tourist Ofﬁce ered from places capacity for overnight Number of visitors offering overnight stays, visits and accommodation distribution Distribution and visitors sites

Visitor experiences Visitor assessment of Survey among visitors Quantitative and Every two years Stevns Municipality Stevns Klint, the visi- qualitative assessment tors sites, facilities, of visitor experiences Stevns Tourist Ofﬁce services, information and requirements etc. Østsjællands Museum

Wear and waste at Wear and tear of Wear, path formation Assessment of Annually Stevns Municipality the visitor sites visitors site facilities, and waste in and whether wear including the footpath around the visitor sites constitutes a problem Østsjællands are registered by Museum Path formation at the means of observa- Assessment of waste visitor sites tions, photos and handling at the visitor Plot owners mapping. sites Waste left behind

Plot owner The effect of tourism Plot owner meetings Assessment of plot Annually Stevns Municipality experience as experienced by are held owner experience in the plot owner relation to the overall value of the nominated area

Table 13. Key issues of interest to ensure sustainable tourism.

the task is handled in collaboration with Østsjællands 6.c Results of Previous Reporting Exercises Museum, Stevns Tourist Oﬃce, and other stakehold- No systematic reporting has been carried out previ- ers in the area. Stevns Municipality has decided to ously. However, traﬃc loads are being monitored by fund a separate organisation with the participation of Stevns Municipality. key stakeholders, to handle this task from 2012. Moni- toring data will be available from Stevns Municipality. The Danish Nature Agency is responsible for monitoring of the areas included in the European Natura 2000 network of protected areas.

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7. Documentation

7.a Photographs, Slides, Image Inventory 7.e Bibliography and Authorization Table and other Audio- This bibliography of scientific publications concerning visual Materials the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary section Stevns Klint Appendix 3.5 Photographs of Stevns Klint has been compiled with the aid of GeoRef and Web of Science databases in May 2011. Reference to the local- 7.b Texts Relating to Protective Designa- ity Stevns Klint is found in more than 400 publication, Copies of Property Management tions. However, some of these only present references Plans or Documented Management to earlier work by others. In this bibliography only papers presenting original work on the Stevns Klint lo- Systems and Extracts of Other Plans Rele- cality is included. vant to the Property Appendix 1 Maps The bibliography comprises refereed journal papers, Appendix 2 Legislation book chapters, and textbooks/memoirs. Government/ Appendix 4 Management Plan museum reports, theses, conference papers, and ab- Appendix 5 Erosion Analysis stracts are not included.

7.c Form and Date of Most Recent Records A total of 230 documents published between 1759 and or Inventory of Property the present are arranged alphabetically as follows:

Appendix 1 Maps 1. Abildgaard, S. (1759). Beskrivelse over Stevns Klint og dens naturlige Mærkværdigheder. Copenhagen. Appendix 3 Inventory of Property 2. Abildgaard, S. (1764). Beschreibung von Stevns Klint und dessen 3.1 Fossils at Stevns Klint natürlichen Merkwürdigkeiten - mit mineralogischen und chymis- 3.2 Geological Profile of Stevns Klint chen Betrachtungen erläutert und mit Kupferstichen versehen. Copenhagen. 3.3 Birds at Stevns Klint 3. Alvarez, L. W., Alvarez, W., Asaro, F., & Michel, H. V. (1980). 3.4 Dry Grassland Flora at Stevns Klint Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous–Tertiary Extinction. Appendix 6 Comparative Analysis Science, 208(4448), 1095–1108. 4. Alvarez, W., Alvarez, L. W., Asaro, F., & Michel, H. V. (1982). Current status of the impact theory for the terminal Cretaceous 7.d Address where Inventory, Records and extinction. Geological Society of America Special Paper. 190, 305–315. Archives are Held 5. Alvarez, W., Kauﬀman, E. G., Surlyk, F., Alvarez, L. W., Asaro, F., & Michel, H. V. (1984). Impact theory of mass Extinctions and Stevns Municipality the Invertebrate Fossil Record. Science, 223(4641), 1135–1141. Postboks 83 6. Andersen, S. A. (1933). Det danske landskabs historie. Copen- 4660 Store Heddinge, Denmark hagen: Levin & Munksgaard. 7. Andersen, S. A. (1944). Det danske landskabs historie: Dan- marks geologi I almenfattelig fremstilling, I. bind, Undergrunden, Østsjællands Museum 2nd ed.. Populær-videnskabeligt Forlag, København. 480 p. Højerup Bygade 38 8. Anderskouv, K., Damholt, T., & Surlyk, F. (2007). Late Maas- trichtian chalk mounds, Stevns Klint, Denmark - Combined phys- 4660 Store Heddinge, Denmark ical and biogenic structures. Sedimentary Geology, 200(1–2), 57–72. 9. Baron-Szabo, R. C. (2008). Corals of the K/T-boundary: Scler- actinian corals of the suborders Dendrophylliina, Caryophylliina, Fungiina, Microsolenina, and Stylinina. Zootaxa 1952, 1–244. 10. Bauluz, B., Peacor, D. R., & Elliott, W. C. (2000). Coexisting altered glass and Fe-Ni oxides at the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary, Stevns Klint (Denmark): direct evidence of meteorite impact. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 182(2), 127–136. Photo: Rudy Hemmingsen

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11. Bauluz, B., Peacor, D. R., & Hollis, C. J. (2004). TEM study of 26. Brinkhuis, H., & Zachariasse, W. J. (1988). Dinoflagellate cysts, meteorite impact glass at New Zealand Cretaceous–Tertiary sites: sea level changes and planktonic foraminifers across the Creta- evidence for multiple impacts or diﬀerentiation during global ceous–Tertiary boundary at El Haria, northwest Tunisia. Marine circulation? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 219(3–4), Micropaleontology, 13(2), 153–191. 209–219. 27. Brisman, K., Engel, M. H., & Macko, S. A. (2001). Distribution, 12. Bedemar, E.V. (1820). "Ueber die Kalk- und Kreide-Formation stereochemistry, and stable isotope composition of amino acids in von Faxöe, Stevens und Möens Klint". 24 pp. Mineralogisches K/T boundary sediments. Precambrian Research, 106(1–2), 59– Taschenbuch für das Jahr 1820 von Karl Caesar Ritter von Leon- 77. hard, Erste Abteilung, Frankfurt am Main. 28. Bromley, R. G. (1967). Some observations on burrows of 13. Berggren, W. A. (1962). Some planktonic foraminifera from the thalassinidean Crustacea in chalk hardgrounds. Quarterly Jour- Maastrichtian and type Danian stages of southern Scandinavia. nal of the Geological Society, 123(1–4), 157–182. Stockholm Contributions in Geology, 9(1), 1–106. 29. Bromley, R. G. (1968). Burrows and boring in hardgrounds. 14. Berggren, W. A. (1964). The Maastrichtian, Danian and Meddelelser fra Dansk Geologisk Forening, 18(2), 247–250. Montian Stages and the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Stock- 30. Bromley, R. G. (1998). The Upper Cretaceous of Stevns Klint, holm Contributions on Geology, 11(5), 103–176. Fakse and Mon (Denmark). Bochumer Geologische und Geotech- 15. Bernecker, M., & Weidlich, O. (2005). Azooxanthellate corals in nische Arbeiten, 48, 1–19. the Late Maastrichtian–Early Paleocene of the Danish basin: 31. Bromley, R. G., & Ekdale, A. A. (1987). Mass transport in Euro- bryozoan and coral mounds in a boreal shelf setting. In A. R. Frei- pean Cretaceous chalk; fabric criteria for its recognition. Sedimen- wald, J.M. (Ed.), Erlangen Earth Conference Series, Cold-Water tology, 34(6), 1079–1092. Corals and Ecosystems (pp. 3–25): Springer-Verlag, Berlin 32. Bromley, R. G., Ekdale, A. A. & Asgaard, U. (1999). Zoophycos Heidelberg. in the Upper Cretaceous chalk of Denmark and Sweden. Greif- 16. Berthelsen, O. (1962). Cheilostome Bryozoa in the Danian swalder Geowissenschafliche Beiträge, 6, 133–142. Deposits of East Denmark. Geological Survey of Denmark, 83, 33. Bromley, R., Ekdale, A. A., & Richter, B. (1999 ). New Taenidium 1–290 + 228 Plates. (trace fossil) in the Upper Cretaceous chalk of northwestern Europe. 17. Birkelund, T. (1957). Upper Cretaceous belemnites from Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 46(1), 47–51. Denmark. Biologiske Skrifter. Det Kongelige Danske Vidensk- 34. Brood, K. (1972). Cyclostomatous Bryozoa from the Upper abernes Selskab, 9(1), 1–69. Cretaceous and Danian in Scandinavia. Stockholm Contributions 18. Birkelund, T. (1993). Ammonites from the Maastrichtian white in Geology, 26, 1–464. chalk of Denmark. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 35. Chai, Z. F., Kong, P., Mao, X. Y., Ma, S. L., Zhou, Y. Q., & Ma, J. 40(1–2), 33–81. G. (1991). Chemical-Species of Iridium and Other Trace- 19. Bjerager, M., & Surlyk, F. (2007a). Benthic palaeoecology of Elements At K–T Boundary Clay Layer, Stevns Klint, Denmark, Danian deep-shelf bryozoan mounds in the Danish Basin. Palaeo- and Its Implication. Science in China Series B-Chemistry, 34(12), geography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 250(1–4), 184– 1492–1500. 215. 36. Cheetham, A. H. (1971). Functional morphology and biofacies 20. Bjerager, M., & Surlyk, F. (2007b). Danian Cool-Water distribution of cheilostome Bryozoa in the Danian Stage (Pale- Bryozoan Mounds at Stevns Klint, Denmark-A New Class of ocene) of southern Scandinavia. Smithsonian Contributions to Non-Cemented Skeletal Mounds. Journal of Sedimentary Paleobiology, 6, 1–87. Research, 77(8), 634–660. 37. Chew, S. H., Greenway, T. J. L., & Allen, K. W. (1984). Accelera- 21. Bjerager, M., Surlyk, F., Lykke-Andersen, H., Thibault, N., & tor mass spectrometry for heavy isotopes at Oxford (OSIRIS). Stemmerik, L. (2010). Danian cool-water coral reefs in southern Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Scandinavia localised over seafloor highs. Marine and Petroleum Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 5(2), 179–184. Geology, 27(2), 455–466. 38. Christensen, L., Fregerslev, S., Simonsen, A., & Thiede, J. (1973). 22. Blake, D. B., & Jagt, J. W. M. (2005). New latest Cretaceous and Sedimentology and depositional environment of lower Danian fish earliest Paleogene asteroids (Echinodermata) from the Nether- clay from Stevns Klint, Denmark. Bulletin of the Geological Socie- lands and Denmark and their palaeobiological significance. ty of Denmark, 22(3), 193–212. Bulletin de l'Institut royal des sciences naturelles de Belgique. 39. Christensen, W. K. (1979). Maastrichtian belemnites from Sciences de la terre, 75, 183–200. Denmark. In T. Birkelund & R. G. Bromley (Eds.), Cretaceous– 23. Bohor, B. F., Modreski, P. J., & Foord, E. E. (1987). Shocked Tertiary boundary events, symposium. (Vol. I. The Maastrichtian quartz in the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary clays: Evidence for a and Danian of Denmark, pp. 108–114). Copenhagen: Universi- global distribution. Science, 236(4802), 705–709. ty of Copenhagen. 24. Bramlette, M. N., & Martini, E. (1964). The great change in 40. Christensen, W.K., Håkansson, E., Surlyk, F. (1988): Comment calcareous nannoplankton fossils between the Maestrichtian and and Reply on “Maastrichtian molluscan biostratigraphy and Danian. Micropaleontology, 10(3), 291–322. extinction patterns in a Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary section 25. Brinkhuis, H., Bujak, J. P., Smit, J., Versteegh, G. J. M., & Visscher, exposed at Zumaya, Spain”. Geology 16, 764–765. H. (1998). Dinoflagellate-based sea surface temperature recon- 41. Culver, S. J. (2003). Benthic foraminifera across the Cretaceous– structions across the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary. Palaeogeog- Tertiary (K–T) boundary: a review. Marine Micropaleontology, raphy, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 141(1–2), 67–83. 47(3–4), 177–226.

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7. DOCUMENTATION

42. Desor, P. J. E. (1847). Sur le terrain Danien, nouvel étage de la 57. Frykman, P. (2001). Spatial variability in petrophysical proper- craie. Bulletin de la Societé Géologique de France, 2(4), 179–182. ties in Upper Maastrichtian chalk outcrops at Stevns Klint, 43. Dhondt, A.V. (1971). Systematic Revision of Entolium, Propea- Denmark. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 18(10), 1041– mussium (Amusidae) and Syncyclonema (Pectinidae, Bivalvia, 1062. Mollusca) of the European Boreal Cretaceous. Bulletin de l'Institut 58. Graup, G., & Spettel, B. (1992). Trace and Major Element Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique de la Terre 47, 32, 1– Chemistry Across the Cretaceous Tertiary Boundary At Stevns- 88, Pls 1–4. Klint. Meteoritics, 27(3), 228–228. 44. Dhondt, A. V. (1972). Systematic Revision of the Chlamydinae 59. Gravesen, P. (1979). Remarks on the regular echinoids in the (Pectinidae, Bivalvia, Mollusca) of the European Cretaceous. Part upper Maastrichtian and lower Danian of Denmark. In T. 2: Lyropecten. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles Birkelund & R. G. Bromley (Eds.), Symposium on the Creta- de Belgique de la Terre 48, 7, 1–81, Pls 1–3. ceous/ Tertiary boundary events. (Vol. I. The Maastrichtian and 45. Dia, A., Manhès, G., Dupré, B., & Allègre, C. J. (1989). The Danian of Denmark, pp. 72–73). Copenhagen: University of Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary problem: An assessment from lead Copenhagen. isotope systematics. Chemical Geology, 75(4), 291–304. 60. Gravesen, P. (1979). A Danish historical view of the boundary. In 46. Drits, V. A., Lindgreen, H., Sakharov, B. A., Jakobsen, H. J., & T. Birkelund & R. G. Bromley (Eds.), Cretaceous–Tertiary Zviagina, B. B. (2004). The detailed structure and origin of clay boundary events, symposium. (Vol. I. The Maastrichtian and minerals at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, Stevns Klint Danian of Denmark, pp. 8–15). Copenhagen, Denmark: Univer- (Denmark). Clay Minerals, 39(4), 367–390. sity of Copenhagen. 47. Ekdale, A., & Bromley, R. G. (1984). Sedimentology and ichnolo- 61. Gravesen, P. (1993). Early Danian species of the echinoid genus gy of the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in Denmark; implica- Tylocidaris (Cidaridae, Psychocidarinae) from eastern Denmark. tions for the causes of the terminal Cretaceous extinction. Journal Contributions to Tertiary and Quaternary Geology, 30(1–2), of Sedimentary Research, 54(3), 681–703. 41–73. 48. Ekdale, A. A., & Bromley, R. G. (1988). Diagenetic microlamina- 62. Gravesen, P. (1993). Fossiliensammeln in Südscandinavien. tion in chalk. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 58(5), 857–861. Weinstadt, Germany: Goldsneck-verlag. 49. Elliott, W. C. (1993). Origin of the Mg-smectite at the Creta- 63. Gravesen, P. (2001). Den geologiske udforskning af Fakse Kalk- ceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary at Stevns Klint, Denmark. Clays brud fra midten af 1700-tallet til nu. Geologisk Tidsskrift, 2, 1– and Clay Minerals, 41(4), 442–452. 40. 50. Elliott, W. C., Aronson, J. L., Millard, J., H.T., & Gierlowski-Korde- 64. Gwozdz, R., Hansen, H. J., & Rasmussen, K. L. (1992). 40-Kg sch, E. (1989). The origin of the clay minerals at the Sample of Fish-Clay From Stevns Klint, Denmark. Meteoritics, Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in Denmark. Geological Society of 27(3), 229–229. America Bulletin 101(5), 702–710. 65. Gwozdz, R., Hansen, H. J., & Rasmussen, K. L. (2001). Stevns 51. Esmerode E.V., Lykke-Andersen, H., Surlyk, F. (2007). Ridge and Klint Fish Clay (FC-1): Preparation of, and Preliminary Results valley systems in the Upper Cretaceous chalk of the Danish Basin: for, a Candidate Reference Material. Geostandards and Geoana- contourites in an epeiric sea. In: Viana, A.R. Rebesco, M. (Eds) lytical Research, 25(1), 159–166. Economic and Palaeoceanographic Significance of Contourite 66. Hallam, A., & Perch-Nielsen, K. (1990). The biotic record of deposits. The Geological Society, London, Special Publication, events in the marine realm at the end of the Cretaceous: calcareous, 276, 265–282. siliceous and organic-walled microfossils and macroinvertebrates. 52. Eugster, O., Geiss, J., & Krähenbühl, U. (1985). Noble gas isotopic Tectonophysics, 171(1–4), 347–357. abundances and noble metal concentrations in sediments from the 67. Hansen, H.J. 1990. Diachronous extinctions at the K/T bound- Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary. Earth and Planetary Science ary; A scenario. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 247: Letters, 74(1), 27–34. 417–423. 53. Floris, S. (1979). Maastrichtian and Danian corals from 68. Hansen, H., Gwozdz, R., Hansen, J., Bromley, R., & Rasmussen, Denmark. In T. Birkelund & R. G. Bromley (Eds.), Cretaceous– K. (1986). The diachronous C/T plankton extinction in the Tertiary boundary events, symposium. (Vol. I. The Maastrichtian Danish Basin. In O. Walliser (Ed.), Global Bio-Events (Vol. 8, pp. and Danian of Denmark, pp. 92–94). Copenhagen. 381–384): Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. 54. Forchhammer, G. (1825). De geognostostiske frohold i en Deel af 69. Hansen, H. J., Gwozdz, R., & Rasmussen, K. L. (1988). High- Sjelland og Naboeöerne. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabers reslolution trace element chemistry across the Cretaceous–Tertiary Selskab, physiske og mathematiske Skrifter 1(2), 248–280. boundary in Denmark. Rev. Esp. Paleontol, 21–29. 55. Forchhammer, G. (1828). On the Chalk Formation of Denmark. 70. Hansen, H. J., Gwozdz, R., Bromley, R. G., Rasmussen, K. L., Edinburgh Journal of Science 17, 56–67. Vogensen, E. W., & Pedersen, K. R. (1986). Cretaceous–Tertiary 56. Frei, R., & Frei, K. M. (2002). A multi-isotopic and trace element boundary spherules from Denmark, New Zealand and Spain. investigation of the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary layer at Stevns Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 35(1–2), 75–82. Klint, Denmark - inferences for the origin and nature of 71. Hansen, H. J., Rasmussen, K. L., Gwozdz, R., & Kunzendorf, H. siderophile and lithophile element geochemical anomalies. Earth (1987). Iridium-bearing carbon black at the Cretaceous–Tertiary and Planetary Science Letters, 203(2), 691–708. boundary. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 36(3– 4), 305–314.

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72. Hansen, H. J., Rasmussen, K. L., Quingsheng, L., Benjamini, C., 88. Hofker, J. (1962). Correlation of the Tuﬀ Chalk of Maestricht Walaszczyk, I., Gwozdz, R., et al. (1993). Correlation of marine (type Maestrichtian) with the Danske Kalk of Denmark (type and terrestrial Upper Cretaceous sediments by their magnetic Danian), the stratigraphic position of the type Montian, and the susceptibility. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, planktonic foraminiferal faunal break. Journal of Paleontology, 40(1–2), 175–184. 36(5), 1051–1089. 73. Hansen, J. M. (1977). Dinoflagellate stratigraphy and echinoid 89. Hultberg, S. U. (1986). Danian dinoflagellate zonation, the C–T distribution in Upper Maastrichtian and Danian deposits from boundary and the stratigraphical position of the fish clay in south- Denmark. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 26(1– ern Scandinavia. Journal of Micropalaeontology, 5(1), 37–47. 2), 1–26. 90. Hultberg, S. U. (1987). 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Die Stratigraphie des Maastricht von Däne- isotopes and rare earth elements in the Cretaceous–Tertiary mark und Norddeutschland aufgrund von Brachiopoden. Newsl. boundary clay at Stevns Klint, Denmark. Geochimica et Stratigr. 1, 7–16. Cosmochimica Acta, 52(1), 229–236. 196. Surlyk, F. (1972). Morphological adaptations and population 181. Schmitz, B., Keller, G., & Stenvall, O. (1992). Stable isotope and structures of the Danish chalk brachiopods (Maastrichtian, foraminiferal changes across the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary at Upper Cretaceous). Biol. Skr. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 19, 2, 68 pp. Stevns Klint, Denmark: Arguments for long-term oceanic instabil- 197. Surlyk, F. (1973). Autecology and taxonomy of two Upper ity before and after bolide-impact event. Palaeogeography, Palaeo- Cretaceous craniacean brachiopods. Bull. geol. Soc. Denmark 22, climatology, Palaeoecology, 96(3–4), 233–260. 219–243. 182. Schmitz, B., & Speijer, R. P. (1996). Stable isotope (δ18O, 198. Surlyk, F. (1979). 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199. Surlyk, F. (1979). Guide to Stevns Klint. In T. Birkelund & R. G. 215. Thibault, N. (2010). Biometric analysis of the Arkhangelskiella Bromley (Eds.), Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary events, sympo- group in the upper Campanian–Maastrichtian of the Stevns-1 sium, I. The Maastrichtian and Danian of Denmark (Vol. I. The borehole, Denmark: Taxonomic implications and evolutionary Maastrichtian and Danian of Denmark, pp. 164–170). Copen- trends. Geobios, 43(6), 639–652. hagen: University of Copenhagen. 216. Thomsen, E. (1995). Kalk og kridt i den danske undergrund. In 200. Surlyk, F.,(1980). Denmark. Geology of the European countries, O. B. Nielsen (Ed.), Danmarks geologi fra Kridt til i dag (Vol. 1, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden. 1–50. Dunod. pp. 31–68). Århus: Århus Geokompendier. Published in cooperation with the Comite National Francais de 217. Toft, P. C. (1986). Diagenetic fluorite in chalks from Stevns Klint Géologie (C.N.F.G.) on the occasion of the 26th International and Møns Klint, Denmark. Sedimentary Geology, 46(3–4), Geological Congress. 311–323. 201. Surlyk, F. (1980). Upper Cretaceous and Danien outcrops in 218. Trinquier, A., Birck, J.-L., & Allègre, C. J. (2006). The nature of Scania and East Denmark. In: Birkelund, T., Bromley, R.G. (Eds) the KT impactor. A 54Cr reappraisal. Earth and Planetary Upper Cretaceous and Danian of NW Europe. 26eme Congr. Science Letters 241, 780–788. Geol. Intern., Excursion 069A, 21–48. 219. Tredoux, M., Wit, M. J. D., Hart, R. J., Lindsay, N. M., Verhagen, 202. Surlyk, F. (1980). The Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary Event. B., & Sellschop, J. P. F. (1989). Chemostratigraphy across the Nature, 285(5762), 187–188. Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary and a Critical Assessment of the 203. Surlyk, F. (1984). The Maastrichtian Stage in NW Europe, and Iridium Anomaly. 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(eds.), Field trip guidebook. Contribu- 227. Yi, Y. V., & Masuda, A. (1996). Simultaneous determination of tions to Geology (Copenhagen). Geological Museum of the Ruthenium, Palladium, Iridium, and Platinum at Ultratrace University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 29–58. Levels by Isotope Dilution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass 211. Surlyk, F., & Johansen, M. B. (1984). End-Cretaceous Brachio- Spectrometry in Geological Samples. Analytical Chemistry, pod Extinctions in the Chalk of Denmark. Science, 223(4641), 68(8), 1444–1450. 1174–1117. 228. Yi, Y. V., Masuda, A., Aikawa, M., & Ganapathy, R. (1995). Plat- 212. Surlyk, F., & Nielsen, J. M. (1999). The last ammonite? Bulletin inum-group Elements and Silver in the Cretaceous–Tertiary of the Geological Society of Denmark, 46(1), 115–119. Boundary Samples from Stevns Klint, Denmark. Proceedings of 213. 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8. Contact Information of Reponsible Authorities

8.a Preparer 8.c Other Local Institutions

Name: Tove Damholt Stevns Turistbureau Title: Museum Director, Geologist, Ph.D. Havnevej 21 Address: Østsjællands Museum, Højerup Bygade 38 DK- 4673 Rødvig, Denmark City, country: DK 4660 St. Heddinge, Denmark Tel: +45 56506464 Tel: +45 56 50 28 06 Fax: +45 56507264 Fax: +45 56 50 28 65 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] 8.d Official Web Address 8.b Official Local Institution http://www.stevns.dk Management of Property: Contact name: Kommunikation Stevns Municipality E-mail: [email protected] Postboks 83 DK-4660 Store Heddinge, Denmark http://stevnsklint.org Tel: +45 56 57 57 57 Contact name: Østsjællands Museum Fax: +45 56 57 57 58 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Presentation of Property: Østsjællands Museum Højerup Bygade 38 DK 4660 St. Heddinge, Denmark Tel: +45 56 50 28 06 Fax: +45 56 50 28 65 E-mail: [email protected]

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Photo: Jakob Lautrup Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.28 Side 127

9. Signature on Behalf of the State Party

Date

______

Uﬀe Elbæk Minister of Culture Photo: Jakob Lautrup

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Citation by Section

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Transactions of the Geological Soci- Romein, A. J. T., & Smit, J. (1981). The Cretaceous/Tertiary bound- ety of London, 2(5), 243–257 + plate. ary: calcareous nannofossils and stable isotopes. Proceedings of the Lykke-Andersen, H., & Surlyk, F. (2004). The Cretaceous–Palaeogene Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Series B, boundary at Stevns Klint, Denmark: inversion tectonics or sea- 84, 295–314. floor topography? Journal of the Geological Society, London, Rosenkrantz, A. (1924). Nye iagttagelser over Cerithiumkalken i 161(3), 343–352. Stevns Klint med bemærkninger om grænsen mellem Kridt og Machalski, M., & Heinberg, C. (2005). Evidence for ammonite Tertiær. Meddelelser fra Dansk Geologisk Forening, 6, 28–31. survival into the Danian (Paleogene) from the Cerithium Lime- Rosenkrantz, A. (1939). Faunaen i Cerithiumkalken og det hærdnede stone at Stevns Klint, Denmark. Bulletin of the Geological Society Skrivekridt i Stevns Klint. Meddelelser fra Dansk Geologisk of Denmark, 52(2), 97–111. Forening, 9(4), 509–514. Madsen, H. B., & Stemmerik, L. (2010). Diagenesis of Flint and Rosenkrantz, A. (1966). Die Senon/Dan-Grenze in Dänemark. Porcellanite in the Maastrichtian Chalk at Stevns Klint, Berichte der Deutschen Gesellschäft für Geologische Denmark. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 80(6), 578–588. Wissenschaften, Reihe A, Geologie und Paläontologie, 11, 721– Nielsen, K. B. (1912). Cirripederne i Danmarks Danien-aflejringer. 727. Meddelelser fra Dansk Geologisk Forening, 4, 19–46. Schmitz, B. (1988). Origin of microlayering in worldwide distributed Nielsen, K. B. (1917). Cerithiumkalken i Stevns Klint. Meddelelser fra Ir-rich marine Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary clays. Geology, Dansk Geologisk Forening, 5(2, 7), 1–14. 16(12), 1068–1072. Nielsen, L., Boldreel, L. O., Hansen, T. M., Lykke-Andersen, H., Stem- Schmitz, B. (1990). Replies to Comments on “Origin of microlayering merik, L., Surlyk, F., & Thybo, H. (2011). Integrated seismic in worldwide distributed Ir-rich marine Cretaceous/Tertiary analysis of the Chalk Group in eastern Denmark – Implications boundary clays”. Geology, 18, 89–94. for estimates of maximum palaeo-burial in southwest Scandi- Schmitz, B., Andersson, P., & Dahl, J. (1988). Iridium, sulfur isotopes navia. Tectonophysics, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2011.08.010 and rare earth elements in the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary clay Pedersen, S. A. S. (2011). Rockfalls at Stevns Klint. Danmark og at Stevns Klint, Denmark. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport 93, 25 p. 52(1), 229–236. Perch-Nielsen, K. (1969). Die Coccolithen einiger dänischer Maas- Schmitz, B., Keller, G., & Stenvall, O. (1992). Stable isotope and trichtien und Danien lokalitäten. Meddelelser fra Dansk Geolo- foraminiferal changes across the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary at gisk Forening, 19(1), 51–68. Stevns Klint, Denmark: Arguments for long-term oceanic instabil- Puggaard, C. (1853). Deux vues géologiques pour servir á la descrition ity before and after bolide-impact event. Palaeogeography, Palaeo- géologique du Danemark. In. Copenhagen: Librairie de C.A. climatology, Palaeoecology, 96(3–4), 233–260. Reitzel

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CITATION BY SECTION

Schulte, P. et al. (2010a). The Chicxulub asteroid impact and mass Wells, R.T. (1996). Earth's geological history: a contextual framework extinction at the Cretaceous–Paleogene Boundary. Science 327, for assessment of World Heritage Fossil Site nominations. IUCN 1214. special paper, 43 p. Schulte P. et al. (2010b). Response. Science. 328, 975–976. Sepúlveda, J., Wendler, J. E., Summons, R. E., Hinrichs, K.-U. (2009). 3.c Rapid resurgence of marine productivity after the Cretaceous– Alvarez, L. W., Alvarez, W., Asaro, F., & Michel, H. V. (1980). Extrater- Paleogene mass extinction. Science, 326, 129–132. restrial cause for the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction. Science 208, Surlyk, F. (1970). Die Stratigraphie des Maastricht von Dänemark 1095−1108. und Norddeutschland aufgrund von Brachiopoden. Newsl. Strati- Cloutier, R., & Lelièvre, H. (1998). Comparative study of the fossilifer- gr. 1, 7–16. ous sites of the Devonian. Government of Quebec report. 86 p. Surlyk, F. (1972). Morphological adaptations and population struc- Desor, P. J. É. (1847). Sur le terrain Danien, nouvel étage de la craie. tures of the Danish chalk brachiopods (Maastrichtian, Upper Bulletin de la Societé Géologique de France, 2(4), 179–182. Cretaceous). Biol. Skr. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 19, 2, 68 p. Dingwall, P., Weighell, T., & Badman, T. (2005). Geological world Surlyk, F. (1973). Autecology and taxonomy of two Upper Cretaceous heritage: a global framework: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. craniacean brachiopods. Bull. geol. Soc. Denmark 22, 219–243. Falcon–Lang, H.J. (2002). Comparative analysis of Pennsylvanian Surlyk, F. (1979). Guide to Stevns Klint. In T. Birkelund & R. G. fossil sites, 103 p. Bromley (Eds.), Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary events, sympo- IUCN (1994). Recommendations concerning selection criteria of sium, I. The Maastrichtian and Danian of Denmark (Vol. I. The geological World Heritage Sites. Maastrichtian and Danian of Denmark). Copenhagen: Universi- Kiessling, W., & Baron-Szabo, R. C., 2004. Extinction and recovery ty of Copenhagen. 164–170. patterns of scleractinian corals at the Cretaceous–Tertiary bound- Surlyk, F. (1997). A cool-water carbonate ramp with bryozoan ary. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 214, mounds: Late Cretaceous–Danian of the Danish Basin (Vol. 56): 195−223. Society for Sedimentary Geology. Kiessling, W., & Claeys, P. (2001). A geographic database approach to Surlyk, F., Damholt, T., & Bjerager, M. (2006). Stevns Klint, the KT boundary. In: Buﬀetaut, E., Koeberl, C., (ed.), Geological Denmark: Uppermost Maastrichtian chalk, Cretaceous–Tertiary and biological eﬀects of impact events. Berlin, Springer, 83−140. boundary, and lower Danian bryozoan mound complex. Bulletin Wells, R.T. (1996). Earth's geological history: a contextual framework of the Geological Society of Denmark, 54, 1–48. for assessment of World Heritage Fossil Site nominations. IUCN Surlyk, F., & Johansen, M. B. (1984). End-Cretaceous Brachiopod special paper, 43 p. Extinctions in the Chalk of Denmark. Science, 223(4641), 1174–1117. 3.d (i) Surlyk, F., & Nielsen, J. M. (1999). The last ammonite? Bulletin of the Surlyk, F., Damholt, T., & Bjerager, M. (2006). Stevns Klint, Geological Society of Denmark, 46(1), 115–119. Denmark: Uppermost Maastrichtian chalk, Cretaceous–Tertiary Sørensen, H. (2007). The 21st International Geological Congress, boundary, and lower Danian bryozoan mound complex. Bulletin Norden 1960. Episodes, Vol. 30, 125–130. of the Geological Society of Denmark, 54, 1–48. Thomsen, E. (1995). Kalk og kridt i den danske undergrund. In O. B. Nielsen (Ed.), Danmarks geologi fra Kridt til i dag (Vol. 1). 3d (ii) Århus: Århus Geokompendier. 31–68. Bjerager, M., & Surlyk, F. (2007b). Danian Cool-Water Bryozoan Troelsen, J. C. (1955). Globotruncana contusa in the White Chalk of Mounds at Stevns Klint, Denmark – A New Class of Non- Denmark. Micropaleontology, 1(1), 76–82. Cemented Skeletal Mounds. Journal of Sedimentary Research, Wind, J. (1954). Tylocidaris Piggene som Ledeforsteninger i vort øvre 77(8), 634–660. Senon og Danien. Meddelelser fra Dansk Geologisk Forening, 12(4), 481–490. Section 5 Wind, J. (1959). Echinocorys Formerne og deres stratigrafiske Udbre- delse i det øverste Kridt i Danmark. Meddelelser fra Dansk Geolo- 5.c gisk Forening, 14(2), 122–132. Stevns Kommuneplan (2009). Stevns Municipality 362p. Wind, P., & Pihl, S. eds. (2004). The Danish Red List. The National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University. http://redlist.dmu.dk (updated April 2010).

Section 3

3.a Dingwall, P., Weighell, T., & Badman, T. (2005). Geological world heritage: a global framework: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. UNESCO (2008). Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (2008) 173 p.

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Acknowledgements

The nomination document has been prepared by Østsjællands Museum with the assistance, support, and encouragement of many people. We would like to express considerable appreciation for the contributions and commitments from individuals and organizations that have helped with the preparation of the nomination.

Jan Schulz Adolfssen, Scientific Assistant, Natural History Museum of Bjarne Østergaard Rasmussen, Board Member, Østsjællands Museum, Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark Denmark Kresten Anderskouv, Post Docotral Researcher, Department of Niels Richardt, Chief Consultant, Ramboll Denmark A/S, Denmark Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Anka Nordvig Sonne, Landscape Architect, Stevns Municipality, Hans J. Baagøe, Curator of Mammals, Natural History Museum of Denmark Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark Finn Surlyk, Professor, Department of Geography and Geology, Morten Bjerager, Senior Research Scientist, Geological Survey of University of Copenhagen, Denmark Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark Gaude Sønstebø, Senior Adviser, Norwegian Directorate for Nature Berith Burkandt, Head of Nature and Environmental Management, Management, Norway Stevns Municipality, Denmark Anne Mehlin Sørensen, Department of Geography and Geology, Philippe Claeys, Professor, Department of Geology, Vrije Universiteit University of Copenhagen, Denmark Brussel, Belgium Ilse Sørensen, Head of Administration, Østsjællands Museum, Karsten Dahl, Assistant Professor, Section for Marine Ecology, Denmark Aarhus University, Denmark Mikkel Schønning Sørensen, Development Consultant, Stevns Munici- Tove Damholt, Director, Østsjællands Museum, Denmark pality, Denmark Steen S. Hansen, Deputy Mayor, Chair of Democracy and Carsten Thuesen, Graphic Designer, Geological Survey of Denmark Development committee, Stevns Municipality, Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark Thomas Hansen, Post Doctoral Reasearcher, Department of Bjørn Voltzmann, Executive Director, Stevns Municipality, Denmark Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Peter Warna-Moors, Photographer, Geological Survey of Denmark and Malcolm Hart, Emeritus Professor of Micropalaeontology, University Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark of Plymouth, UK Kirstine Østergaard, Biologist, Østsjællands Museum, Denmark Mogens Haugaard, 2nd Deputy Mayor, Chairman of Nature, Helle Ålsbøl, Curator, Østsjællands Museum, Denmark Recreation & Cultural Affairs, Stevns Municipality, Denmark Claus Heinberg, Assistant Professor, Institut for miljø, samfund og Professors Wolfgang Kiessling (Natural History Museum, Berlin) and rumlig forandring, Roskilde Universitet Denmark Philippe Claeys (Department of Geology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel) Jon R. Ineson, Senior Research Scientist, Geological Survey of Denmark are thanked for identifying complete K/T boundary sections and for and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark access to information from their database on K/T boundary sections. Sten Lennart Jakobsen, Conservator, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark Dr. Anne Mehlin Sørensen is acknowledged for her dedicated work Thomas Secher Jensen, Director, Natural History Museum, Aarhus, producing the comparative analysis. Denmark Thomas W. Johansen, Nature Consultant, Senatur, Denmark A number of experts provided material on the nominated area and Anni Juul Jørgensen, Geologist, Stevns Municipality, Denmark buffer zone as background for the nomination text: Karsten Dahl, Jens Carl Jørgensen, Chair of Board, Østsjællands Museum, Denmark Aarhus University, Denmark: Stone Reefs. Thomas W. Johansen, Wolfgang Kiessling, Professor, Natural History Museum, Berlin, Senatur: Wildlife. Thomas Tram Pedersen, Østsjællands Museum: Germany Military and marine history. Helle Ålsbøl, Østsjællands Museum: Jakob Lautrup, Photographer, Geological Survey of Denmark and Cultural history. Niels Richardt, Ramboll Denmark: Quaternary Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark History. Jan Adolfsen, Natural History Museum of Denmark: History Rolf Löfgren, Naturvårdsverket, Stockholm, Sweden of Research/Biography. Kirstine Østergaard, Østsjællands Museum: Karina M. Madsen, Assistant, Østsjællands Museum, Denmark Flora. Thomas Hansen, University of Copenhagen: Fossil biota. Thomas Meyhoff, Head of Communication, Stevns Municipality, Denmark The financial support for the present project is greatly appreciated. Naja Mikkelsen, Senior Research Scientist, Geological Survey of Layout and printing of the nomination material is financed by Nordea- Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark fonden, Denmark. The comparative analysis and fauna studies at Jesper Milàn, Curator, Østsjællands Museum, Denmark Stevns Klint are financially supported by the Heritage Agency of Michael Houmark Nielsen, Guest Scientist, Natural History Museum Denmark. The Erosion analysis is funded by the Geological Survey of of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark. Poul Arne Nielsen, Mayor, Stevns Municipality, Denmark Hanne Nilsson, Development Consultant, Stevns Municipality, Rolf Löfgren is thanked for a thorough introduction to World Heritage. Denmark Henrik Klinge Pedersen, Head of Photo and Graphic Unit, Geological Kresten Anderskouv, Malcolm Hart, Claus Heinberg, Lonny Hoffmann, Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark Jon Ineson, Bolette Lehn Petersen, Niels Richardt and Gaude Sønstebø Stig Schack Pedersen, Senior Research Scientist, Geological Survey of carefully read, commented, and greatly improved the manuscript. A Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark large number of experts are acknowledged for commenting and thereby Thomas Tram Pedersen, Curator, Østsjællands Museum, Denmark improving parts of the manuscript including Hans Baagøe, Karsten Bolette Lehn Petersen, Architect, Heritage Agency of Denmark, Dahl, Michael Houmark-Nielsen, Thomas Secher Jensen, Jens Carl Copenhagen, Denmark Jørgensen, Mikkel Schønning Sørensen, and Thomas Tram Pedersen. Anne Mette Rahbek, Director, Heritage Agency of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark A warm thank to staff at Østsjællands Museum and Stevns Municipali- ty for their large support. Photo: Sten Lennart Jakobsen 132 Photo: Sten Lennart Jakobsen Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/1111.28Side133 Stevns_new_07-12_Stevns 13/12/11 11.28 Side 134

Appendix 1

E: 720000 m N: 6140300 m

Geological profiles in Holtug Kridtbrud.

E: 716000 m N: 6134200 m

Tunnels in Cold War Fortress Stevnsfort.

E: 720000 m

Limestone mounds on seafloor. N: 6127300 m

ETRS89 zone 32 0 121 2 3 km

Nominated area Buffer zone

Geological profile at Boesdal Kalkbrud. Topographic map showing the nominated area and buffer zone. The nominated area includes the coastal cliff (red line) and four adjacent areas marked on map (red dots) and shown in detail on inserted photographs.

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

Beach Protection Line

Natura 2000

Coastal Zone

E: 720000 m N: 6140300 m

E: 716000 m N: 6134200 m

E: 720000 m N: 6127300 m

0 1234 km ETRS89 zone 32

Topographic map showing the boundaries of existing areas of legal protection forming the basis for deﬁning the buffer zone of the nominated Stevns Klint area.

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

Geological profiles in Holtug Kridtbrud Nominated Cliff Profile 0 100 200 m

Aerial photo showing boundaries of the nominated area in the abandoned quarry Holtug Kridtbrud.

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APPENDIX 1

Tunnels in Cold War Fortress Stevnsfort Nominated Cliff Profile 0 200 400 m

Limestone mounds on seafloor

Aerial photo showing boundaries of the nominated area on the seaﬂoor and outline of the nominated tunnels of the Cold War fortress Stevnsfort.

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

Geological profile at Boesdal Kalkbrud Nominated Cliff Profile 0 100 200 m

Aerial photo showing location of the nominated proﬁle in the abandoned quarry Boesdal Kalkbrud.

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Appendix 2

Legislation 2) Except for harbour facilities used for transport and other very important infrastructural installations, This Appendix contains translated extracts from Dan- development projects on land that require the recla- ish legislation that secures the nominated geological mation of areas in the territorial waters or special value as described in Section 5. The legislation text is coastal protection may only be planned in very available in full at www.retsinformation.dk (in Dan- special circumstances. ish). 3) It is prohibited to designate new summer cottage areas, and existing summer cottage areas shall be Act on Planning maintained for holiday and leisure purposes, cf., however, subsection 2. Translated extracts from the Planning Act, Consoli- 4) Holiday and leisure facilities shall be located in dated Act no. 937 of 24 September 2009. accordance with coherent considerations arising from tourism policy and only in connection with The Act is available in full at www.retsinformation.dk. existing urban communities or large holiday and Part 2a. leisure facilities. 5) The access of the public to the coast shall be safe- Extract from Planning in coastal areas guarded and expanded. Section 5a. The country's coastal areas shall be kept as free as possible of development and installations that Subsection 2. The Minister for the Environment may do not need to be located near the coast. establish rules in accordance with Section 3, subsection 1, and subsection 2, item 1 that dispense from Subsection 2. The Minister for the Environment shall the provisions of subsection 1, no. 3, such that exist- monitor trends and make use of the powers granted ing summer cottage areas within the coastal zone, in accordance with Section 3, Section 29 and and mainly in Denmark's small-town (peripheral) Section 59 to ensure that the national planning regions, may be expanded through the provisions of interests in the coastal areas are furthered pursuant a local plan, when the expansion occurs behind a to this Act. summer cottage area and in the direction away from the coast. Existing summer cottage areas may only Subsection 3. The coastal zone, which comprises the be expanded outside areas governed by Section 8 rural zones and summer cottage areas located in the and Section 15 of the Protection of Nature Act on coastal areas, is shown in a map appended to this dune conservation and beach protection and within Act. The provisions of Section 5b, Section 11a, no. a maximum of 8,000 new summer cottage lots in 18, Section 11e, subsection 1, no. 7 and subsection Denmark as a whole. In determining which summer 2, Section 11f, Section 16, subsections 3 and 5, cottage areas may be expanded, the Minister shall Section 29 and Section 35, subsection 3 shall apply ensure that the expansion will not set aside impor- to the coastal zone. tant nature protection and landscape interests and that the expansion may be expected to aﬀect the Section 5b. The following shall apply to planning in the local economy. coastal zone: 1) It is prohibited to transfer land to an urban zone or to conduct planning for development in a rural zone unless there is a specific planning-related or functional justification for location near the coast.

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

The Act is available in full at www.retsinformation.dk.

Extract from Protection of coastal areas Section 15. It is prohibited to alter the state of beaches or other areas located between the beach and the beach protection line. It is also prohibited to erect fences and to place caravans or the like in such areas. Parcelling out, land registration and transfer of ownership of land whereby new boundaries are established shall be prohibited.

Subsection 2. The beach protection line shall be established at the direction of the Minister for the Envi- ronment in accordance with current regulations.

Subsection 3. The beach protection line shall be registered in the land register and noted in the land charges register.

Subsection 4. The prohibitions in subsection 1 shall not apply to: The coastal zone protected by the Act on Planning.

1) agricultural operations except for aﬀorestation; Part 4 2) reforestation and planting in existing gardens; Extract from Municipal planning 3) traditional fencing on agricultural properties; Section 11. Each municipality shall have a municipal 4) existing defence installations that are used for plan. The municipal plan shall cover a period of 12 defence purposes; years. 5) harbour installations and land areas designated for harbour purposes in local plans; Section 11a. The municipal plan shall contain guide- 6) minor maintenance works on buildings, including lines on: the replacement of windows and roofs etc., when the building height is not increased thereby or is 15) securing the landscape assets worthy of conserva- only increased to an insignificant degree; tion and the location of areas with valuable land- 7) buildings that are necessary for the commercial scape features, including large, cohesive landscapes; operation of the property in question as an agricul- 16) securing the geological assets worthy of conserva- tural or forestry property or for the execution of tion, including the location of areas with special fishing industry, and which are erected immediately geological value. adjacent to existing buildings. However, the exact location and exterior design of the mentioned buildings shall be subject to permission from the Act on the Protection of Nature Minister for the Environment, and Translated extracts from the Protection of Nature Act, 8) stretches of coast that are dune conservation areas, Consolidated Act no. 933 of 24 September 2009 cf. Section 8 and Section 9.

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APPENDIX 2

Subsection 2. Fossil trove shall belong to the state. Any person who finds fossil trove, and any person who gains possession of fossil trove, shall immediately deliver it to the Natural History Museum of Denmark, cf. Section 9.

Subsection 3. The Natural History Museum of Den - mark shall pay a reward to the finder. The amount shall be fixed by the Natural History Museum of Denmark having regard to the value of the material and the rarity of the find as well as to the care with which the finder has safeguarded the find.

Subsection 4. No fossil trove reward shall be paid to the finder if the fossil trove is found in connection with scientific investigations managed by a museum owned or subsidised by the state or otherwise financed, in whole or in part, by public funds. However, in special circumstances the Natural History Museum of Denmark may pay a reward to the owner or user of the area in which the investiga- The area between the beach and the beach protection line protected by the Act on the Protection of Nature. tion takes place.

Subsection 5. The Minister for the Environment may Subsection 5. The object shall be included in the collec- make regulations to the eﬀect that subsection 1 shall tions of the Natural History Museum of Denmark, not apply to specified types of structures that are and the Museum may deposit it in other museums also extended to territorial waters. The same applies owned or subsidised by the state at their request. to dikes and groynes, breakwaters and other struc- Where agreement cannot be reached between the tures that require a permit in accordance with the Natural History Museum of Denmark and another Act on Coastal Protection. museum on the deposit of a new fossil trove find, the Minister for Culture shall decide after negotia- tion with the Minister for Science, Technology and Museum Act Innovation. Translated extracts from the Museum Act, Consoli- dated Act no. 1505 of 14 December 2006. Subsection 6. These provisions shall not apply to objects introduced to the area with aid from human beings. The Act is available in full at www.retsinformation.dk.

Part 9 Act on the Protection of Nature Extract from Treasure trove and fossil trove Translated extracts from the Protection of Nature Act, Section 31. A geological object or a botanical or zoo- Consolidated Act no. 933 of 24 September 2009. logical object of a fossil or subfossil nature or a meteorite found in Denmark is fossil trove (danekræ) if the The Act is available in full at www.retsinformation.dk. object is of unique scientific or exhibitional value.

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Extract from Public access to nature. Beaches. Subsection 2. The provisions of subsection 1 do not apply to areas that were laid out as a garden or used by Section 22. Beaches and other stretches of coast be- a commercial enterprise operating on the property between the daily low-water line and areas with continu- fore 1 January 1916. The same applies to defence in- ous land vegetation that is not dominated by salt-resis- stallations and harbour installations. tant plants or other beach vegetation shall be open for passage on foot, occupancy for a short period of time Subsection 3. It is prohibited to prevent or obstruct and bathing. This access shall be at people's own risk. public access to beaches. It shall be permitted to leave a boat without motor on the beach for a short period of time. Dogs must be Subsection 4. Occupancy and bathing shall not be leashed from 1 April to 30 September. Dogs must al- allowed within 50 m of a residential building on ways be leashed in areas with grazing livestock. Horse- privately owned beaches and stretches of coast. back riding shall be permitted from 1 September to 31 May on the bare beach and on the direct approach to this, provided there is legal access to the beach. Photo: Jakob Lautrup

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Appendix 3

Inventory of Property Phylum Silicispongea (Silica sponges) Class Hexactinellida (Glass sponges)

3.1 Fossils from Stevns Klint Wollemania? sp. Aphrocallistes sp. Hapalopegma? sp. List of micro- and macrofauna Leptophragma sp. found at Stevns Klint Triaxonid spongie Ventriculites radiatus Kingdom Animalia Ventriculites sp. 1 Ventriculites? sp. 2 Subkingdom Parazoa Phylum Porifera (Sponges) Class Calcarea (Calcareous sponges) Kingdom Animalia Porosphaera adhaerens Porosphaera applanata Subkingdom Metazoa Porosphaera canaliculata Phylum Cnidaria Porosphaera foliata Class Scyphozoa (Jellyfish) Porosphaera galeata Porosphaera globularis Genus et sp. indet. Porosphaera nuciformis Porosphaera ramosa Class Anthozoa (Sea anemones and corals) Porosphaera umbonata Desmophyllum excavatum Gorgonella tenuis Class Demospongea (Demosponges) Graphularia sp. 1 Graphularia sp. 2 Aulaxinia sulcifera Isis steenstrupi Cliona celata Moltkia isis Doryderma? sp. Moltkia sp. Leiochonia? sp. Parasmilia cylindrica Pachytheca insignis Parasmilia elongata Plinthosella squamosa Parasmilia parva Seliscothon sp. Trochocyathus hemisphaericus Siphonia sp. 1 Siphonia? sp. 2 Phylum Bryozoa (Bryozoans) Class Stenolaemata All Photo: Leif Rasmussen Class Stromatoporoidea (Stromatopods) Order Cystoporida

Spinopora mitra Taenioporina articulata

Class Stromatoporoidea (Stromatopods) Class Stenolaemata Order Cyclostomata Genus et sp. indet. 1 Genus et sp. indet. 2 Bisidmonea johnstrupi Genus et sp. indet. 3 Canalipora disticha Genus et sp. indet. 4 Canalipora gutta Genus et sp. indet. 5 Crassodiscopora alcicornis Genus et sp. indet. 6 Crisidmonea macropora Genus et sp. indet. 7 Crisina cancellata Genus et sp. indet. 8 Crisina lichenoides Genus et sp. indet. 9 Crisisina carinata Genus et sp. indet. 10 Crisisina gibbosa Genus et sp. indet. 11 Desmepora semicylindrica Genus et sp. indet. 12 Diastopora carinata

Genus et sp. indet. 13 Diastopora cf. compressa All Photo: Leif Rasmussen Diastopora horrida

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Diastopora levinseni Cryptostomella pectinata Diastopora pustulosa Ellisina britannica Diastopora? subreniformis Ellisina humiliata Diplopetalopora punctata Fissuricella fissa Diplosolen limhamnia Floridina fragilis Discotubigera complanata Floridina gothica Disporella irregularis Floridina impar Epidictyon tenue Floridina impressipora Filisparsa microstoma Floridina impressipora var. faxensis Idmidronea globulosa Floridina scutata Idmidronea suecica Floridina tubulosa Idmonea cf. ramosa Frurionella sp. Lichenopora stevensis Hoplitaechmella vespertilio Meliceritella verticellata Kelestoma elongatum Multicavea? sp. Lateroflustrellaria hexagona Nevianopora subgracilis Luganella beisseli Osculipora truncata Luganella foveolata Petalopora marssoni Lunularia goldfussi Pseudotervia ramosa Lunulites faxensis Pustulopora geminata Lunulites immensa Pustulopora klostergaardi Lunulites microstoma Pustulopora rustica Lunulites salebrosa Pustulopora variabilis Lunulites semilunaris Pustulopora virgula Lunulites spiralis Radiopora? sp. Lunulites subsemilunaris Reticulipora verriculata Membranipora calceolus Silenopora reticulata Membranipora crustulenta Spiropora verticellata Membranipora gigantea Stigmatoechos punctatus Membranipora hexagona Stomatopora irregularis Membranipora impressa Stomatopora longiscata Membranipora johnstrupi Stomatopora reticulata Membranipora magnispina Stomatopora toucasiana Membranipora marssoni Theonoa disticha Membranipora marssoniana Membranipora plicatelloides Class Gymnolaemata Membranipora sparsispina Order Cheilostomata Membranipora trigonopora Membraniporella rapax Aechmella microstoma Membraniporella squamulosa Aechmella pindborgi Micropora amphora var. elongata Amphiblestrum elegans Micropora eracta var. b Andriopora repens Micropora erratica Anornithopora minuta Micropora stevensis Aplousina fulgora Micropora strumulosa Aplousina oedumi Monoceratopora quadrisulcata Beisselina nobilis Monoporella bosqueti Beisselinopsis oblita Monoporella dubiosa Callopora acuminella Mucronella hians Callopora cf. lyraeformis Murinopsia galeata Callopora monocera Onychocella columella Callopora securigera Onychocella dichotoma Callopora stefniensis Onychocella gimense Callopora unipora Onychocella nodulifera Cellepora daniensis Onychocella nysti Columnotheca cribrosa Onychocella poulseni Coscinopleura angusta angusta Pachydera angulata

All Photo: Leif Rasmussen Cribrilina inermis Pachydera densa Cribrilina sparsiporis Pachythecella anhaltina

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

Pachythecella lundgreni Cretirhynchia plicatilis Phractoporella cordiformis Cretirhynchia retracta Phractoporella sp. Cretirhynchia sp. Pithodella cincta Gemmarcula humboldtii Pliophloea cornuta Gisilina gisii Pliophloea subcornuta Gisilina jasmundi Porina cylindrica Kingena pentangulata Porina salebrosa Magas chitoniformis Puncturiella sculpta Meonia semiglobularis Rhiniopora asperula Neoliothyrina fittoni Semiescharinella complanata Neoliothyrina obesa Smittipora prismatica Rugia tenuicostata Stamenocella pristis Scumulus inopinatus Stichocados subbrachiata Terebratula fallax Stichopora pentasticha Terebratula mobergi Systenostoma verticillata Terebratulina aﬀ. chrysalis Tornipora harvigensis Terebratulina chrysalis Tricephalopora cerberus Terebratulina faujasii Tricephalopora crepidula Terebratulina gracilis Tricephalopora galeata Terebratulina longicollis Tricephalopora triceps Thecidea pappilata Virgocella esperi Thecidea recurvirostra Woodipora disparilis Trigonosomus pulchellum Vermiculothecidea vermicularis Phylum Brachiopoda (Lampshells/brachiopods) Subphylum Linguiformea Phylum Annelida (Segmented worms) Class Lingulata Class Polychaeta

Lingula cretacea Bipygmaeus pygmaeus Discinisca? sp. Cementula applanata Conorca trochiformis Subphylum Craniiformea Filograna? sp. Class Craniata Filogranula cincta Glomerula gordialis Ancistrocrania tubulosa Martina tortilis Crania aﬀ. craniolaris Metavermilia (Vepreculina) tuberculifera Crania antiqua Neomicrorbis corrugata Crania transversa Neomicrorbis crenatostriatus aﬀ. Danocrania tuberculata hagenowi Isocrania barbata Neomicrorbis crenatostriatus Isocrania costata hagenowi Isocrania sp. Neomicrorbis crenatostriatus subrugosus Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea Neomicrorbis expansa Class Rhynchonellata Neomicrorbis rosenkrantzi Neomicrorbis subrugosus Aemula inusitata Neomicrorbis tenuilineata Argyrotheca bronnii Neovermilia ampullacea Argyrotheca danica Neovermilia indistincta Argyrotheca faxensis Neovermilia sp. Argyrotheca hirundo Neovermilia terundulata Argyrotheca posselti Nogrobs (Tetraditrupa) canteriata Argyrotheca ravnii Nogrobs (Tetraditrupa) superiora Argyrotheca stevensis Orthoconorca turricula Carneithyris sp. Pentaditrupa subtorquata Carneithyris subcardinalis Placostegus? sp. Cretirhynchia faxensis Pyrgopolon (Septenaria) cicatricata Cretirhynchia limbata All Photo: Leif Rasmussen

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APPENDIX 3.1

Pyrgopolon (Septenaria) macropus Limea geinitzi Rotularia sp. Limopsis aff. maggae Serpula? sp. Limopsis aff. ravni Vermiliopsis dorsolineata Limopsis alvidae Vermiliopsis fluctuata Limopsis amandae Limopsis augustae Phylum Mollusca ( Mollusks) Limopsis helenae Class Bivalvia (Bivalves) Limopsis magdae Limopsis maggae Acutostrea incurva Limopsis nanae Anomia pseudoradiata Limopsis ravni Arca (Eonavicula) granulatoradiata Limopsis sacheri Arcoida sp. Limopsis sp. Arcopsis (Arcopsis) christinae Loripes sp. Astarte sp. Lucinidae gen. et sp. indet. Atreta nilssoni Lucinoma subnumismalis Barbatia (Acar) hennigi Martesia sp. Barbatia (Barbatia) forchammeri Meiocardia faxensis Barbatia (Obliquarca?) lindae Meiocardia sp. Bathyarca perla Meiocardiopsis sp. Birkelundita turoniensis Merklinia variabilis Brachidontes lineatus Mimachlamys cretosa Brachidontes sp. Mutiella coarctata? Catella katinkae Myoconcha sp. Corbulamella sp. Myrtea? sp. Crassatella faxensis Neilonella aff. foersteri Cuspidaria (Cuspidaria) bentzonii Neilonella susannae Cuspidaria (Cuspidaria) brittae Neithea (Neithea) sexcostata Cuspidaria (Cuspidaria) caudata Nucula (Nucula) aff. truncata Cuspidaria (Cuspidaria) johannae Nucula (Nucula) sp. Cuspidaria (Cuspidaria) lisbethae Oxytoma (Hypoxytoma) danica Cuspidaria (Halonympha) kanae Panopea sp. Cuspidaria sp. 1 Pholadomya sp. Cuspidaria sp. 2 Pinna cretacea Cuspidaria sp. 3 Placunopsis granulosa Cyrtodaria? sp. Plagiostoma cretacea

All Photo: Leif Rasmussen Dacrydium sp. Plagiostoma hoperi Dhondtichlamys acuteplicatus Prosilicula parallellodonta Dhondtichlamys campaniensis Protocardia sp. Dhondtichlamys pulchellus Pseudogrammatodon lornae Dhondtichlamys subinflexus Pseudolimea denticulata Entolium membranaceum Pseudolimea? granulata Eriphylopsis? sp. Psilomya sp. Erycina? sp. Pycnodonte (Phygraea) vesicularis Euciroa sp. 1 Rastellum diluvianum Euciroa sp. 2 Sita sp. Freyastarte sp. Spondylus danicus Gastrochaena sp. Spondylus faxensis Gervillia (Gervillia) solenoidea Spondylus fimbriatus Granocardium productum Spondylus latus Gregariella sp. Spondylus truncatus Gyropleura sp. Syncyclonema haggi Hyotissa semiplana Syncyclonema nilssoni Jouanettia sp. Tenuipteria argentea Leptosolen sp. Thracia? sp. Limatula decussata Thyrasira sp. Limatula kunradensis Uddenia? sp. Unicardium? sp.

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Verticordia sp. Cerithiella moltkianum Vetericardiella sp. Cerithiella sp. 1 Vultogryphaea? sp. Cerithiella? sp. 2 "Yoldia" sp. Cerithiopsilla? sp. Yoldiella anja Cerithiopsis sp. 1 Yoldiella dortea Cerithiopsis? sp. 2 Genus et sp. indet. 1 Cerithiscala sp. Genus et sp. indet. 2 Cerithium sp. Genus. et sp. indet. 3 Chilodonta sp. 1 Genus et sp. indet. 4 Cirsocerithium crassilabris Genus et sp. indet. 5 Clathrobaculus sp. Genus et sp. indet. 6 Claviscala sp. Genus et sp. indet. 7 Cocculina (Cocculina) s.l. sp. Genus et sp. indet. 8 Columbarium heberti Genus et sp. indet. 9 Columbellaria tuberculosa Genus et sp. indet. 10 Coniscala sp. 1 Genus et sp. indet. 11 Coniscala sp. 2 Genus et sp. indet. 12 Conomitra glabra Genus et sp. indet. 13 Costellariid gen. et sp. indet. 1 Genus. et sp. indet. 14 Costellariid gen. et sp. indet. 2 Genus et sp. indet. 15 Costellariid gen. et sp. indet. 3 Genus et sp. indet. 16 Costellariid gen. et sp. indet. 4 Cylichna sp. 3 Class Gastropoda (Snails/Gastropods) Cylichna sp. 4 Cylichna? sp. 1 Acirsa sp. 1 Cylichna? sp. 2 Acirsa sp. 2 Dendropoma sp. Acmaea sp. 1 Disculus selandicum Acmaea? sp. 2 Dolicholatirus sp. Admetula sp. Dzikella? sp. Ageria sp. 1 Ellipsoscapha? sp. Ageria sp. 2 Emarginula (Emarginula) coralliora Alvania (Alvania?) sp. Epalxis? sp. Amaea (Amaea) sp. 1 Epetrium? sp. Amaea sp. 2 Eulima? danica Amalda milthersii Eulima? sp. 1 Amaurellina sp. Eumetula sp. Anatoma sp. 1 Fissurellid gen. et sp. indet. Anatoma? sp. 2 Fusinus sp. Anchura sp. Galericulus sp. Archicypraea sp. Haustator cf. plana Arene sp. Homalopoma sp. Ataphrus (Ataphrus) sp. 1 Kroisbachia sp. Ataphrus (Ataphrus) sp. 2 Latirulus? sp. Ataphrus? sp. 3 Laxispira sp. Ataxocerithium sp. 1 Leptomaria meyeri Ataxocerithium? sp. 2 Leptomaria niloticiformis Babylonella sp. Loxotoma sp.

All Photo: Leif Rasmussen Bathrotomaria sp. Mangelia? sp. Bathybembix? sp. Mataxa s.l. sp. Calliomphalus (Calliomphalus) sp. Melanella? sp. 1 Calyptraea sp. Mesalia sp. 1 Campanile selandicum Mesalia? sp. 2 Campanile sp. 1 Metacerithium balticum Campanile sp. 2 Natica sp. 1 Carinathilda sp. Natica sp. 2 Ceratia sp. 2 Opaliopsis sp. Ceratia? sp. 1 Pareuchelus sp.

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APPENDIX 3.1

Polinices? sp. 1 Class Cephalopoda (Cephalopods) Polinices? sp. 2 Pseudocochlespira sp. Acanthoscaphites sp. Pseudomalaxis sp. Baculites vertebralis Pseudotoma sp. Belemnella aff. occidentalis Pseudovertagus? sp. Belemnella casimirovensis Ravniella danica Belemnitella junior Rissoina (Zebinella) sp. 1 Diplomoceras cylindraceum Rissoina sp. 2 Eutrephoceras aff. bellerophon Rissoina sp. 3 Hercoglossa danica Sassia (Sassia) faxensis s.l. Hoploscaphites constrictus crassus Scissurella sp. Hoploscaphites constrictus johnjagti Serpulorbis sp. Hypophylloceras (Neophylloceras) Skenea sp. velledaeforme Solariella sp. Menuites terminus Sorgenfreispira? sp. Pachydiscus aff. colligatus Streptochetus sp. Phylloptychoceras (Phyllopty- Striovertagus? sp. choceras) sp. Sveltella sp. Saghalinites sp. Symmetrocapulus? sp. Sphenodiscus sp. Tatara sp. 1 Tatara sp. 2 Phylum Arthropoda (Arthpods) Tectus sp. Subphylum Crustacea (Crustaceans) Temnotropis sp. Class Malacostraca Tenagodus sp. Order Decapoda Thereitis sp. 1 Thereitis sp. 2 Callianassa sp. Thereitis sp. 3 Caloxanthus ornatus Torina (Climacopoma)? sp. Dromiopsis elegans Trochocerithium sp. Dromiopsis laevior Turricula (Orthosurcula) Dromiopsis rugosa cerithiorum Faxegalathea platyspinosa Turritella? sp. Linuparus sp. Unitas sp. Munida primaeva Vatopsis sp. 1 Necrocarcinus senonensis Vatopsis sp. 2 Necrocarcinus sp. Vermetus sp. Photo: Sten Lennart Jakobsen Oncopareia sp. Vexillum sp. Volutidae gen. et sp. indet. Order Isopoda Volutomitra cf. quinqueplicata Genus et sp. indet. 1 Palaega danica Genus et sp. indet. 2 Palaega sp. Genus et sp. indet. 3 Genus et sp. indet. 4 Class Decapoda Genus et sp. indet. 5 Genus et sp. indet. 6 Titanocarcinus faxeensis Genus et sp. indet. 7 Genus et sp. indet. 8 Class Maxillopoda Genus et sp. indet. 9 Infraclass Cirripedia (Barnacles) Genus et sp. indet. 10 Genus et sp. indet. 11 Arcoscalpellum maximum var. Genus et sp. indet. 12 sulcatum Brachylepas sp. Class Scaphopoda (Tusk shell) Cretiscalpellum/Arcoscalpellum sp. Pollicipes sp. Dentalium sp. All Photo: Leif Rasmussen

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Phylum Echinodermata (Echinoderms) Echinocorys pustolosus pustolosus Subphylum Crinozoa Echinocorys scutatus Class Crinoidea (Sea lilies) Echinothuria? sp. Galeaster bertrandi Amphorometra conoidea Galerites sulcatoradiatus Bourgueticrinus constrictus Gauthieria alterna Bourgueticrinus danicus Gauthieria pseudoradiata Bourgueticrinus hagenowii Oolopygus crassus Democrinus? maximus Phymosoma granulosum Doreckicrinus miliaris Salenia (Pleurosalenia) anthophora Hertha plana Salenia (Pleurosalenia) pygmaea Isocrinus? echinatus Salenia (Salenia) belgica Isselicrinus buchii Temnocidaris (Stereocidaris) aﬀ. Isselicrinus paucicirrhus subvesiculosa Isselicrinus stelliferus Temnocidaris (Stereocidaris)

Nielsenicrinus agassizii Photo: Leif Rasmussen arnaudi Nielsenicrinus rosenkrantzi Temnocidaris (Stereocidaris) herthae Temnocidaris (Stereocidaris) sp. 1 Subphylum Asterozoa Temnocidaris (Stereocidaris) sp. 2 Class Asteroidea ( Starfish) Temnocidaris (Temnocidaris) danica Temnocidaris (Temnocidaris) Chomataster acules nigelliensis Photo: Leif Rasmussen Crateraster anchylus Trochalosoma taeniatum Crateraster favosus Tylocidaris abildgaardi Lophidiaster pygmaeus Tylocidaris baltica Lophidiaster? punctatus Tylocidaris bruennichi Metopaster kagstrupensis Tylocidaris hardouini Metopaster laevis Tylocidaris sp. Metopaster planus Metopaster poulsenii Phylum Chordata (Chordates) Metopaster spencerii Class Elasmobranchii (Sharks) Metopaster undulatus Nymphaster wrighti Anomotodon plicatus Pycinaster sp. Carcharias gracilis Recurvaster mammillatus Carcharias sp. Recurvaster radiatus Centroscymnus praecursor Stauranderaster mixtus Chlamydoselachus sp. Stauranderaster pyramidalis Crassescyliorhinus germanicus Stauranderaster speculum Cretalamna appendiculata Valettaster ocellatus Hemiscyllium hermani Heptranchias sp. Class Ophiuroidea (Brittle stars) Heterodontus rugosus Heterodontus sp. Photo: Leif Rasmussen Ophiocoma? senonensis Hexanchus microdon Ophiomusium granulosum Photo: Jan Adolpsen Jaekelotodus cf. bronni Ophiotitanos serrata Notidanodon lanceolatus Stegophiura? hagenowi Odontaspis winkleri Trichaster? ornatus Palaeobrachaelurus sp. Palaeogaleus sp. Class Echinoidea (Sea urchins) Paraorthacodus andersoni Paraorthacodus sp. Cardiotaxis heberti Pararhincodon groessenss Centrostephanus? sp. Parasquatina cappettai Cidaris? rosenkrantzi Paratriakis curtirostris Conulus magnificus Proetmopterus hemmooriensis Cyclaster bruennichi Pseudocorax aﬃnis Cyclaster danicus Scyliorhinus biddlei Echinocorys pustolosus daniensis Scyliorhinus elongatus

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APPENDIX 3.1

Serratolamna sp. Class Achinopterygii (Ray-finned fish) Sphenodus lundgreni Squalicorax pristodontus Actinopterygii gen. et sp. indet. 1 Squaliodalatias sp. Actinopterygii gen. et sp. indet. 2 Squalus gabrielsoni Anguilliformes gen. et sp. indet. Squalus sp. Enchodus sp. Squalus sp. Osteoglossiformes gen. et sp. indet. Squatina cranei Squatina hassei Order Acipenseriformes Squatina sp. Squatirhina lonzeensis Acipenseridae cylindracanthus Striatolamnia sp. Photo: Jan Schulz Adolfssen Synechodus faxensis Class Reptilia (Mosasaurus) Synechodus sp. Triakidae Mosasaurus hoﬀmanni Weltonia sp. Plioplatecarpus sp. Photo: Leif Rasmussen

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3.2 Geological profile of Stevns Klint

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APPENDIX 3.2

Three short sections illustrating the character of the complete geological profile of Stevns Klint from Surlyk et al. 2006 illustrating the outline of the Cretaceous−Tertiary boundary and the flint layers of the Cretaceous chalk and the Danian bryozoan limestone. The shown sections cover c. 800 m of the 15,500 m long profile.

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APPENDIX 3

3.3 Birds at Stevns Klint Hydroprogne caspia Caspian Tern Motacilla citreola Citrine Wagtail Periparus ater Coal Tit Species English name Ficedula albicollis Collared Flycatcher Turdus merula Common Blackbird Carduelis hornemanni Arctic Redpoll Chroicocephalus ridibundus Common Black-headed Gull Sterna paradisaea Arctic Tern Buteo buteo Common bBuzzard Aquila heliaca Asian Imperial Eagle Fringilla coelebs Common Chaffinch Tyto alba Barn Owl Phylloscopus collybita Common Chiffchaff Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Grus grus Common Crane Branta leucopsis Barnacle Goose Cuculus canorus Common Cuckoo Sylvia nisoria Barred Warbler Somateria mollissima Common Eider Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit Bucephala clangula Common Goldeneye Anser fabalis Bean Goose Locustella naevia Common Grasshopper Panurus biarmicus Bearded Tit Warbler Cepphus grylle Black Guillemot Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Milvus migrans Black Kite Delichon urbicum Common House Martin Falco tinnunculus Common Kestrel Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher Carduelis cannabina Common Linnet Mergus merganser Common Merganser Gallinula chloropus Common Moorhen Uria aalge Common Murre Phasianus colchicus Common Pheasant Columba livia Common Pigeon Aythya ferina Common Pochard Coturnix coturnix Common Quail Carduelis flammea Common Redpoll Tringa totanus Common Redshank Phoenicurus phoenicurus Common Redstart Emberiza schoeniclus Common Reed Bunting Charadrius hiaticula Common Ringed Plover Carpodacus erythrinus Common Rosefinch Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Tadorna tadorna Common Shelduck Gallinago gallinago Common Snipe Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling Apus apus Common Swift Sterna hirundo Common Tern Sylvia communis Common Whitethroat Columba palumbus Common Wood Pigeon Emberiza calandra Corn Bunting Bird of Prey. Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper Calidris alpina Dunlin Prunella modularis Dunnock

Photo: T. W. Johansen W. Photo: T. Alopochen aegyptiaca Egypten Goose Phoenicurus ochruros Black Redstart Sylvia atricapilla EurasianBlackcap Melanitta nigra Black Scoter Pyrrhula pyrrhula Eurasian Bullfinch Ciconia nigra Black Stork Streptopelia decaocto Eurasian Collared Dove Chlidonias niger Black Tern Fulica atra Eurasian Coot Dryocopus martius Black Woodpecker Numenius arquata Eurasian Curlew Oenanthe hispanica Black-eared Wheatear Charadrius morinellus Eurasian Dotterel Rissa tridactyla Black-legged Kittiwake Falco subbuteo Eurasian Hobby Gavia arctica Black-throated Diver Garrulus glandarius Eurasian Jay Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilit Pica pica Eurasian Magpie Cyanistes caeruleus Blue Tit Sitta europaea Eurasian Nuthatch Luscinia svecica Bluethroat Haematopus ostralegus Eurasian Oystercatcher Bombycilla garrulus Bohemian Waxwing Remiz pendulinus Eurasian Penduline Tit Aquila pennata Booted Eagle Ficedula hypoleuca Eurasian Pied Flycatcher Fringilla montifringilla Brambling Glaucidium passerinum Eurasian Pygmy Owl Branta bernicla Brent Goose Acrocephalus scirpaceus Eurasian Reed Warbler Limicola falcinellus Broad-billed Sandpiper Anthus petrosus Eurasian Rock Pipit Corvus corone Carrion Crow Carduelis spinus Eurasian Siskin Larus cachinnans Caspian Gull

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark Alle alle Little Auk Accipiter nisus Eurasian Sparrowhawk Tachybaptus ruficollis Little Grebe Saxicola torquatus Eurasian Stonechat Hydrocoloeus minutus Little Gull Anas crecca Eurasian Teal Charadrius dubius Little Ringed Plover Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow Calidris minuta Little Stint Certhia familiaris Eurasian Treecreeper Sternula albifrons Little Tern Anas penelope Eurasian Wigeon Asio otus Long-eared Owl Scolopax rusticola Eurasian Woodcock Buteo rufinus Long-legged Buzard Troglodytes troglodytes Eurasian Wren Aegithalos caudatus Long-tailed Bushtit Jynx torquilla Eurasian Wryneck Clangula hyemalis Long-tailed Duck Merops apiaster European Bee-eater Stercorarius longicaudus Long-tailed Jaeger Pluvialis apricaria European Golden Plover Anas platyrhynchos Mallard Carduelis carduelis European Goldfinch Poecile palustris Marsh Tit Carduelis chloris European Greenfinch Acrocephalus palustris Marsh Warbler Pernis apivorus European Honey-buzzard Anthus pratensis Meadow Pipit Erithacus rubecula European Robin Larus melanocephalus Mediterranean Gull Serinus serinus European Serin Streptopelia turtur European Turtle Dove Turdus pilaris Fieldfare Regulus ignicapilla Firecrest Anas strepera Gadwall Sylvia borin Garden Warbler Anas querquedula Garganey Larus hyperboreus Glaucous Gull Regulus regulus Goldcrest Aquila chrysaetos Golden Eagle Oriolus oriolus Golden Oriole Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe Ardea alba Great Egret Lanius excubitor Great Greay Shrike Gavia immer Great Northern Diver Stercorarius skua Great Skua Dendrocopos major Great Spotted Woodpecker Parus major Great Tit Larus marinus Greater Black-backed Gull Branta canadensis Greater Canada Goose Aythya marila Greater Scaup Aquila clanga Greater Spotted Eagle Anser albifrons Greater White-fronted Goose Tringa ochropus Green Sandpiper Phylloscopus trochiloides Greenish Warbler Merganser with chicks. Ardea cinerea Grey Heron Perdix perdix Grey Patrigde Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover

Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail Johansen W. Photo: T. Anser anser Greylag Goose Falco columbarius Merlin Falco rusticolus Gyrfalcon Larus canus Mew Gull Coccothraustes coccothraustes Hawfinch Turdus viscivorus Mistle Thrush Larus argentatus Herring Gull Circus pygargus Montagu’s Harrier Corvus cornix Hooded Crow Cygnus olor Mute Swan Podiceps auritus Horned Grebe Morus bassanus Northern Gannet Eremophila alpestris Horned Lark Accipiter gentilis Northern Goshawk Passer domesticus House Sparrow Circus cyaneus Northern Harrier Phylloscopus humei Hume’s Leaf-Warbler Vanellus vanellus Northern Lapwing Hippolais icterina Icterine Warbler Anas acuta Northern Pintail Somateria spectabilis King Eider Corvus corax Northern Raven Calcarius lapponicus Lapland Longspur Anas clypeata Northern Shoveler Larus fuscus Lesser Black-backed Gull Oenanthe oenanthe Northern Weather Carduelis cabaret Lesser Redpoll Emberiza hortulana Ortolan Bunting Aquila pomarina Lesser Spotted Eagle Pandion haliaetus Osprey Dendrocopos minor Lesser Spotted Woodpecker Phylloscopus proregulus Pallas’s Leaf Warbler Sylvia curruca Lesser Whitethroat Circus macrourus Pallid Harrier

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APPENDIX 3.3

Stercorarius parasiticus Parasitic Jaeger Asio flammeus Short-eared Owl Loxia pytyopsittacus Parrot Crossbill Circaetus gallicus Short-toed Snake Eagle Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon Certhia brachydactyla Short-toed Treecreeper Recurvirostra avosetta Pied Avocet Mergellus albellus Smew Pinicola enucleator Pine Grosbeak Plectrophenax nivalis Snow Bunting Anser brachyrhynchus Pink-footed Goose Turdus philomelos Song Thrush Stercorarius pomarinus Pomarine Jaeger Muscicapa striata Spotted Flycacther Calidris maritima Purple Sandpiper Nucifraga caryocatactes Spotted Nutcracker Alca torda Razorbill Tringa erythropus Spotted Redshank Loxia curvirostra Red Crosbill Aquila nipalensis Steppe Eagle Milvus milvus Red Kite Columba oenas Stock Dove Calidris canutus Red Knot Strix aluco Tawny Owl Lanius collurio Red-backed Shrike Anthus campestris Tawny Pipit Ficedula parva Red-breasted Flycatcher Calidris temminckii Temminck’s Stint Branta ruficollis Red-breasted Goose Aegolius funereus Tengmalm’s Owl Mergus serrator Red-breasted Merganser Luscinia luscinia Thrush Nightingale Anthus trivialis Tree Pipit Aythya fuligula Tufted Duck Cygnus columbianus Tundra Swan Carduelis flavirostris Twite Melanitta fusca Velvet Scoter Anthus spinoletta Water Pipit Rallus aquaticus Water Rail Corvus monedula Western Jackdaw Circus aeruginosus Western Marsh Harrier Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel Saxicola rubetra Whinchat Ciconia ciconia White Stork Motacilla alba White Wagtail Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle Cinclus cinclus White-throated Dipper Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan Phylloscopus trochilus Willow Warbler Lullula arborea Wood Lark Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper Phylloscopus sibilatrix Wood Warbler Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail Phylloscopus inornatus Yellow-browed Warbler Emberiza citrinella Yellowhammer Larus michahellis Yellow-legged Gull

Osprey on the cliff.

3.4 Dry Grassland Flora at Stevns Klint Photo: T. W. Johansen W. Photo: T. Falco vespertinus Red-footed Falcon Species Common Name Podiceps grisegena Red-necked Grebe Phalaropus lobatus Red-necked Phalarope Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore Maple Cecropis daurica Red-rumped Swallow Achillea millefolium Gavia stellata Red-throated Diver ssp. millefolium Yarrow Anthus cervinus Red-throated Pipit Agrimonia eupatoria Common Agrimony Turdus iliacus Redwing Agrimonia procera Fragrant Agrimony Anthus richardi Richard’s Pipit Agrostis tenuis Common Bent Turdus torquatus Ring Ouzel Allium oleraceum Field Garlic Corvus frugilegus Rook Anthyllis vulneraria Kidney Vetch Buteo lagopus Rough-legged Buzzard Artemisia campestris ssp. caudata Field Mugwort Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone Botrychium lunaria Moonwort Philomachus pugnax Ruff Briza media Quaking-grass Riparia riparia Sand Martin Bromus hordeaceus ssp. hordeaceus Soft-brome Calidris alba Sanderling Calamagrostis epigeios Wood Small-reed Sterna sandvicensis Sandwich Tern Campanula persicifolia Peach-leaved Bellflower Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Sedge Warbler Campanula rotundifolia Harebell

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APPENDIX 3.4

Cardaminopsis arenosa Tall Rock-cress Ranunculus acris Meadow Buttercup Carex flacca Glaucous Sedge Ranunculus bulbosus Bulbous Buttercup Carex hirta Hairy Sedge Reseda luteola Weld Carlina vulgaris ssp. stricta Carline Thistle Rumex acetosa var. acetosa Common Sorrel Centaurea jacea Brown Knapweed Scabiosa columbaria Small Scabious Centaurea scabiosa Greater Knapweed Sedum acre Biting Stonecrop Centaurium erythraea European Centaury Senecio jacobaea Common Ragwort Cerastium fontanum ssp. triviale Common Mouse-ear Silene nutans Nottingham Catchfly Conium maculatum Hemlock Silene vulgaris ssp. vulgaris Bladder Campion Convolvulus arvensis Field Bindweed Solidago virgaurea Goldenro Crataegus laevigata Midland Hawthorn Tanacetum vulgare Tansy Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn Taraxacum sp. Common Dandelion Dactylis glomerata Cock’s-foot Torilis japonica Upright Hedge-parsley Daucus carota ssp. carota Wild Carrot Tragopogon pratensis ssp. minor Goat’s Beard Diplotaxis muralis Annual Wall-rocket Trifolium arvense Hare’s-foot Clover Echium vulgare Viper’s Bugloss Trifolium campestre Hop Trefoil Equisetum arvense Field Horsetail Festuca arundinacea Tall Fescue Festuca pratensis Meadow Fescue Festuca rubra Red Fescue Filipendula vulgaris Dropwort Galium mollugo Great Hedge Bedstraw Galium verum Lady’s Bedstraw Geum urbanum Wood Avens Helianthemum nummularium ssp. nummularium Common Rock-rose Helictotrichon pratense Meadow Oat-grass Hieracium cymosum No Common English Name Found Hieracium pilosella Mouse-ear Hawkweed Hieracium umbellatum No Common English Name Found Hypericum maculatum Imperforate St. John’s-wort Hypericum perforatum Perforate St. John’s-wort Hypochoeris radicata Rough Cat’s-ear Inula salicina Irish Fleabane Juniperus communis Common Juniper Knautia arvensis Field Scabious Leontodon autumnalis Autumn Hawkbit Leontodon hispidus Rough Hawkbit Leucanthemum vulgare Ox-eye Daisy Linaria vulgaris Common Toadflax Pigeon’s Scabious before bloom Linum catharticum Fairy Flax Lotus corniculatus Common Bird’s-foot Trefoil Medicago lupulina Black Medick Ononis repens Common Restharrow Trifolium dubium Lesser Trefoil Origanum vulgare Wild Marjoram Trifolium pratense Red Clover Photo: Kirstine Østergaard Orobanche eliator Knapweed Broomrape Tussilago farfara Colt’s-foot Phleum bertolonii Smaller Cats Tail Veronica arvensis Wall Speedwell Phleum pratense Timothy Veronica chamaedrys Germander Speedwell Picris hieracioides Hawkweed Oxtongue Vicia cracca Tufted Vetch Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantain Viola hirta Hairy Violet Plantago media Hoary Plantain Poa compressa Flattened Meadow-grass Poa pratensis ssp. pratensis Smooth Meadow-grass Polygala vulgaris Common Milkwort Potentilla anserina Silver Weed Potentilla reptans Creeping Cinquefoil Primula elatior Oxlip Primula veris Cowslip Prunella vulgaris Self-heal Prunus avium Sweet Cherry Prunus spinosa Blackthorn

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NOMINATION OF STEVNS KLINT

3.5 Photographs of Stevns Klint

ID No. Caption Format Date of Photographer/ Copyright owner Contact details of Non-exclusive (slide/print/ photograph director of video copyright owner cession of rights video)

Stevns Klint 1 jpg 07/2011 Peter Warna- Photographer GEUS Yes Moors Stevns Klint 2 jpg 06/2011 Jacob Lautrup Photographer GEUS Yes

Stevns Klint 3 jpg 06/2011 Jacob Lautrup Photographer GEUS Yes

Stevns Klint 4 jpg 06/2011 Jacob Lautrup Photographer GEUS Yes

Stevns Klint 5 jpg 06/2011 Jacob Lautrup Photographer GEUS Yes

Stevns Klint 6 jpg 06/2011 Jacob Lautrup Photographer GEUS Yes

Stevns Klint 7 jpg 06/2011 Jacob Lautrup Photographer GEUS Yes

Stevns Klint 8 jpg 06/2011 Jacob Lautrup Photographer GEUS Yes

Stevns Klint 9 jpg 06/2011 Jacob Lautrup Photographer GEUS Yes

Stevns Klint 10 jpg 06/2011 Jacob Lautrup Photographer GEUS Yes

Stevns Klint 11 jpg 06/2011 Jacob Lautrup Photographer GEUS Yes

Stevns Klint 12 jpg 06/2011 Jacob Lautrup Photographer GEUS Yes

Stevns Klint 13 jpg 07/2011 Jacob Lautrup Photographer GEUS Yes

Stevns Klint 14 jpg 07/2011 Jacob Lautrup Photographer GEUS Yes

Stevns Klint 15 jpg 05/2011 Sten Lennart Photographer Natural History Yes Jakobsen Museum of Denmark

Stevns Klint 16 jpg 03/2011 Jan Schulz Adolf- Photographer Natural History Yes ssen Museum of Denmark

Contact details GEUS, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, DK 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. Tel: +45 38142000, E-mail: geus@geus. dk. Natural History Museum of Denmark, Øster Voldgade 5-7, DK 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. Tel: +45 35322222, E-mail: [email protected]

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Appendix 4-6

Appendix 4: Management Plan

Enclosed as a separate volume.

Appendix 5: Erosion Analysis Enclosed as a separate volume.

Appendix 6: Comparative Analysis Enclosed as a separate volume.

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