Battle Against Solid Waste: Contribution of University Belt Barangays Towards Clean and Disaster-Prepared City

Open Access Journal of Environmental and Soil Sciences

DOI: 10.32474/OAJESS.2019.03.000151 ISSN: 2641-6794 Research Article

Fantonalgo RN1,2,3,4*, Failanga JN5, Argañosa MH6, Bautista RIT4, Fajardo RL4, Ocampo CM4, Dalangin IJ4, Torres RDL4 and Perez JWD4 1Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Miriam College, Philippines 2Environmental Science Department, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Philippines 3Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines 4Faculty of Natural Sciences and Research, Senior High School Department, College of Education, University of the East, Philippines 5Iloilo Science and Technology University-Miagao Campus, Philippines

6Iloilo Science and Technology University-Main Campus, Philippines

*Corresponding author: Fantonalgo RN, Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Miriam College, Quezon City, Philippines

Received: May 29, 2019 Published: June 11, 2019

Abstract Solid waste is one of the major problems in the urban communities due to congestion and improper garbage disposal. This problem may lead to some health and disaster-related issues. University Belt Area (UBA), a congested place in Manila City, Philippines

units (LGUs) in addressing this type of problem. Thus, this study investigated the solid waste management programs (SWMP) implementedgenerate tons byof UBAsolid barangays waste materials and its daily.problems Given encountered this condition, in implementing it is significant the to said know programs. the response The awareness of the local of the government residents on SWMP and their suggestions for effective implementation of these programs were also determined. An in-depth interview was

was used to interpret the qualitative data while descriptive statistical tools were used to analyze the quantitative data. Findings revealedconducted that among programs barangay implemented officials. Small by ten group barangays discussion in UBA (SGD) are was categorized conducted into among educational, the selected infrastructure, residents. Thematic waste reduction, analysis and regular cleaning activity. These programs are known to most of the residents who participated in the study. In the process of implementation, the LGUs are facing some constraints. These constraints include lack of discipline among the residents, lack of funds, irregular collection of waste materials, location of the barangay, and poor segregation practices. To effectively implement the afore-mentioned programs, the residents suggested some important recommendations. These encompass implementation of the appropriate barangay resolutions, raising public awareness, and imposition of penalties for the violators. Stakeholders should provide strong support for SWM agenda of UBA barangays. Policy makers should consider these data to formulate sound policies which can address the problems on solid waste. The barangay council should review Republic Act 9003 and consider collaboration with Ferris Wheel Project for better implementation of the programs. Keywords: Barangays; Solid waste; Solid waste management programs; University belt area; Urbanized areas

Introduction high fertility rate of the urban population and rapid rural to urban Every day the world is getting more urbanized. The rate of migration [2]. The rapid rate of migration is attributed to the pull urbanization is increasing at an alarming rate. United Nations factors inherent to the urban environment itself [3] like better job Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) reported opportunities, access to health and educational facilities, and high that 34% of the world’s total population in 1960 was living in standard of living. University Belt (U-Belt) area (Figure 1) in Manila, the urban centers. In 2014, this rate increased to 54% [1]. This Philippines (Figure 2) is an area where colleges and universities are increase in urban population is brought by the natural increase due concentrated, hence the name implies. This area is the home of more

urban setting. According to National Solid Waste Management Belt (CUBE) area is a seat for twenty universities and colleges. As Commission Reports (2015). the estimated the amount of solid than fifty higher educational institutions. The Central University Filipinos put a high regard for quality and responsive education, waste generated in 2010 in Manila City alone was 2,990,814 metric population over in this place has increased tremendously. This rise in population then is considered as contributing factors in tons. In 2014, this figure increased to 3,595, 593 metric tons. There the escalation of the amount of waste materials generated in the U-Belt area. is, however, no specific information that pertains to the case of

Figure 1: Vicinity Map of the U-Belt Area Manila, Philippines [23]. (Source: http://en.wikipilipinas.org/images/4/42/UBelt.png)

Figure 2: Map of the Philippines showing City of Manila [21,22]. Source: http://www.world-guides.com/asia/philippines/national-capital region/manila/manila_maps.html

The rise in population in the U-Belt area also resulted to the This condition serves as a challenge to the Local Government emergence of additional commercial establishments, dormitories, Units (LGUs) on how to deal with this problem. The problems on and other infrastructure development. This infrastructure improper waste management and high percentage of impermeable development resulted to changes in the land use and the increase land make U-Belt area highly vulnerable to the devastating effects in the urban surface sealing which increases the amount of surface run-off and decreases the ground water recharge [4]. of these items make people highly prone to the diseases (National of flood. High amount of waste materials and improper disposal

Citation: Fantonalgo RN, Failanga JN, Argañosa MH, Bautista RIT, Fajardo RL, et al,. Battle Against Solid Waste: Contribution of University Belt Barangays Towards Clean and Disaster-Prepared City. Open Acc J Envi Soi Sci 3(1)-2019. OAJESS.MS.ID.000151. DOI: 10.32474/ 254 OAJESS.2019.03.000151. Open Acc J Envi Soi Sci Volume 3 - Issue 1 Copyrights @ Fantonalgo RN, et al.

Solid Waste Management Commission Reports, 2015) [5]. From the prevailing condition of this place, the researchers came up disorder U-Belt area can be converted into clean, disaster-prepared modified framework focuses on how the dirty, disaster-prone, and with the framework on the goals of the implementation of solid waste management programs in U-Belt area (Figure 3). The current the framework of Discipulo [6] on urban renewal study. and orderly place (Figure 1). This framework was modified from

Figure 3: Conceptual Framework on the Goals of the Implementation of Solid Waste Management Programs in U-Belt Area.

From the existing problems on solid waste management in descriptions, and symbols [7]. The goals of this type of research the U-Belt area, this study investigated the contribution of the are to provide answers to the why’s and how’s. On the other U-Belt barangays towards a clean and disaster-prepared city. hand, descriptive approach was used to describe characteristics of the population being studied [8]. This approach answers the programs implemented by the barangays around the University question of “what” in the study. Objectives 2 and 4 were answered Specifically, this study determined the solid waste management using qualitative approach while objective 3 was answered using pertaining to the implementation of the programs, determined the descriptive method. Both qualitative and descriptive approaches Belt, identified the problems encountered by the communities were used to answer objective 1. suggestions of the residents for effective solid waste management awareness of the residents in the said programs, and identified the Research locale programs implementation. Data obtained from this study is vital in policy making and urban planning of LGUs. This will also The study was conducted in the U-Belt area. The name was agitate the stakeholders to support and participate in the program given to this area because of the high concentration of the colleges implementation. and universities in this place. Originally, this name was given only to San Miguel district but technically it includes the nearby Materials and Methods districts such as Quiapo, Santa Cruz. This area covers Mendiola Research design Street, Morayta Street (now Nicanor B. Reyes Street), eastern end of Azcarraga Street (now Recto Avenue), Legarda Street, western The research design employed both descriptive and qualitative end of España Boulevard, and the different side streets (Figure 4). approaches. Qualitative research aims to interpret meanings, This study covers the 10 barangays as given in Table 1.

Figure 4: Barangays found in the University Belt, Area, Manila, Philippines [24]. Source: http://www.mapcentral.ph/

Citation: Fantonalgo RN, Failanga JN, Argañosa MH, Bautista RIT, Fajardo RL, et al,. Battle Against Solid Waste: Contribution of University Belt Barangays Towards Clean and Disaster-Prepared City. Open Acc J Envi Soi Sci 3(1)-2019. OAJESS.MS.ID.000151. DOI: 10.32474/ 255 OAJESS.2019.03.000151. Open Acc J Envi Soi Sci Volume 3 - Issue 1 Copyrights @ Fantonalgo RN, et al.

Table 1: Number of participants and date of discussion during the small group discussion in the selected barangays in the U-Belt areas.

Small Group Discussion Number Place of Discussion Number of Participants Date of Discussion 1 Brgy. 395 6 September 09, 2017 2 Brgy. 395 4 September 09, 2017 3 Brgy. 396 3 September 09, 2017 4 Brgy. 396 4 September 09, 2017 5 Brgy. 397 4 September 09, 2017 6 Brgy. 404 5 September 15, 2017 7 Brgy. 404 5 September 15, 2017 8 Brgy. 403 4 September 18, 2017

Respondents of the study the barangay captains, barangay councilor, and barangay secretary. Field notes were also utilized to record pertinent information The participants of the study were the 7 chairperson, 3 barangay during the interview. councilors, and randomly selected residents of the ten barangays in the U-Belt Area. Ten barangay chairpersons and several barangay Small group discussion councilors were asked about the solid waste management programs Eight small group discussions were conducted during the implemented by their respective barangays and the problems they duration of the study. The number of participants and date of encountered during the implementation of the said program in discussion in the selected barangays in the U-Belt areas during an in-depth interview. The councilors interviewed in this study were the heads of the committee on health and sanitation. the participants such as age, occupation, and highest educational Selected residents were asked about their awareness on solid the discussion are reflected in Table 1. The demographic profile of attainment were noted during the onset of the activity. Each waste management programs of their respective barangays and participant was asked regarding his/her awareness about the their recommendations for effective implementation of the said implemented solid waste management programs in his/her programs during the small-group discussion (SGD). barangay. Research instruments Observation Two research instruments were used to gather the data In order to counter-check the information disclosed by the needed in this study. These instruments were the interview guide barangay chairpersons and councilors, regular observations questions for in-depth interview and guide questions for small were conducted by the researchers. A weekly observation on the group discussion. The contents of these instruments were validated implementation of the solid waste management programs and the byData the collectionexperts in the procedure field of research and solid waste management. was done from March to September 2017. difficulties associated with the implementation of these programs In order to gather the data needed for the study, the researchers Data analysis procedure did an in-depth interview with the barangay chairpersons and After the collection of data, the data gathered were analyzed barangay councilors, focus-group discussion with the randomly using descriptive statistical tools and thematic analysis. The selected residents, and regular observation was also conducted quantitative data were interpreted using the descriptive statistical to validate the results. The methods in the in-depth interview and tools such as frequency counts and relative frequency. Meanwhile, small group discussion were patterned from the suggestions of the qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. In this Yukalang et al. [7]. The items in the questionnaires were based from the ideas of Yukalang et al. [9] and McAllister [10]. and reported [7]. Patterns across data sets that are important to method, patterns or themes within data were identified, analyzed, In-depth interview research questions are referred as themes [11]. The themes An in-depth interview with eight barangay captains, 1 the description of a phenomenon and are associated to a specific barangay councilor, and 1 barangay secretary was conducted of research and solid waste management. by the researchers to determine the solid waste management generated from the data were validated by the experts in the field programs implemented by the barangays around the U-Belt area Results and Discussions and the problems encountered by the communities in the process Solid waste management programs in the U-belt areas of implementation of the said programs. The researchers prepared the guide questions for interview ahead of time. The guide Results of the in-depth interview indicated that the programs implemented by ten barangays in the U-Belt areas are categorized environmental issues and concerns. The English version of the guide into educational, infrastructure, waste reduction, and regular questions were validated by the expert in the field of research and questions was translated into Tagalog so that the respondents can cleaning activity (Figure 5). Under educational programs, barangays understand better and they can freely engage in the conversation. implemented waste segregation campaign and information The researchers asked permission to record the conversations from campaign. Also, they strictly imposed the “No segregation, No

Citation: Fantonalgo RN, Failanga JN, Argañosa MH, Bautista RIT, Fajardo RL, et al,. Battle Against Solid Waste: Contribution of University Belt Barangays Towards Clean and Disaster-Prepared City. Open Acc J Envi Soi Sci 3(1)-2019. OAJESS.MS.ID.000151. DOI: 10.32474/ 256 OAJESS.2019.03.000151. Open Acc J Envi Soi Sci Volume 3 - Issue 1 Copyrights @ Fantonalgo RN, et al.

Collection Policy.” They also conducted the massive information be brought about by improper solid management. They have been campaign about proper ways of segregating of the waste materials allocating budget for repairing drainage system and constructing as mandated by Republic Act 9003. Barangays are actively allotting material recovery facilities. Material recovery facility serves as an budget for infrastructure which will counter the disaster which may area to store non-biodegradable materials prior to disposal.

Figure 5: Categories of the Programs on Solid Waste Management in the University Belt Areas.

Figure 6: Solid Waste Management Programs in the U-Belt Area as Observed by the Researchers: a) Using Bins for Waste Segregation b) Material Recovery Facility for Storing Recycled Products c) Drainage Repair and Maintenance (Source: http:// opinion.inquirer.net/91905/easing-manila-traffic-congestion) d) Regular Street weeping Activity e) Using Plastic Bottles for Planting Vegetables f) Lantern Made from the Solid Waste Materials.

Citation: Fantonalgo RN, Failanga JN, Argañosa MH, Bautista RIT, Fajardo RL, et al,. Battle Against Solid Waste: Contribution of University Belt Barangays Towards Clean and Disaster-Prepared City. Open Acc J Envi Soi Sci 3(1)-2019. OAJESS.MS.ID.000151. DOI: 10.32474/ 257 OAJESS.2019.03.000151. Open Acc J Envi Soi Sci Volume 3 - Issue 1 Copyrights @ Fantonalgo RN, et al.

In terms of waste reduction, barangays are now passionate (Figure 6a). In addition, it was also revealed e that barangays 395, in campaigning for the recycling activities. They encourage their 396, 398 and 402 are implementing the Materials Recovery Facility residents to turn waste materials to raw materials for producing (MRF) program (Figure 6b). Moreover, the results showed that valuable products like lanterns and decorative stuffs. Regular barangays 395, 396, 397, 399 and 400 are active in implementing cleaning activity, such as regular clean-up drive and street the information campaign program concerning the battle against sweeping has been practiced by the local government units solid waste. Barangay 400 is the sole barangay which is regularly (LGUs) as a support to the solid management programs. The doing drainage maintenance (Figure 6c). Findings also showed that all the barangays in the U-Belt are currently implementing a daily is indicated in Table 2. Findings showed that out of ten barangays, street sweeping activity (Figure 6d) in their barangays. Barangays specific programs implemented ten barangays in the U-Belt areas seven of them, excluding barangays 395, 398 and 401 are 400 and 402 are the only barangays which are implementing the currently implementing the clean-up drive program in their areas. recycling activities in the University Belt (Figure 6e & Figure 6f). Interestingly, ten barangays practice waste segregation program Table 2: Specific solid management programs implemented by each barangay in the University Belt Area, Manila, Philippines.

PROGRAMS Waste Materials Relative Barangay Clean-up Street Information Drainage Recycling Segregation Recovery Frequency Drive Sweeping Campaign Repair Activity Campaign Facility 395 ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ 57.14% 396 ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ 71.43% 397 ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ 57.44% 398 ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ 71.43% 399 ✔ ✔ ✔ 43.86% 400 ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ 71.43% 401 ✔ ✔ 28.87% 402 ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ 57.44% 403 ✔ ✔ ✔ 43.86% 404 ✔ ✔ ✔ 28.57% N = 10 60% 100% 100% 40% 50% 10% 20%

Over the years rapid urbanization is taking place in Manila City, programs on solid waste management in ten barangays in the U-Belt Philippines. This phenomenon was due to economic and social area are the response of the various communities to the alarming reasons. Consequently, the amount of waste materials generated problems associated with the elevating amount of solid waste also increases. Bernardo [12] showed that the households in generated in the congested communities. These programs are the the city generated an average of 3.2Kg of solid waste per day, or manifestations that these barangays are abiding to the important 0.50Kg/capita/day. In 2010, the estimated amount of solid waste provisions stipulated in Republic Act 9003, otherwise known as the generated in Manila was 2,990,814 metric tons and it increased “Philippine Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. to 3,595, 593 metrics in 2014 [4]. The existence of the different Awareness of the residents on solid waste management programs

Figure 7: Distribution of awareness of the selected residents about programs on solid waste management.

Citation: Fantonalgo RN, Failanga JN, Argañosa MH, Bautista RIT, Fajardo RL, et al,. Battle Against Solid Waste: Contribution of University Belt Barangays Towards Clean and Disaster-Prepared City. Open Acc J Envi Soi Sci 3(1)-2019. OAJESS.MS.ID.000151. DOI: 10.32474/ 258 OAJESS.2019.03.000151. Open Acc J Envi Soi Sci Volume 3 - Issue 1 Copyrights @ Fantonalgo RN, et al.

During the SGD, all participants were asked about their their barangays. awareness on the programs implemented by the barangays in the Constraints on solid waste management U-Belt area on solid waste management. Findings of the investigation showed that 89% (31) of the participants are aware about the Constraints encountered in the course of the implementation programs while 11% (4) participants are unaware (Figure 7). of every project and program makes the implementation itself very Generally, the results manifest that most of them have an idea about challenging. The problems encountered by the barangays in the the implementation of the aforementioned programs. Awareness U-belt areas in the implementation of the solid waste management of the people about the programs is the outcome of the massive programs are given in Figure 8. Findings showed that all ten information drive and visibility of the infrastructure projects of barangays are currently facing the problem on the lack of discipline the local government units. The high percentage of awareness among the residents. They throw their garbage anywhere. They on solid waste management programs among the residents in are particular of the designated places for their waste materials. the U-Belt barangays is an indication that people are vigilant and participative in the programs and projects of the communities. a major problem in the implementation of the program on solid Barangay 399 and Barangay 404 consider deficiency of funds as Their participation ranges from attending the general assembly of waste management. Furthermore, it is also indicated above that the barangays up to abiding the proper segregation policy. On the 7 out of 10 barangays except for barangays 399, 402 and 403 are hand, there are residents that remain not ware about the programs experiencing problem in terms of irregular collection of wastes. and policies of the barangays on solid waste management. Perhaps, Findings also show that the barangays 395 and 397 are facing a they are not watchful regarding what is going to their communities problem on their location, which causes these barangays to produce and at the same time they are not participative to the activities of more solid waste materials.

Figure 8: Problems encountered by the barangays in the U-belt areas in the implementation of the solid waste management programs.

The constraints experienced by the U-Belt barangays in In the developing countries however, there are constraints connection with the implementation of solid waste management associated with solid waste management implementation. programs in their communities are typical issues observed also in These constraints are categorized into culture, education, and the other urbanized cities in the Philippines. For instance, Reyes microeconomics; infrastructure and technology; and policy, & Arturo [13] observed several problems encountered by the institutions, and macroeconomics [10]. In terms of culture, community people in the implementation of solid waste management education, and microeconomics, the major constraints comprise practices in the different barangays in Batangas City, Philippines. In the attitude and behavior gap of the people and lack of campaign on their study, they found that the increasing population, inadequate education and awareness. Major constraints under infrastructure government policies, public indifference (public don’t care), and technology include budgetary constraints, inadequate inefficient collection of garbage, rapid urbanization, non-operation service and operational inefficiencies, ineffective technologies of awareness among the people regarding the effects of solid waste utilization of waste reduction activities. Under policy, institutions, of a good disposal facility, irresponsible government officials, lack and equipment inadequacy, lack of landfill disposal, and limited management practices to their health and the environment, and and macroeconomics, the major constraints encompass lack of lack of training on proper solid waste management practice are policy, poor enforcement and responsibility, and lack of monitoring and regulation. management programs. major barriers in implementing effective and efficient solid waste

Citation: Fantonalgo RN, Failanga JN, Argañosa MH, Bautista RIT, Fajardo RL, et al,. Battle Against Solid Waste: Contribution of University Belt Barangays Towards Clean and Disaster-Prepared City. Open Acc J Envi Soi Sci 3(1)-2019. OAJESS.MS.ID.000151. DOI: 10.32474/ 259 OAJESS.2019.03.000151. Open Acc J Envi Soi Sci Volume 3 - Issue 1 Copyrights @ Fantonalgo RN, et al.

Recommendations of the residents for effective the right bins and throw their waste materials in bodies of water. implementation of solid waste programs Those who are doing such should be penalized by the barangay councils. The penalty could be letting them engage on community Some of the programs on solid waste management are not service or pay offenders can pay a certain amount of money. effectively implemented due to the political, educational, and Community service, on the other hand, could include cleaning the socio-economic reasons. During the focus group discussion, the public places such plaza, streets, and bodies of water and repairing residents suggested some recommendations to the barangay of the drainage system. Imposing these types of penalties will create a culture of discipline and support among the residents. waste management programs in the U-Belt Areas. These include officials for effective and efficient implementation of the solid implementation of the appropriate barangay resolutions, raising The success of the implementation of solid waste management public awareness, and imposition of penalties for the violators. can be attributed by three major factors. These factors include people’s orientation and strong political leadership, strong Implementation of the appropriate barangay resolutions collaboration among the different sectors of the community, One of the best strategies in order to ensure the effective mass information, education, and communication campaign, and implementation of the solid waste programs is to pass the linkage and networking with different agencies and organizations appropriate barangay resolutions. The residents said that the [15,16]. Mc Allister [10] considered potential interventions existing resolutions are not enough to support the implementation in order to implement solid waste management programs of the aforementioned programs. Hence, the barangay council needs to pass some additional resolutions aside from “No Segregation; education and awareness campaign, enhancement of public effectively and efficiently. These interventions include intensified No Collection Policy.” These resolutions once passed should be participation, promotion of the incentive scheme, improvements disseminated to the general public. According to the respondents, in service operations, improvements in the accessibility of the in order for the residents to become fully aware of these resolutions, technologies, utilization of the recycling initiatives, improvements the council should ensure maximum attendance of the residents during the barangay assembly. In the era of rapid urbanization in management, and proper enactment and enforcement of the in disposal system, creation of landfill, enhancement in the funding the cities of the third world countries (e.g. Manila), appropriate policies and programs. policies should be implemented to address the problems associated with high urbanization growth [14]. In the case of the barangays in Conclusion the U-Belt Areas, in order make solid waste management programs The programs implemented by ten barangays in the U-Belt areas effective the policies and resolutions that may focus on allotting are categorized into educational, infrastructure, waste reduction, budget for the implementation of the programs, improving the and regular cleaning activity. These programs are known to most linkages to the non-governmental organizations (NGOs), private residents of the area. In the process of implementation, the LGUs sectors, and cause-oriented groups and proper spatial planning. are facing some constraints. These constraints are: lack of discipline Raising public awareness of among the residents: lack of funds: irregular collection of waste; location of the barangay; and lack of segregation. To effectively The success of the programs and projects on solid waste implement the aforementioned programs, the residents suggested management strongly depends on the support of the stakeholders some important recommendations. These include implementation and the general public. The participation of these groups of people of the appropriate barangay resolutions, raising public awareness, can be maximized if they have been properly informed. As revealed and imposition of penalties for the violators (Figure 9). by the residents, the barangay should boost the awareness of the people through educational campaign and massive public Furthermore, the concept of eco-city [17,18] should be information dissemination drive. The campaign for solid waste integrated by the U-Belt barangays in their campaign for effective management programs in the U-Belt area can be disseminated solid waste management programs. The idea of composting well through posting in the bill boards and other public places. [19] in the urban setting like enzyme-enhanced compositing Campaign can be done during the barangay assembly; hence, the and vermicomposting [20-24] should also be considered for the aforementioned program. For the future research endeavor, a residents. Cultural and literary programs through songs and poetry greater number of respondents should be considered. Hence, the barangay officials should ensure the maximum attendance of the can also be explored in order to boost the awareness of the people entire University Belt area should be covered in the succeeding thriving in the U-Belt Area. authors came up with the extension program of SHS Department of Imposition of penalties for the violators research activity. From the major findings acquired in this study, the UE Manila known as “FERRIS WHEEL PROJECT” (Figure10). It is a According to the participants in the SGD, there is a need to holistic, multi-sectoral, and multi-disciplinary project which aims to impose penalties to the violators in order to make implementation further raise the awareness of all sectors in the U-Belt community of the solid waste management more effective. Violators, in the about problems associated with solid waste management. These context of this study; refers to the residents who are not abiding sectors include business, youth, local government unit, academe, with the policies and resolutions about management of solid waste. and people with disabilities. For instance, these people don’t dump their garbage materials in

Citation: Fantonalgo RN, Failanga JN, Argañosa MH, Bautista RIT, Fajardo RL, et al,. Battle Against Solid Waste: Contribution of University Belt Barangays Towards Clean and Disaster-Prepared City. Open Acc J Envi Soi Sci 3(1)-2019. OAJESS.MS.ID.000151. DOI: 10.32474/ 260 OAJESS.2019.03.000151. Open Acc J Envi Soi Sci Volume 3 - Issue 1 Copyrights @ Fantonalgo RN, et al.

Figure 9: Residents’ Recommendations for Dynamic Solid Waste Management Program.

Figure 10: Conceptual Framework of Ferris Wheel Project (Illustrated by Asst. Prof. Dannah Ramos in collaboration with Asst. Prof. Vina Marie Suyu and Asst. Prof. Dustyne Dimaguila with the idea of Asst. Prof. Raymund Fantonalgo).

Acknowledgement Management Bureau (EMB) of Department of Environment and The authors would to like to thank the technical expertise Juliet Salubre, Solid Waste Management Officer, Environmental Natural Resources (DENR) VI, Philippines for validating the questionnaires and the themes generated from this study. providing us the idea how to present the data gathered and Madam of Prof. Mayflor M. Tacardon for validating the instruments and Citation: Fantonalgo RN, Failanga JN, Argañosa MH, Bautista RIT, Fajardo RL, et al,. Battle Against Solid Waste: Contribution of University Belt Barangays Towards Clean and Disaster-Prepared City. Open Acc J Envi Soi Sci 3(1)-2019. OAJESS.MS.ID.000151. DOI: 10.32474/ 261 OAJESS.2019.03.000151. Open Acc J Envi Soi Sci Volume 3 - Issue 1 Copyrights @ Fantonalgo RN, et al.

Gratitude is extended to all barangay captains of the U-Belt 10. area for allowing us to conduct study in their areas of jurisdiction. developing world. All graduate Plan B and other reports. pp. 528. McAllister J (2015) Factors influencing solid waste management in the We are also grateful to all barangay councilors in the areas for 11. Daly K, Gliksman K (1997) The public health researcher: A methodological sharing their ideas about the solid waste management programs approach. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 611-618. of the U-Belt area and the selected residents of the participating 12. Bernardo EC (2008) Solid-waste management practices of households barangays for joining the small group discussion and sharing some in Manila, Philippines. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1140: 420-424. information related to the topics of this investigation. We would 13. Reyes PB, Furto MV (2013) Greening of the Solid Waste Management in Batangas City. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy 3(11): 187- 194. of Senior High School Department of University of the East-Manila, like also to thank for the moral, intellectual, and financial support Philippines for making this study a productive one. 14. Hope KR (1986) Urbanization and economic development in the Third World. Cities 3(1): 41-57. References 15. Atienza VA (2008) Breakthroughs in solid waste management: Lessons 1. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population from selected municipality and barangay in the Philippines. Asian Division (2014). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Review of Public Administration 10(1-2) 82-98. Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/352). 16. Atienza VA (2008) A breakthrough in solid waste management through 2. Henderson V (2002) Urbanization in Developing Countries. The World participation and community mobilization: The Experience of Los Bank Research Observer 17(1): 89-112. 3. Mohammed YA (2016) Cause and Consequence of Cross Border Illegal 17. Baños,Register Ritsumeikan R (2002) Ecocities: Asia Pacific Building University, cities inLaguna, Balance Philippines. with Nature. New Migration from South Wollo, Ethiopia. Arts Social Sci J 7(2): 1-20. Society Publishers. Republic Act 9003. 4. (2017) National Solid Waste Management Commission Reports, 2015. 18. Huang SL, Yeh CT Chang LF (2010) The transition to an urbanizing world National Solid Waste Management Status Report (2008-2014). and the Demand for natural resources. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2(3): 136-143. 5. Haase D (2009) Effects of urbanisation on the water balance-A long-term trajectory. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 29(4): 211-219. 19. Atega MJ, Jardeleza R, Castillo CJ, Gumabon LV, Fantonalgo R, et al. (2017) Perception of Selected Residents on Household Composting in 6. Discipulo NJ (2012) Culture Revitalization in the Central University Belt Highly Urbanized Area,Manila, Philippines, 2(4): 1-10. (CUBE): An Educational Process Towards Urban Renewal. Philippines. 20. Fantonalgo RN, Salubre JG (2019) Using Sargassumoligocystum and 7. Braun V, Clarke (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative kitchen waste for vermicast production: A comparative study. Springer. Research in Psychology 3: 77-101. 21. Map of the Philippines. 8. Shields P, Rangarajan N (2013) A Playbook for Research Methods: Integrating Conceptual Frameworks and Project Management. New 22. Map of Manila City. Forums Press, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA. 23. Vicinity Map of University Belt Area. 9. Yukalang N, Clarke B, Ross K (2017) Barriers to Effective Municipal 24. Map of the U-Belt Area. Solid Waste Management in a Rapidly Urbanizing Area in Thailand. Int J Environ Res. Public Health 14(9): 1-23.

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