A Tribute to Mirfam : Entomologist Extraordinaire

— Number17 April 23,1984

In a recent essay, I reviewed the latest some sense of Rothschild the individual, publications of 1S1 Press$) .1 Among for she is a dynamic and unconventional these is a biography of the turn-of-the- personality with a boundless range of in- century British zoologist, Walter Roth- terests. schild, entitled Dear Lord iZofhschifd: Rothschild was born into the eminent Birds, Butte&ies and History.2 The on August 5, 1908. book was written by Miriam Rothschdd, Her father, (Wal- a d~tinguished entomologist who is also ter’s brother), was an enthusiastic ama- Walter’s niece. She has produced a most teur zoologist, In free time snatched entertaining and informative account of from the demands of the family business, his life and scientific achievements. he managed to publish over 150 scientif- Dear Lord Rothschild has been well ic papers on . He was also one of received by the scientific and lay Museum’s major collectors. press. s-~ The book establishes beyond a For 27 years, Rothschild lived at Tring doubt that significant contributions to Park, Hertf ordshlre, northwest of Lon- zoological systematic, nomenclature, don. Tring Park was the site of her and microevolution were made at Tring uncle’s natural history museum. This Museum, which Walter Rothschild museum housed the largest collection of founded and administered for 50 years. animal specimens assembled by one per- Yet for all its value as science hktory, son. It contained more than two million the book is leavened with entertaining butterflies and moths, 300,000 bird insider’s anecdotes about some of the skins, 144 giant tortoises, and 200,000 most powerful people in Victorian and birds’ eggs. Given this environment and Edwardian . And as the only her father’s influence, it’s not surprising book about a Rothschdd written by a that the young Rothschild evinced a pas- Rothschild, the work has special author- sionate attachment to insects, birds, and ity. all other animals. She began breeding Meeting prompted ladybirds when she was only four years me to analyze, for the first time, the en- old. tomology journals indexed in Science Like most women of her day, Roth- Citation Irrdex’s (SCI” ).7 It also con- schild was educated at home. In fact, the firmed my feeling that the work of this Rothschild family did not favor formal remarkable scientist merited a thorough education for either sex. Her uncle en- review. In thk essay, I will discuss her dured only the minimum of university most important research in several areas rote learning before breaking away to of entomology. I will also try to convey conduct independent zoological re-

120 works in fields ranging from marine biology to plant/insect interactions. As a child, Rothschild studied butterflies and ladybirds, but her zoological inter- ests later crystallized around marine bi- ology. Indeed, her earliest publications include a series of papers on the effects of flatworm parasites (trematodes) on a species of marine snail .9-11These papers showed that parasitism by larval trema- todes causes abnormal growth in the marine snail. Trematode infestation also causes variations in shell development. Miriam Rothschild These findings had important implica- tions for snail taxonomy. searches. Similarly, her father had main- Rothschild inherited from her father tained that formal education stifled in- an interest in fleas. Charles Rothschild tellectual creativity. had amassed at Tring Museum the larg- Rothschild gleaned her education est collection of fleas in existence. He from her parents, her uncle’s museum, coauthored many papers with Karl Jor- and her own wide reading. Her own at- dan, a curator of Tnng Museum and a titude toward formal education might be respected entomologist. Among these summed up by her statement, “The was a paper identifying the plague-carry- types of tests devised by the appropriate ing rat Xenopsylla cheopis. Iz authorities in Britain today assess the Initially, however, fleas were a size of the child’s bottom rather than sideline for Rothschild. Although she that of its head. “s Although she did take occasionally published descriptions of courses at the University of , she new species, she did not study fleas in has never received a formal degree. In- depth until the 1950s. Then she began stead, she chose to work outside the cataloging her father’s flea collection. educational system. The academic cre- The first of the six-volume series cover- dentials Rothschild has acquired, such ing the taxonomy and morphology of the as the honorary doctor of science degree collection was published in 1953. Roth- she received from the Uni~ersit y of Ox- schild coauthored five of these volumes ford in 1968, she wrested from the edu- with G. Harry Hopkins.13 She has re- cational establishment by the sheer com- cently coauthored another work based pelling merit of her research. Her work on her father’s collection. 14 also earned her the status of honorary Around this time Rothschild also pub- fellow, St. Hughs College, Oxford. lished jointly with Theresa Clay, former- Despite her lack of formal credentials, ly of the British Museum of Natural she served as visiting professor of History, a popular work entitled Fleas, biology at the Royal Free Hospital Flukes & Cuckoos. 15 Thk was part of a School of Medicine, London, from 1968 series intended to promote neglected to 1973. facets of British natural history such as Lack of conventional education has in parasitology. In it Rothschild explained no way curbed Rothschild’s research for the lay reader parasitism, symbiosis, output. She has published over 275 and other species interrelationships. The

121 book incorporated many of her in- was also found that in nature rabbit fleas terests, as it discussed fleas, protozoa, copulate only on newborn rabbits, al- flatworms, flies, mites, microparasites, thchsgh they mature sexually on the preg- the fauna of birds’ nests, skuas (gull-like nant doe. The fleas transfer from the seabirds), and European cuckoos. Clay mother to the newborns at parturition of contributed a chapter on feather lice. the host. Thk ensures a food supply for Fleas, Flukes & Cuckoos proved that the flea larvae, which feed on debris in Rothschild could communicate science the rabbh nest. Rothschild, Ford, and in a very palatable fashion. Characteris- M. Hughes identified a pheromone, an tically, she served up the facts with a airborne chemical stimulus produced by generous measure of levity. For exam- the newborn rabbits, that aids sexual ple, she introduced her discussion of maturation. 19But they concluded that a avian fleas by saying: “Birds’ fleas and simple change of host actuafly induces feather lice do not sing. Nor do they fly copulation of the sexually mature, egg- about flashing brilliantly coloured wings bearing fleas. The rabbit flea was the in the sunshine. It is scarcely surprising first known case of an insect parasite that in Britain bird and butterfly enthusi- whose reproductive cycle is dependent asts number thousands, but the collec- on that of its host.zf~ tors of fleas and lice can be counted on Rothschild’s flea studies included an the fingers of one hand.”! ~ (p. 56) elucidation of their jumping mecha- But Rothschild’s most important work nism. In a series of articles published in on fleas was yet to come. In the early the early 1970s, Rothschild and asso- f950s, the British Ministry of Agricul- ciates used high-speed photography ture formed a committee (which Roth- combined with precise morphological schild was in~ited to join) to study the studies to determine the exact jumping flea’s role in transmitting myxomatosis, a mechanism of Xenop.ry//a cheopis, the viral disease of South American rabbits. vector of plague.zl-z~ Their findings sug- The disease had reached England and gest that fleas are descended from was devastating the British rabbit popu- winged ancestors, since the jumping lation. To conduct the study, it was nec- mechanism employs modified flight essary to breed the rabbit flea in captiv- structures. These include the presence ity. Other flea species bred readily in the of resilin, a rubber-like protein, in the laboratory, but the rabbit flea would not pleural arch of the flea’s thorax. cooperate. Rothschild suggested that Rothschild’s flea research features the host’s hormone cycle might influ- prominently in the citation accompany- ence the flea’s sexual maturation. This ing her honorary degree from Oxford.2-t hunch was borne out when an associate The citation refers to her coming “to this demonstrated that the ovaries of the our Capitol, not by degrees, but by one female rabbit flea matured only on preg- leap as of her fleas, in a triumphal chari- nant rabbits. lb ot, so to speak, drawn not by Venus’ Rothschild then conducted a series of doves, Juno’s peacocks, Alexander’s experiments to determine which hor- gryphons. Pompey’s elephants, but by mones were at work. She and an asso- her sixty-odd species of avian parasites. ” ciate, Bob Ford, showed that corticoste- The citation goes onto itemize her work roids produced by the adrenal glands on fleas, saying, “One flea (of the genus during late pregnancy, as well as estro- [sic] irritans) is enough for most of us, gens, are the most influential hormones but she has faced some twenty-two thou- controlling ovarian maturation. 1“ 18 It sand and dispatched them. ”

122 Although Rothschild’s work in orni- According to SCI for the period thology is not as extensive as her work in 1955-1983, Rothschild most-cited ex- fleas, to some extent these studies over- perimental paper in this field, cited 75 lap. A number of her papers discuss bird times, concerns heart poisons in the fleas specifically.z~.z~ In addition, she monarch butterfly. s2 This was published has studied the wood pigeon,zT the jointly with Tadeus Reichstein and Josef black-headed gull,2~ and the mountain von Euw, both of the University of though (a relative of the crow).zq Per- Basel, Switzerland, and J.A. Parsons, haps her most arresting discovery was National Institute for Medical Research, that wood pigeons with darkened plum- London. Reichstein received the Nobel age, which appeared in England in the prize in physiology or medicine in 1950 winter months, were suffering from tu- for his work on the hormones of the berculosis of the adrenal glands. Pre- adrenal cortex, including the isolation of viously, they were thought seasonal mi- cortisone. grants from another country. This dis- This highly cited paper shows that covery was economically important, be- heart poisons, which are present in some cause wood pigeons were a major source species of the milkweed plant family, are of avian tuberculosis among cattle. Un- ingested and stored by the monarch but- fortunately, Rothschild’s discovery was terfly species that feeds on milkweeds. made during World War II and wartime These butterflies, having developed an censorship prohibited publication of immunity to the heart poisons, use them these findings. so.sl for defense. The poisons make the insect Rothschild never completely aban- indigestible (or at least distasteful) to doned her childhood interest in but- many predators such as birds and spi- terflies. When she married in 1942 and ders. The presence of these poisons in began having children of her own, this milkweeds also reduces competition for interest was resurrected. After all, this food plant from species without children are most easily introduced to immunity. natural history through these colorful Rothschild and associates have dis- creatures. Rothschild had four children covered toxic or distasteful secondary and adopted two more. Her oldest son, substances in many insects. For exam- Charles Lane, is now a biochemist. She ple, they have found cardiac glycosides credits him with inspiring, at the age of in aphids, js aristolochlc acids in swal- ten, many ideas for the new field of lowtail butterflies,~ and pyrrolizidine plant/insect interactions she pioneered alkaloids in tiger moths.j~ In addition, through butterfly studies.~ Rothschild has shown that many butter- One of Rothschild’s major contribu- flies secrete toxic substances them- tions to this field was her research on the selves. One example is the bumet moth, defensive use by insects of toxic plant which secretes the potent toxin hydro- secondasy substances. Secondary sub- cyanic acid in all stages of its life cycle.jb stances are plant products other than Rothschild’s most-cited paper is a those necessary to sustain growth. Some review of secondary plant substances of these substances are used in plant and warning coloration in insects.sT This defense, but the function of many is un- Citation C[assicl~ 38 has been cited by at known. Caffeine and digitalis are exam- least 80 researchers in the past decade. ples of plant secondary substances use- Insects with warning coloration are ful to humans. known as aposematic insects. Their

123 bright colors alert predators to their tox- reception and vision throughout the icity, so predators will avoid ingesting animal kingdom, they must be an impor- them. Rothschild discusses the informa- tant factor in signal reception. She also tion available on those aposematic in- reviews cases of both plants and animals sects that take up and store toxins from using carotenoids in body parts dis- food plants. played to warn or attract other species. A related area of research is mimicry Behavior is another aspect of Roth- among insects.3y Certain species evolve schild butterfly studies. She has dem- the same warning coloration, and even onstrated the large white butterfly’s abil- store the same toxins, as a successful in- ity to assess the egg load on a plant or sect “model” species. Warning color- leaf.~q The butterfly responds to visual ation is directed against birds and other cues, such as damaged foliage or the predators that hunt by sight. Rothschild presence of feeding larvae. It also re- observed that insects also produce de- sponds to such olfactory cues as an air- fensive odors directed against predators borne emanation from eggs already laid that hunt by smell.~[1 Since a number of on a leaf. When the butterfly detects these odors resemble each other, she these cues, it switches to another leaf, concluded that mimicry of scent can oc- plant, or species. In this way, it avoids cur as well as mimicry of warning color- overloading the host plant and ensures ation. an adequate food supply for the new Rothschild’s work in warning color- generation. ation and mimicry has vindicated the Rothschild’s fresh and startling obser- evolutionary insights of such nineteenth- vations put her at the forefront of a new century naturalists as Alfred Wallace, wave of ecological research in the 1970s. Henry Bates, and Fritz Miiller, whose Jeffrey Harborne, tJniversity of Read- work had been wrongly discredited. ~” ing, England, identified ecological bio- These scientists had intuited the pres- chemistry as a new interdisciplinary field ence of toxic substances in insects, but that has grown up since the late 1960s. the methods of chemical analysis avail- He credits Rothschild with playing a able at the time were too primitive to seminal role in developing this field: “By provide proof. her own pioneering experiments with Through her research on butterflies, aposematic insects and equally her en- Rothschild has investigated the role of couragement of other scientists, Dr. carotenoid pigments in warning or at- Rothschild has contributed more than tracting other species or for camouflage. anyone else to this new subject ... .“l~ She showed that the pupae of the large (p. vi) Similarly, E.B. Ford, University white butterfly failed to match their of Oxford, in describing another rela- background when their diet lacked ca- tively new field, ecological genetics, also rotenoids.’tl Normally this species is cites Rothschild’s contributions. ~~ Eco- highly responsive to the color of back- logical genetics is the experimental study ground foliage, Also, when monarch of evolution and adaptation conducted pupae were deprived of carotenoids, in both the field and the laboratory. they developed silver- rather than gold- Ford notes, “It is to Rothschild and Clay flecked pupal cases.~z In her review of (1952) that we owe the general analysis carotenoids in the evolution of signal- of brood parasitism in birds; one which ing,~~Rothschild points out that since has demonstrated the principles of its carotenoids are involved in both photo- evolution .’’~f’(p. 259) He also cites her

124 work in mimicry, plant toxins, matura- tific researches through farmmg. She tion of fleas on hosts, poisons in apose- considers herself a farmer as well as an matic insects, and toxic butterflies. experimental biologist. Her farm is situ- Rothschild has received many honors ated at Ashton Weld, Peterborough, for her scientific contributions. These , England, on an es- include the H.H. Bloomer Medal from tate established by her father. Over the the Linnean Society of London, which years, she has received a number of gold she received in 1968. She has also been medals from the Royal Horticultural made an honorary fellow of the Royal Society for fruit and vegetable cultiva- Entomological Society of London and tion. Also, the walls of one of her rooms an honorary fellow of the American at Ashton Weld are papered with rib- Society of Parasitology. In recognition bons and awards for raising prizewinning of her scientific merit, she was made a domestic animals. Her farming success Commander of the in has enabled her to finance all her scien- 1983. tific activities. In the past 60 years, she Rothschild has recently been invited has accepted only one grant of any kind, to deliver the Romanes Lecture for a travel grant to a conference. 1984-1985 at the . Rothschild has also been active in a This lecture was first given in 1892 by broad range of civic and social causes. William Gladstone. Since then, the long During World War II she joined with a list of illustrious Romanes lecturers has group of distinguished scientists working included John Masef ield, Winston Chur- in cryptography to crack the German chill, and Peter Medawar, among secret code. She received a Defence others. Medal from the British Government for Rothschild’s memberships in profes- her work. She also aided refugee Jewish sional associations include the American scientists during and after the war, often Academy of Arts and Sciences, the housing them in her own home. Royal Entomological Society of Lon- Her humanitarian activities include don, the Zoological Society of London, founding the Schizophrenia Research the Marine Biological Association of the Fund, based in London. This fund is United Kingdom, and the Linnean Soci- dedicated to promoting the understand- ety of London. She has also been a trust- ing, treatment, and cure of schizophre- ee of the British Museum of Natural His- nia and other mental illnesses. She also tory. helped marshal scientific evidence on Rothschild edited Novifates Zoolog- homosexuality for the Wolfenden com- ical, the official publication of Tring mittee. This government committee Museum, from 1938 to 1941. She has produced a report4T in 1957 that helped also been a member of the publications decriminalize homosexuality in En- committees of the Zoological Society of gland. London and the Marine Biological Rothschild is a strong proponent of Association of the United Kingdom. She natural resource conservation. Her has generously edited the work of many latest conservation effort is to cultivate individual scientists as well. the native flora of the British Isles. To Rothschild’s diverse scientific inter- counteract the increasing encroachment ests would be enough to occupy several of monoculture grain crops on native lifetimes. But, in addition, she has sup- meadowland, she has been experiment- ported herself, her family, and her scien- ing with growing wildflowers from seed.

125 Wildflowers are difficult to cultivate on everybody talks about overspecial- a large scale, but Rothschild has devel- ization, but nobody does anything about oped special techniques that permit it. Most people simply conform. Roth- seeds to be harvested and sown else- schild, in contrast, has dedicated her life where. She has recreated a Northamp- to the untrammeled pursuit of a wide tonshire primitive flowering meadow front of intellectual interests. By follow- containing 100 species. The Royal Hor- ing her own path, she found herself at ticultural Society has awarded her a gold the forefront of some of the most inter- medal for wildflower cultivation. Her ef - esting ecological researches of the forts have generated tremendous public 1970s. Her entire career is testimony to interest, and she is supplying seeds to that most essential ingredient of original other farmers and gardeners. She hopes scientific research—imagination. It is a that public bodies will adopt the practice great pleasure for me to pay her a small of sowing wildflower seeds in parks and measure of the tribute that is her due. along roadsides. She recently published a book on growing wildflowers in small ***** gardens.d~ For some time now, it’s been fashion- able to deplore the specialization of sci- My thanks to Patricia Lawson and entists and other professionals in narrow Amy Stone for their help in the prepara- subfields. Yet, as with the weather, tion of this essay. 1984 IS I

REFERENCES

1. Garfield E. Science communication and the continuing mission of 1S1 Press. Curren[ Contenfs (51 ):5-11, 19 December 1983, 2, Rothschild M. Dear Lord Rofh.irk(ki binh, bu/terf/ie.! and hi.rtor.y, Philadelphia/London: 1S1 Press/Hutchinson, 19N3, 398 p. 3. Ryan A. Zoological fairyland in Tring. Review of “Dear Lord Rothschild, birds, butterflies and history’” by M. Rothschild. New .$c~en[irf 1(X):937, 1%+3. 4. Cafn A J. Natural history and the rogue elephant. Review of “Dear L(mf Rothschild: bircis, butterflies and history” by M. Rothschild, Natt(re .306:506-7, 1983. 5. Cannadfne D. Family fortunes. Review of “The English R[)thschihis” by R. Davis and “L)ear Lord Rothschild: birds, butterflies and history” hy M. Rothschild. Sunday Time.! (London) 12 February 1984, p. 43. h. FitzGibbon F. Dear Lord Rothschild, Review t>f “Dear Lord Rothschild: birds, hu[terf]ies and history” by M. Rothschild. Ewrung Td<,gruph 3 December 198.3, p. 9, 7. GarJield E. Journal citation studies. 4[. Entomology journals-what [hey tile and wha( cites them. Currenf Confcws ( I I ):3-f 1, 12 March 1984. 8. Rotbscbitd M. Hooked cm histology, Natur Htsr. ‘7(6):44-5, 1968. 9, ...... ---- Gigantism and !ariation in Peringio UIWM, Pennant IV7, caused by infection with larval !rematodtx. J. Mar, BIo/ A.WI [/K 20537-46, 1936. 10, ------Further observations on the effect of tremafode parasites on Penngm u/ww (Pennant I

I “~~. N{Jv//a/ Zoo/. 41:84-102, 1938. 11. ------Ohservati

126 17. Rothschffd M & Ford B. Maturation and egg-laying of the rabbit flea (Spi/op.ry//u.r cuniadi Dale) induced by the external application of hydrocortisone. Nature 203:210-1, 1964, 18. ------Factors influencing the breeding of the rabbit flea (Spi/op$y//u$ c-unicvdi): a spring-time accelerator and a kairomone in nestling rabbit urine with notes on Cediop$y/la simp/ex, another “hormone bound” species. J. Zoo/. 170:87-137, 1973, 19, Roihachffd M, Ford B & Hughes M. Maturation of the male rabbit flea (.SpI/op Yy//IMcunicu/i) and the oriental rat flea (Xenopsy//a cheopis): some effects of mammalian hormones on development and impregnation. Trans. Zoo/. .SOC-. .London 32:105-88, 1970. 20, Rothschffd M & Ford B. Breeding of the rabbit flea (Spi/opsy[lus cu niculi (Dale) ) cent rolled by the reproductive hormones of the host. IVafuF ~01: 103-4, 1964, 21. RothschLfd M, Schfefn Y, Parker K & Stem! Jump of the oriental rat flea Xenop.ryRa cheopi.r [Roths.). Na[ure 239:45-8, 1972. 22. Rothschild M & Schfefn J. The jumping mechanism of Xenopsy//a cheopi.~, I. Exoskeletal structures and musculature. Phil, Trans. Roy. Sot. London B 271:457-90, 1975, 23. Rothschffd M, Schfefn J, Parker K, Nevffle C & Steinberg S. The jumping mechanism of Xenop$yRa c-heopi$. 111. Execution of the jump and activity. Phil. Trans. Roy. Sot. London B 271:499-515, 1975. 24. Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science for the Honorable Mrs. Miriam Lane, LJnpublished speech delivered at the University of Oxford, [JK, 24 February 1968, I p. 25. Rothacfdfd M. A collection of fleas from the bcdies of Bri\ish birds, with notes on their distribution and host preferences. Bu//. Bri/. Museum (Nalur. Hi$f. ) Ser. Entomo/. 2:185-232, 1952. 26. ------The bird fleas of Fair Isle, Panrsito/ogy 48:382-412, 1958, 27. ------Some problems connected with the wood-pigeon (Co/umfm pa/umbus L.) and its control in Britain. XIIIe Congr2s International de Zoolo.gie. Comptes rendu.s, 21-27 July 1948, Paris. Paris, 1949. p, 480-I. 28, ------Development of paddling and other mcnements in young black-headed gulls, Brit. Birds 55:114-7, 1962. 29. ------Diurnal movements of the mountain though (Pyrrhocora.x graculus) in the Wengen and Kleine Scheidegg (Bemese Oberland) areas during the months of January, February and March, Acts Xl Congremus In(ernaiiorra/i.r Orni(ho/ogici, 29 May-5 June I‘454, Basel, Basel: Berhifuser Verlag, 1955. p. 61 I-7, 30, ...... Telephone communication. 5 March 1984. 31, McD&rmid A. The occurrence of tuberculosis in the wild wood-pigeon. 1 Comp. Patho/. Ther. 58: 13@3, 1948. 32. Relchstein T, von Euw J, Paraons J A & Rothschffd M. Heart poisons in the monarch butterfly. Science 161:861-6, 1968. 33. Rothschffd M, von Euw J,& Reichstefn T. Cardiac glycosides in the oleander aphid, Aphi.r nen”i. J Infect Physio/. 16:1141-5, 1970. 34. ------Aristolochic acids stored by Zerynfhia pdy.rem (Lepidoptera). Insecf Biochem. 2:334-43, 1972. 35. Rothschffd M, Apffn R T, Cockrum P A, Edgar J A, Fafrweather P & Lea R. Pyrrolizidine afkaloids in arctiid moths (Lep. ) with a discussion on host plant relationships and the role of these secondary plant substances in the Arctiidae. Bio/. J. Linn. SOc. 12:305-26, 1979. 36, Jones D A, Paraons J & Rothschild M. Release of hydrocyanic acid from crushed tissues of all stages in the life-cycle of species of the Zygaeninae (Lepidoptera). Nature 193:52-3, 1962. 37, Rothschffd M. Secondary plant substances and warning coloration in insects. (tan Emden H F, cd. ) Insect/plant relafionsbips. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publishers, J972. p. 59-83. 38, ------Citation Classic. Commentmy on Jn$ect/p/anl re[ation$hip.r. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publishers, 1972. p. 59-83. Current Content.r/Lfe Sciences 27( 171:17.23 April J984. 39. ------Mimicry, butterflies and plants. Symfm/. Boron. Up.w/. 22(4):82-99, 1979. 40. ------Defensive odours and Miillerian mimicry among insects. Trans. Roy. En[omol. Sot. London 113:101-21, 1961. 41. Rothschffd M, Gardner B, Valadon G & MummeryR. Lack ~~fresponse to background COIOUJin Pieri$ bmssicae pupae reared cm carotenoid-free diet. Nature 254:592-4, 1975. 42. Rothschffd M, Gardfner B & Mummery R. The role of carotenoids in the “golden glance” of danaid pupae (Insects: Lepidoptera). J. Zool. 186:351-8, 1978. 43, Rothschffd M. Remarks on carotenoids in the evolution of signals. (Gilbert L E & Raven P H, eds. ~ Coevolu(ion of animals and planls. Austin: Ilniversity of Texas Press, 1975. p, 20-.50. 44. Rothacfdfd M & Schoonhoven L M. Assessment of egg load by Pien”k hrassicae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Nature 266:3S2-5, 1977. 45. Harborne 1 B. Introduction to eco/ogic-a/ biochemistry. New York: Academic Press, 1977.2.$3 p. 46. Ford E B. fico/ogica/ gene!ic$. London: Chapman and Hall, 1971.410 p. 47. Great Brftafn. Committee on Homosexual Offenses and Prostitution. The Wo/fenden report. New York: Stein and Day, 1963, 243 p. 48. Rothachffd M & FarrefJ C. The butterfly gardener. London: Michael Joseph/Rainbird, 1983. 128 p.

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