Constance Battersea Et La Philanthropie Artistique Des Rothschild D'outre-Manche

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Constance Battersea Et La Philanthropie Artistique Des Rothschild D'outre-Manche Pauline Prevost-Marcilhacy, Laura de Fuccia et Juliette Trey (dir.) De la sphère privée à la sphère publique Les collections Rothschild dans les institutions publiques françaises Publications de l’Institut national d’histoire de l’art L’exception anglaise ? Constance Battersea et la philanthropie artistique des Rothschild d’outre- manche Thomas Stammers DOI : 10.4000/books.inha.11212 Éditeur : Publications de l’Institut national d’histoire de l’art Lieu d'édition : Paris Année d'édition : 2019 Date de mise en ligne : 4 décembre 2019 Collection : Actes de colloques ISBN électronique : 9782917902875 http://books.openedition.org Référence électronique STAMMERS, Thomas. L’exception anglaise ? Constance Battersea et la philanthropie artistique des Rothschild d’outre-manche In : De la sphère privée à la sphère publique : Les collections Rothschild dans les institutions publiques françaises [en ligne]. Paris : Publications de l’Institut national d’histoire de l’art, 2019 (généré le 18 décembre 2020). Disponible sur Internet : <http://books.openedition.org/inha/ 11212>. ISBN : 9782917902875. DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/books.inha.11212. Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 18 décembre 2020. L’exception anglaise ? Constance Battersea et la philanthropie artistique des... 1 L’exception anglaise ? Constance Battersea et la philanthropie artistique des Rothschild d’outre- manche Thomas Stammers Je tiens à remercier Lindsay Macnaughton, Joseph Plumb et Juliette Trey pour leur aide à la traduction en français. 1 La publication monumentale sur les Rothschild français, dirigée par Pauline Prevost- Marcilhacy, met en relief leur rôle remarquable de mécènes au cours de la IIIe République. Alphonse de Rothschild est à compter parmi les donateurs de premier rang, il légua près de deux mille œuvres d’art à environ deux cent cinquante musées de province, c’est-à-dire une bonne moitié des musées français fondés avant la Grande Guerre. L’exemple d’Alphonse illustre la tendance, chez les Rothschild, à soutenir les institutions publiques, soit par la donation d’œuvres d’art (surtout entre la fin du XIXe et le début du XXe siècle), soit par les dons financiers (à partir des années 1960)1 et cela représentait, à leurs yeux, une mission sociale. 2 La situation en Grande-Bretagne est tout à fait différente. Il y eut assez peu de donations réalisées par la branche anglaise de la famille envers les musées à la même époque ; les deux exceptions notables sont les collections d’histoire naturelle rassemblées par Lionel Walter Rothschild à Tring (Hertfordshire) et qu’il a ouvertes au public en 1892, et, bien sûr, le Waddesdon Bequest, cédé par Ferdinand de Rothschild au British Museum en 18982. De manière générale, peu d’objets provenant des Rothschild se trouvent dans les collections publiques en Angleterre, et les maisons privées qui les hébergeaient autrefois furent souvent démolies ou défigurées, l’exemple le plus notoire étant l’abandon par le gouvernement britannique, au milieu des années 1970, de Mentmore Towers, la résidence construite en 1850 par Joseph Paxton pour Mayer Amschel de Rothschild3. De la sphère privée à la sphère publique L’exception anglaise ? Constance Battersea et la philanthropie artistique des... 2 3 Comment expliquer cette divergence frappante ? On parle souvent du contraste de culture politique existant entre les deux nations, en opposant une tradition française de civisme, issue de la Révolution et qui proclamait l’art comme un patrimoine appartenant à tous les citoyens, à la tradition anglaise, où l’initiative privée et les efforts personnels [self-help] primaient et étaient mis en œuvre à une échelle plus locale. De plus, ce contraste dans la manière de considérer le patrimoine s’incarna dans des institutions différentes, comme l’a remarqué Francis Haskell : le musée municipal en France et la country house en Angleterre4. Cette différence eut des conséquences sur la manière dont les Juifs anglais et français poursuivirent leur intégration sociale et affirmèrent leur patriotisme. 4 Le contraste entre ces deux pays ne suffit cependant pas à expliquer la transformation du statut de la propriété privée en Angleterre à la fin du XIXe siècle. Comme l’indique Jordanna Bailkin dans son livre The Culture of Property : Le statut des objets culturels – définis par leurs traits toujours discutables d’inaliénabilité et de possession non exclusive – nous incite à réfléchir sur les liens entre la propriété et les identités politiques en Grande-Bretagne avant la Première Guerre mondiale. Selon la pensée politique de l’époque, la personne du propriétaire s’associe à la figure du gardien, du régisseur, du mandataire – c’est-à-dire du propriétaire non exclusif –, et cette évolution porte sur des questions plus vastes de citoyenneté et de participation politique5. 5 Le crépuscule du libéralisme victorien suscita de féroces débats pour savoir qui pouvait posséder des propriétés privées (par exemple, les femmes ou les syndicats de travailleurs) et jusqu’à quel point (par exemple, les fermiers en Irlande). En refusant de concevoir la propriété comme un droit absolu et exclusif, les réformateurs mirent aussi en question le statut du patrimoine comme ressource nationale. Au tournant du nouveau siècle, la fondation de The National Art Collections Fund, en 1903, suscita le projet d’enregistrement national de toutes les œuvres d’art en Grande-Bretagne, lancé en 19106. 6 Cette courte présentation vise à décrire les usages de la jeune génération des Rothschild anglais, qui furent les plus inspirés par ces débats et placèrent les arts sous le signe de l’utilité sociale et du bonheur public. Pourquoi leur vision libérale n’aboutit- elle pas à une culture de la donation publique ? Pour interroger ce paradoxe, l’analyse se concentre sur l’exemple de Constance de Rothschild (1843-1931), fille d’Anthony de Rothschild, qui, tout au long de sa vie, afficha une volonté politique progressiste et laissa des journaux intimes et des souvenirs – publiés en 1922 – révélateurs de l’esprit calculateur de la famille7 (fig. 1). Constance fut élevée à Paris et à Londres, où son père acquit une maison élégante sur Grosvenor Place. Selon ses souvenirs, la décoration de la maison fut confiée à des artistes français, en accord avec le goût raffiné de son père. « Parmi d’autres œuvres, il y avait une splendide peinture de Van Dyck, un cadeau de ma grand-mère maternelle [Henriette de Rothschild (1791-1866)]8. » Plus tard, son père acheta la résidence d’Aston Clinton dans le Buckinghamshire, qu’il embellit et meubla. Deux tableaux de Jean-Baptiste Greuze, ayant fait partie des collections de Dubois et Tilliard au XVIIIe siècle, et six scènes de genre néerlandaises, provenant de la vente de la duchesse de Berry, se trouvaient parmi les plus importants tableaux réunis par Anthony dans sa petite galerie de maîtres néerlandais, flamands et français9. De la sphère privée à la sphère publique L’exception anglaise ? Constance Battersea et la philanthropie artistique des... 3 1. Alessandro Bassano, Lady Constance Battersea, 1897, tirage à partir d’un négatif sur demi-plaque de verre, Londres, National Portrait Gallery. © National Portrait Gallery 7 Grâce à l’éducation dispensée par sa mère, Louisa de Rothschild (1821-1910), Constance acquit un sens profond de la responsabilité envers ses proches. Dans l’hommage à sa mère qu’elle publia en 1912, Constance résume ainsi la leçon apprise : Ma première préoccupation ne doit plus être la connaissance pour elle-même, mais de savoir faire le meilleur usage de cette connaissance afin de faire progresser le bonheur et le confort de ceux qui nous entourent10. 8 Le premier bénéficiaire de cette générosité fut le village d’Aston Clinton, où elle allait souvent visiter les maisons simples des habitants. Pour son seizième anniversaire, son père répondit à son désir en fondant l’école du village, dont elle posa la première pierre11. Cette expérience fut une grande réussite et inspira la création d’une école semblable au village de Halton. De plus, la famille dota le village d’Aston Clinton de maisons ouvrières, d’une bibliothèque et de l’Anthony Hall (une salle de réunion édifiée en 1884 par Louisa en mémoire de son mari)12. 9 Cette charité rurale était liée à une conscience sociale s’exerçant à la capitale. Si Louisa servait comme présidente de la Jews Free School dans l’est de Londres, Constance consacrait son temps à améliorer les prisons, à combattre l’alcoolisme et à encourager l’enseignement pour les filles. En 1885, elle créa la Jewish Association for the Protection of Girls and Women (JAPWG), qui visait à mobiliser les femmes juives anglaises pour lutter contre le trafic des prostituées à l’est de Londres, suite aux vagues d’immigration, un trafic où les Juifs étaient à la fois criminels et victimes13. 10 Cette passion pour l’activisme social trouva un écho chez le séduisant mari de Constance, Cyril Flower, homme politique du parti libéral et esthète renommé. Le père de Cyril, Philip William Flower, avait émigré en Australie dans les années 1830, où il De la sphère privée à la sphère publique L’exception anglaise ? Constance Battersea et la philanthropie artistique des... 4 avait fondé une entreprise lucrative d’exportation de laine, de suif et d’or, et il possédait de nombreuses propriétés commerciales dans le Surrey et à Westminster14. Cyril hérita de son père une partie du quartier de Battersea à Londres, qu’il voulut transformer en construisant des logements ouvriers. Les noms des rues, dans le quartier, qui faisaient référence à Dickens, Thackeray et Montefiore, révélaient son attachement à la philanthropie juive et son ambition d’améliorer le niveau culturel des classes laborieuses. Dans ses souvenirs, Constance constate : Au début de mon mariage, je fus déçue que nous ne nous installions pas à Battersea, au milieu de la classe ouvrière. Je proposais de construire une maison d’art (a House Beautiful) dans ce quartier afin d’approcher et de mieux connaître les hommes et les femmes dont les chemins étaient si différents du mien et que, par conséquent, je comprenais si mal15.
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