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Enhancing Biodiversity Through Nature- Based Infrastructure Design in New York City

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Enhancing Biodiversity Through Nature- Based Infrastructure Design in New York City Enhancing Biodiversity through Nature- based Infrastructure design in New York City Kinjal Mor SES 660A- Capstone Instructors: Leonel Ponce & Ira Stern Semester: Fall 2020 SPECIAL THANKS Alan Cohn, NYC DEP John Brock, NYC DEP Miki Urisaka, NYC DEP Robert Brauman, NYC DEP Adam Benditsky, NYCHA Novem Auyeung, NYC Parks Ben Rosenblum, NYC 2030 Districts Haym Gross, NYC 2030 Districts Leonel Ponce, Pratt Institute Ira Stern, Pratt Institute Samara Swanston, Pratt Institute Ronald Shiffman, Pratt Institute John Shapiro, Pratt Institute Paul Mankiewicz, Pratt Institute Juan Osorio, Pratt Institute Gita Nandan, Pratt Institute Damon Chaky, Pratt Institute Gelvin Stevenson, Pratt Institute Chris Neville, Pratt Institute CONTENTS Executive Summary Introduction Research Question Section 1: Background Study A. Cloudburst Program I. Cloudburst Management Plan- Copenhagen II. Implementation Process B. Urban regenerative ecosystem solutions I. Nature Based Solutions II. Green Infrastructure III. Blue Infrastructure IV. Blue- Green Infrastructure C. Biodiversity I. Species area relationship II. Urban Biodiversity III. Additional Considerations D. Co-benefits of Biodiversity Section 2: New York City and Cloudburst Program A. Client- Department of Environmental Protection B. NYC Cloudburst Study- Analysis C. Case studies (Synthesized) Section 3: South Jamaica Homes- Existing Study A. Introduction and Proposed ideas B. Proposed Biodiversity C. Plants Matrix Section 4: Research and Analysis A. Site Demography and History- St. Albans B. Design Opportunities- St. Albans C. Recommended Plants Palette D. City Biodiversity Index and Application E. Cost Benefit Analysis F. Recommendations Conclusion Appendix Cloudburst Plans- Copenhagen South Jamaica Homes- Cloudburst Planning Application of Singapore Index on South Jamaica Homes Bibliography EXECUTIVE SUMMARY “Scientific evidence for warming of the climate system is unequivocal” (Climate Change Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers, 2014). The climate is changing and the paradigm shift in the earth's environment has made it necessary to implement sustainable concepts to all the aspects of life. Environmental damage cannot be reversed owing to the fact- increasing population, world demands, depletion of resources, etc.; but for sure the damage can be slowed down by implementing sustainability. Global climate change has already had observable effects on the environment. Glaciers have shrunk, ice on rivers and lakes is breaking up earlier than it is supposed to, plant and animal ranges have shifted and trees are flowering sooner (Climate Change Evidence, n.d.). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which includes more than 1,300 scientists from the United States and other countries, forecasts a temperature rise of 2.5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit over the next century. These changing patterns have led to more frequent extreme weather events like storms, droughts, and cloudbursts. Cloudbursts literally mean the bursting of cloud and an extreme amount of precipitation in a short period of time, sometimes accompanied by hail and thunder, which is capable of creating flood conditions. Nature-based solutions like blue-green infrastructure has proven to be very helpful with stormwater management and the way forward mandates synergizing eco-friendly designs and concepts with the existing construction techniques is critical. The focus of the cloudburst management program that the NYC Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) are doing in the neighborhood of Southeast Queens is on integrating blue and green infrastructures and creating BGI networks. Using the Copenhagen Cloudburst Management Plan as a reference model my clients the NYC DEP is trying to create solutions to the stormwater and heavy rainfall disasters in the future. This model has brought together different city agencies like NYC DEP, NYCHA, NYC DOT, NYC Parks, social and civil groups, and engineering firms to implement these programs. Blue-green infrastructures offer solutions for areas that face the challenges of cloudbursts, droughts, or extreme weather events. As biodiversity is an important element of blue and green infrastructures it is important to understand how this plays a role and the value. Biodiversity is essential to human survival. It includes plant species, animals, birds, bees, and all the different organisms. Biodiversity has multiple co-benefits like reducing the urban heat island effect, soil stabilization, improve air quality, reduce asthma rates, better mental health, improve aesthetics, reduce noise pollution, the lower flow of viruses, improve community cohesion, and crime prevention. This project analyzes the scope of biodiversity in blue-green infrastructures and the benefits that are the result of it. Using Multi-criteria decision and cost-benefit analysis, the paper is an attempt to quantify a few of the ecosystem services and at the same time to understand the benefits that are not quantifiable but still are invaluable and have a lasting positive impact on the communities and environment in the New York City. The resulting goal is to prioritize nature and biodiversity and the invaluable benefits that they provide to mankind. INTRODUCTION The Earth’s climate has constantly changed throughout history but in the last650,000 years Earth has seen more cycles of glacial advance and retreat than in the past. The last ice age abruptly ended about 11,700 years ago making the beginning of the modern climate era, human civilization, and negative climate change effects (Climate Change Evidence, n.d.). The current warming trend is consequential because most of it is extremely likely due to human activities and the development that took place after the Industrial Revolution. The comparison of atmospheric samples that are found in the ice cores and the study has proved that today’s climate patterns are a result of human-induced global warming. Even if humans cut down all their emissions today still there is enough CO2 in the atmosphere that will have lasting and irreversible impacts. (Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers, 2014) The changing patterns has made it evident that we need to be more prepared for the future. Infrastructure is the set of structural components that promotes day-to-day functioning and has the ability to mold the human society. Sustainable Infrastructure refers to the design, construction, and operation of these structural components in ways that do not undermine the social, Fig A : Evidence that atmospheric CO2 has increased financial and environmental since the Industrial Revolution (Luthi & Etheridge, 2008) processes that are necessary to preserve the equity, diversity, and functionality of human beings in natural systems (Sustainable Infrastructure, n.d.). The infrastructure that we are building today will change the way our communities live and impact their survival and so it’s important that we built resilient infrastructure. The sea level is rising and the glaciers are melting at an unprecedented rate, and the infrastructure we live in is not built-in consideration to these changing water tables and patterns. Heavy rainfall and storms are not seasonal anymore and have become a part of the new climate change. We must start retrofitting our built environment to accommodate these conditions. Cloudbursts are more common in today’s world. The infrastructure that we have is not capable of managing the sudden extreme amount of water, floods, heavy rainfalls, and creates damages worth millions of dollars. New York City is an island city and the Superstorm Sandy of 2012 led to damages worth 30 to 50 billion dollars which forced officials and the government to redesign and rework the strategies to be prepared for future events. By integrating traditional underground drainage infrastructure and aboveground solutions into ongoing urban infrastruct- ure plans, the NYC Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) seeks to tackle heavy rainfall. Through storage and surface flow conveyance, the focus is to improve the stormwater management while also creating inspirational and resilient urban areas with co- benefits for the citizens, local businesses, and the city in large. The cloudburst study analyzes the best-available NYC rainfall data till date proposes methodologies for integrating the findings into an ongoing resilient/ sustainability planning initiatives, and identifies industry standards in future neighborhood-specific planning studies to consider climate change. Fig B : Global Sources of Greenhouse gases. (Where Do Opportunities for intervention Greenhouse Gas Emissions Come From?, 2019) within the designated study areas are identified as the outcome of the study to provide retention and conveyance for the severe environmental conditions while also providing community and environmental benefits under optimal conditions. The research also provides an understanding of how, when applied in an NYC environment, the cloudburst typologies may look and how to advance climate resilience models through pilot projects (Ramboll A/S, 2017). Green infrastructure can be a cost-effective strategy for improving water quality and helping communities further expand their infrastructure investment by providing multiple environmental, economic, and community benefits. Blue-Green Infrastructure is the critical component of the cloudburst program and the focus of this research is on maximizing its benefits. Biodiversity is an integral part of the blue-green infrastructure. Biodiversity
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