Un Monde, Une Promesse De Paix Mais Laquelle?

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Un Monde, Une Promesse De Paix Mais Laquelle? DOMINIC SIMARD UN MONDE, UNE PROMESSE DE PAIX MAIS LAQUELLE? Construction collective de l'image de paix chez les participants au 21 e rassemblement mondial du Mouvement scout (Angleterre, 2007). Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures de l'Université Laval dans le cadre du programme de maîtrise en anthropologie pour l'obtention du grade de maître ès arts (M.A.) DÉPARTEMENT D'ANTHROPOLOGIE FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES SOCIALES UNIVERSITÉ LAV AL QUÉBEC 2009 © Dominic Simard, 2009 Résumé Ce mémoire porte sur le plus grand mouvement de jeunesse dans le monde actuel: le . Mouvement scout, qui a célébré en 2007 son centième anniversaire. Dans le cadre d'un 21 e rassemblement mondial qui eu lieu en Angleterre au mois de juillet 2007, près de 40 000 scouts provenant de 156 pays ont passé 12 jours ensemble, fidèles au thème de l'évènement: « Un monde, une promesse ». Ils ont fait valoir, collectivement, un discours de paix imprégné de l'envergure et de l'effervescence d'un tel « rendez-vous » mondial. La recherche qui est présentée dans ce mémoire s'est penchée sur la nature du discours de paix construit lors de ce grand « Jamboree» scout. 111 Avant-propos Dans le domaine de la recherche en sciences sociales et plus particulièrement au stade embryonnaire d'un projet de maÎtrise en anthropologie sociale et culturelle, il me semble bien que l'aventure commence en profondeur: sous le continent de 'la clarté, dans ,l'eau trouble d'une foule d'idées. Il faut donc savoir s'élancer, sauter, bras ouverts, comme le font ces plongeurs de La Quebrado, du haut de ' leur pierre. La véritable recherche démarre dans la submersion, l'envahissement complet par les idées, leurs vagues et leurs marées. Dans ce complexe du non-dit, ce fouillis de l'imprécis, l'épreuve, le vrai défi - en ce qui concerne l'écriture du mémoire - c'est de remonter un « tout» à la surface. Pour cela, il faut détacher des profondeurs le trésor d'une idée maÎtresse, laquelle doit ensuite permettre L'épuration et donc l'élévation vers la surface, lieu de compréhension et de cohérence, point par point, de l'ensemble du projet. La recherche présentée dans ce mémoire n'a pas eu peur des profondeurs. Elle a cependant maintenu un objectif précis tout au long de la plongée et surtout durant l'exercice de rédaction: celui de remonter à la surface, zone de compréhension et de partage. collectit pour offrir au monde et à mes proches, des idées claires et accessibles. J'espère avoir rencontré cet objectif. Bonne Plongée ... et surtout, bonne remontée! IV Je dédie ce mémoire à tous ceux qui ont contribué, de près ou de loin, à faire de cette recherche une œuvre collective ainsi qu'une remarquable aventure humaine ... Un merci spécial à Martin Hébert, directeur hors pair, à Marie-Christine pour son support e~ son écoute si précieuse, à ma Grande famille et mes amis(es) pour tous les encouragements ... et finalement, à tous les scouts, jeunes et moins jeunes, qui ont cru en ce projet et accepté de se prêter au jeu! v Table des matières Introduction ......................................... ~ ................................... 2 1 Première Partie - Orienter et Situer la recherche ................................ 7 Théorie - Cadre conceptuel ............. ~........................................ 7 - Perspective anthropologique sur la paix .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .... 7 Paix négative et paix positive Positionner la paix et la violence Vers une anthropologie de la paix - Le concept d'Utopie .............................................................................. 14 L'utopie dans le discours occidental Réhabiliter l'utopie L'utopie au service de la paix positive - L' approche interprétative ......................................................................... 18 L'interprétation d'une paix positive L'anthropologie interprétative de Clifford Geertz - Synthèse théorique .................................................................................. 20 Contexte d'énonciation du discours de Paix .................................. 21 - La naissance des « Jamboree » mondiaux ..................................................... 21 - Le Jamboree comme espace utopique.......................................................... 24 Le 21 e Jamboree Mondial - Les jamborees et la logique de l'insularité utopique ... ~ ...................................... 26 La naissance du scoutisme sur l'île de Brownsea Le Jamboree comme espace insulaire utopique - De l'utopie littéraire à l'Utopie vécue .......................................................... 38 - Synthèse contextuelle .................................... ~ . ... 40 VI 1 Deuxième Partie - Récolter et Analyser les résultats ........................... 42 Méthodologie - Cadre Méthodologiq ue ....................................... 42 Une approche qualitative Une éthnographie « multi-située » - Outils pour la Cueillette de Données .......................................................... 43 Premier outil: Les groupes de d~scussions Deuxième outil: L'observation participante Troisième outil: La photographie participative Quatrième outil: Les guides d'entretiens électroniques - Organisation et Classification des données ................................................ .... 50 Sélection des données à conserver Classification par filtr~ge sémantique - Analyse des données .............................................................................. 52 Analyse de discours Analyse de contenu Interprétation des images photographiques - Synthèse et Objectifs.. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... ... ... .. .. ... 54 Analyse des résultats ............................................................... 55 - Le discours de paix institutionnalisé ............................................................ 55 - Synthèse analytique du discours de paix institutionnalisé. .... ........... 67 - Le discours de paix des participants ............................................................ 68 - Synthèse Analytique du discours de paix des participants ................................... 86 Vll 1 Troisième partie - Interpréter et Questionner un récit complexe ............ 88 Interprétation...................................................................... 88 -L'OMMS et l'UNESCO: Regard Comparé sur une paix complémentaire ............... 90 - La rencontre du discours de paix officiel et de celui des participants ....................... 96 - Retour sur le Cadre Théorique .................................................................. 100 - Les limites de l'utopie vécue: critiques constructives du 21 e Jamboree mondial. ........ 102 - Questionnements et Pistes de réflexion ........................................................ 106 - Synthèse ........................................................................................... 109 Conclusion Générale ............................................................... 111 Bibliographie ....................................................................................... 114 Annexe 1 ............................................................................................. 118 Constitution de l'Organisation Mondiale du Mouvement Scout Prologue 16 Novembre 2007, Palais des Nations (Nations-Unies), Genève. « En ce début de 21 e siècle, l'éducation est parfois synonyme de compétition, de course aux diplômes, d'élimination des plus faibles. Il faut l'affirmer clairement: l'éducation doit intégrer, réunir et ne laisser personne au bord de la route. Je salue le défi de l'Organisation Mondiale du Mouvement Scout qui organise une confrontation entre le monde de l'université et celui du scoutisme. En fait, les pratiques scoutes vont être un objet d'exploration, de dissection et de dissertation. Elles vont être scrutées et être l'objet d'une véritable analyse de la part des universitaires. En organisant cette confrontation hardie, audacieuse et positive entre deux univers, le comité scientifique suscitera j'en suis convaincu, des projets de recherches universitaires sur le scoutisme et des interrogations passionnantes. Je suis très heureux de constater votre état d'esprit fait d'ouverture et d'exploration intellectuelle. Je salue votre volonté d'unir, sans aprioris toutes les compétences, les expertises, au bénéfice de la jeunesse et du progrès des idées. C'est pour moi un plaisir d'ouvrir le congrès scientifique mondial de l'Organisation du Mouvement Scout, qui célèbre son centième anniversaire. » Discours d'ouverture du premier Congrès Scientifique Mondial de l'Organisation du Mouvement Scout. Allocution de monsieur Charles Beer, conseiller d'État en charge du département de l'instruction publique. 2 Introduction Qu'est ce que l'anthropologie et, surtout, à quoi peut-elle servir? Voilà deux questions qui, bien qu'elles puissent paraître élémentaires, sont en fait fondamentales pour la compréhension du projet de recherche qui suit. En effet, comment présenter une recherche anthropologique sans, au préalable, expliquer et partager de façon claire et précise ce que représente pour moi l'anthropologie sociale et culturelle. Est-ce une scie~ce , un métier, ou encore une simple philosophie de vie? Je dirais qu'elle est à la fois un peu des trois, mais elle reste avant tout, au sens étymologique, un «discours» (logos) sur l'humanité (anthrôpos), vue en tant qu'espèce culturelle. C'est donc cette culture, cette façon d'être au monde, de se représenter soi-même face au~ autres, d'appartenir au social et de s'exprimer en tant qu'individu qui constitue le principal objet de recherche de l'anthropologie
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