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Original Research Article Assessment of the Nutritional Value of Selected Original Research Article Assessment of the Nutritional Value of Selected Wild Leafy Vegetables Growing in the Roma Valley, Lesotho . ABSTRACT Keywords: wild leafy, Amaranthus, micronutrients, vegetables, carbohydrates, macronutrients Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the nutrient content of nine selected wild leafy vegetables growing in Roma Valley of Lesotho as a means to achieve food security, improve nutritional and dietary diversity and address malnutrition in rural communities Methodology: The fresh vegetables were analysed for proximate composition, and Ca, Mg, Na, P, K, Fe, Mn, Se, Cu and Zn and vitamin C. Analyses were carried out using standard methods. Results: The proximate analysis revealed a high in moisture (81.15 - 92.23%), some were high in protein, vitamin C, Cu, Mn, K and Fe. Chenopodium album has the highest protein (31.53±8.65 mg/100g fresh weight (FW); and Rorripa nudiscula (51.4% of RDA). Chenopodium album and Rorripa nudiscula were rich in Ca, 1598.21±15.25 mg/100g FW and 1508.50±25.40 mg/100g FW and in Mg, 505.14±35.55 mg/100g FW and 525.18 mg/100g FW respectively. The vegetables were rich in K, but low in Na, with Na-to-K ratio < 1.0, indicating that the vegetables could be ideal source of balanced sodium and potassium intake in diet. The vegetables were rich in Cu with ranging from 114.4% of RDA in Hypochaeris radicata to 342.2% of RDA in Chenopodium album. Fe was abundant in Rorripa nudiscula 251.7% of RDA and Chenopodium album 187.8% of the RDA. Mn was abundant in Amaranthus cruentus 557.8% of the RDA, in Chenopodium album or 245.7% of the RDA, in Rorripa nudiuscula, 205.5% of RDA, Amaranthus thunbergii (130.9% of RDA) and in moderate amounts in Amaranthus caudatus (1.94±0.36 mg/100g FW or 84.4%) and Amaranthus spinosus (.83.5% of RDA). The content of Se was moderate: Rorripa nudiscula (38.3% of RDA). Amaranthus thunbergii (20.50±0.27 µg/100gFW, 37.3% of RDA), Amaranthus spinosus (34.0% of RDA) and Lactuta serriola (20.7% of RDA). Zn was high in Chenopodium album (117.3% of RDA) moderate in Rorripa nudiscula (35.6% of RDA) Lactuta serriola (23.9% of RDA), Amaranthus spinosus (19.6% of RDA), Amaranthus caudatus (15.9% of RDA). Conclusion: The nutrient composition indicated that the vegetables could be good source of minerals and vitamin C. and could be incorporated in rural household diets to improve nutrition, address malnutrition and food insecurity. 1. INTRODUCTION There are hundreds of herbaceous plants that have their natural habitats in sub-Saharan Africa and are consumed primarily as vegetables in many countries in the region [1]. These wild leafy vegetables though not commercialised, have been part of the food systems in sub-Saharan African communities for generations and most of them are a vital component of diets and are indispensable ingredients in soups and sauces that accompany predominantly carbohydrate ____________________________________________________________________________________________ staples [2, 3]. There is a surge in the study of African traditional vegetables as researchers search for different ways to mitigate food insecurity and alleviate the high prevalence of malnutrition among children in many sub-Saharan African countries [4]. Wild vegetables have been reported to have both nutritional and medicinal value as they contain proteins, minerals, micronutrients, vitamins and antioxidant phytochemicals [5-10] and therefore constitute a rich natural, relatively cheap and readily available source of nutrients. Generally, many African wild leafy vegetables have higher protein content than cultivated traditional leafy vegetables [11]. Some of these wild vegetables also contain non-nutritive bioactive compounds such as phytates and oxalates, which have been shown to have health protecting and enhancing properties [12-13]. Recent studies have shown that some green leafy vegetables also contain non-nutritive bioactive phytochemicals that have been linked to protection against cardiovascular and degenerative diseases [14-16]. On the other hand, some African wild leafy vegetables contain phytochemicals that may pose toxicity problems when consumed in large quantities or in moderate amounts over a long period [17], while some contain high levels of phytochemicals such as tannins, saponins and alkaloids, which can affect the taste of wild vegetables therefore they may be shunned by some urban consumers [18-21]. Besides that, some of these phytochemicals are known to reduce the absorption of some micronutrients in diets [18] and increase the risk of kidney stones [22]. The quest for new and unconventional sources of nutrients in developing countries has become an all-important endeavour, because of the threat to food security as a result of rapidly growing populations and dwindling agricultural land, unpredictable weather patterns and poor crop yield. [23]. Furthermore, animal protein and dairy product intake is minimal in many rural African communities and the typical diets, which are mainly grains and vegetables also contain high amounts of phytates, oxalates and tannins that reduce the absorption of some minerals [24]. This has prompted a renewed interest in sub-Saharan Africa in the study of wild plant parts such as leaves, fruits and tubers, among other parts as plants are the main food sources and provide a great dietary diversity to many rural communities. Wild vegetables have long been part of traditional diets in communities worldwide, yet many of these leafy vegetables are either neglected or under-utilized [25], especially in urban communities, where they are considered inferior to the Comment [a1]: Kindly remove the coma commercially produced vegetables. Such wrong perceptions are due to the general lack of information on the nutritional value and health benefits of wild African leafy vegetables [3]. Most of the indigenous vegetables in this category, even though they have high nutritional value and are adaptable to low cost input agriculture they are not adequately promoted among farmers [26]. Comment [a2]: You are advise to either remove the word “they” or put a coma before it. Vegetables are generally low in fat and a good source of vitamins which are vital for many physiological and metabolic processes of the human body [27]. In rural Lesotho, like in most African rural communities, vegetables are the main sources of dietary minerals, and also valuable sources of proteins and roughage [2]. There are many wild leafy vegetables known in Lesotho [28], but most of them are not exploited due to lack of information on their nutritional value and health benefits and the perception in urban centres that wild vegetables are food for the poor, low- income group and the rural populace [29]. Through research, public education and information on the nutritional value and health benefits of these wild vegetables coupled with the provision of agricultural extension services to farmers, these vegetables can be integrated into the food crop production and the traditional local diets. Some of these vegetables require less labour to cultivate Comment [a3]: Kindly put a coma after this can grow in harsh arid conditions and others like the Amaranthus species, are widely distributed in word both temperate and tropical climates and are well known in Southern Africa, including Lesotho [30] where they grow as weeds in less nutritive soils and harsh environmental conditions. In terms of Comment [a4]: Kindly recast these sentence. overall nutritional quality, the Amaranthus species green vegetables are not significantly different You may wish to break it into two sentences from the commercially cultivated leafy vegetables [31]. However, despite their high nutritional quality the amaranth vegetables are almost invisible in international literature on vegetables and Comment [a5]: Kindly put an “s” therefore have not been given the necessary attention by researchers engaged in improving global food supplies [27]. Despite the growing body of information confirming the nutritional value of wild green leafy vegetables in local diets of many sub-Saharan African communities, and their health maintenance and protective properties, there has been very little focus on exploiting this vast resource to address the complex food, nutrition and health problems in most countries of in the region. Very Comment [a6]: Which of the 2 words do you little attention is paid to the cultivation of wild leafy vegetables so there is scanty data on the want to use? You need to choose one methods and levels of production [12-32]. In order to promote the production and promote the Comment [a7]: Kindly remove this consumption of wild green leafy vegetables among the local communities, a good knowledge of the nutrient content and health benefits relative to the common commercially produced vegetable on the market is vital. This understanding has motivated the current study. The current study focused on five wild vegetables species from the Amaranthaceae, because they are drought resistant and can grow well in harsh environmental conditions and three other species from the Chenopodiaceae, Asteraceae and Brassicaceae that grow in the Roma Valley of Lesotho and are widely consumed in among the rural communities. These are Amaranthus caudatus, Comment [a8]: Kindly remove this Amaranthus cruentus Amaranthus hybridus Amaranthus spinosus, Amaranthus thunbergii, Chenopodium album, Rorripa nudiscula, Lactuca serriola and Hypochaeris radicata. The Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae are known to include protein-rich
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