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Reconnaissance Satellite Programs—John Hilliard

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Reconnaissance Satellite Programs—John Hilliard Topics 1. How Did the Cape Get Started? 2. Vandenberg Air Force Base 3. Range Stations and Instrumentation 4. Winged Missiles 5. Sounding Rockets 6. Ballistic Missiles 7. Naval Systems 8. Space Systems and Space Launch Vehicles 9. Photo-Reconnaissance Satellites 10. Bioflights America’s Photographic (Film Systems) Reconnaissance Satellite Programs: 1960-1986 Briefer: John Hilliard Overview Background History Systems Technologies Future Summary Key Declassifications of Photography Satellite Data President’s Executive Order 12951, 22 Feb 1995, President Clinton KH-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, & 6 images National Imagery & Mapping Agency Conference, 22 Sep 2002 KH-7 & KH-9 images National Reconnaissance Office 50th Anniversary Gala on 17 Sep 2011 at the Smithsonian National Air & Space Center, Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center KH-7, KH-8 & KH-9 systems Manned Orbiting Laboratory NRO approved declassification on 9 Jul 2012 Intelligence Agencies Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) National Security Agency (NSA) Army Intelligence Navy Intelligence Air Force Intelligence Marine Corp Intelligence National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (National Imagery & Mapping Agency) National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Dept. of Treasury Dept. of Energy Dept. of State Dept. of Agriculture Homeland Security Types of Intelligence IMINT: Imagery Intelligence SIGINT: Signal Intelligence ELINT: Electronic Intelligence COMINT: Communications Intelligence TELINT: Telemetry Intelligence FISINT: Foreign Instrumentation HUMINT: Human Intelligence MASINT: Measurement & Signature Intelligence RADINT: Radar Intelligence IRINT: Infrared Intelligence LASINT: Laser Intelligence ACOUSTINT: Acoustic Intelligence NUCINT: Nuclear Intelligence OSINT: Open Source Intelligence Security Systems TALENT-KEYHOLE TALENT: Imagery collected by aircraft ○ U-2, SR-71, etc. ○ A-12 (SR-71), Oxcart KEYHOLE: Imagery collected by satellites, KH-x number KH, BYEMAN, Opt. numbers & program numbers KH-1, 2, 3, 4, 4A & 4B Corona (90xx)(10xx)(11xx) (P241) KH-5, Argon (90xxA) KH-6, Lanyard (80xx) KH-7 Gambit-1 (40XX) (P188/206) KH-8, Gambit-3 (43xx) (P110) KH-9, Hexagon (19xx) (P467) KH-10, Dorian (P287) Signal Intelligence A separate system with numbers and names Background Balloons Used for observation - 1794, France Military reconnaissance - 1861, Civil War Project Genetrix/Moby Dick - 1950’s, Cold War Aircraft Observation - 1914, WW I Reconnaissance - WW II, P-38, P-51 Korea - RF-80, RF-84 SEA - RF-4, RB-66 Cold War Period - RB-47, RC-135, RF-5, U-2, A-12, SR-71 Today - Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) Satellites Subject of today’s talk Photographic reconnaissance satellites Civil War Balloons Moby Dick balloon Project Genetrix balloon USS Valley Forge History 1946: Space reconnaissance studies started with feasibility of orbiting satellites 10 Feb 1954: Teapot Committee Report 1 Mar 1954: RAND Report R-262 1954: President Eisenhower - Approved development of reconnaissance satellites 1 Jul 1954: Western Development Division (WDD) 2 Aug 1954: BG Bernard Schriever, Commander of WDD 27 Nov 1954: Issued Weapon System Requirements No. 5 (WS 117L) History 23 Dec 1955: Weapon System 315A awarded to Douglas Aircraft Company 4 Jul 1956: First U-2 flight 29 Oct 1956: Agena & spacecraft awarded to Lockheed 4 Oct 1957: Sputnik launched 1959: WS-117L evolved into 3 programs 28 Feb 1959: Discoverer I launched 1 May 1960: U-2 shot down 18 Aug 1960: Discoverer XIV launched and recovered with film of the USSR History WS-117L Phase 1, Thor test series - Nov 1958 Phase 2, Atlas test series - Jun 1959 Phase 3, Operational series - Mar 1960 Broke into three separate programs SAMOS - Atlas boosted, photo MIDAS - Atlas, IR system Discoverer - Thor boosted, photo History Project SAMOS Satellite And Missile Observation System Air Force system First codeword - SENTRY and later SAMOS Launched: Atlas-Agena 11 launches from Vandenberg AFB ○ 3 Frames readout camera ○ 8 panoramic camera, recoverable Not a very successful program First launch - 11 Oct 1960 Last launch - 11 Nov 1962 History Project MIDAS Missile Detection and Alarm System Air Force system: Infra Red (IR) Detection Sensor Launched: Atlas-Agena First launch: 26 Feb 1960 (Failed), 24 May 1960 (Success) Cape Canaveral AFS - low orbit Moved to Vandenberg AFB First launch: 12 Jul 1961 - low orbit Moved back to Cape Evolved into the Defense Support Program (DSP) - 3 satellites geostationary & the new SBIRS History Project CORONA Joint CIA-Air Force management Separated from the WS-117L Thor testing removed from WS-117L Contract awarded to Lockheed - Apr 1958 Discoverer series 12 systems Thor - Douglas Agena - Lockheed Photographic system - Itek/Fairchild Recovery system - General Electric Launch site Vandenberg AFB Polar orbits History KH-1: 10, 25 Jun 1959 - 13 Sep 1960 KH-2: 10, 26 Oct 1960 - 3 Aug 1961 KH-3: 6, 12 Sep 1961 - 13 Jan 1962 KH-4: 95, 26 Feb 1962 - 25 May 1972 KH-5: 12, 12 Feb 1961 - 21 Aug 1964 KH-6: 3, 18 Mar 1963 - 13 Jul 1963 KH-7: 38, 12 Jul 1963 - 4 Jun 1967 KH-8: 54, 29 Jul 1966 - 17 Apr 1984 KH-9: 20, 15 Jun 1971 - 18 Apr 1986 KH-10: Never launched Space Launch Vehicles Thor-Agena Thor Agena A - 1959 Thor Agena B - 1960 Thor Agena D - 1962 Thrust Augmented Thor (TAT) - Agena D - 1963 Long Tank TAT - Agena D - 1966 Atlas-Agena Atlas Agena A - 1960 Atlas Agena B - 1961 Atlas Agena D - 1963 Titan IIIB - Agena D - 1966 Titan IIID - 1971 Titan 34D - Aerojet stage - 3rd stage - 1982 Titan IIIM - 1966 Thor Agena D 340/1151 LC 75-1-1 28 Jun 1962 TAT Agena D 395/1604 LC 75-3-4 27 Apr 1964 THORAD Agena D 541/1651 SLC-3W 19 Mar 1969 Atlas 351D PALC 2-3 23 Apr 1964 Titan IIIB B-9 SLC-4W 6 Nov 1968 Titan IIID D-1 SLC-4E 15 Jun 1971 Titan IIIM Gemini LC-40 3 Nov 1966 Upper Stage Lockheed Agena: (KH-1 to 8) Three Models: Agena A, B & D Propulsion: Liquid & cold gas Power: ○ Batteries ○ Solar arrays Guidance, Command and Control Telemetry Roll Joint: (Lanyard, KH-7 & KH-8) Moving camera Stabilized system Orbit: 120 x 500 miles Polar 7 to 90+ days No upper stage (KH-9) Agena At Vandenberg Checkout Before Going To Launch Pad Spacecraft Camera system Shutter/Frame Continuous Image motion Stereo Optical system Mirrors & Lens Focal length Film system Acetate & Polyester Ultra-thin-based 70mm, 5 inch, 6.6 inch and 9.5 inch B&W (1414), Color (SO-217) & IR Environment system Structural Recovery system Contractors KH-4 Payload - Itek, Fairchild Recovery - General Electric KH-7 Payload - Eastman Kodak Recovery - General Electric KH-8 Payload - Eastman Kodak Recovery - General Electric KH-9 Payload - Perkin-Elmer, Itek Recovery - McDonnell-Douglas, General Electric KH-10 Payload - Kodak, McDonnell-Douglas, General Electric Recovery - General Electric Film On Board Spacecraft KH 4A/B: 21,500 ft. (2 buckets) P 70 mm KH-5 & KH-6: 2,250 ft. P 5 inch KH-7: 3,000 ft P 9.5 in.; TC 5 in.; SC 70 mm KH-8: 12,240 ft. (2 buckets) P 9.5 in.; TC 5 in.; SC 70mm KH-9: 320,000 ft. (4 buckets) + TC bucket P 6.6 in.; TC 9.5 in; SC 70 mm P - Primary Camera TC - Terrain Camera SC - Stellar Camera KH-1, KH-5 & KH-4 KH-6, KH-4A & KH-4B Ground Resolution KH-1: 40 ft. KH-4B: 5-6 ft. KH-5: 460 ft. KH-6: 4-6 ft. KH-7: 2-3 ft. KH-8: less than 12 inches KH-9: 1-2 ft. KH-10: less than 6 inches Recovery Capsule SRV (Satellite Recovery Vehicle) Reentry Sequence Separated for spacecraft - Orbit Spin stabilized - Orbit Retro firing - Orbit De-spin - 65k Thrust cone separation - 65k Drogue chute Deceleration chute - 60k Main chute - 55k Aircraft - 15k Water recovery Number of capsules - 1 to 5 (two sizes) Technology Cut film Seal capsule Heat General Electric Recovery Vehicle C-119 SRV Aerial Recovery C-130 Aerial Recovery GE Satellite Recovery Vehicle Aerial Recovery Diagram KH-4, 4A & 4B (CORONA) Length: 16 feet Diameter: 5 feet Weight: 3,300 # Number of missions: 95 (10 failures) Film recovery buckets: System 1 to 26, 1 bucket System 27 up, 2 buckets Amount of film: 21,500 feet (2 buckets) Focal length: 24 inches KH-4, 4A & 4B (CORONA) KH-4 KH-7 (GAMBIT-1) Length: 15 feet Diameter: 5 feet Weight: 1,154# Number of missions: 38 (10 failures) Film recovery buckets: 1 Amount of film: 3,000 feet Focal length: 77 inches KH-7 (GAMBIT-1) KH-7 Udvar-Hazy Center 17 Sep 2011 KH-8 (GAMBIT-3) Length: 28.5 feet Diameter: 5 feet Weight: 4,130# Number of missions: 54 (4 failures) Film recovery buckets: System 1 to 22, 1 bucket System 23 up, 2 buckets Amount of film: 12,240 feet Focal length: 160 to 175 inches KH-8 (GAMBIT-3) KH-8 One Satellite Recovery Vehicle (SRV) & Two SRV Configuration KH-8 & Agena Air Force Museum KH-8 Air Force Museum KH-8 Optical Section KH-8 Optics KH-8 (GAMBIT-3) BLOCK II Additional battery, improved attitude-control system & two buckets. Vehicles 23 to 36 BLOCK III New Roll-joint capable of handling 18,000 maneuvers per mission, Vehicles 37 to 47. BLOCK IV New Dual-Platen camera, improved film drive, new elastomeric heat shield, new focus system, improved redundancy and reliability, improved parachute thermal cover and increased telemetry. Vehicles 48 to 54 The dual-platen camera exposed, independently, both 9-inch and 5-inch film. Added 3,800 feet of film for the 5-inch camera. KH-9 (HEXAGON) Length: 60 feet Diameter: 10 feet Weight: 30,000# Number of missions: 20 Film recovery buckets: 4 plus 1 mapping camera Amount of film: 320,000 feet Camera system: Two panoramic Focal length: 60 inches KH-9 KH-9 (HEXAGON) Satellite Control Section (SCS) Altitude-reference module Reaction-control module Orbit-adjust module Solar-array module Electrical-power module Tracking telemetry & command module Sensor Subsystem Two camera assemblies (one look forward & one look aft) Two film supply, 66 inches dia.
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